Ad Hoc vehicular - Research Report

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Research ReportNUPSA-LUMS Project

Services For Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

2010

Ms Anum Ali

06/08/2010



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Table of Contents

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Earlier Researches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Ad Hoc Networking Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Vehicular Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Inter and Intra Connectivity . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . 8

Communication Wireless Protocols . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 8

Communication Topologies . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . 9

Space Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

GSM Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Licensing Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Hardware Integrations and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

GSM Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

GPS Devices and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Service Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15



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OBJECTIVES

The subjected research pro ject that is Serv ices for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

was initiated for research work in regards for knowledge gathering in enhancingthe f ixed node networks to ad hoc networking s tructure specif ied for vehicular

communications. Considering the current scenario of the road conditions,

better possible ways are being suggested to minimize traffic congestion

which is the most common factor, none the less for safety measure of

passengers and providing ease to the driver.

Which turn can shorten the journey and bring the destination close to the

travellers. Maybe it’s a long journey ahead? Is the vehicle components

working and maintaining the system coordinating properly?

Analysis of the complete structure of the road, collecting data as any

vehicle goes by generate a profile report for the convince of inline traveller.

Focusing on minor detail s can save from a big scenario on the road.

The aim for this research was to filter the techniques that can be

implemented for developing a real time communication between vehicles on

ad hoc bases. To unders tand the scenar io present in Pakistan and re lat ive to

that forwarding a prospective application based for f leet management and

creating an ease for dr iving condi tions .

INTRODUCTION

With the Internet becoming an increasingly significant part of our lives, the

dream of a WiFi-enabled city is becoming closer and closer to reality. Oneof the hindrances to that dream, however, is the high router requirement; for

wireless internet to blanket a city, thousands of wireless routers must be

strategically placed to ensure constant coverage. Since this is a process that

can become quite complicated and costly, researchers at UCLA began



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looking for an existing technology to which routers could be attached or

involved. Since Los Angeles is a city already plagued with traff ic problems,

the UCLA Vehicular Network Lab was established to study the possibility

of wirelessly connected automobiles.

The Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET, is a technology that uses moves

cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANET turns every

participating car into a wireless router or node, allowing cars approximately

100 to 300 metres of each other to connect and, in turn, create a network

with a wide range. As cars fall out of the signal range and drop out of the

network, other cars can join in, connecting vehicles to one another so that a

mobile Internet is created. It is estimated that the first systems that will

integrate this technology are police and fire vehicles to communicate with

each other for safety purposes.[1]

ASSUMPTIONS

For init iating the project , f irs t assumption was the availabil i ty of location

based awareness system, whether that be GSM networking cell towers and

GPS device integration.

VANET offers countless benefits to organizations of any size. Automobile

high speed Internet access would transform the vehicle’s on-board computer

from a nifty gadget to an essential productivity tool, making virtually any

web technology available in the car. While such a network does pose certain

safety concerns (for example, one cannot safely type an email while

driving), this does not limit VANET’s potential as a productivity tool. It

allows for “dead time”—time that is being wasted while waiting for

something—to be transformed into “live time”—time that is being used to

accomplish tasks. A commuter can turn a traffic jam into a productive work

time by having his email downloaded and read to him by the on-board

computer, or if traffic slows to a halt, read it himself. While waiting in the

car to pick up a friend or relative, one can surf the Internet. Even GPS

systems can benefit, as they can integrated with traffic reports to provide

the fastest route to work. Lastly, it would allow for free, VoIP services such



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as GoogleTalk or Skype between employees, lowering telecommunications

costs.

EARLIER RESEARCH

Wireless communication is ubiquitous because of its flexibility to adapt todifferent scenarios . Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) is a term coined

for the continuously varying network topology handheld mobiles devices .

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETS) is one of i ts types . I t deploys the

concept of continuously varying vehicular motion. The nodes or vehicles as

in VANETS can move around with no boundaries on their direction and

speed. This arbitrary motion of vehicles poses new challenges to researchers

in terms of designing a protocol set more specif ically for VANETS. Tests

are being carr ied out through s imulated environments to check the way

VANETS perform, before they are used in commercial application in the

real world. This thesis aims at presenting and analysing the shortcomings of

current s imulators aimed at or useful for VANETS.

As this is a pretty fresh field to explore, a lot of work has been done locally

and internationally. Vehicle are been developed in such a manner to electro

its entire working process. Data is collected not only for vehicle safety but

also visualizing surrounding and mapping the roads.

Starting from national level development following are dominantly similar

researches.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET): Enabling secure and Efficient

Transportation System

A research proposed by Jinnah University Students presented by UET

Lahore.

Anycast Based Routing in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETS)

using Vanetmobisim

A publication presented by Electrical Department of Comsats

Abbotabad.



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Following are the development carried in similarities on international level

related to the prospective topic.

NEMO meets VANET: A Deployability Analysis of Network Mobility

in Vehicular Communication

Roberto Baldessari, Andreas Festag, Julien Abeill´e

NEC Europe Ltd., Network Laboratories

A Tool Chain for UML based Modeling and Simulation of VANET

Scenarios with Realistic Mobility Models

Christoph Sommer, Isabel Dietrich, Falko Dressler, Winfried Dulz,

Reinhard Ger man

Computer Networks and Communication Systems

Department of Computer Science, University of Erlangen, Germany

Location-aware Services over Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks using Car-

to-Car Communication

Marios D. Dikaiakos Andreas Florides Tamer Nadeem Liviu Iftode

Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus

Till now there have been a number of researches made and applications developed

as discussed above. Following are successful and knowledgeable products from

using ad –hoc networking systems.

CarNet

European Project CarTalk 2000

European Project Drive

European Project DriveX

German Project FleetNet



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INRIA (CyCab). NEMO

InVANET

AD HOC NETWORKING SYSTEMS

For classifying network topologies for ad hoc service oriented system in

vehicle to vehicle communication certain categorization are involved.

Service –Oriented architecture are software are devised as software

architectures whose main goal advocates that application functionalities

must be available in form of services. This can be termed as “find-bind-

execute” paradigm. VANET also inherits some characterization from

MANET ad-Hoc Networks that support communications between vehicles.

These characters including it own make it a significantly different from

other networks. Nonethe less there are some network protocols of MANET

that can be used by VANET. Some of the protocols are designed for

dedicated short range communications (DSRC).

There are various paths to selecting a topology in regards to ad hoc systems.

Based on d istance- i t can be unicas t or mult icast .

Differentiating route / path they can be pro-active, reactive orhybrid.

Search algorithm can be distance vector, link state, based on

geographic information.

VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION

A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized wireless network.

The network is ad hoc because i t does not rely on a pre exis t ing

infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access

points in managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. Instead,

each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other





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protocols, which corresponds to the IEEE 802.15.1. UWB and

Wi-Fi provide a higher data rate, while Bluetooth and ZigBee

give a lower one. In general , the Bluetooth, UWB, and ZigBee

are intended for WPAN communication (about 10m), while Wi-

Fi is or iented to WLAN (about 100m). However, ZigBee can

also reach 100m in some applications. Below table summarizes

the main differences among the four protocols.

Table1 : Comparisons

COMMUNICATION TOPOLOGIES

One key problem in Wireless Ad Hoc networks is foreseeing the

variety of possible situations that can occur. As a result, Modeling

and Simulation using extensive parameter sweeping and what- if

analysis becomes an extremely important paradigm for use in ad-

hoc networks. Traditional M&S tools for modeling and simulation

include the likes of NS2 (and recently NS3), Opnet, Omnet++.

However, these tools focus primarily on the simulation of the entire

protocol stack of the system.



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SPACE LIMITS

GSM NETWORKS

This system is based on Infrastructure-based networks provide a

mobile user with different network services by means of a f ixedinfrastructure. In such networks, only the last hop is wireless, the

us er c om mu ni ca te s d ire ct ly wi th th e n ea re st st at ion . B y f ix ed

infrastructure we mean assessing the s ignals from fixed point cell

towers . Get ting updated location info to and fro f rom location

registers a part of GSM network.

LICENSING ISSUES

After spending time in research for finding some proper common

technique that can be adjusted in to Pakistan communicat ion

infrastructure. A feasible technique upfront was to interlink between

any present GSM companies, require there location registers record

and receive their signals for interlocking coordinates. The objective

of this research result was to create a working demo using pre

established system at low cost. Unfortunately all the companies gave

a denial as, it require a license can be obtained from PTA after payinglarge fee. The idea had to be dropped with s ingle option lef t that was

to implement through GPS device.

HARDWARE INTEGRATIONS AND OPTIONS

GSM DEVICES

Grasping a mobile with inserted sim, could proficiently provide

coordinates and calculation through tr iangular formula a vehicle pin

point location could be fetched. According to the need of the service



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application those location coordinates are feed into the application or

any network simulator.

First Step-

Prototyping the connectivity between simulator and with GSM signal

reception. Feeding the coordinates from the nearest cell tower into the

simulator that visualizes the network.

GSM Towers

Car Software

Fig: Divert Simulator

Second Step-

Integrate service app over the car pocket pc and replacing the

simulator. Examples of service app at this moment.

1) Locat ion awareness a ler ts

Car Pocket Pc

Simulator



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2) Messaging between cars .

3) Des tinat ion Mapping

Fig: Application Architecture

GPS DEVICES AND SYSTEMS

There is a long list for GPS device that can be integrated into pc

either window based or linux. Some of usually integrated gps systems



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are garmin type. These produce reasonable format output compat ib le

to nearly every simulator. Also through c and python coding there can

be new functions induced for manipulating coordinate values.

HYPOTHESIS

SIMULATOR

The development of applications and protocols associated to VANET

can be studied through simulation, especially when a real traffic

network in urban environments, which must involve a large number of

nodes, is subject to study. A simulation of V2V networks requires two

different components, namely a communication networks simulator,

capable of simulating the properties of a wireless network, and a

vehicular traffic simulator, able to monitor and represent the

kinematic aspects of mobility through the VANET nodes. Some

examples of such tools include GrooveNet and Divert.

After considering and researching through qualities for all the present

simulators developed for Vehicular / Traffic Ad Hoc Networking

system, NctUNs was chosen. Depending upon certain comparisons

which are listed below.

Several network s imulators (e.g. , [3–6], etc.) and traff ic simulators

have been developed. Some of them are commercial products while

some of them are free and/or open source softwares. We choose some

of them as examples and l is t them below with brief introduction.

• ns-2 [3] is a user- level and discrete-event network s imulator . I t

provides support for the s imulations of TCP, routing, and multicast

protocols over wired and wireless networks.

• The QualNet [4] i s commercial software that can be used to develop

new communica t ion t echno logies th rough ne twork mode ling and

simulation.

• The cnet is a network simulator [5] that enables experimentation

with various data-l ink layer , network layer , routing and transport



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layer pro tocols in networks consis t ing of var ious combinations of

point- to-point l inks and IEEE 802.3 Ethernet segment.

• The OPNET Modeler [6] is a software environment for network

model l ing and s imulat ion . It a llows use rs to design and s tudy

communication networks, devices , protocols, and applications.

• VISSIM [7] is a microscopic, behaviour-based vehicular traff ic

s imulation program. I t offers a wide variety of urban and highway

applications, integrating public and private transportation.

• The TransModeler [8] is a traff ic s imulation package applicable to a

wide array of traffic planning and modelling tasks. It can simulate

many kinds of road networks ranging from freeways to downtown

areas.

• The SUMO [9] is an open source microscopic road traff ic s imulation

package. I t was primarily designed for urban street networks, but i t

may also be used for highway traff ic s imulations.

Each s imulator l is ted above is ei ther a network s imulator or a traff ic

s imulator. In contrast , the NCTUns software presented in this paper is

a highly integrated simulation platform. It fully supports close

interactions between a road network and a communication network.

As such , i t can be used to s tudy many advanced ITS research

problems that require this capabil i ty. NCTUns provides a single,

in tegrated , complete s imulat ion environment in which users can

handle their s imulation works (e.g. , code writ ing and modifying,

event passing, output data sharing, etc.) more easily and eff iciently.

SERVICE APPLICATION

Services that both drivers and travelers in general can use on-board in

journey time demand a great deal of hardware and software. On the

other hand, services made available as software to be executed in an

on-board unit (OBU) based on an embedded computer with

considerable processing and memory.



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The proposed architecture is divided into two main levels, namely the

network services level and the end-user services level. The first level

in such a structure is responsible for network-related tasks, such as

building network topology, as well as discovering and exchanging

services among vehicles (the nodes of the communication network).

The second level, on the other hand, implements the necessary basis

underlying the management of the so called high-level services, to be

made available to end-users.

As th is project was based on research and col laborat ing with res t of the

members , some of the presented ideas aroused af ter d iscussion for serv ices

applications.

Location- Awareness Applicat ion

Social interactive Application

Mobile integrated Application

Bus Arrival Indication Application

RESULT

After researching through the implied technique, services and there

usage confirmed some techniques that could be implemented with

Pakistan communication infrastructure.

NcTuns Simulator was installed on fedora 12 system.

Proposed GPS garmin device for attained the coordinates to be

feed into the simulator. The activity should be implemented for

working configured demo in regards to its proper work flow.

In – continue Finalizing a service application layer upon orcreating a new module for the open source simulator, receiving

its coordinates and passing into the required service.



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REFERENCES:

1. Piquepail le, Roland. “Turning Cars into Wireless Network Nodes.”

ZDNet

Tech 3 Jun. 2007. 30 Sep. 2007

Available at: <http://blogs.zdnet.com/emergingtech/?p=593 >.

2 . Vehicular Network Lab @ UCLA – Implement ing the Firs t Campus

Vehicular Testbed. Vehicular Lab. 30 Sep. 2007

Available at: <http://www.vehicularlab.org/ >.

3. McCloskey, Paul. “UC Profs as Car Traff ic as Basis of Mobile

Internet.”

Campus Technology 4 Jun. 2007. 30 Sep. 2007

Available at :

<http://www.campustechnology.com/article.aspx?aid=48374 >

4. “The Mobile Internet: Your Car Could Save a Life.” medGadget 29

May

2007. 30 Sep. 2007

Available at :

<http://www.medgadget.com/archives/2007/05/the_mobile_internet_ca

rs_firetrucks_ambulances_oh_my.html >.

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Ad Hoc vehicular - Research Report