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Adolf Adam
Foundations of Liturgy:
An Introduction
to Its History and Practice
A PUEBLO BOOK
The Liturgical Press Collegeville, Minnesota
Zb'-lOZ /11'I3a!
A Pueblo Book published by The Liturgical Press
Foumwfions of Liturgy: An lntroducticm to Its History and pnu;tict was originally published by Verlag Herder under the title: Adolf Adam, Grundriss Liturgit. C t985 Verlag Herder.
Design by Frank Kacmarrik
American adaptation by Alan F. Detscher
ville Min-Copyright 0 199% by The Order of St. Benedict, Inc. , College ' d. nesota . All rights reserved. No part of this book may be refodU: t m any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includifig po.; copying, recording. taping, or any retrieval system, withol,ll the vm en pennission of The liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota .pI. Printed in the United States of America .
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adam, Adolf, 1911.-
IGrundrus liturgie. English l Foundations of liturgy : an introduction to its history and
practice I Adolf Adam ; translated by Matthew J. O'ConneU. p. crn. Translation of: Grundriss liturgie. " A Pueblo book." ISBN 0-84 6-611.1-1 1. liturgics. I. Title . BVlj'6.Ay.13 1991 164'01 - dao
I
CONTENTS Preface IX
P AR T I : L ITUR GY I I\' G ENERA L
Chapter I: The Nature and Importance of the Liturgy 3 M eaning and History of the Word 3 Nat ure of the Liturgy 4 Scopt' of the Litllrgy (/Is Subdivisions) 8 Agent (Subject) of the Liturgy 10 Chapler II : History of the Liturgy 12 The Begillllings 12 Christian Liturgy in the Fourth to the Sixth Century 17 The Western Liturgy in the Middle Ages 27 From the Council o/ Trent to Vatican 11 33 Vat icanlJ and PostconciUar Developments 43
C hapter III : The Science of Liturgy 49 Historical Development 49 Tasks and Problems o/CO/Itemporary Liturgical Scimce 5] Sources and Tools 0/ Liturgical Science 54 Chapter IV: The Litu rgical Assembly as a Process of Communica-tion 56 Some Basic Principles 56 Liturgical LAnguage (Verbal Commllnication) 59 The l.imguage ofLit1jrgical Signs 65 The Contemporary Capacity for Liturgy 77 Chapter V: Music in the Liturgy 80 Historical Survey 80 Liturgical Music after Vaticallll 86 Chapter VI: Liturgy and Popular Piety 90
Chapter VII: Uturgy and Ecumenis m 93 Divided Christianity and the Ecumenical Movement 93
v
- -- ----- - - -
Joint Efforts in the Area of Liturgy 94 TIre Lima Report and tire Lima Liturgy 96
PART II: THE AREAS O F LITURGY
Chapter VIII: Nature and Importance of the Sacraments 103 The Sacraments as the Ongoing Saving Actions of Christ 104 TIle [ncarnatiO/ral Structure of the Church and the Sacraments 105 TIre Sacraments as Collaborative Encounters with Christ 107 TIre Sacraments as Radirnl Se/f-RealiZJ1 tions of tile Church 109 The Efficacy of tlte Sacraments 111 Sequence, Hierarchy, and TntercO/medion of tile Sacraments 111 Chapter IX: Baptism 114 The Importance of Baptism 114 Tire New Rite of Baptism for Children 116 The Rite of Baptism for Clli1drf/1 122 The Incorporation of Adults into the Community 127 Chapter X: The Sncrnment of Confirmation 133 Origin and Meaning Of Confirmation 133 The New Rite of Confirmation 135 Confirmation Outside the Rama" Rite 137 Chapter XI : The Celebration of the Eucharist 139 Origill, Basic Content, Main Unes of Evolution 139 Structure and Individual Parts of the Mass 143 TIre Forms of Eue/Ulristic Celebration 169 Forms of Eucharistic Devotion Outside Mass 174 Chapter XII: The Sacrament of Reconciliation 180 Biblical Foundations 180 Historical Development of Penance 181 The New Postconciliar Rite 183 Penance and ReconciliatiOlr Among the Separated Christians 190
Chapter XIII: The Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick 193 Biblical Foundations, Meanillg, Historical Development 193 Tire New Rite of Anoillting of tlle Sick 197 The Anointing of tire Sick in the Noncatholic Churches 204
. ,
Chapter XIV: The Sacrament of Conse(fation (Orders) 206 New Testament Foundations and Historical Development of tile
Sacrament of Orders 206 Ordination of a Bishop 210 Office and Ordination of a Presbyter 215 Office and Ordination of a Deacon 219 Steps Leading to the Sacramerrt of Orders 222 Liturgical Ministries for Women 225 Chapter XV: The Liturgy of Marriage 228 Chrisitian Marriage as Institution of tire Created Order and as
Sacrament 228 Lines of Development in the Western Rite of Marriage 231 Celebration of Marriage 234 Ecumenical Weddings 237 Celebration of Betrothals and Wedding Anniversaries 240 Chapter XVI: Celebrations Peculiar to Religious Communities 242 The Rites of Religious Profession 243 Consecration of Virgins 245 Blessing of an Abbot 246 Blessing of an Abbess 247 Chapter XVII: The Liturgy of the Dying and of Funerals 248 The Liturgy of the Dying 248 The Rite of Funerals 250 Chapter XVlll: The Sacramentals (Blessings) 255 Basic Observations 255 The Postconciliar Reorganization 258 Exorcisms 259
Chapter XIX: The Celebration of the Liturgy of the Hou rs 261 Origin and Historical Development 261 Understanding the Liturgy of the HOll rs 266 The Postconciliar Reform of tire Office 270 Other Forms of the Liturgy of the HOllrs Within the Roman Rite
and Outside It 275
Chapter XX: Liturgicalllme (The Liturgica l Year) 276 Meaning and Structure of the Liturgical Year 276
. .
Sunday as the Original Celebration of the Paschal Mystery The Liturgical Character of the Weekdays 287 Easter and Its Cycle of Feasts 288 Christmas and Its Cycle of Feasts 298 Ordinary Time 305 The Sanctoral Cycle of the Liturgical Year 315 Chapter XX I: Liturgical Space (The Church) 321 Theology of the Christian Litu rgical Bllilding 321 Historical Survey 323 Guidelines and Criteria for Church Arcllitrcture 324 Names and Types of Liturgical Buildi"gs 327 TIlt! Fumis/li/Igs ofChll rehes 331 The Dedieatjoll ofClwrclles a"d Altars 340 Chapter XX II : The Uturgy of the Future 345 Reflectiol/s 0/1 Basic Pri"ciples 345 TIle Recent Reform and Its Results 346 Aspects oj the Liturgy of the Future 347 Abbreviations 352
Notes 354
283
Preface All who kno w and love the liturgy as " the summit toward which the activity of the Church is directed (and) at the same time ... the fount from which aU the Church's power flows" (SC 10) m ust deeply regret that interest in it and esteem for it seems to be on the wane in broad sections of the Church. The phenomenon is certa in ly connected with a widespread decline in the strength of Christian and ecclesial faith. For faith alone can open the eyes of the mind and focus them on the value and high dignity of the Christian lit-urgy. The old saying, "No one loves w hat he/ she d oes no t know," holds true in regard to the liturgy.
The purpose of this book is to make kno wn the nature and struc-ture of the liturgy and to present the most important informat ion about the numerous areas that make it up. Despite the necessary conciseness of the presentation, this "Outline" endeavors to give a careful survey of the wideranging and many-faceted realm of litur-gical actions. In any effort at a deeper understanding of the prescnt-
day liturgy it is necessary and helpful at every step to be consciOliS of its historical evolution. Nor have I fa iled to take note o f the forms of liturgy practiced in the Churches separated from Rome.
The book is a scientific compend ium and as such it seeks to meet the needs primarily of students of theology and others whose task it is to communicate the Christian message and the Christian life. But it will also be of service to those who are looking for a more comprehensive knowledge of the liturgy. May it help to make the Christian liturgy once again know n and loved as "the most impor-tant, the most urgently needed, and the most glorious activity that can take place on earth" (Karl Barth). Mainz Adolf Adam
Part I
Liturgy in General
ChaplIn One
Nature and Importance of the liturgy M fAr-'Ircl:. t lle~t of 1M community. Gr~d""ll y, ",,,,,.,,,.tt', the C ..... k-
s~king East ~"l'd tile ... ord for t ..... ceid> !ioJl o f the Euo:h. rUt; i! h.n I
(I"II'S",) .... S imn oduced into the W''SI onh' in u.., ,iUC"t'111h cm1\.,, d lid ly IhtOUgh I ..... innu.enc. o{ lho- humd~i.cs. . nd ... as~opted .' .... .. n by th. Chu~ of th~ Kefornuotion in till' se,""t'''e"Ilth ... d ";ght< ... 'tlth co!1l!u, i.'S; in i", Wf.'SIem u ... it incl un lru l" tf/.IS. alld ",a"'frslQlimrs of'N lit urgy: IN lall" "". fur- lilllrgi". From Ihls il lolk>\o'S IhA t .... ,,"0'" tllt'y p",.chcd II,..}" ...... n .1"" I" bring inw ,,"'-'IOJ;Uccom~ c1e,,,,
,
.. , e..-.s .nd aberrali""". CompleN- cemral i,.ation ;,; not. ho"'."otr. to b(o ronsidelVd ~n essenli~ 1 principle o f ,ht: Iitu'8Y; this is qu,to:. d ... , from , ..... w~y ,ho. lituAC~N r tSU a,r CI ) Of TH[ 1IT L ~ GV Ren,'Clicm Un Ihc n.tun" of the liturgy lias . In'ady made it clt.a, llial tlK> Iw o ess won.! 01 ('oOd. to unite with lhe cum munitr in oIfe-ring ilS pra ) ... r of pra ;';". thanksK"'ing.. and pelition. and to b(o "' i!neses to Chris. in f. ith. hoI"'. and k,,:r both during and .fu~ lho> ~n.' ino,
V~1ic.m II Sums up aUlhi. in th~ phr."" ... (tiv~ participati",, " (p" rl "tpllt~' "'1"'''''1. The Constitution ,'" Ih~ Liturgy 'ptk gifts and ch.aritable rontribUrinlb, Nor shooJJd .ttention of ear and
~ and . .. ~ul .... :t nwd".tin , sik-n .... b., oml!1t'd from this lis. (~ Art. 30), It I. undoubledly an implnl .nt "-"'POrtSibilit)' of lruly pasloralliturgy to help the failhful I" this kind of participa-tion and.o show the m its d~'.:.prish priests /or the belt pI..,;ibl,' liturxi ell """'~"
"
Chapler Two
History of the l iturgy In , ..... folk''''ing ... ",'''Y it is imp'>ible 'to do more .h.n triK"t' Ih. main hno.>S in the d""dopment (,f 11K> Ch";stia n li .u rgy. In ord"r m amid "'~tion5, I ,",,~II ~s f~r i;; possibk Ic~," d""ciopmrn l5 in s pt'Cific ~nl.~ o f tho- liturgy '0 lho> d i ..... ssiom o f tho50:' ,,,,as in Pan [I of this bouk. Fu rthtrmo ..... ,he ~mphasi, wi!! I,.. on ,h,' his'or\" "I
,h~ W''St~m lit",gy. The dt',S.< is ,1 sing l" ",ho) .. tha. d,''';'''''' its ""urishm",,' from .h~ ,'i.al ... ~l lh.' is jcsu;; C hri ... "' AnoI ...... romp.arison often used is 0 buildinS_ ,..",1, 1m ,,,,anlpl., or ~ ch un:h-,,''''''''' or'ginal plan h.s be;,n noubl y .h,,,,-nt gh"ions .hal ""lui"'" "".""",1 in terpnt"tinn.
l 'lw,> \"ems rcs,,!.rl y u,",-"j in th. N~'" 'I',,,,t.o"""' t lor .he- Ilturgical ~I..br.!tons " I.he primi.i .... n w ith.ho: ri",,, Chris' and the miud ., "" Pen"-~t ",.k" i. d e .. that communion with th, rise" l~,rd and.he .....,d ing 01 his Spirit "'''''' not ,ied up ..... ith u..., '~mple.
Whi. "'.os do,,", ,.,.".. dt,m
b,c, bn""-", 4nd his pemiciOlJS 4tt.lcks on your unanimity in failh may boo n1"'lI."" galh" ring ...... in Ihe e,""in);. for an innocu"u" meal. J. A. Jungmann and others collllider Ihe fi rsl assembly to ha,... t:.e..n fur tl ... Euch.1risl. Ie.., """"",d for an .gape." Otlwrs [n""rpM lhe pn:d ..... n (cl'oOration as a liturgy of tho> """d or .. b.lpti' m. and lhe e,'ening meal u tIw Eucharist.o
The IlISI ApoI~of Justin. philo5opher a nd "'''"r r (d . CI. 165), p ...... "ides ". luabl" lnformalion about tho> Chtisti;J.n liturgy a round th" r .. ar 150. In add ition 10 chapl.,.- 61 on boptism. d "'plC'l'!l 65-67 ...... .".. f""'c'ially in lc~ring. bec.U'ir lhey descrihe lhe .. ..ch.ri:;!k cclror ... lion. This bq;in. wilh a lilurgy o f lho- ",ord al which lhe ~m~moirs of Ihe Aposll",- and the wriling'< m I ..... ' prophets a", "'ad . The ..... d . ings MI.' followt'"ali,'~ ci ... k-s and " '.os .n~ ioous 10 p ...... ,,' .. !h" - Apostolic T,.di. lion - (. " his lil1k> book ;Scali"" in G ..... k) lrom d i,lOT1 ions. Tlw 1,-",,,, "" gi" ~':> aT(' lor b.optism. II,.. Eucharisl. !h .. Ih ..... d C"gr'S of Of-ders. s"""-' bl('Sslngs and pr.y ..... ."d lhe agap" . Tlw:'1l' is. among olher Ihing~. a euch.1ristk pray~ .. lha l in somew hal adapl,od lorm w" u ld be Introrluct.'"ts lor u ,." Ilt: . d-.rld ition thai Hippolytus p;os...,.". on "1!:ardmg b.lptism. !h .. Eu-' .... riSI, .nd Ih,' Iran;.mi$ion of uffi".. in tho- Chur1' , '.ric"'), in I"xi'! and indi\'id ua l riles, the C hristian lilurgy had one and Ih,> !Ilcbtah...:i lilt: E .... hari" lhen> al lhe 1n,'lu tion of !'ope An "",u, ~nd llullhis g~lun> of rommunion should bIn b
th~ .... " . ~uiludt> I Ih, EI.Inl's Su~r no ........ s from tf>t. io)' one .. f .. 11 in communion wi tll the Christ belit'Ve0,. 1" """'" and from t"" ~ 'ro"s eXf"'(1. tion of th .. da)" of hIs nltu m ! .. " To th t' t..,. lenl tha t Ih" pTi"iiegt." 1I;\,{'fl 10 til., Church and its "l c" ~\io" to tn.- position of obl igator)" ,eligion of If>c sta te brought the m" ",,~ in IMge "um]x'rs into II,.. Church. I"",, "'as the fu""'" d. n. ge. "f superficiality in hturgiuol participat ion. We lcHn 01 this fmm, for .. ~amp"" Augustin.' . Not onl), doo-s IK> c"""pLoin wi th det'p 1.. ... 1. ins Ih.o l man)" art' SoIli,f""" 1o enroll .s c.,..,hu","""s.md tllm drfur t ]..,;. Npfism; lw oils" ",;>roach ... Hthe masses 01 the~~r.gOt''''- ~ anendinll the Utu'S)" on f .... st days mOl\' beeau"", of its c\ tErn.l. t""n b ..... u~ of innrr d.,,'oIion. - Ii.., not '" g ... at a m ultilud .. t>t",n g. then:d tog;'ther In the, C hurch thai tIIo,> ch. ff .1 the- momeflt "". 1" .. 1)' hid ... In.- whc1.t? .. Whm 'lOfI'I .. 'pirilUolI ad"ic~ is g;\"m. or sonw spiritu., dUly i. laid down. th.." nppose il .-...t 1M')' ,,'Sis!. They f,~lo ... Ihell fllSh and withstand ' '''' Hoi)" Spirit. H"
Onc~ tho: COnslJntini. n "','oh.t.on put an end to p."." . ","'ion 01 Ch risti.ns th,' m3rtyrs I". Ihe f"nh be pi "~s d esi'" Ih., , '''' hors" in F ...
!ul"Jn' ("I'f Ih~ fuurth c~nlury), ~nJ the ...... ,nons of John eM\'-!Slom ~d . W) and Bishop 'l'hl'Odore "f MOf"'tK'Stia ~d. H8).
Thi~ Li'u~y o' J~m: . culti-,a' ..:! dose I;'" " ' ith Br, .. nlium, and in ,he ,w",lth Cl'Otury ac ct'pl..:! lho;> B)zannne nit: ;n its totaHty. The Maronit ... of ld>anon, who tnhodo~ (chiclly in tilt> ",.tal a","s) roln\'alt.-d c10eer ti"" w;lh Ih~ Byzantine . ile and lx'(:ame known, like their COIInleTpa rts ;n Wl'St Syri" ., Mclcllites ("tile empt'rOI" 's peopltn," joerus.lem has p la)eJ ~n l'Spt'Cially imporunt role in liturgical hi .... tory, It acquirt..:! the canonk~1 stalus 01 a p.tridf'chatc ,'nly at th ... Council o' Chaln-don (~S t), bu t its conneclion with Cllri,ndn ,. h" lion hblm")' had al ",ady m~de of il (..speciall y from the fnurth n",' lury on) a 1a,""I" pi"", of pilgrim~ and -cem .... of de"ooon " Constantine and his family hod splendid churcho.-s built in the holy places; in m.".., ""urc h~.,; crowds 01 pil);rims galheroo Ihroughout the)"'M,.nd """'"'''' "' ...... ct4 ... b.a l
wid''Sf'r~dd, n",re w"", .. ,,,,,.1 ",.,sons for this, l!(oedU "," Ih~ ,'m. f't'rm ""'id en111)' in th ... eighth ""ntury On tw .... h " days "I t"" Y"'''' Ih ... liturgy of St. ""sil (329.)7'1). on" 01 Ih,. Cappadoo::ian fathers. is c"lcb.,ltt'd . In addition Ih~ "lil .. '};)' of the pns.onctifil'd N i< .. sed on speddl d.Y" "
The Armenian litu'Sy d osel )' ~mbles t .... BFantin ... , It d, .. i,...s in paM from th, .. mt Antiochent. .nd Capp.doci.n n",IS. bu t il h .. a lso und ... rg...,., din ,,1 Byz.ntin .... inn"""c"".
To boo mmtionoPd, finally. is tho.- c;...,.rgi.an liturgy. " 'hich is COmmon in the p"-""'"t-d.y Scwir of t1 ... 1\Oo-id Council "f Ch .. ICh ....
TIl.. W;:Slem l..iturgil'S Tw(\ baSic types of liturgy can boo K'en .1S opt'r.lI i'c in I .... history n'
th~ W ..... tt:m Chu n:h: the Nonh AfricAn-Rom n and the Callican. The wpe of t/k, North African ~ru'l>:y i~ known 10 us dtiefI)' In"" t/k, wrihOSs nl St. AugUSri""." n... language USI Hippt'S '0"'" inlO t'",ilifrnC
has spoken f IIw " puri tanl~m of th, Rmn.ul liturgy. ",ll'hi~ lan-guag" rcf)st"*",,N
~t tn.t priud.
"AMttu>r d,~'ict> of the Rom~n or~tion I"' pn~iden~al 1' .. )" ..... 1 d .... """."" "",nl1on, the cur diJ'k."""'Cl'S 1>w, manv larunae and dah'S from a rotht>r laic f"'riod. Till"tion5I shall)'" concerned chiefly with the di' ... ialions to be found in tho> Ga llka" liturgy. 0.."";["",, an Angl ... s.a,.0f1 missionorl' bIShop, lhought it impon.nt to bind the Ger mmil: tribes mOl""(' d~y to Ro"'" arod it!; Iitu'8}'. 1M ""me go.ll """ked I"" efforts of King Pepin, .... ho in 754 pR'SCrihed til
'0 S Old T.,,;.tomml (t}'pok'og .... 1 allt'goryl. """nts in the econom}' of ..,kalio", (n-mm>Oratiw alk.~ory) 0, .nusions to ,he " ....... um""'lIo" a, the """ of time (esctw'oklgk.' or .... gogic al .ego.y) _" " Th~ prindp.ol "'l'''''''''l.1rin's of Ihis kind 01 allegorical e~pl.n.tion in tho, urolingian .,.,.,od "' Am.aJarius, Btsh"p of Mctz; me.., twu m.." "'en? .Iso Clw""magne's ,h"'f .d. ";';"",-
The ""''P'" of this priod _m 10 iI.a'-e il.ad a slr"ng ~."st' Df "n..-or thi"""" and sinf"I.-s, This II." ID. alTlMg "'he. things. the inlT< .. ducnon of nulTl known as ",dl"'" r methodk.J a ... ngUnd 950 by ~ictint'S 01 the Abbt'y of St_ AINn In M.inl.nd Lo"" b. ... _I..r>o .... n n the Ron","""er.",,,n PonliftoJ/. In . ddi ti"" It, tho.' OrJu R"""'''"$ AnI"IUU5 the bOf>k con-t.lin
11,,.,1 was in 1""1 nOl ",,,,,ho>ell. wilhout ",ad"r and choir, Yet l"' ('11 wh...., ho.' h.,d .... ad .... ~nd choir 10 assisl him at solemn MaSSnd"n(), I" pri\'.li/~lion ~hI, ... ...J ilSo!ll in lh" p'.y"" of Ike Hom,,_ The in" "ducti"n of lhe "bR',i y," ",hich containl'd ..:ll "'-"' ..... ,n ad .. ......,j nUl "nly ,hun:iws and chapels. bul public and pmal.- bUlld;"g'.' ,wi!.
Hand in h~nd w,lh gn""lh In , ...,....""n 01 Ihe saints ........ t an in-c ....... in ' ..... r.ti'''' "f tdlC!O and in p;lgnmageo. WheRl' ... e r a mm munily or SOTTk' prj".",. indl"idual (a n"bl ...... n ) goi..oo p""""'sion of a (suppo5tion man)' of thcIU"ll"d 10 an alarming e~ I...., t . SO thai lho! Fourth Loleran Council (1215) ""d to Old"" _."tion al 1('1151 onee a yea r." The ",a"", for the d""li"" ,,'as not so much a falling oH in d~.'nlion as an e....;essi, ...... e"-"'Ce for
the s.>c.a m""lt l 'hi, "".o'n'nCt . ..... s ollso onns of the dfic. ~f Ihe .",,1 - or the al"'., of th .. sou l." in order the", to h. ... " . ?rGo 'ound '''1''''''"''' 01 Ihe di,one. Ot,ma.d of Gai."ou"" (1 (19().IISJ). --{ildega.d of BIng"" (10981\ i"iI). and EliLI"""h of SchOn. u (1129. 1M ) rna)' b" ...... nlion!'d ~s 5omo! fy,'elf1h-cenlury "'pn"Senla ri,cs 01 his """"""nl. Abors th.ol f"st~1\'d lhe m)stic. l.lt .... tion from tbe hir1crnth ,"nlUr)" on. The hig h poinl "i the Grm .. n mystic.1 m",..,.. "enl cam in tt.., loort"""lh ... m tul")'; il is t"flOugh to men tion such ",tstanding figufl'S U MdslM' Ec ]"harl. John Tallie,. and H('nl")' ;"u"'-. From Ih"; r ra nks. It" '. , ome the '''P''.ted can for an inter_ :>ri,. tion of . 11 nli~ io us lif~ .
\ .imila. stnvi ng lor inr"ri orlty marktoJ Ihe mO"em~nt oI .... newal
known Ihe o..,, otio Mod",,,,, . ... hkh " rig m.. ..J .n the r-.:..rho." . lands a l ItI(' ('nod 01 th(' fouri""",h ''-'''lUI)' (Ger ... d Gn:>o:>N-. mystic and ? ",.cher 01 "'P'--"" t."",~. d . 138-1) . nd sp .... d Ihrooghoul W~I . rm Eu ropE". It . trove It) promole. de."P"'f d .... .-.\ion '0 and fullo .... -ing of Christ Ihis spirit /t"'nd its claSSic. 1 e~p"'Mi"" in I"" famous Imitat;"" of 0..;'1 of Thomas a Kempis (1 J79. H 7]). Both m'WCmi'n1S hod a fruitfu l inll,,"" .... , not on!)" on tho! Iii,' o f praye r but on the worship 01 Ihe Chu.ch . in"" I"")" promul
w, p,,-,,",ind lrom It... dimin.lI;OO 01 Ih~ gr~1 .bu",.,;. During lhe M~ .. th, I~i lhful .... ould y Ih.~!)' or the p.~y.,.,;'" the "dew>-lions dunng M~""" tNt .... ~.~ to b fOl.1nd In th~ nu"' ..... " uS prayerbooks ~ fIowerins 01 the art 01 p rinting) Tht- df",t " f J. d,' Voisin. a Fn'flCh pnHt. to mal;,! the texts ol th .. M~ .. ~,.. il~bl, tu tht- people in ilk' n'rTI.l(ul~. t .~nsl~tions "'~s sh.o rply rond...." ",-d as ~ "profanation 01 tht- So1"" U.lI')"" by Aleund.". V II in a Bri;,l ol 1661."
The "' .... RIO'" co rrunon b.ld pract;c.. of nul d'>lrihuung Oc on l ilt.- .1t.1r. to his ITI05t s..crt'd He.". and to 1 1 i.~ I' ... ion. and .. fforts a t !"l'Oe .. al luok on ........ vitalit)". Pt'ople no .. ' Iook,-d ;I t th" 11t,,'K), mon. in I"rms 01 its p.lStonl u",," fuiness; tho."}" .. mph~si1.L-d its rommu",,1 c .... r.ct .. r and "nl\'" lor a great'" :oimplidl)' ~nd " l" "f
lilld many misundt!n;landinll$. *t.od sonlt' ~d""" .. ,i'-""S. and wamout Uh ... Nazi regim(' and its pt'rSrman r';ions ",>iced in the Roman """"'. While C.rdinal Jnn it~e, of Vit:nna (Auslri. "' .. at that time ",. gard ed a~ Ihe "E.stem Marches" of "GR .. tcr Germany") in"..,. ~prIS" 01 his ""'" dedaR'n .... ",IM;"I 0( st.", r"Plied in me", coocili.o lory tunes thoot th" bish 01'" >IIould helXelmth cu,b "nauthl>fized activ ity. but at tho' s.o"'" tin .... it allo,,,' ,,ith!ht' ....... u tin tun~l~ri"n of the psalms, " 'h ieh Pius X II rclc.u ,'. by.
~i",II'on of Hoi)' \v....k in its ~nti "" r. I lu~ timl' the manS" w as made obli ialory fo, tn., whvl., Chun:h beginnin!> in 1956 . n-,...., waS i s udden Il'Cling that m., .rmor ofT"",!,. "rigid un.IiM IiIU'K}' hold"""" /uro,d open. Althu .. gh tl\{' 1938 l""lruction IJr ",usic. ",en>'" ",en> fi!urgia 01 In.. Cunllrcg,lIion "I R,t,,, ,,' 1\'. gardM ~tback. thc P"-'S5u,,, fo' lurt h
n..., g",ol b"'~kH,,,,ugh ~.m~, dospil~ In.- final .. lforls 01 cu rio I 0.' Curi .. ~xpla ins lhe \\.ISly public~t ion oIlh~ (ldo ",/>ti(a,.m of July Z7, ]960. - It waS impossibk- not It) '"'" ,I> mis publicdlion work in_ I""ded 10 rowslan 1.1(1" dl'Ci~ions ,,( 1M "",neil : il subs" d,,,,,,ment maJ liturgy and ",'Il< Ihc "'u,.,... for. radlc~1 reform. Mo",.." ",, th,' docum",,' wa, n"t th~ I"t."\ult 'lf mctl"~llon~ ", .. irMer"ll" th" m. in thru sl of
th~ ",",uneil; rath", it h.ld " ~'I(I(~ in ."hi",ing th, """,,"all gOolI which th~ roundl had 5('1 for 'Iself, n.,mely. "II> impart ,n ~\""r increa.ing "igm In Iii, ot th. faithful; 10 .. dapt mo ... s uildbly to the n...-..ls of ou r own limL'!ith,,,,, ;n'tituti"n~ that a .... subjcl lo chJnge; 10 fostN Whdl""cr can pn>mme union among on .... ho "'~ Ii''''e ;n Christ: 10 5h'\'n);ll>o.", .... ha" .. .' ~.n Melp 10 c.n the .... hole of humanily inlo the hOl,sl.'hld "f 11'1, Churrh" (S( 1). Onl)" Ih 1001""'IOg:
I) to lost .... ~ ..... w CSlL,.:m of ,n.. lilurg}; boe ,.,Iro .nd apposilf": 35). to the communal nalu'" of liturgi-cal nolrb,.tion. In simpli fic.lion.n.d g"""" daril)' (3.1), 10 ad'pla-lion In In.- trad,tion and spi.l char"" ...... nf peopl"", which impl;"" degIw of d4!'R'nlrah.auoo (3i4(i), .nd to &""'1...- ronsideralinn o' lhe ,...-nl
g ... SSkl'n ... , ... "-"II~rdo:d lhe ..-form ~s "" .. rty limid and limit,'~r.t ..
~b using Nrhe Rom.n Mis.;"J 0/ 1%2. N
nw, following no.ms are 10 be ~,,'o:d in gron rinK Ihis duth,,,iz,, . lion . Such pri"",led ~:; ". sign of the c .... I~ COmmon f a!hc. .. h., lor all 0/ hi. cluldrm."'"
The Science of Litu rgy HISTORI CA l. t)FV E lOr~l H,r The liturgy h .. nor .1 .... ). """n Ih, obit'ct 0/ "'i""~/ic . rudy In Q\rislian anliquity ir .. .s thougkt ~'TIOIlgh 10 ofleT. in .>ddiUon 1 1M ... ual homily during "",ic~ c" I
tempor.ry liturg)' and thus led f() tho.' beginninss of s),stem. toe theolog;ral sc;"""" of th .. llhtrg)~ o.,..'''''ing of 'p""'ial "Wntlon ho. .... Is F. X, Sclunid, di5Ciplt! of s"lIer; .... " . pmb.:obl)' the firsl 1islbl .. an;;! audl blt' bodil,' (orm-the " '.)' in " 'hich II Is~bodit'd and li ....... ~ (I. 18). Butll~cal Kien"aying and 5.)nnifylng ChurehH and a. \ho>n%re tn .".. ,u,slpd a high rank. H )
11.. Guardlni adopk'd this 5.)me ,.1 in~ ""nlh .. r and how th{' faithful in tum ):i .... an appropriate RSpnn,;o> in their litu r_ gical assemblies and
vidualislk or f'\'n) ""'-1""'10 .... "In lhis con lext i, is alo;.o Ihe lask of lilurgic.l ""iellCt! 10 in;,stigalion" which i. " tho!.- d~mands b..'COrne I"!'s ,",,~i"e to lhe ""Iml Ihal u.., n"SUlts of lhe human Wnc ... can be If &n smin,"njiso:iplina'Y in charM"-"-. Ott-.,r Ki-ene"" 100, after ~II. and t"Sp . .... w rank in Ihe cos mo,; "i I ..... IJwological disdplll"": " Ihe slud y of lil\l fg~' Is to bo.- rankO'd among Ow rompul"",, Md ""'jor COUrsei in Sl .... lNrioes and religious hou. ..... of siudy; In th,'Ologkal !. fact Ihal lheft> is no spedfic m,;lhod for hl(1);kal sci...,c~ shows Iha l Ihi~ di.dpHncts. must .. . do " , in a ..... ay that ..... ill clearly brinR OUIIM~ con-necrion bo.'t .... """ I',,,; ut>\ects and In.. lil ul)!.)". as ~ Iso lho> undo..,-Iy-In& unil)' viall pri ... lly tr~ining~ ISC \ 6). Thh; is a (t..ar in'-Ilanon to prom"',' , In..me-ori~nl,-d in lerdisciplin.l 'Y dialII5C q"""tly . loving co" cem few Our f"llow hum~n beings and an cffon 10 sha p" th~ ..... orld in Ihe lighl til Christian >'a lul'S. Lllurgic. 1 spirilu -ality" is 10 a la~ e~t~ ... 1 CO("xlen,;i,"r ""ilh biblk.1 spirilu. lity. since I .... celebration of lhe lilurgy ",bmit> III" p .. ndpant> ",.", .n .... ' 10 I .... word of God . For in the ... adings 'God is ,;pc~ k ing 10 hi. pro-
p)~, oprnJng up 10 I""'" Ihe mysh.'ry 01 ....d ...... ptiort and ... h.lion. and nouriy,ing lheir spirit; Chris. is P"'"""t '0 lhe! foithfullhrough his own ",,,,d" (GI RM 33). The ...,roumer ..... ilh Chri sl b.,mffi\"!;
"
e>'en d, ..... r in liturgic .. 1 pamdp.uion in tho> pasduol m~~ry. espe-cially ~I the Eucharist. This 'liturgical form orion in Ilhe] .piritual
Ilf~ " (SC 17) is an jnh~'I"l"'1 l"l'Sult 01. pnJl"" cl'lebration "I Ihl' lit u'IIY. Liturgica l sci,'nce should op"" Ih, e)"\.'S 01 "'>'ised li turgical bl. ." V,uious wlk"Clions
~nd comm.,,,tarics help ma ke these ""'rc~'>i occ\'S'iible (lor "".mple. K~c ~ynslci, O.,(,m ... "U On I!" JAu'Sy, 1963 !979. and the C"",,,,,,,,/QI')' pm ,~ Docu ...... ,,. ''if VQrir~n I! lhat " 'as publisn..'k'l/It' "ltd j(;m.,.), U do , ..... "um"",u' mon-graph. on panicular qu
Chapter Four
The Liturgical Assembly as a Process of Communication SOM[ BASIC I' MI "CIPLf. !I TWD dim"".ions 01 "" Ii"ily n~",--d to [,., d istinguish~-d ..... Mn Chri~
li~n comm uni titos (jtroups) g.theT for liturgy: the d immsion 01 th~ m~-stt'l)" of sah-~Iion ~nd Ih~ di_ iOll of ["'h.a,-io< and .cti.-it r among human ~ngs,
The li"'l 01 Ih "'''' ~cti\'iti("S invo l,'''>1 (".od in ChriSt rum,ng to lho. community in 10"" and gi"ing him:5clf 10 it liru.gy is prim.rily a maU ..... D/ di,'i"" gh'ing, To tM e d ent that lhe failhful Dpen lhem-..,IH'!i tD this sell-d,malioo DI God .nd n'Spond tD him with grat~ lui prJi~ and with. "'If-giving in rC"tum. liturgy . cqui n'S a wrt ic.1 di""--mion : lhe enrounlcr and commun"'" of God and human M-ings. It IS ho.-... thai tf-.., mr~""ry of salvarion is "cromplished_ Th~ full ",.Iity Df ",hJl happA "P'OCH' of ctlmmunica lion" ctmsiSIS in tf-.., tunsmiMion of infor-mation (facts, appeals 0/ orw Dr tltheT kind ) by a rommunic~lor \sp"J kcr. I ransm itt~r) 10 partldpant-; (h" . ... T'$. "-'CE'".~"') by me.nS 01 particular signals "I "erbal nr ""n",..-b.1 kind, The-re a", I .... ' al ... ork in Ihis P' OCHS II\;,I can dtermine whether tho.- goal of rom-
"
municalil.m is altai ned. J sh.all not li;;llhem h .... in. ,;eridU('l'S lhem to the lil-urgy, On this poinl the Di""'lory fo r A'\a,,,",, "',Ih Childmr m.kes a . tawmenllhalshou ld be h""d
own and join in il. In this ~n' .. < too, th.....r.."I'. then; C.iOn b\, disrup-tu.. .... f communic.oting.. th.,. ..-.on di ... tort tho.' intffld"'" _ge ~nd Icad to disruptions ,)/ commu nication.
As a co .. "munkator, then. the leader must be posso..,.,...'d 01 a k~".., M.'nsibi lil y He must have an shap" tho.' liturgy in. nanneSt: bt'g;n to ap-pt'u.
The p.tftidp.tnts in t"" liturgy. for their p.l" .ore n .. 1 , imply mu'" ~p.i"Ctato.~ .nd p.t:o,;i," listen"",. but shon-Il' in the nok-bt .. tion r ron-cdebr .. nl' in u..- p'op coo lributf' to Ih.>litu'KY by th,.;, L",t",.ior and int"';or bm.,ior (_ Ch .. pt~, II. I h .. .... I",ady s.oid ",,,,,thing ab"uI 'hel' ",I.,ion and altitud .. ,o tho.' kads from quilt, unhomngL""duc.lion and motivation "I Ih ..... ,isilo,.,. Thus ,ho: ~mph.sis on lhe dab l ~ n.ic~mhl-nod or pt,.h.ps """,i ... 'llT U IICI C Al t ANCUAGr \V~ II~A l CO.\IM UNtlAT tON ) As I resull oi Vatican II. and ~ftc. a lenKlhy pt'riod in which Latin .Ion.: h~d been u,,'
.... d 10 t .... m tht, .... Th .. popo; H~..born. C ... rd i"" of the 1" UlCisc.ln ron "omt at Marbl.or!\.- r.-g.ordl'd the,.,., 01 Li.tin in tho! Iitu'l\Y ISS pTC~""".nd the> words of ronst'crahon. In 1891 U'O xm li""lly o rtk .... -d that .""h Ir.ansla llons weI'\' no long .... to No challenged."
Only ~l'O\lnd Ih Ene}'cli~.t M,diotnr D" (no, 59), lIul. ud iNI ehanK" did nul .>me un n l Vali,an tL tn SC 36th~ council ",id Ihat ,he u"" 01 I"" Larin l~ngu~S" waS to boc p~r .... d "in In,. Latin ri tt., in)of., as partil col1~ ....... c ... and ... i,h the appro ... l of the pope, so that loday pr.1,"" ~ di. ...... Iili.,; properly and 10 "..,'" for the temporal U ,,ell.~ ,he ......... 1 ... 1'. tion of thei r lei ..... human beings.
Fun ,," probl ...... aro5l" from lho> lact Ih., the full meaning 0/ many latin If'rrllS c."not be "'Produced in a single " 'ord oI lhe "'''NCU' la r le.g . the> latin Iftystmum).nd ,hat many literal translations a~ ill-ada pi"':! for ",,"ing 10 mu,ic. The "~ p(>med '0 ju,~ fy the opponents of a "emacular litu .gy.
In Ihis difficu1l 5itualion thl' Instruct!on of Ih~ Roman COfl.ilium on Iht, tran sla tion of lilu"!;iul !.t of this spcia l h, ... od muSt be gi"~n 10 thc phonetic and rhythmic 'lualiti,'S 0/ the lanKuo!:,' lno. 35) . 'I'h,,,.. ,'T'C bu t ,,'.IL .... ' of the docum"nt"~ m;my imporl.nt di"-'Ctl .... s dnd n"ommO'fldati"n,. Th~ ~"thors "I the I",truch"n we", ,wa.e. hst. " Te~.~ of this high. qu.lil)' cannot be pruduoet.od on orde., The)" require Inspi r ion and lime to m.ture_ Our communitit'S must rca!t;w this ilJ\d be polioi:nl_"
THE LA"; Cl: AC [ Of I. JTU MG IC AI ~I C"S 1M M~'lnmx oJ In iOddition to "''f b.>1 Lang ... &" t hol.> li'urg)" .1"" uws a " 'orol"", speh: , ,,,. world 01 5illll5 I ..... t point to specific ""Iilio. II is "",-,", of rou_, , .... t :;.pkcn wor _ra""-"-'I~ k .. " 'go ck-An('d a sign a~ "wrneth ing Ihrough which a person amiL ... ... knowlrls .... put togeth ... does t"" who Le bo.'COme , -islble.
The.., is no as"-"",, ..-.' on the conccptu.1 defin ition of symbol or. I",",,,,fore, 011 how lhe word is 10 bo.> used. As used by "",ny, symbol h.os bro;lOd mNning .nd inc:l ude., in p din" the ..,.,Ii", rang .. of signs. 01"'-'" use i, ln. rurTOO'~' .. .., ... I .... t diSlingui.m.. it from t .... rei' of lhe world of siS"" H,"'1' limit it slrictl y '0 s;gnificatOl'}' phenomen.o with two rneanings .. " in ",hkh ''''' imm
obio" uf signs (symPols ) d{)('S nOl al all """an on impowrishmcm of commUnkOliu" . On th (> con trary' they are able tu express imisi ble ",oliti ....... ilh an inlru;ity nat often .chi~,cd by ,crNII.n SUdse. They mcdiJlt' a '1ukk. lntulti\'e grasp and p."'et .... te Inlo . ",as largel)' ck_oJ 10 logk~1 SjX'h. "Symbolis m is . mode of , p.'t.'I~ b)' m~.M o f coml"ri~, . ... hile at lhe ""m, tim(' mdinl.ining an appn>priare d b lanCl' from it. An .-xp ....... . ioo i. s}'mbolic when tilt- cognil;"r ront''nl ""PI( . !pd ...... .ms op'''' 10 ,.rious kinds 0/ ackno .. ltodg"""', and appropri.lion. 10 a f-fect;,e.s wdl . s rognh h'e access, and 10 qoile "vied ~ibiliTies of und""'tanding by lho!;., wI> al'l' add le . !Id and ~ .... the ""I"'ri'
encc. Symbolism Cdn ~r\",' os 0 bridKt' b.-'''c,,-n ' .rying k"ds of lin-gui8tic capability and can ,',','n It" s pring-ing from nalure l.Ild history .nd 5)'mbols ,h.t.", Striel.3t o.-legis-bled or national or ronf('SlSioool. In rd~n."'- to the orros of lift> in which symbols apf'C'I' a d istinmon IS dr~"- n b.;iw"",,, psychologi cal, ml'laph)"5ica1. ~liKi"u~. and ""Ihetic 5)mbols_ An at!""'f'I is flUId.> to brin8 oul Ihe n.>tu .... and ruk' of s)'mbo>ls by distinguishing onlologiul symbols from fUlIncC of sign:;.
ha~ tlk"" a ~y"'~ma tk arPn'lolCh to "IN.> s pecial chararlS .'" far from hoving """,lied as ...... """"1 o n "nninol"KY. 11>d by all tr.a,e led me 10
""oid this tL'OIulity 0/ God in jt'Su, Ch.ist, n ... ",I"!lions sp.'Jk 01 the irICorna tional , 'rur ' lu", ul th., Chu",": bKau5-t' the Spi.it of Chri,t hIlS ~nd works in it. lIw Chu rch e~ i~1!; among th~ ""lions .os .. "i;;ible s'gn ul ... 1 ... -lion; in ,lIld Ihrough it tilt' h'gh priesl of the """. .n .... ti',-ner.;.. I\" ' , .nd ~tu .... as ... ~I..,. in the uSlUrt" used in III.' liturg}' rt' standing, lm""ling, and .ittins; .... llJng (prt"''-'''';ons ): ,>l>l~, .. mc", u. bows, including the prQil r~lrtI (If slmchlllS oul on .ho- ground, '"", for ~umplc. on Good frid~y m a l pne>tlr o.d,,,,,li,,,,; and, io many countries, .-cli-gious da",;ng ond ",unds,'"
Geslures wilh lhe ""nd, ~'" m.lny: 1"ld ing. .~ising. stmching out. imposing, signing " " th th~ lT06S, stri king Ihe b.~ast, bk~,ng. gi" -inll 10 other,; in tl\(- greling of pea"", ~nd washin g. NumerOOJS, 100, are ritual actions in which ,ymbolk ob~-,< ts are uS
so on.' n""itu'gka' I""n".:nts and I~;' ,In,. a ... a l'" symbolic; I ,ho II Sf't" k of Ih~ in tt.. """ k', ~nd S'gnif"I(Q'Ifr of'''' L,lu'1(I(QI V",'m,nts ~nd Cui"" The .. arly Chri>lia ns had IIQ spiallilurgic.l n"Slmmi>o. On Ih~
olh~ h..",d. Ill~ w .wiction q\lI te !()On arose m.1 peopk sh.ould .... c fosri\"C g. p.tllium, ~ ring. uturgieal ,."!it. m".,t.. in I"'" prop.. .. sc.'nM' 01 th(o term firS! app.-on..t in Ill,. fillll a.-.tury. " ' ho,." Ilw anci"", Roman gam 01 mon-runic and tog.>-Wet{' replacn:l b)' , ........ rmm~ 0I1lw Gauls.and c..rmans (trousers and shan ", .. I). 5;""" c,Icb n~ of Iho: liturgy nmlinul'd m .. ..,ar tho. old r-i,,. sarml..," of Ihr 1I0man,. the ~U!! wu spshli~~ strip of ~k"h, ,...~ o.iginol1)"" mark of """ul~. offi . II is n",.. nISt1"H' end "I tt... 5('(". and cet1Iw)' A.D.) btoc ..... t .... lilutgkal null .. gannent of de.v:isrop.1 """nnenl wom undt-r tl> dwsuble.
nw 1""1( w~s the out &,''''''''1 wom by subd......-om; it ~arne in-creasingly to nosemble t .... d.lmalic. (The orde. 01 .ubdeacon ..... s ..Liminal...:! aflt.'t Vatican II.) llw:o pi .. ,.;,,! (lite,ally: ".alncwt "). al~ known ~. t"" mpe. is "'um by bish.ops and priesTS f(W mAny actions outsid.o;o I ..... ceicbration of the EllChari .. , for e~ampl .. , in pt'O(('Ssions, the ~h().o l Office , """ a-menta l bk";sin" s, ronsegard 10 tllf' "",,~i"g of ','urgral ,"f'S/"""" tt... ~,allnSl, .. c""" cf'Itt" 1Wmo" MtMoIll c~11s .11l..,t,..,., 10 I ..... ., aspect!;. ""'" fiNI is thai lhe , . ...strnen'" " llhould , , . lymbo!i7.e th(o fWlCtion ProplT 10 earn ministry. Bul al Ille IOIme time Ih. .. I'f'SIm ..... '" should al.., romribule It> the beauty 0{ the ril~ (CIRM 297). A /un"", signif0C3t"ry .. t.,.. rnmt is rortnf'Ctl'd wllll the l;oc, lhal Christ Ih~ high pri""l .octs in
"
IIx- ,Icl>ranl~ 01 the liturgy; tlx-y afl.' his instnm>ents and n'Pn .... nt rus pm a ",-,,"'lion 01 a mollusk ()( IIw gcnus Purpu",; thi. wa, ac qui"..! drop by /",* in lilur gics for lhe d~_-d (opti"nal ); >VSt' on Ih" lhiTd Sunday 01 Ad w nt (Gaudete Sunday) and Ihto f0., "s....! on oil festiw OCC,l ' 5ions, re~anJless ,,/ th~ col'" of th" day (no. 30':1). The Eastem riles ha"~ nf> ",.1 canonical " ,I"TS,", lea" il w," p"' -oc:ind In:>m!lO~ CUSloms of the By1.amin~ rite and '''pt'Ciall y "I th~ C,.,..,k Chu"'h ....
The attitude.nd pnClice of th" Pn>hStam Church,.,. di/f.,,- widd}" from region 10 region a.nd confession t f> coni_ion.
-", .. la l .. mooirnl m.dllion regarding liturgical colors wa. ""i-denll), continU
m,.'nl kl tradition. Went Ie. OWn woy; in AngJn.C.tholi.cism il O'mbolk ani",,", Iound in .. creod scriptu,... lhan of .,gns and s)'mbols added ia"'r. Think. for (' .ampl ~. 01 Jesus' u,," " I spink in healing tllto sick Or 01 tile-ir meaning fnrthe. clarified by, lor eumple, lho.' p.rticipation of pa ..... t5 ...,d .ponsor:s in the sign ins 01 the child wllh thl.> (1't)HO and by tt.... lighting of 1M baptism;t\ candle fmm th~ F"~I" candk." \I is true. 01 "",,5conlt'~t cannot wi tnotJl furt hl.>r ado bfo transr.. .. ed 10 a new ron-te>ct."
llw lacl thai Ih" abilily I signify ran und'-""KO change also means. and ", . .", rwcessilillo!S. Ihal Iht: liturgy muSl be r."':ph,e I appn>-pria'" p'.5tlI,-d..y Jig'" Ind lhat in "icY.' 0( lho. "aned cultures within lhe OIW "'orld"'id~ Chu",h there nn "'" no imposed unifo
I
cal .. nd oociologic .. 1 str'I.J(1UIft which this "8" nn crealfd are sim ply no \ongoT capable of Ututgiaol .. chon? (331-32). II is ck>ar from the ronte~t thAI Guardini was not in principle~;ng thr liturgy itS ttle myslery of the .pplkation of salvation and the glorification of G.xl. Rather he was focusing """"'ti.lly on Ii turgical actions which mm and women acrornpl i~h in a sy mbolic-corpolfo /esti'ene!l6. o f prl~ Ind honor, and tim in rom munion with others of the .. "'" mind?" " J I.I$IIS"'~ may not in prindpledeny th is fi>CUlty 10 the mm and women of tod.y, .... en lhough;t is in many wayssub"",,"sfd and rw.'e most imporunt of th .... .
In the firsl pl..,e, !~ is ooed of .1i'ingfirilll thot in th~ li lUrgy God himself. in Christ, is acting /or OUr sal'ation and that we.....-d this sah'"ion. Thls faith includes. of COUTS
Chapter Five
Music in the Liturgy In Ol der ' 1'1 pre"en, .mbiguities ;;and ml5undersli\ndings in dealing with thi!. m.lny-fac~minology, Tlleex~ion m~m STII j"f' ,.ed musk1of,he Roman dorumt'f\ts is usu.lly
,
In the fou rth crotury Antioch and Milan (Amb..,...) were th~ ""'-t ..... ~ of this antip~l psalmody. Part of the ni"f"'rtory 0/ ~ from thO' fourth .-.mtury OT> wn the ,~ltilU$, I " 'ordles5 mlPlody that
!ioeI"\~ to eq>res5 profound emotion. I melody " in which IhO' heln voices what elMOI bo: put into words. ... llIe /wlti/us found a home ""J't'Cia/ly in the Kyrie and at the Allduia (Nre in the lorm of a con tinuation of the final syllable). In the early Midd le Ages the . ddi liM olll'llore replaced,. round the ) ... r 1000 (Guido o f A..ezzo), by a system of lil'll'S with the line not"" a IItird. apart and with prefixed IPrlers for Ihe pi lch; tho;>sc 1.ler be-came Itle ciefs. Beginning in t ..... lwelfth emlury, the types of noto lion w...-e de"eloped that would ullimitely ourvjve: the Cr~ 1'Ioosuhoe-nail w notation . nd the Oresentativ" of thiS ,"",W form.
In its dKi(t" on church music the Counctl of Tren t (lS4S-1!i63) ron ee"' .... itloel f m.mly with the flimination 01 abUstS and goa"e no s ty lillie: directi~es. .. In its Dn-Iwm
I N anything unbridled or impure" (Io.sdvwm 0 .. ' imp"''' ''') inlO the pt..ying of the org.on or the singing. [n irs s..tIsion 24 (M.",), 22. 1563) tho! council included - rij"em;r.ate music" in Ihe condemN-tion ." The rommission of ca rdlnills th;l t was cha rged with impk!-menting the Tridenline dectees focu.ed espi..tlly on the ~\a"", betw ..... I",,' and muoK . nd on the rompl'f'henoibility of the 1 prt>p4Igatoo ilM:lf th rough the following ern \uries; it w;llS ohm expV>dN by the ilddition of N'W .fferti,-" .. k" .. nl' w hich served to interpTfI the ,eXl; most imPQ(Sit:;",~) for lhe - Mu ,oes- of the gl""l cla...sical rom~!1i. Mo-un, Haydn. and Beethoven.
BIIroque e>tuherance came to an end in the ninet"""th~tury Ch un:h. impoven5hf:d as thi. "'os by the Fl't'r\Ch Re,'olution and the loss of ~dtlf as a new rode ol l.w 10' liturgical mu, ic and to which ,efto"," would re-pNtedly be made in sub5equml papal dira'ti ' ..... Tht document C3lls liturgic'" m\lSk -a neteswry pan of the solemn liturgy,- al-though lis minls~ri.o l 'O!
pUblislwll ' U~ (; ICA~ MUSI C A fTER VATICAN II V.tk~n II devoted a special chapll'f (Chap/E1' VI) to -!laC~ music"'" in il!; Constitution on ~ Uturgy. On M.rdI~, 1967, the Consilium .nd the Cong"'S'tion at Rites published .n !~61""Clion or> Mu,., j~ llit Lilwrgy," wl\ich"." itsel! the tosk of concn!l:i~ing what had been 6.lid in lhe Conslitution and of """'Iving !lOme problelTlll. The Gm_
"
""11"""",;,,, of 1M RomIrn MiMm applies these prinicples !o tho-Mas" (po>uim). I.naU bring toget""r""~ the _ importanl guid ... linc'& ghm in tt- ,....e.al documennts.
V.ticitn II considers liturgical music: Of, ~ p~!ely, "so.cred """8 closely bow>d 10 th~ texl," 10 lit ~. nt ury or integral port at tM !lDlemn Uturgy (SC 112). nu. means that in tIw lil\>rgy muSIC 15 not simply an om p;>rts which of thpjr ""ru~ (aU for singing art in foct fung ~nd in the .tyl~ and form demanded by the parts tholllHlvn Ili 10 boo! observed n~"dly in lilt altlmllKm of 1M IICIo> rift 1I~.InIKm 6). Most important in this conte>'dtation of the ""lebrant"5
"
I
p""'idmtial prayers, ~ Our F. t .... r and ttl .. intercessionr pu n. for , .... congreg.tion a lo"" or the "hoir . 10Ilculu (SC 118).
1M """,/;. . m~sic 1.llditw.. of each pEOp~ is ahio to "" "'~mw and prumotw (SC 119: M"e 123).
-n.~ Christian tr.dl tlon h;u a, ri",",nd in many places exd u dw muloiral instnunenlS from the liturgy. E"en Icday then: 111' 'SCI va-lions with rfgIrd to cenain inslnlment5, t>eclll$f> they 111' "'S"rded IS nnbodying I musk.l C"Uitul1' that is incou'patibl. wi th the Iit-uogy. On the other hand, the ;"'tnJmenl.ai music: 01 many C"U1ture.
"
~J1'S
Chapter Six
Liturgy and Popular Piety Alongsid~ thfo offici;11 .. orsIUp of lhe- Church .s Of down irlliturgi-cal books.nd n-gulaled by p.1p.11 or d ;occAin lo .. , thco ... arc many and "arinl "",,p~ of Christian piety 10 be found in brwd strata of t .... ~ ... or in munidp.1litiC!l. communiti .... and familie5;
l~e"PR'S5ioma ... summed up in the> lerm Mpopulo.. pio-ty" or "popular ",ligion,M .. hich includes ... Iigious custom$. Many cust""'"' ",ad> bad:. to the rime of the p.1gan reUgions and .... ere tal>', chri>tiani.....:! to " grc"~f or '"_ .,,1...,1. AllhouKh popular pwry and Christian CUSIOm. "nd lhe problems lMy bring. pay a substantially g1W.t"
'princip~liti
n'm" 10 many m.onireslatio .... o f popular pi!y. What the Constitu. tior, on the Ulu'llY requires o f tho! r~ligiou~ devntio .... 0/ ,Ilc Chris-tian prople and o f the devotions proper 10 pUti"ulu Chu,"'"" is ",fa~ trull ~ Ilarmonlz.J wit h rhol lirurgic:al ... -. accord wI th the sa :oed litu'llY, al'f in som~ way .... ri,'fe(! from it. and lead tiM.-~Ie to II~ (~ I). A refoo ... od popular pioeoy ,,;on complement and mrich the offici.>l liturgy, and its inn.>,.. power of OIri.r:;an so-daliuotion can provide a valuable sen~C4!' 00 a Ii!.> of faith N.- form~ 01 po""l.r dn'orion and religious cusoo"", tlut 'P"ak ~ the people need time 10 .... ,.eIop. They wW de,-dop rrton' """;Iy on the deg,", thilt the failh grows strong.>r;ond lhill a liturgy in touch with li ~ yl .. ld~ aUlhmtiC im""iJes and emotional,up port. A healthy po""ln p iHy will Ihm in turno1.lribule to lhe de.pening of the faith and the enrichmenl of !hi! liturgy.'
"
Chapter Seven
Liturgy and Ecumenism Dt VIOEO CH~IST IA NlIY AND THf EC U MES1CAl MOVM EN t n.e fact !hilt Chri.r:;anity is rna .... up o f "'...,. thfft' hund autono-rt101.>S kChu~" or fai th rommunilies and thus p...,.....,t!; a picluJ\" 01 division Ncontradict!; the will of Chri$!. scandalize!; Ih
I
n,.. ~ff"rts made by the. C hristian Churches to "",h;""e unity h~.-e m~n,f"'l\-d thotmsel"ei ,n numo!f()US bila tera l Of multil~teral s tudy g,:""ps buth allhe intrmatioN11~,,1'I and at thl> reg;un~1 and di .... Inc! "" ... Is. A high poinl in lho!se co/lorts at thl> internatio ..... 1 Le-'I'I h.asa:rtainly bem I~ Uma Report and the U"'" Ulurgy: which WUNsN on I"" report; I W U rome back to;> lhese in the final _-I'on 011"" p"'Wnl ch"PI"".
Of the numerou, bUa.fral SUI.W1oe1l" mention ""'Y boo mad .. of I"" ~ sua! by the Joint lutho .... nRoman Cath.olic Study Com-"'''''0'.'' Tht ~ QmJ rltt QUIrtl! (Ihe Molla R.>porr of 1972).' 1M WMrtU (1978), TIlt Mi"'~"y i" rltt Chu'flr (1961): and Unity II!""". Abltjs. F/}(>It$ ltut SIIIgtS otC.rh(l/k-lul/onQn Ea:k-Url Commu-II"", (198S). Of ~uaJ importance .... the 'eptw til of the in"""". lional Anglican-Roman CaU",11c 5cudy CommiMion on the Eud .. risl (1971 and 1m) Ministry a nd Ordi ..... tion (1973 and 1m) and AU~IY in Ih(o Churrn (1976. 1981 ). AmongdocumenlS of. ""gIOM I kmd 1 may mention The Amrrk.on Rom..nCatholic dia. Iogu1' group Iw tllUII far produced th .. fo llowing collections: Cnrori_ /(i.mn./K..ur (Common H ymns; Im);G-s.ingt' "".
BaI~llung (H ymtl$lor funerals; 1978; a child"",'s h)''''''''I: i.nK"hI~. IIIml" RJgtn/Jogt>! (Shine. MulilCOlo1'f'd Rainbow'; 19&3); and "c.sangt l w' rrauw"," (Wedding Hymru;: nol yet published). The C.tholic hym .... l. Cotttslo/!. of 1975, look 0' ..... monr hymns from the first 0/ these rolleclions (1he5e art' distinguij./ted by In ~ for "tilrwml'niJCh .... wmI'nirQ/ _ und .. , tht- number 01 the hymn). and tho>", Is a good ehanet! that slICh f')(Umenic.1 hymns will boo inco'l"'l-rat.!d InlO lhe new hymnals noW 'Ning PRop.red for til Evangelical C hurch In Gt-rmany.lhe Evangdical Reformed Churches of Ging bodies of Ihe Chwches dllSin! that such \iturgiI'5 Ix",., .. a "'8ular pan of c1e-5lallile. To boo ,"''''" .... ded as tsredally apptopo;..te are the """"" 01
Pr.~ lor ChriItian Unit)' (JilnUaf)' 18-lS). the .... eel;. hefo. .. Pmtl'COSl. Ihe """,II's WotId [);oy of PraY'!" (fir.!! friclay in Mardl). !he tal .........
e~1 Way 0/ m" Cross for )'OUnl! f'WI'k' (Frid;ly bt for .. PoIm SU .... d~y). liturgies on d~ys 0/ penancf and pnyer. ar.d titurg:ie!; in x""""-
u...... is dis.gret'm~t w,th ~f'd 10 s1w~ Euch.orists (inttl u"n-munion). Tlw Evln~ical Chu.rche wekonw C/uisti.lnsof other conk ""IIS 10 their ~ralion5 0/ the Lord'~ SUM""", bullhe Catho-lic Chu.rch i5 convlnco!d that joint Euchlltlsts a ... not possible t.-UUM th_ is as yfl no rommunion in fll ith and Church. Ortly in c ...... o f !We t "ity and w>eIer cem.1n conditions af\' EVllngdical Christians allowed to ",""v, communion.t 1M Catholic Eud ... -
ri~t.-In 1M ~iew 01 the Catholic OIun:h m" faithful are obligftl to a\tftld Sunday Ma5Ol, and thil: altft>da~ mUllt not bo> mad, mort' d iffirult for them; they .... tlw odot, instructed not to Klwdul,!'CU-iT\fnkal Ut~ on Saturday~ and Sunday morning. /) In 1980 .... w trans!ati.on of IIw Bible wn published with the rol-Iabo ... tion of Evangelical e~Ift. 1lIt tr ... sLation 0/ the New Testa-ment md the Psalln5 was accepted.r.d reoonu" .... dNI.s I'CUmt:nkaJ by the Ev.ngellcal Chun:h of Germany and the E~.ngelkal Bib], Society. Ort the Catholic $ide tltis new tr .... lation Iw.s .1_ ... ady bo:en 1IIttepI0ld into the German Book of l-Iour,;.r.d the new lectiona ri..s for Mass, as w,lIu into othc-r JiturgtClI boob of more recent da t .. ,"
g) [cum,."i"l collaboration Is also 10 lit ~ in various pint sta t ... menlS which tou.:h If 1,151 in part On tht liturgy. See. lor ""ample. the declaration Dtn Sonntog ~n (The C'lebration of Sunday). which was published on the lirst Sur.dIY 01 Adv .... t, 19M. a. a "joint .tII t""""'l 01 the GC'rm.n Episcopal Conferen variou, steps Iw.ve c ... aled .. brwd .... a of common pray,.. ar.d """g. Not only have they II!'(! to reciprocal union ar.d .....,uncj. alion 01 unlCl'\'ing ~dices. but they .... the mOllt tlPf'ladous "'PJ'w~ to be anal)l2l!'(! ota lulu ... World Con"'llI"~ on Faith and Ord,...~" In the ,ntention 0/ tlw .u~ IheChurc"'-" would in IIUs
w~y begiW'flan opportunity tOlCapt the Uma Report while sug-gesting various change and ~d.ition!t. We can ~ti .... tely fe\>l g ... al uciternent a'I we ........ iI the ~ults of
"
tlw processol ~rplion. Tht' le~1 is ci pab~ of doing ,wif with nu-m~ rni'undeTstandlngs. bringing the thought ind language of IIw vallOUS tr~ilions inlo closer line with IIw Chuldo of IIw begin-ning. and thUS e/faling I mutual rapp.()(lwment of lhe Chun:Iws a. they sed< tIw pI of unity In lroth and love. litu. nw;, unily we sed i, noI a uni formity in .... ery detail. Just H IIw Chu",hes of IIw WI and West .. ~ united d uring thor first rniJlm _ nium despite many diffe.6otfl in IheoIogjtlll method. modes of H_ I" ' ion. liturgy. I nd viu l ..... nil"uOOns. it i, llso coo ",e;'abJ. tNt - may lOday I~ I COld m ..... on III... .. .. 1iIl points without thor individual Chun:,," bring C'OfI1pell110 .u.....,drr their "p..
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used 10 enrich t~ Cilholic Cl>CMriitic t ek'br.tion (e_g._ the pn-para-lion of In., gi fts).
Tho> thing that prevo>nts C~lholic Christians from joining lull)' in an l"CUmen;cal
' (
I I
Chapter Eight
Nature .1Ind Import;lInce of the Sacraments An e.ISeIltlill part n/ lhe liturgy is the ct'lcl>ration 0/ th(o seven .. cn-ment5. In Ihls area theology lias diliCovc!'I'd new fOCl:!ls and c ... atro new empl\.>wsln
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~nl! But such. Ust' of lhe term would r.u~ confusion "" .... d~ys and hind~, ,athL.,.!lun promOl~ an unden;randing of the " _ _ en 10>clivi\)' an! !h(> basis of Christian f.i th and tM SOUin' thai nourishes th(o C hurch in the .ctivity by wllkh i, rommunicatl'S sal~ ,'atioo1. The rw,... T""'a""",' and the Church ', SpiriHnspiR'eS its climax in his pusloo .. oJ ~um.'
I k A JiCr;lmenl is in .. _ the extlmslon of tNt infinite gift which the f ather n;os giVftl. 10 .. world in need of fI!dtomption. in It... peo-_ I0I'O 01 his bdovl s..., ",ho choR lop"", himself up for"'011 the Cl'\lM, In giving 1limSll'1f, howevft; the Wol d appWs 10 ~ hum;m brinp.1f IIwy .~ 10 W I'l' in It... gih 01 ~tv.lion. Itcy must h."e faith; thi!)' mus, humbly and gratPluUy open theJrueln'. to the mn-Ng1! of s.ol ... tion and sumondeT them.wl vl!S in f. lth to God who giv"", his gifts 10 them. ,
"Fa lm," In this context, is 10 boe undeo-slood in its full New T""u, menl 5e1\.ie; lO-ilh Is acl:nowledgementand confessi"" and.s trust and Ul\J'He'rved readiness lor , urrender 10 It... fUh\>._ Th is i~ fai th thai is Inspi"-' .. 'ho (QUo! to him for Iwlp and huling. HI: finds il only 100 often Irlirog in the JpirituaJ and rdigiow; wadfr5 01 It... Jewiah J'ft'Ple, and espe-riaU)' in his f..rIaw-1I)wnsrnm at Nauo reth; he finds il chielly ;IJnong It... lowly and despised memt-,. o f his p!'Ople, .~ til" collec-tOl'l ,lnd &innf1'5. md among foreignon. ln the p.o ,. hle of the !'han-11ft and the till roIlector he c,""tiglles lhe ,plri l\J~1 pride thai insists on Its own ~rit., while he promi~ divine fivOT (ju~ti fication) 10 the tlX coUectQr with I'Iis humble, trusting opE1\r.ess. n.., evangelist ev~ notes on Qtle oeu"ion 1h.J.l lesu~ "could do no mighty work" in I'Iis home town. bec.a ..... 1he unbeli" lhere was "" g"''''t '"" to make him marvel (Ml< 6:51.; Mt 13:58). Flith, then.. and tIw desi.no for s;,jvalion and ..... d.ine,a b w1f-surrm_ de.. which /filth implies. is a IW!C' ary condition In Ihe n'Cipienl if ClIrist "1O(8'al ,,",,"'alion .................. Uy and tIw saocnmmt is to be ~ m~ftl fruithllly. In IKldition. ""err sacrament. being God'. finn prom_
~ 01 talv;l1ion and his ~ """virIB won:!. ;s lib a -.:I thltt is toWn within tIw luunm beint! and that wiH ~ develop _plI1 fmm the fai th and 101." 01 the Il'0.
The ""sic impor\anct' of fai th is further under!l o f ,.,.]'ation cont.a.lned in the ~meot.>l phs nor IIw meaning of lhe .. cr~men'aj ~gns Un be grasped withoul faith. The oacr.amenls can be cek'br.ted , in tht full m d p' "",,' _ , only in faith. On lhe 0Ihe-r I\&nd, one of Ihe.~a.1 ~~ of the NCl"amenls is precisely to nourish and """'lI;I~ lhi> fOllh In tIw n!Cipimts. !t is coJTe
:71 with the 5OIl.Tamerot1 'These ~ in , .... f""J .rwlysis IIw pasc/rQI "'YO-Itry Hd f)f w lvali.,.,.;md 1M Church may not withhold IIwm. , .... , n ' .... Church may........,. faU s ilent in ilS pnxlamation 0/ IIw glnItl.~ new, likogiving Iioes willi tht- Chun:h and its lINd. This. how-O)'\"er, is 5on1dhing thai d..rui",,]y .ffc!cts not simply Ilw myatic;ol body IS .. totality but .11 0/ its nwmbnJ as well. Tl\4, Churrll tllu. ~. lualizes itsel f in tile me'su"'!ltat it _ramenlall y NtloClHies lIuman beings nd il llas .. ver rww l"1'altlll for tIIanking Cod and in le...,...j. ing for its mombn dif/...-s from sacrament to ...,rament.
00
THE EffICA C Y O f TIlE SA C RAMEN TS WNot I'ws been ... id thus far makes it clo. that Christ is the u1ti
INI~ ICIUJtt of the efficacy 01 the Slcrammts. He is the ",al gi"""; the lndivid lWl!i rornmiMioned by tM Churrh are as it w ....... instru-Il\el\If in IUs hand!!. Even in Christian antiquity the question was al retldy rai5ood. in eeptlon 1ons with the phr_ il5lI ........ up> '5~y soonc:tiol1ed by lhe Council of T""'t. Lest the phr_ Jt,od 10 I m;Sunc!ersta.nding ofthr 5ilaammlS as e>.-fill'M in mogic. it must be dearly understood thaI the rile isonly a mons by wllicll Christ himself ~ffects lhe interior Nnctification of the recipient. At ti>e ... mo: lime. be it noted. lhe mini.ler lias I n obli gation 10 smvr for that personal inu,rior wort lliness t""l is rjui~ by cooperalion witll Cllrist in communlca ting SIIlv.hon. AI far lS the recipjrtlS are concerned. the ~fIt of the ...,rament is always & gift. nevh something merited . W""t is ""Iui~ of them is thai t1wy "P"" the,,""')v .... by faith and ;nl ....... ..,u_~ to the Lord who ro~ to them in the sacrament. The Si1cramenlS can pn:od~ no .. ffat in """'" who by delibeut .. unN)J..f and intmor tiol1 plaOl' an "obslade" (Latin: 06rr) in the way of Christ's rom munkation of gna. n..y 8" away ..."pty and aret'Vn> guilty of NCriIeg
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Chu",h c~"", 10 !l'w! rondu:lion th..ot there are 11by one beroo. tVa Christian). and "'en' usually administen!d d uring the EMit. Vogil. after oneor _ )'t'~ 01 prepar.ticr.menl:5 among them. ,d,", is ~. the Eudutrist. being the ...... "'" .. I and a.:tualiza. lion of m., pilsctu.1 my",-ory. is the cenleT and summil 01 all s.>cramc.'r1tal ;lctivi ly; lhe other sacraments are in greater or leTT de-W"" ORl.,.",.;lIO il and dcrl, ... their pow .... from il. The """'" holds for the tid! em",ro of J;lCTamentab--dw ' OI etc 1ions ar.d bk'1ingo and for aU othrr forms of Chri!ltian liturgy. Ev...., Lutheran thooIogiarts a(-kroowlodl>" Ihis , mlrality oI lhe Euchariilt: 1lw Holy Communion ....,.,;hip 5erV~ is the hidden. va ,mt.:en,"" 04 aU worship "",ices.. If It....... detach th"msel .... g from this ' f IIi". if the Holy Communion wor_ ship ............ hi no Jons.>r p. _ tl'Vi as the.:en .... supporting theenlin> wurmip life. then ttlC.'Se deuchecl ....... 1ces will _t ' rily beroo,* stunted ar.d dw.orl.-d:
Baptloim may tIO! as/iigned ~ spOOal plM:r aloopide the Eudlarist. t.!-eoUS gi'~ div;"" sI""'8th and aid 10 humaro beings at the "nodal points ' or decisive situations of their Ii,,,,,, and are thus in profound ham'lOr'ly with human nalu",. "The __ ero sacT.ments bring "",I thl' implieotiotl$ of lif~'s supreme mo-mmlli .r.d , ublimate lhese."" Even JoN"" Wolfgang von Go:tho:. a Proio.starot, fourod tM world of the..ever> Catholic sacraments deser-vmg of praisoe and esteem from this poinl of view." TIlomlIs Aquinas had .llNdy develot'
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Chilpll'r Nine
Baptism f lU rMI'O ~TA NC [ O F aAPll5M In the "jew f aU tho.- oonfcniom Npfurn is W most important and ba~ic " .. ""' of Christian Hf~: ;t is an ecumenkal 5aCTamffil. Flith on tn;, point is bi1sro on Ihe clea r 'eslim""y of th .. New Testamen t writings and an unbruken subsequent tudition The New Testa-ment k'Stimon;"" "'S"rd ing baptism vary In K'COId"""" with tho.-theoIogi p .... venlen t grace "f God. For "no""" can eome m m{" unles6 the Fat""r .. . d raws him" Un(4). c) & prism inrorpor"ti!i hu"",n bein~ inlo th .. Churm . s God's
~It 01 tt..> ..... w co>enant: it istheA'fo n. the sign of I cllI.nd 01 .. Iv.tinn. just as circu mcision had bft!n the ro"enantal si gn und,.,. the old rove""nt (see Col 2: II). Incorporation into the Church si-multaneously brings member.;.ttip In the mystic;al body 01 Christ .."d fills I .... boptizo!d with the Holy Spirit (1 Cor 12:13). " Undt-r -' in this "",nne inro.po ... tion into theChurch is the primary basic effect 01 baptism .... At t .... 5.1me time . .. it islike'.
m~rcy ~nd $;Iving will: for human heings il mea ..... new li f~ . in and with ptism. ronfimuOOn. and I ...... Euchoorl54 . For !his re.o~ these th ... '(' sac.ammts a", known as tilr.'" occasions..' But ......... n infant b.lpnsm did bKome prt. NI'W TO$Ym ..... t is famili.r ... ith ar>d apprnt-ject 01 discU55ion. The ne .. ' rilo! adopts the /oll ..... ing position in its tntroduction:
"From lilt> earliest limes, the Chllrch, 10 .... hiom in walo!r and the lioly Spirit, hecannot enter the kingdom 01 GOO: Tho! Church t.u . 1 .. . )'5 understood these "'ord!; 10 IJ\l'"iIn II-uol children shou ld not be deprin,,1 of hapli .... , bocau.., IIwy an.' boptiz of bishops. 10 deter
mi~ ! he ~ rn~ for I"" baptism nf infants" (Introduction to the Ri l
Ch,ld &p'~m ~"d 'MC","mu"lty Although I~ 1'"""'15 hoove tM prim~ry righ l and .... poosibilily 100-lhe I>;.plism md Chmlian rearing of their dlild",n, the kxal rom -munil); as \'illibl~ 'ep'Uenlativ. of the unhers.ool Church. aIM has a s igniflCanl dUly and ' eJpoo~bill ty. Tho.- man ...... in which boptism was adminis ... n!d 10 chi/d.tn in many pl~1!'S until " f~' decades ago "u stICh iii K> obscure the fact thool lhe boptism of a child J1(>I only affO'Cb the salvation o f an indh'idual bu. is .1 .... ~n ......... 01 profound signiflcOinn' .0 the rommunlty of b\>1ie\M"S.
The IWW ritual highligh's the rei.>tion of th. "" .... t to lhe- rommu_ nity and ....,phoosi~ the 1IIIII'1" 's oesporlJibility. Raprism is, afle.- a ll an incorporation Into ,he peop~ of God. The lat ..... must ,........."".. make a rontinuingeffo" 10_'0 il tN, in a5iorw Uy be eele--bnt! during Sunday Ma~ IiO Ihat ,he enti",community may par-Ucip"1c and Ihf d oet'Connt'Ction bet...-","" boprism and the EucNorist may be c1 ..... ly 5eH istoric.l developmen~ (the entron(f "I tIw "'""ss
1
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was sH Il ~n awarme;s lha! thO' pilffflts w~". primarily responsibLe for I ..... Nplisrn and CtuUli4n ...... 'ins of th.eir child ..,.., Within tho:- rile 01 in/ant Npfisrn. how(",ft, , ..... ~ inrrNs-ingly 1II'ndo.'ng~ 1M ", 'enlS. w ..... now reg.o.dl."d as gIIaranlOQ and mediators oIth .. fai th . TlUs "'!'iou. misundl'f'Slandill& 01 the !'dation of tlw parOl_US 10 tIM> cl\ild in 11>" latt.,.'slpirit\lal.and religious df"'elopm.:.u wn conditioned .110-. ... all by an a'"
"They must bc.-Ionll to tho! C"lholk C hurch md not be excluded from II>!! o ffice o!,;pon.sor by any canonieJ I hindrance. - A Nphl.ed pelSOll who i, a believing Christian hut a member of a Church 5o'p
'I bring out clei.ly Ihe pu;:hal chnilCWr of bd dOling hymn
l"rrod.",,"'Y RiltS Afu.T donning liturgicA) Vf'StlTlO1llS oi a f6liv .. oolor 1 ~7 L.",.; ,'
. d ~ ~r-~ pnest or _0" (- celtbrJ1 t) JI'1ion5 him...Jf at tN en!ru,ce 10 !he church or in lhe pan oi thechu~h where t1wcommunity ... S f 11-
b~ for I~ hlplism, and greets them in his own words. Tho- por. nm a", asked WNI .... me I~ In! giving Ihri. child. To II-.. furth.or
question of wh;ot Ihocy are "Il king of tM Church they reply: "6aptism: Nd to a id the po . ents in their task.
nw celebrlonl. POrl'nts, and ~ ""xt mak the sign of the , ..-on the child s forehe~. This signing or sealing is mNn\ to .t ..... \ tha t lho; child belongs \0 Christ; il ... 1:00 renunciation of Satan, w ho is conquen!d b> this sign.
lJhlrgy "' tilt Word nw pU'P'" . of this p,,1 o f tn.. liturgy is to stre-ngth ... the faith of the pan:nIS ond OIher p articipants. dttl"'n thei r und ... standing of hlpliom, and intercedc lor tN.' fruit of the SOCTamenl. During the INding(s) and homily the childn.-n m. y. if neco;-ssary, be brought to I nearby room (the ery rnom ), wMro: thei r crying will not distract tM aS6c) an! not only for . he b.optiu ..
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tllt! church). 1/ the rongregalion ;5 P"'Pared to do e;o, members may add lkei. own pditiol"l5 10 thoo;o:o fo.mulated by the ,Im nl.
The celebranl now UII;>O; ""'" of the I .. .., pny~ of """rcism pro-"iduction 10 the _ .... oJ riles of baptism: "The w",er to be used in baplism should be I"", wal .... and dean, boIh for lhe s;,ke of the authenric sacramrntalsym-holism and for hygiomic .... ~. (Chrisrion InilittliOtl 18). II i5 .,-plicitly allo ... ~ that the wlter ml y be 1ivina" wa""', that is, wa"'" /lowing into and oul of tho: fonl (_ ibid .. 21). The original form of baptism (5t;)l u~ as lal ... itS Ihe high Midd Ie Age'l), nam~ly, imlTW!fSlon ra lkr than infusion, rhus hromcs possible 00Cl' 1TIOft'. especially sin.:., Ihen! is today no d ifficulty in p lplns warm wa"" to the font
The celebrant may ct.on.e among th ...... prayr_son. I t which the w,rer bkwd during the E.s-Ie" Vigil is uged, two of tho> praY"'" may be modified 10 =,u thai N.Uerblessing.
A further. immedio te prep;ir.tion for the administration of l)w_-ramenl is lhe PO"'""" and sponsors' renunciootion 01 s.tan . nd pro-'-ion of fa ith. It is \I,., parents.nd!ipOll5OJ1'. and no longer the children, who art" questioned and pla~ under an obliga tion. In his Inlroductory addR'5S lhe celebranl sp"'u of tho> parents' unrondi-tiona! obligation lO .... ar llwir child"", as bel~~. Two IormuLos .... gin ... /or the mlunciation oIs..tan. The th ...... qursriol\s.sked in tho! profession of f. ith make u!
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rnodt:ll.'d on the l.oo nting 01 priests arod kings in the Did T....rament and is inn.nded to show 1Il001 a, a m of God rhr Npti>.ed person shal'\'S in tho! ruyal priothood of Chrisl. ;>5 we a n: told in 1 PdlT 2:9.
n.., clothing of tho! child in a white garmenl no! ""'y ""'lolls the u.ly days of the Church wh ... the newly bap ti1.ed don""" w hib: g.ormmlS whkh Itwy then W,,", al the ttkbution of tlw Eurn..risl during Eas"," ,,eek. The whi", g.>nno!'I\l abo symbolizes thai tlw baptized al'\''' "n_ Cre.ltion" and N~ pUI on Christ" (_ Rom 1J:14; G.ol 3:27). The rilu.ll expressoi!S thr wish lha l tlw fa mities wo uld Ihe,,-l\'fS p"'f'ill'\' I~ white g.>rment; it y,r:>uld ""I be put on tlw child, how .. .... befr:>n! thr bap ti .... propr!'.
As I .... iIICCOITIpanying pl'll ~"'" indkl.tes. the gi'1' celebran t touches the ""rs and mou th of tl>e child with hi. th umb lond prays thot j",us will soon mabie it to l>ear his word and confl'5S th" fai th.
Omc/us.", of tke Rit, If the spati.llayout of tho! church all ows. thc retire congrega tion procl'SSei from the foot'" the altar as. b.ptismal song is being sung, n... ",Iebrant briefly l'I.'CiUi the b.apti.m just adminislerl.'d and looks ahead'" the u.c:raments of confirma tion and Eucharist that.I'\' still to be no. al""r of the BkssftI Virgin Mary. th is custom i. oils .. "ed if appropriate" (Riwof II.>plism lot ChildrtT\ 71 ). To ... m up: this n_ riteofb.aptism for child ren may to. r'\'S'IrdI'd as
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a considerable impfOVE1l'\e111 upon the old . For lhe firsl time, it lakes aeriously Ihe f,iICI thaI thC' otIC' to b.. b.pti.zed is . 1 best an im-INtul'\' child . There Is no lo"Hid.1 dialogurmenl. the Ephpnw. rite). The ... is. how",,,,",. no pretense .. a di.loguebul5imply words !'dd t( . !Id to the child bo:a.use the Chwdl talus il seriouily au person. j~t as the mot""" does. whole behavior nonetheless we do not ..-gard a. i,.,..,tional.
A further merit of the """'. Til(' Is otIC' that 11w.,ulready alluded to __ enol times: beause the child Is INprized in the faith of its par ents, the latter al'\' the ft'al partners in I"" diatogu.e tholl elicits the cIni .... for b.aptism. the renunciation 01 SoI.1. .... nd the profession of faith. The paNilIS .... h~ called upon to be faithful to their own boptilm and to !'WIder th~ nt intrinsic meaning of the ~,,1int. For tho! ch ild being baptized, it becomes the beginning o f joum")' 01 f.lth which needs tlK> continued ""Ip of the rommunity if it is 10 .... iIIch its go.ol. "
TH E lNCO Il PO . ... TION OF ... nULTS INTO THE COMM UN tTY HWoriali Sw'"')' llw Christi"n community reali~ed at "ery urly dale tha t the w.y of an .dult to fJi th Jnd IIw C llurch ilia process 01 growth that u k ... _ ti rneand usuany n~,b Iwlp from the institutio ... Christian lik rNJUi"" a training .nd protection .... hich .s a ruk> can "'" pm-vided only by the concI'fIe local community. TM Inull .. .. s the """ ""blishment. by the end of the ...... id century. of lhe institution 01 the c~tfChulTIfNlt for lhole _king b.pmm. Hippolytus of Rome in t,;, ApasleJit TnaoI,,,,,,, (beginning of th~ third ~ry) gi' ''''' uS a
tlin circle 0/ catcchummt. This circle is alw IN! ' l .... "" for 'pedal instructions which, togetho!r wilh lho> con-v,-... ~tions on lho> fa ith, are.o help ihf> gro ... th of faith . Tr....s.. in-s tructions , as well U Ihe li turgies of the ... ord il 1M Sunday Euchari st. m.>y be followed by "pray," for dcliwrmel'" (exo.-cisms) 3nd bll'S~ I8lgth of the catedtumenat applic.nl. CommuNl5ponsorship is also f"""ible and Is especially appropri.", when the e."""humen has had his or
h~r first eXp"rienc'-'S of the failh in a youlh group or the family cir cie or I f.mily Ihal has befriendl-d him or Mr." "
The period of proxim.>le p .... paration for baptism usually begins on lhe- first Sunday 01 Lent. lhe period of peniteotilll p~ralion IOf Eas ter. Admi55ion 10 the groupol candidates for baptism presup-poses Ihat t ..... c. ndid.Il- ho~ unde.gone . geou;neconversion. ha, an adequale knowledge 01 the Christian f.lTh. .nd Is firm in f. ith and 10\'", T1Icer in,oI,oed in the work 01 I~ calilu lt\eNie mUSI ,..Iie judgml'nt on these points. Admi,sion 10 candidacy ttw-eo. 5;\CflIments of initiarion. they >nfirm This O1'5OIution by writ-in8 their ",,!TIeS in a speci.al book. As a sign thai the godp.lrI>Ilb in turn an> n.-ady 10 .>Cticed. Nowadays the eetCl roony mighl empha-Iizt. meditation on Ihr two ""'IS. The Rite of Ouistian Initiation of Adults provides for a speciallilu'KY oIlhe ... ord fOf ~y Saturdlty morning; the- ,,--citation of the titany 01 the Minis. This is foIkno.ed by the bleseing oI lhe b.1tp n.ma1 water, the
~oIS.tan and ..... tlw profc .t!x.n oIf .. ith. and lheacto{ ~. The iIIlOirtting 0{ the C10WIl of the head thot foIk>ws upon ttw ad oIb.1tptizing is normolly omitted 5~ COO"Ifirmatioo is ""minis.. teed during the Vigil. Since the anointing Is omitted here, then the only two ll'"I"IUining explanatory rileS . re '""' clothing ... ith the b;,ptis-
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nW garmmt and tho: giving of the bapti!ilN1 candJoo. The b.lptizing JA its! is It...- ministeT of ronfirmatloo whidl then foIlow&. The ritual of initiation ~r d-'eI' it!i climax md rompl..tMln in the ensu ing a.lobntion of the Eutharist. Dllrin~ IhiI cfloobration sproal atlm lion is given to the newly baptized and their sp::>nsor5; th"Y' togethtor with thrir rcl.tiv8. Tl'd of "mysu gogy." that is. ofbeing "led" (oW. "1e.t) thm! be cdebo.tion; depending on cirnrn!. stance this may be liOm~ by eo:~ fetj,me. The bishop should mak an e4fort to remain in close contJct with the!;e ",-ow rnemr hers of the Church and .~ to oelcbnle It...- Eucharisl with !hem at IeuI ~ a year. e!p ially if he himstIf wIS urub]j, to pie ide at their initiation.
From time 10 time the rifot't to....slore Iht multistage catechumeNte for ad ult!i has btocft disparagtd as an e>eoIogism . nd as simply a hobby of historians of the liturgy. It Is true, of COI1t"Ie. th3t the old "not aulOtNOtically ben.t than the new. In this instance, howe>'''' the """,,,"ration lor !heucnmenl$of initiation in\"OI,"eS onore than in--IrllecuIoI Irarning it musl .t,., be a training in thfo faith and in. life of faith. This. how""'t'l", "'l~ period long enough /or it'SMg and pr0-bation, lesl Wf' rm.m ~ apin to Iht ""I"" fidal Christianity that ct\aractlo!rizection with the aposto lic Church and with the ongoing trafl'l0nH6ion of the won:! of God !NI w .. carried on therein might be _ak.ml!d or enlirely aboondoned. It ~ d..,irabk:, therefore. to lay spial emphasis on the impo-Ioilionof!hoe hand al baptism (as we find being dcmt as e., ly as Acts 8:1'"-17) .nd to ... se, ,.., this imposition 10 the inIf leader of the rommunlty, namely. the bishop as successor to the apostles. This 1m poIilion became an t ffecti"e sign of communion with the apostolic Churd\ .nd of the ,..,...Uant dul)' ofSpirit ... n,;piftd ....... ice. Thlf hypothesis I. confirmed by the first t~l~si" e ""counts of iniri r .non in Tt"ft\Illian and HippolytU5 of Rome. 60th wri\e"rS IlpUk no!
only of. postbaplismal anointing by the baptizing pri"'" but also ol on imposition of the bishop', ""TId tllat communicates the Holy Spirit nd a signing of the f"",head . Hi ppo/ytus includes. in addi. lion, an o>pi~l anointing o f the lI.s.d.' Tlw> impoo.ition of Ihe hand and anoinling by the tnsloop, logether .... illl I ..... pray ... of the rommunily. thus berome .. ffieKious signll tn..t lhe bilptized """"'" n... by the po .... l'I oI lne Holy Spirit bee""", a rompleto- ..... mbO'< 01 Ihe Church; tw or sh~ NS all the ri&hts of a Ctu"i.nan but is alse> oo~gated tu W~ in the Church' . .... o rl< (Sft Ihe biblical dv.risrru; th;tt .re forms 01 servi 10 the Church). Tlw> delC' iptioro o f this part of the lota l ril .. o f inlli,\tion asa giving of the Holy Spirit has, l\owpo,.l'I, foslond the mistakm idea IIuot the ptf'Vious riM o f .. . 11'1' b.oplism does "'" """lOW It... Holy Spirit. This i. an d in tho> Apostolic Constilution Di"i~ "",,,,rtium ""tu. ' .... o f August 15, 1971, in wh ich Paul VI promulgoled and approved th~ ~w rl te of confirmalion . n... meaning of confirma. l ioro i5 d r:scribed in si mila r 1"015 I" ,he Introduction 10 tt.... new ril of confirmation: "This giving 01 the Holy Spiri l con forms bel .... '" more fully IOChriSl and SlrMgth",s lhem ~ tn..11hey may booa. wiln"", tu Christ for t~ build ing up of hi5 110dy in faith and Io~. "' From the Iounh ~tury oro. Ih .. importa"", given to the episcopal impoo.ilion 0I 11Ie hand and "'oin ting .and 10 It... special gift of lhe Spirit therein ree .. h 'l!d WI5 signific.an Uy Mightened by the fact thoIl in many .. n!'U "xl~1 cin:Um5tu\('ft uuled rnnfil'nUllion """ bop-
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Ibm 10 be seprist.'
THE N~W RITE OF CONF 1 ~M AT 10N The ~ rileof ronfi nnation oommiuioned by Vaticmll ar-
pN~ in the lummer of 19'71lS. IalCid .. of tM Romln Pontifical. The new ril
I '\"h(' fifth p..sA&, to which r ,ncrrro js John 6:411-59; ... ...,., tooken in conjunction .. -i!h u... oth,e,- four p.ossagt!! this sheds fun"", theologi. (".1 Ughl on th .. .,uct .. ristk myMcamal..-d. &i"-Ing hilTlSE'l/ as;> s.ocrifi< .. 01 expiation, and in aU things ;;acting for our ... 1\'aUon. Th~ p~~of this pSI SI~ing "CI is Ih ....... forecloscl)'bound up wilh his r..,,,1 p":>encr. ~ IhI- Euchari~ i. thoe SMTamem.1 pl"\"Sf'rK"e of the ""ti ... savinl! e"ent known as '/l'su.o;,' in which tm, p thai is 10 be prodlimed in words and I" "'''''''' spokn .f"" a regubr "' .... 1. "they " ."'" then rompletely oepor.ted from StICh a m .... I .nd >m- . billed wilh lhoe liturgy of pr.y .... on Sund .. y mornings. One of Just'" Martyr 's writings shows that "n.>und the middle of the -=ond :11-I\Uy lhe ctlebl"lMm of the F.uch,uiSi w.~ pl"t'aded by" bturgy of the word .uch.s ,,'''S cuSlom.uy in thoe Jl'wish s~sogues of the dly! The two liturgies fusM 10 rom. .. singl. Crn ("I'-.rIQhO). I"" mem0-rial and tlw ~pplic:ation of the ......... for...n sacrific~ of Christ on lhe CI'OoIII (OS 1740; Neu .... rDupui. 1546). With Ihls sta l\"lm"nt the Coun-dl cle.rly "' ..... ned al the beginning ollh~ modl'm po.."nod II,.. basic Ideas we .. w to be P""""" t in t .... New Tl'!il~mcnl ",",ure"". In view 01 thU. and not olways It:licilous 10,.".". tak .... by
~~Ieb .. ation 01 t"; Moss t .... Council 01 Trent .ISnun Missal. The roew M i55a1 wAS promulgated. by Pi ... V !Ia'en yt".B.fter thc clO!ilf" of ,he Council (1570), and re-mained in efft lOT "lm""l four hundred y .. "rs without major "" ......
III the seco"d chapter 01 its Constilution on the Uturgy lhe Second V.tian Council dl'IlIs ext .......... ly wilh -,11(0 mOSI SKied m)"S""Y o f the EudWiriSl." 110 chief
They should be il\5tructed by G x l's ,,"Ord lind be nourished . t the t. ble of t""" lord 's body; they should gi"e !Nnks to God (no. 4110). Tha t this gool might be ... ached. the Council clecn!O'd th.>t the Order
~ M~M be re\'iRd in a w ay HIhioI will bring out mOR> c~rly the in _ tnnslC ~tu", and p urpose o f its ..,..-~ral pun . and 'I~ I t", ConrM'uin ...... A 1' .... , law, the ""ti ... new Mi_1 was publioh ... . [t con-tains. In .. dditinn to the te~t . GnuT"'l~'t'wrlw.. of lhi /W""," Mi .... r IGIRM) iU1d Gtn .. ,,/ Nar"" fo' "" Uturg;,;"r y,w "nd thi C"rmd",_ Un. like ~arli~r In~mductions 10 t ..... Mi
b) L1twrgy r1'M Word
"" fai .'1185: IOn,S betw":" ~ ~~inga: gospel: homily; prof~on of
til; g .... r~1 .nIE"EI ,...,... (proy" of !he fa ithful). () [",""rlsJ (in .., rrower K'f\~) f7tprcaking p.o.rati 10' the . ing.llng.. and "gnus Dei: privil .. pray.,.,. of pn.-
on r . pnest; .eptivn of commUnion; ptriod 01 oil"""" or song of pu~; pflyer Ifter tommo.mlon. d ) umrlwdiNg Rirt
~;u~riSh announcements; blessinK: dUminat; kissing of .llar; d,..
INtroductory Rir", The purpose of I~se Is 10 meld the cong ... gation In> a c . commuru>v Ind I ,_ ""SCI""" L " pl't'plre I lVr the prodlmation of God's word and I"", worthy ""lebr.tion of the EuchariSt.
The enrr~"" sonS (L..otin: .nlipho"" ad j"',,,i'um) of the priest and other mlIUliers hl$lo. its purpose "toopen til. celeb f . slfy the unity 01 the glther'N .-.nle lHd.'- _, .'- _ shU '011, mlm t of the ~ -- r ' tnOn'moU IS to the mrs-"'.y " Huon or ~ast,lnd ;occomjny the proceo.ion of the pnest ... (CIIW15~ TMr.1!'fJNJ\Y"y,ofhlnd' " --- "- ~.-de MIfIS. cong~lion should not boo! tr.q....,Uy con-
mned to bdng dumb liMh tt ll; p'nlcullrly in Iheft>tr~5OrI :~ can~ choir. ind ron~11im should e;och play I IN" Ind g us b..&i.n 10 funn the rommunity which lIw (elebo~(111s for-"
The pl.)"ng of the orpn may . t tiIMS I'fPII the singing. If the~.
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..,00 antiphon is not sung.. it is ft!COmmmded th.1 it W m~de part _ !he prieSt ', inttQd uctioo 10 the Mase; of ~ dIY," tIw priest, roooelebrants, ilfId deacon then kiss the .lta. to signify ... veneration for it as I symbol of Christ. This may boo! followed .., In \net. iSilioo of the Ilta r, espect.ooUy 00 ~asl day!>. IncenSe (a
~of varioul reins and gums) wlIS used in wOf!lhip both in ... Old T~ament \Ii!iTIple Ind in P"PI' Intiquity gt'rwraUy. Chris .... lnltiaUy l'fjKted its .-. hut in thr Constanrinian period it ., t&e its wly from the ~SI into Christian wcnhip. lt was under-SI .d heft: as symbol of pr.yoi!1' (_ r. 140:2) and as I sign of ,..,. tf*t .. dof the Church', intdec. vy prayn. Eventually tke paacti~ the bxk of the Nnctu.ry JS a suitable plo>ee for it and in-~ that ilfIy suggestion of lthrot'l(' is 10 be avoidC'd (GIRM 271), " By milking tke sign of the CTOS5 together prie-sland congregation place the~IVC5 under the Ctwi of Christ and signify that 10 this 00If they look for their s.olvalion, They then Kre
may stili ta ke t~ fonn of a rommunal roniell/!ion of guilt, using a Confit...or tIuot h.os bo!tn shorlened bur tha i also now includco a rt:f-onm, or to I ",Jer who was bring hono~ as a god. In I:f.rping w ith the writinp of Paul the Church appUed il to Christ as its di"int Lord. In the East such "'""' ...... tions origi ..... Uy had !heir pia- in Uliln~ C'*ttnit"J) of petitions; to e..,h prtition the rongn>gation joined in with I "yriuLlmation. In the West these li tan in wen! gradUAlly mo"ed iorwlrd from their origir\oll place at the...,d of tho! liturgy of the word lind u.JtimateJy acquired I""ir l.ter form tltroo..gh omission of the- petilioou, n. .. GIRM (30) is in 'c-cord with anciftlt C\lstom when It allows the in5e"ion of sho" "erses (tropes) into I~ "yrie. The IC y" .. should. a. far as possi ble. "" su ng by the en tire congreg.tion. As a ",Ie, each ,.ctamation is sung only !wi"". If the "yrle ..,cl.mation h"" already been used in the pe omitted."
The Gw,;" i" txltbis DItl rGlory to God in the hlgh ... t-) i. on .. of tn.. many hymns rompcs!d and sung by tkeearlyChurch in the days w/ore the PHI",. bo.ot.me the Church's IWoI hymnoJ. The first 5t.onz. 01 the Gloria "'1"'''''' tho! song of the angels al Bethlehem and fOO" lhelolll .... tion of the whole world~ (GIRM 33).
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"The mno.u.ry jo, Morss. which implotmo:rltnl!he ct~'S arrangemen t Is 10 avoid an "xcessive mul tiplici ty of themes in a sIngle MI.llrod to bring oul bo:tll" the unity of t .... two TCStam..nts. In Y .... r A !he Goipel of M. tth...., ;'","d. in V""r " the Goip"1 of t.Uri!J. a", 50 arranged tha I in Weo.ks 1-9 o f OrdiNlry Tim~ Ma.k i, ",ad. in Wed11 Lectionary al"" con"!",, readings for the f~il.Sts lind memoriali 01. tn.. lIIint" foc the celebration of the sacnmen" .nd IIIcramm-... , and for Masses on special OCOosions and ,-olive Ma-. n-... ltionary p rmides a wide "",lcction ofl'Nllinp for "-oo:asions. Tlw ",ltdings I ... deliv...ro from. lectern tha l ;,.110 known.5"" -.mbo-(from the G"",k vem ....t..intin.1o a""end). "The GIRM " " -pLoins the reaSOn for having such a lectern: -rn.. d ignity of the word of God requin:s the churd> to have I p lace that is . uililblc IN Ihe proclamaOOn of the word ilI'\d is a naturalloc:aI porn t for the people d i1l'ln8 the liturgy oflhe word" (2n). ~ing oro Ihe spa" tiaI poNoIbilities. Ihe leclem Is 10 boP located al point wM",!he i dm c.nea5ily be seen and ho!. rd by;ill . Thi' lectew is t .... place not only for the readings but for the songs between the ",.dings, tho! g05pel . nd. if appllelb le, the homily and p rayer of the faithful ,
In keeping with tradition. lho! ","dec 01 !he pl5Uges from Scriptu,," if not 10 be the celebrant but another minis\ler. This makes it cleor tNl the cekbiating p riest too pLa.ces himself under the word of God and listens to it. While the nonevango'lic.l ..... dings un bP d""" by _doer who is. 11)".....,.., I"" gospel" alw.ys to be ... ad by a deacon or I priest (the celeb. lnt if rM.'ceSSO ry). The ","dcr m .. k$ th .. end of each of the firs t two ",,,lings by .. y-ing:""Thi5 is the ,gon! of the Lord! " (VtrlnI1II DoIni"i,~. to whlch t .... mngl'l'g
The SOf1.d reading i, followed by the AlI@luia("!'raisethe lord") together with I ,,~. u, ullly /rom tM N..,.. Testament. This song. howe'er. dOt$ not look INck to the preding ' .... d ing but is a prep-. ration k>r the gospel. It is.n ...:damation addlE sri toOuist and should tf"ltfoit be ,ung by the standi", community (Pastoral In_ troduction to tht _Oiod edition of the Lectionary). The AlIe1uia;s omitted d uring Lft>i; ~tht ,.t'fW befo .... tilt gospel ~ .. hich rep~ lhe Allelui" is .1::10 c..tled 1M ~Tr...:t.~
If there is only ~ ~ing before tho!- g05pe\. the two ..-.gs ~ tw--. read ings onay be \ISed. Of OIle of thEm may be . elected.
Two Olemnilifs. Eo~.nd Pen_t. h." ... ~ additional song be-IW ....... ~ings, !\lonely. the xq1.lt'r>Cf. Seq............,; w ...... originaDy /ubilll$ melodies .". tpedaI iESpt Ioho"'n I"," tilt gIipI'l reodin& in com~n.on wtdI the 0Iheft should noI INd to any do:p....o.tion of the latter. 1bey 100 . .... inspinod sacn!d wrilinp, COU1Uiin God'. word, and. if the11!1! from lhe N~ TeslUMnt, ...... tobe regarded lOS "good __ ~ (a .gospel~ ). There/on! GIRM 33. fo llowing"'" Constitution l1li tho! UIU'lY' saY"' o f .11 the .udings without distinction: - In the
d in .. ... God is ....... ~;~ .. IO lIis people, opming up to them "'" I I .~--- ... ")'Mf:'Y o f n!demption alld !lal"alion, and nourishing tl\ei. spirit; ChriII Is plesom t to the failhful through his own wOfd ~ The tl"adlrional .. me1allon fo. the gospel reading probably had its
~ in theconvidiOll thol the. mlIly words of Jesu. transmilted In the foul gospels Irc I\i, own actual words. while tho! other New Teetament writings art simply doctrinal and ~sto .. lleTter. of the .pottlet.. Even1hough we Irc aware today lhat all of "'" New Test>-ment booklcont.in lheological inlerpretaoon and ,..".......,.,t adapt>-lioN lID ]Storal neeels, the ,elot med liturgy maintains "'" special ...... of honor bestowtd OIl thr rtading of the gospel at Moss- Rome evidently do8 rot think t:Ilm is any great dlonger of "
