ADERCO 2055GThe green fuel treatment

CONTENTS

Chapters

• BRIEF INTRODUCTION 3

• THE FUEL TREATMENT CONCEPT 3

• ADERCO 2055G ADVANTAGES 4

• CHARACTERISTICS OF 2055G 5

• HOW DOES ADERCO 2055G WORK 6

• FUEL TANKS ISSUES 7

• EXPECTED BENEFITS AND EVOLUTION WITH ADERCO 2055G 8

• ASPHALTENES 13

• HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION 17

• CATALYST PARTICULES “CATFINES” 18

• C.C.A.I. 19

• ADERCO 2055G DOSAGE 21

• INSTRUCTION SHEET 22

Brief Introduction

Aderco Inc. is a Canadian company that is specialized in developing and producing the latest fuel additives technology.

Our experience covers more than 30 years into the heavy fuel treatment in the shipping and power plant industries.

More than 1000 world major sea-going vessels and dozens strategic power plants use on a regular base our fuel additives worldwide.

The fuel treatment concept

The ADERCO 2055G concept is the result of experience in solving HFO & MDO related problems in close co-operation and partnership with our customers.

The ADERCO 2055G is the latest generation of the fuel treatment available in the shipping market. The product is a vegetal derivative, which is environmentally friendly and extremely concentrated.

It answers to the three fundamental issues of the shipping industry, Efficiency, Economy &Environment.

The operation can be monitored, evaluated and quantified throughout a systematic approach.

The full advantages of the benefits are achieved through a continuous usage of ADERCO 2055G fuel additive when the concept is applied to the vessel’s operation.

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ADERCO 2055G advantages

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PRODUCT VEGETAL DERIVATIVE- ASH LESS – METAL FREE a

ACTIONS WITH ONE PRODUCT BEFORE – DURING – AFTER COMBUSTION a

ADDITIVE EFFECTACTS AS A DETERGENT & HAS ONLY A PHYSICAL EFFECT ON THE HFO a

DOSAGE IN HSHFO & LSHFOINITIAL 1 LITRE 27,5 TONS SUBSEQUENT 1 LITRE 55 TONS a

DOSAGE PUMP NOT REQUIRED r

QUANTITY ON BOARDDUE TO ITS HIGH CONCENTRATION LOW QUANTITY ARE NEEDED ON BOARD a

STORAGE NON HAZARDOUS a

TRANSPORT NOT RESTRICTED (allowed by airfreight) a

HEALTH NON DANGEROUS a

ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY a

DELIVERY FLEXIBILITY & REACTIVITY a

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WHEN REQUIRED a

Characteristics of ADERCO 2055G

ADERCO 2055G is a vegetal derivative and environmentally friendly detergent/dispersant addi-tive specially formulated to disperse asphaltenes, to homogenize the fuel, to improve atomisation and to give a better combustion. ADERCO 2055G is totally free of metal.

The surfactant properties

All liquids found in nature are classified as either polar or non-polar. Only liquids of the same nature can be blended satisfactorily and retain their consistency. Under normal circumstances a polar liquid cannot be blended with a non-polar liquid and remain homogeneous. If two liquids of different natures are blended, the mixture will tend to separate and stratify, as do water and fuel oil.

Surfactants (figure 1) are molecules, which have both attributes, polar and non-polar, within the same structure. This characteristic of surfactants makes them ideal intermediary products acting to make mixtures of polar and non-polar liquids compatible.

Because of their polar/non-polar characteristics, surfactants do not disperse evenly throughout the mixture like salt in water. Instead, they seek out interfaces and/or discontinuities.

Surfactants also act very many like magnets, with north and south poles. Their orientation will be determined by the nature (either polar or non-polar) of the interface.

The surfactant film at the interface of two liquids of different natures will reduce the interfacial tension. This phenomenon allows for solutions to be created from two liquids of different natures.

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Figure 1: Graphic representation of a surfactant molecule

How does ADERCO 2055G work?

Virtual presentation can be watched on: www.aderco.com/medias.html

ADERCO 2055G is a type of soap specially formulated for solubility in petroleum products.It works very much like normal soap. Figure 1 illustrates the action of soap and water on a plate soiled with table fat. In drawing 1, the water contains no soap. It will not accept the fat, since water is polar and fat is non-polar. Only liquids of the same nature can be mixed. In drawing 2, soap is added, forming a layer on the exposed fat surfaces. In a short time, as shown in drawing 3, the soap has lifted the fat from the plate and enveloped it completely. The soap’s final action is to reduce the interfacial tension, as in drawing 4. Large fat droplets are broken down into very tiny ones dispersed throughout the water.

ADERCO 2055G acts exactly the same way in heavy fuel oil. It breaks down large agglomerations and disperses the tiny particles finely throughout the mixture. Standard evaluation methods can illustrate this action.

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Figure 1: Soap acting on fat

Fuel tanks issues

HFO: Heavy Fuel Oil is a petroleum product of high density and viscosity. It is made by blending two elements: a cracked residual oil fraction (high aromatics) and a distillate oil fraction (cutter stocks). The HFO 380 RMG, for instance, contains a high proportion of residual oil.

The problems

Incompatibility/stability:Incompatibility: due to the nature of their composition, every HFO possess its own chemical characteristics. Consequence: two HFO sourced at different suppliers or at a different time, can provoke high precipitations of asphaltene sludge if mixed together.Stability: In some conditions the stability of the HFO can be altered. Consequence: each fraction (light and heavy) will separate in the storage tanks.

Asphaltene: Asphaltene is a natural hydrocarbon compound commonly found in fuel. Usually the content of asphaltene in fuel ranges between 1 wt% to 12 wt% but higher value can be found. The asphaltene molecules are very large in size with a high molecular weight. They remain in suspension in the fuel but over time can be affected by too much heating or cold thermal shock (ballast tank walls).Consequence: asphaltene molecules oxidize, degrade and lead to precipita-tions of asphaltene sludge.

Sludge:Sludge is made of solid and semi-solid impurities of different nature which accumulate in the bottom of the storage tanks. Consequence: they tend overtime to accumulate together and causeproblems throughout the filtration & purification process. They can be removed from tanks but at great expense.

Oxidation:Aromatic structures, generally found in a high proportion in cracked heavy oil (high proportion of carbon with double bonds “ benzene ring” with hydrogen single bonds) are sensitive to oxygen, either in air or water. Consequence: these structures react to form gums and acids. These gums further increase the quantity of suspended solids in the fuel. The acids liberated contribute to fuel storage system corrosion.

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Benefits and evolution when using ADERCO 2055G

Phase 1: INITIAL

Initial double dosage applied to all storage tanks: 1 litre ADERCO 2055G for 27,5 mT Fuel Oil in the bunker tanks before bunkering*

Subsequent single dosages: 1 litre ADERCO 2055G for 55 mT Fuel Oil in the bunker tanks before bunkering*

* The additive can be added 24 hours prior bunkering.

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Phase 2: EFFICIENCY

First 10 days after initial dosage:• Drain carefully the water at the settling tank.• More activity could be noticed on first filtration.

• After 10 days the operation will come back to normal routine.

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PURPOSES WITHOUT ADDITIVE WITH ADDITIVE

Stops fuel incompatibility

Asphaltenes dispersion

Test with paper filter

Sludge regeneration

Water settles down

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Phase 3: EFFICIENCY

After 1.000 to 1.200 running hours:• Reduction of the deposits and sludge in the filters.• Possibility to extend the cleaning intervals.• Deposits in the purifiers are reduced and the carbon in the bowl is easy to remove.• Possibility to extend the flushing intervals at the purifiers.• Reduction of the carbon fallouts at the funnel.• Cleaning of the bunker tanks are in process.

PURPOSES WITHOUT ADDITIVE WITH ADDITIVE

Filters & strainers clogging

Purifiers fouling

Atomisation & combustion

Phase 4: EFFICIENCY-ECONOMY

After 1.800 and 2.000 running hours:• Cleaning of the bunker tanks are still in process.• Settling and service tanks are cleaned up.• Reduction of the workload on filtration and separation.

• Carbon deposit on piston top land is reduced, rings become free in their grooves.• Reduction of the sludge in the stuffing boxes.• Less fouling on the exhaust valves.• Extension of the cleaning intervals on the turbo charger gas side.• Soot in the economiser is light and dry.

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PURPOSES WITHOUT ADDITIVE WITH ADDITIVE

Piston

Rings Pack & Scavenger ports

Stuffing Boxes

Phase 5: ECONOMY & ENVIRONMENT

After 3.400 and 3.600 running hours:• The storage, settling and service tanks are now cleaned.• The fuel line is also clean.• Reduced workload filters and separators.• Reduced cleaning stuffing boxes & scavenges areas workload.• Reduced exhaust valves deposits.• Reduced fouling in turbocharger at turbine side.• Reduced soot in economiser and cleaning intervals extension.• Reduced smoke emissions and carbon fallouts.

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PURPOSES WITHOUT ADDITIVE WITH ADDITIVE

Turbo Charger

Exhaust Gas Boiler

Sludge deposit on the tanks bottom

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Asphaltenes

Asphaltenes have two properties, which make them undesirable in all filtration, purification and combustion systems.

First property

Very large molecules: the asphaltenes molecule is an assembly of aromatic rings, chemically bound in a plane. These molecules are very large, and have no boiling point.

Second property

Agglomerations: Most asphaltenes exist in solution in fuel oil like salt in water. Due to theirrelative polarity they naturally tend to attract each other, resulting in agglomerations of asphaltenes molecules in solution. These agglomerations are asphaltenes molecules stacked atop one another (physically bonded). If each asphaltenes would represent a sheet of paper, such an agglomeration would resemble a book (figure 2).

Figure 1 : The condensed aromatic rings exist in the form of a non-homogeneous flat sheet

Figure 2

Before atomisation

Asphaltenes precipitations The risk of asphaltenes precipitation into the fuel stored in a double bottom or wing tanks could be generated by a thermal shock on fuel itself (lack of heating or a cold wall tank beside a water ballast), a fresh water contamination or by evaporation of the fuel cutter stocks.

Fuel systems The Asphaltenes precipitation generates the problem as: clogging filters, solid sludge production, sticking injection pumps.

During atomisation

Combustion & after combustion These large solid agglomerations contained into the fuel atomisation, are very difficult to burn during the combustion process, because their typical residence of 0.1 second in the zone flame is insufficient to burn completely. As consequence a dramatic carbon fouling on the pistons, rings and four the 4 stroke a dramatic unburned carbon material contamination within the lubricating oil. The slow burning materials can provoke also a rise-up of the exhaust temperature.

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Figure 4Labs picture showing

the Asphaltenes precipitation

Figure 5The heavy fuel oil combustion

ADERCO 2055G action on asphaltenes

As we saw in figure 2, asphaltenes sheets agglomerate in layers to form a book-like structure.ADERCO 2055G is a surfactant, which attacks these agglomerations by breaking them intoindividual asphaltenes, as shown in figure 6, and preventing them from re-agglomeration.

ADERCO 2055G does not work by altering the molecular structure of the asphaltenes througha chemical reaction.

Instead, it simply breaks apart the agglomerations into smaller, as shown in the pictures 7 and 8, the effectiveness of ADERCO 2055G can be seen clearly through the microscope techniques (tests conducted by the Criq Laboratory – Canada - 2012).

Figure 7 (without ADERCO) shows the asphaltenes phase after evaporation of the liquid fraction. Note that asphaltenes deposits are continuous and totally agglomerated. This fuel could cause poor combustion with formation of large quantities of unburned material.

Figure 8 shows the same fuel treated with ADERCO 2055G. Note that the asphaltenes phase is now completely broken down into tiny fragments. The same fuel treated with ADERCO would give improved, more thorough combustion with far less unburned material.

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Figure 6 Schematic representation, how of

the ADERCO 2055G acts on the asphaltenes

By using ADERCO 2055G, the large agglomerated Asphaltenes will break down into smallerunits as consequence the fuel will remain more homogenised before the atomisation minimising drastically the risk of clogging filters, purifiers fouling and sticking injection pumps.

The smaller units burn more easily in the flame zone, thereby reducing the amount of unburned carbon residue in the combustion chamber, piston ring grooves, lubricating oil and in the flue gas.

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Figure 7Asphaltenes precipitation fuel oil not

previously treated with ADERCO 2055GMagnified 40 X with a scanning

electron microscope

Figure 8Asphaltenes precipitation, fuel oil previously

treated with ADERCO 2055GMagnified 40 X with a scanning

electron microscope

Figure 9 Heavy fuel oil combustion with ADERCO 2055G

High temperature corrosion

The problem

The problem of high temperature corrosion originates with the vanadium found in varying concentrations (normally from 25 - 500 ppm) in all heavy fuel oils (HFO).

During normal operation some of this vanadium is deposited inside the boiler, where oxidizing conditions prevail (excess O2 and high temperatures). The vanadium then undergoes the following chemical reactions: 4V + 3O2 = 2V2O3 2V2O3 + O2 = 2V2O4 2V2O4 + O2 = 2V2O5

Vanadium is a multiple stage-oxidizing element. It is first transformed into V2O3 (melting point around 1967oC), then into V2O4 (melting point around 1967 oC), and finally into V2O5 (melting point around 690 oC). Because of their high melting points the first two vanadium oxides (V2O3 and V2O4) do not create any special problems other than fouling. The third vanadium compound, vanadium pent oxide (V2O5), has a very low melting point.

In the high temperature section of the boiler (exhaust valves, turbo charger blades), ambient temperatures are much higher than the melting point of vanadium pent oxide. Molten vanadium ash is formed. Its aggressive effect on the exhaust valves and turbo charger material causes what is known as high temperature corrosion.

ADERCO 2055G action on high temperature corrosion

ADERCO 2055G is surface-active agents specially synthesized to break down the agglomerations of the asphaltenes in solution and disperse them in minute particles throughout the mixture. The asphaltenes precipitation during gasification still occurs, but the precipitate is now finely dispersed rather than agglomerated.

These finely dispersed asphaltenes are much more likely to burn completely, and much less soot is produced. Less tube fouling will results, and less vanadium will remain to be transformed into V2O5.

Instead, most of the asphaltenes will be oxidized in the flame, yielding carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour (H2O), vanadium tri oxide (V2O3) and vanadium tetra oxide (V2O4). At flame temperature, chemical equilibrium is toward V2O4, with very little V2O5.

V2O3 and V2O4 both have a high melting point. At this stage they exist as atomic particles. Before they have had time to transform into undesirable V2O5, they will be carried out the stack by the flue gasses.

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Catalyst particules “Catfines”

The problem?

Catalyst particles (Aluminum and Silicon oxides) are an increasing occurrence in modern fuel oil. Their origin can be traced to the slurry oil which is the lowest quality by-product of the catalytic cracking process. Slurry oil has a high density, about 1000 kg/m3 at 15°C and a low viscosity, between 30 to 60 Cst at 50°C. This slurry oil is an ideal blending component for residual fuels due to its high aromaticity, improving the stability of the finished fuel. Depending of the production process, a varying quantity of catalyst particles will be found in the slurry oil.

Their size can vary from some microns to nearly 100 µ. Catalyst particles are also hydrophilic and in presence of water they are less easily eliminated.

Catalyst particles are highly abrasive for diesel engine internal parts and the damages caused are well known and documented.

Up to 2010 the upper limit was 80 mg/kg, but since then, the new international standard ISO 8217:2010 limit was brought down to 60 mg/kg.

To obtain optimum fuel cleaning, it is of prime importance to operate the centrifuge with as low a viscosity of the fuel as possible (hence the need to raise fuel oil temperature as high as possible).

The fuel needs to remain in the centrifuge bowl as long as possible (reduce the fuel throughput). Limits in the quality of fuel, methods of purifying and others factors can reduce the efficiency of contaminants elimination.

ADERCO 2055G contribution

ADERCO 2055G additive is a totally organic (no metallic ashes) surface-active agent (surfactant), which breaks up and disperses very finely the heavy end agglomerations of heavy fuels such as asphaltenes, gums and resins.

On account of this action, the purifier units operate in cleaner condition. The water emulsion is broken down and a fuel viscosity reduction of 10% helps to assist the elimination of catalyst particles in the centrifuges.

ADERCO 2055G additive can be considered as an additional security measure for ensuring high quality purification in case of high catalyst particles content. It will definitely improve the elimination of “catfines” in the centrifuge.

C.C.A.I. (Calculated Carbon Aromatic Index)

Modern refining processes produce cracked residual fuel oils of higher density nowadays (up to 1000 Cst at 50°C).

To reduce the viscosity to the required levels, low viscosity fluxers are added (aromatic). The mix between a cracked high density residual fuel and a low viscosity flux is likely to degrade the combustion of the fuel oils by increasing the ignition delay.

The 4 stroke engines are more sensitive to the high C.C.A.I. because the percentage of fuel flow injected during the ignition timing is more important than in the 2 stroke engines.

The poor fuel ignition quality leads to detrimental effects towards the combustion chamber, an increasing of the exhaust gas temperature, a dramatic rise of the turbo charger fouling too much soot in the waste heat boiler economiser due to an incomplete combustion when the gases are expelled out of the cylinder.

For the Chief Engineer, the only way to evaluate the ignition fuel quality is to use the C.C.A.I. chart.

The fuel viscosity (CST 50°C) and the density at 15°C are the only criteria required to make the check (c.f. figure attached page 21).

Because ADERCO 2055G reduces by 30% the size of the fuel droplets during the atomisation, ADERCO improves the fuel ignition with a better, more complete combustion, in that way the exhaust gases are totally burnt when they are expelled.

So that ADERCO 2055G overcomes dramatically the problems issued from too high C.C.A.I. with: • Improved combustion.• Reduction of 20°- 30°C of the exhaust gas temperature.• Reduction of carbon formation on the exhaust valves and corrosion at high temperature.• Reduction of the turbo charger fouling.• Economiser of waste heat completely clean of soot.• Less insoluble in lubricating oil.

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ADERCO 2055G dosage

Regular dosages for 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines

First use: 1 litre per 27,5 tons of fuel for each storage tank Subsequent use: 1 litre per 55 tons of fuel

* Only for 4 stroke engines & depending of the C.C.A.I. the dosage should be adjusted as follows:

C.C.A.I.

• Up to 850: 1 litre per 55 tons.• Up to 855: 1 litre per 40 tons.• Over 855: 1 litre per 30 tons. • Over 865: the fuel is not recommended for 4 strokes engines.

ADERCO 2055G should be poured in the storage tanks through the sounding pipe, vent pipeor manhole.

Better results obtained when ADERCO 2055G is added before bunkering.

We recommend that Chief Engineer evaluate the fuel C.C.A.I. before starting each bunkering with the monogram for deriving C.C.A.I. and to adapt the ADERCO 2055G dosage following the results.

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Instruction sheet

ADERCO 2055G Fuel oil additives

1_ ADERCO can help you• High instability / incompatibility• High sludge contamination• High asphaltenes• High carbon residues• High CCAI values• High sediments• High vanadium

(For more details please refer to instruction manual)

2_ Dosage instructions• Initial dosage: 1 Litre per 27,5 Tons of fuel *• Other dosage: 1 Litre per 55 Tons of fuel *

* The additive can be added 24 hours prior bunkering

To be poured in the main fuel tanks or double bottom tanks through the feed-line, sounding or vent pipes before bunkering.

If the tank is already filled, pour through the sounding or vent pipes and blow air on it to disperse.

As soon as the ADERCO additive is introduced into the fuel, desludging process is engaged.

Watch the filters, separator and drain the tanks regularly for the first week.

3_ Product specifications• Appearance Liquid• Color Brown• Flash point 146° C • Pour point -21° C• Specific gravity 0.94 gr./ml• Viscosity 320 CST at 20° C

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ADERCO OFFICES

4_ HandlingNormal precautions for handling petroleum product should be observed:

If skin contact does occur: • Wash affected areas with soap and water.

If eye contact does occur: • Immediately wash with copious amounts of clean water or an eyewash solution for at least 10 minutes.

5_ Shipping & Freight classificationIn plastic pail of 20 Litres-weight net: 18,80 KG – gross: 20,0 KG UN number: N/ANot regulated for transportEEC label required: (X) irritant

ADERCO Europe S.A. (MarineHeadOffice)

Chaussée de Louvain 2751410 WaterlooBELGIUMTel.: +32 2 354.46.72Fax: +32 2 354.54.10Email: info@adercosa.be

ADERCO Asia

Singapore Land tower37th floor, 50 Raffles PlaceSingapore 048623 SINGAPORETel.: +65 6829-7059Fax: +65 6829-7070Email: info@adercoasia.com

ADERCO Chemical Products Inc.

3080 boul. Le Carrefour, Suite 603Laval, (Québec) H7T 2R5CANADATel.: 450-988-4100Fax: 450-988-4110Email: info@aderco.com

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