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Adaptation Challenges in European Cities and Regions:
a case study-based view
Magnus BenzieICLEI Resilient Cities 2010 Congress28th May 2010Session B2
• AEA is a trusted advisor to government
• Voted Number One Consultancy for Climate Change (Edie Surveys)
• Recently shared in the winning of a Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC
• Long track record of climate impacts, vulnerability and adaptation consultancy
Adaptation & Transformation
“Transformation requires us to re-think how our cities operate, how they are built and how they are lived in. ”
Adaptation in European Cities: Heading in the Right Direction?
ICLEI Resilient Cities 2010 Congress Paper
• Adaptation and Transformation are local processes.
• Cities are best placed to lead their own adaptation initiatives.
• National governments and the EU may be best placed to invest in and
share research, consider longer term implications and manage trans-
boundary and global issues.
• One size does not fit all.
We need to understandhow adaptation workson the ground so that
multi-level governance
efforts can be efficient,
effective and equitable.
Setting the Scene
• Complexity of multi-level
governance for adaptation
• Challenges of adaptation
• ‘Market for adaptation
knowledge’
• Adaptation has started: it is different everywhere
• Often locally driven: not ‘top-down’
Key points
• Often locally driven: not ‘top-down’
• The supply of adaptation knowledge should balance with demand
Multi-level Governance: Overview
Awareness Awareness Awareness Awareness
ICLEI
Core Cities
Covenant of
Mayors
Projects
European
Funding
Researchers • Finance • Tools • Ideas
DIRECTIVES
LEGISLATION
Contradictions
Contradictions
Budget ControlRegional
Priorities
Awareness Awareness
Multi-level Governance: Examples
• Eco Cities
with Bruntwood
• ASSCUE• ASSCUE
with UKCIP + researchers & consultants
• GRaBS
University of Manchester
Awareness Awareness Awareness
Multi-level Governance: Examples
Awareness AwarenessAwareness
BudapestBudapestPRUDENCE
Paris
Awareness Awareness Awareness Awareness
Multi-level Governance: Examples
UKCIP or KLIMZUG
4 Step Adaptation Methodology
Prepare the ground
Identify
adaptation
measures
Assess
vulnerabilities
Set strategic directions
1. Prepare
• Screen evidence; highlight issues• Political support• Stakeholder buy-in
Many cities are currently at this stage; not all prepare adequatelyMany cities are currently at this stage; not all prepare adequately
The Mayor of London
GLA Act 2007: “climate change duty”
• GLA buy-in
• London Climate Change Partnership
• 15+ research projects
• 2nd draft London CC Adaptation Strategy
• Intangible: ‘political currency’ of climate change in London
MLG > Influence and political backing to gain buy-in…
2. Assess Vulnerability
• Gather best available evidence• Assessment of impacts, vulnerability & risk• Understand priorities for adaptation
Very different levels of detail between cities: social dimension often missing
Vienna
• Downscaling – reclip:more project (10km2)
• Danube models – future flow rates
Birmingham
• LCLIP + UKCP09 + UHI modelling
• Surface Water Management Plan: River Cole
MLG > Invest in climate research (+ tools, BP); projects that follow through…
3. Set Strategic Direction
• Agree way forward with stakeholders based on evidence• Embed adaptation in existing plans• Set objectives for adaptation
Often implied within projects; cities need deliberate strategyOften implied within projects; cities need deliberate strategy
Prague• Reduce River Vlatava flood risk
• Mainstream: 2008 update of Flood Defence Plan
• Learning from Köln
• Stakeholders involved
• Costs identified:
€130m –Prague City Hall, National and EU funding programmes
MLG > Steering Group, check that objectives align with National/ EU…
4. Adaptation Measures
• Assess and Select Adaptation Measures• Implement, Monitor, Review
More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation
MLG > BP examples, remove policy barriers, implementation funding…
Buildings
Green
space
Flood
Water
Efficiency
Heat
Capacity
building
More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation
4. Adaptation Measures
• Assess and Select Adaptation Measures• Implement, Monitor, Review
MLG > BP examples, remove policy barriers, implementation funding…
Flood
• Diversified coastal protection (Hamburg)
• Tide monitoring centre (Venice)
• Contingency planning (Riga)
• Consider retreat (Almada)
• Rain water management (Dresden)
• Reduce erosion (Bologna)
• Flood Strategy (Amsterdam)
Buildings
Green
space
Flood
Water
Efficiency
Heat
Capacity
building
A “Market” for Adaptation Knowledge
FundingStakeholder
SupportStrong Drivers
Vulnerability Evidence Leadership
Vulnerability
Perception
Supply Demand
A “Market” for Adaptation Knowledge
Supply Demand
Manchester: Supply Heavy –follow through?
A “Market” for Adaptation Knowledge
FundingStakeholder
SupportStrong Drivers
Vulnerability Evidence Leadership
Vulnerability
Perception
London: Supply/demand balance
Supply Demand
How to create demand
Supply Demand
One-off ProjectsMainstreamed policies
Evidence
‘Best Practice’
Mainstreamed policies
Incentives
Formal Requirements
Not all demand can come from EU level
Research & Oversight• Short/Medium term perspective
• Local knowledge & priorities
• Local networks & actors
• Longer term • National Framework
• Funding & infrastructure• Funding & infrastructure
• Long term strategic issues • Cohesion & Solidarity
• Transboundary & Global issues
Time perspective
• Cities’ requirements will vary as will their appetite for involvement
• Adaptation has started at local level (pioneers)
Summary
• Adaptation is a complex process involving coalitions of stakeholders
• EU and National research and project funding is helping (supply)
• Measures are needed to sustain demand for this knowledge
• Local needs and approaches vary
Conclusion
Multi-level Governance
• Flexibility to allow local approaches
• Help to create demand for adaptation knowledge
- Mainstreamed policies
- Incentives aligned
• Represent long-term interests and trans-boundary/ global issues
• Oversight: is it enough? Where is there a need for transformation?
Questions
“Transformation requires us to re-think how our cities operate, how they are built and how they are lived in. ”
Adaptation in European Cities: Heading in the Right Direction?
Benzie, Harvey & Miller (2010)
ICLEI Resilient Cities 2010 Congress Paper
AEA6 New Street Square
London
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This presentation is submitted by AEA. It may not be used for any other purposes, reproduced in whole or in part,
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Session Questions
Main Challenges
Social Vulnerability
Increased inequality
Success Factors
1. Political currency of CC
2. Strong demand for
adaptation knowledge
3. Strong stakeholder 3. Strong stakeholder
networks
Recommendations
1. Projects → Follow-through
2. Continue funding research
• Impacts
• Vulnerability Ass’t
Barriers
1. Time horizons of decision-
makers
2. Budget cuts
3. Urbanisation
Spare Slides
Regional Adaptation Headlines
Regional adaptation
Policy concern 18%
Policy Measure 33%
Policy Recommendation
49%
Regional Adaptation Headlines
Regional Adaptation Objectives
Building adaptive
capacity
33%
Capitalising on changes
8%
Coping Capacity:
Extreme Events
18%
Reduction of risk
41%
More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation
4. Adaptation Measures
• Assess and Select Adaptation Measures• Implement, Monitor, Review
MLG> BP examples, remove policy barriers, implementation funding…
Buildings
• Insulation (Vienna)
• Energy Efficient a/c (Dresden)
• Green building code + resilience (Bologna)
• Adaptive urban maintenance (Venice)
• Spatial planning (Almada)
Buildings
Green
space
Flood
Water
Efficiency
Heat
Capacity
building
More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation
4. Adaptation Measures
• Assess and Select Adaptation Measures• Implement, Monitor, Review
MLG> BP examples, remove policy barriers, implementation funding…
Green space
• Urban greening programme (London)
• Increase urban tree canopy (Lyon)
Buildings
Green
space
Flood
Water
Efficiency
Heat
Capacity
building
More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation
4. Adaptation Measures
• Assess and Select Adaptation Measures• Implement, Monitor, Review
MLG> BP examples, remove policy barriers, implementation funding…
Water Efficiency
• Water strategy (Zaragoza)
• Retrofit 1.2m homes (London)
Buildings
Green
space
Flood
Water
Efficiency
Heat
Capacity
building
More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation
4. Adaptation Measures
• Assess and Select Adaptation Measures• Implement, Monitor, Review
MLG> BP examples, remove policy barriers, implementation funding…
Heat
• Traffic restrictions (Budapest)
• Media heat warnings (Tatabanya)
• Neighbourhood adaptation plans (Birmingham)
Buildings
Green
space
Flood
Water
Efficiency
Heat
Capacity
building
More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation More recommendations than specific measures; early implementation
4. Adaptation Measures
• Assess and Select Adaptation Measures• Implement, Monitor, Review
MLG> BP examples, remove policy barriers, implementation funding…
Capacity Building
• Communications strategy (Dresden)
• Risks systems & Comms (Birmingham)
Buildings
Green
space
Flood
Water
Efficiency
Heat
Capacity
building
City Adaptation Overview
• Spectrum of ‘adapters’
InnovatorsReceptiveLaggards
Overview
• Spectrum of ‘adapters’
InnovatorsReceptiveLaggards
• Often before National Adaptation Strategy
• Before EU White Paper
Those who have begun adaptation:
Overview
• Question for governance: who is the target?
InnovatorsReceptiveLaggards InnovatorsReceptiveLaggards
• Do nothing (watch & learn)
• Share BP
Action
Overview
• Question for governance: who is the target?
InnovatorsReceptiveLaggards InnovatorsReceptiveLaggards
• Information, Guidance
& Tools
• Incentives
• Recognition
Action
Overview
• Question for governance: who is the target?
InnovatorsReceptiveLaggards InnovatorsReceptiveLaggards
• Regulation
• Enforcement
• Funding
Action