Second International Olympiad in Theoretical, Mathematical and Applied Linguistics

Russia, Moscow, August 2–6, 2004

Individual Contest Authors of problems: Peter A. Zubkov (No.1), Boris L. Iomdin, Leonid L. Iomdin (No.2), Svetlana A. Burlak, Ilya B. Itkin (No.3), Ivan A. Derzhanski (No.4), Boris L. Iomdin (No.5).

Edited by: Alexander S. Berdichevsky, Ksenia A. Guiliarova, Ivan A. Derzhanski, Boris L. Iomdin (responsible editor), Elena V. Muravenko, Maria L. Rubinstein.

Translated into English by Boris L. Iomdin.

Problem No.1 (10 points)

Consider the following sentences in Kayapo1 language (printed in Latin transliteration) and their English translations:

Atoro kêt You are not dancing Ba m! m! anhê We are decorating you guys Ba rê I am swimming Ga iku You are devouring me Ga m! to You guys are dancing Ij" m! akuru kêt I am not devouring you guys M! aj" inhêrê kêt You guys are not decorating me M! irêrê kêt We are not swimming

Assignment 1. Translate into English; if you believe that some sentences have several translations, give all of them:

Aje ikuru kêt Ba m! aku Irêrê kêt

Assignment 2. Translate into Kayapo:

You guys are not devouring us We are not decorating you guys We are dancing I am devouring you

Note. ! and ê are specific vowels of Kayapo.

Problem No.2 (10 points)

A translator at the Swift News agency, which regularly receives lots of material in English, tries to work as fast and efficiently as possible, and therefore first translates titles of articles and only then some of the articles. Because of this technique, however, some of the titles do not correspond to the contents of the translated articles and have to be reconsidered. This happened to three of the articles whose titles are given below.

1 Kayapo! is an Indian language (Ge family). It is spoken by some 4000 people in Brazil.

2

1. Budget Cut Threatens Railway Modernization Project Funding.

2. Cold Winter Threatens Start of Shipping Season in Small Lakes.

3. Insanitariness in Brobdingnag Threatens Cholera Outbreak.

4. New Crisis in Blefuscu Threatens Collapse of Peace Talks.

5. Password Leak From Megasoft Threatens Mass Piracy.

6. Population Crisis in Lilliput Threatens Tax Reform.

7. Sudden Weather Change Threatens Arrival of Reinforcements to Besieged City.

8. Suspension of Talks Threatens Peace Process in Lilliput and Blefus#u.

9. Unexpected Event in Country of Houyhnhnms Threatens Early Elections.

10. Terrorists Activity Threatens Public Security.

11. Global Cooling Threatens Food Shortages.

Assignment. Indicate which titles did not correspond to the contents of the articles after translations. Give the appropriate translations. Explain your solution.

Note. Knowledge of English is NOT NECESSARY for the solution of the problem. Lilliput, Blefus!u, Brobdingnag and Country of Houyhnhnms are imaginary countries, featured in the writings by Jonathan Swift, an English writer (1667–1745).

Problem No.3 (10 points)

Consider fourteen Latin words and their English translations:

barba "beard" vidua "widow" d$vidit "he divides" mord%x "biting" f&mus "smoke" glabra "hairless" frac's "sediment" falx "sickle" fov're "to heat" rubr$ca "red paint" mandere "to chew" mediocris "moderate" verbum "word" fingo "I sculpt"

Linguists believe that in ancient times all these words except one contained the dh sound (d pronounced with an aspiration). Later, dh was replaced by other sounds.

Consider the four English words cognate to four of the Latin words given above:

3

beard word widow red

Assignment 1. Indicate the Latin word of the above list that never contained the dh sound. Explain your solution.

Assignment 2. Consider six more Latin words:

brevis "short" gurdus "silly" fr$gus "cold" unda "wave" combr'tum "reed" d'beo "I owe"

Which of these words are sure to have never contained the dh sound? Why?

Note. Latin x is pronounced like English x as in ox; the dash over vowels indicates that they are long.

Problem No.4 (10 points)

Consider some words of Lakhota2 language (in Latin transliteration):

k(z) a single high-pitched tone sounds žata it (e.g. a road) forks into two parts šuža it is badly bruised *i it is brown miniža it is curled but can be smoothed again g"l"za it is ruled: | | | nu*a it is hard and immovable (e.g. a gnarl on a tree) mini*a it is shrunk permanently zi it is yellow šli thick liquid is being squeezed out k(ž) a blending high-pitched tone sounds (e.g. a trill) g"l"*) it is striped: + + +

Assignment 1. Match the following words with their translations given in misarranged order: k'e*), k'ez), phešniža, suza, xu*a; it sparks, it is fractured, the surface is in a scratched condition, it has a slight bruise, the surface is in a scraped condition

Assignment 2. Translate into Lakota:

a thin liquid is being squeezed out it is soft and movable (e.g. an enlarged gland under the skin) it is red hot it is semi-hard and movable (e.g. a cartilage) it is branching into several directions

Assignment 3. Explain the meaning of the word ži.

2 Lakho!ta is an Indian language (Siou family). It is spoken by 6000 people in the USA and Canada.

4

Note. The letter x is pronounced similarly to English h as in hard; the letter " is the voiced correlate of #; š and ž are pronounced similarly to sh as in shoe and s as in pleasure, respectively. The letters k' and ph signify specific Lakhota consonants, and $, i, % signify specific Lakhota vowels.

Problem No.5 (10 points)

The table below contains Chuvash3 verbs (in Latin transliteration) and their English translations. Some of the data has been left out.

aman to be crippled amant to cripple aptra to suffer to torment av,n to be flexible av to bend ç-t to get lost ç-ter to lose çit to reach to lead .ühen .ühe to rinse hup,n to close hur,n to lie (e.g. on the

table) hur to lay (e.g. something

on the table) kaç to move (e.g. from

one flat to another) to transport

k,vakar to become blue k,vakart to make blue kuç to migrate kuçar to resettle puçtar,n to get together puçtar to gather sh,n sh,nt to put on ice taptan to be trampled tapta to trample down tup,n to be found tup to find uç,n to be revealed uç to reveal ük üker to drop vacka to be in a hurry vackat to precipitate varalan to be smirched varala to besmirch v-re to be boiling v-ret to boil (e.g. water) v-ren to learn verent to teach vit-n to be covered vit to cover to enter k-rt to hide oneself pytar to hide (something)

Assignment. Fill in the gaps. If in some cases you cannot form a Chuvash verb with certainty, indicate it. Explain your solution.

Note. & is pronounced as a short a, ' is pronounced as a short e, ü is pronounced similarly to English ew as in stew, ç is pronounced similarly to English c as in cereal, ( is pronounced similarly to English ch as in church.

3 Chuvash is a Turkic language. It is spoken by some 1.5 million people in Chuvashia and some other regions of Russian Federation.

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