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A PRESENTATION ON THE STUDY OF:

THE EFFECT OF THE PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF GRANITE

WITH GRAVEL ON THE STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY OF

CONCRETE

BY

ADEYEMI TIMILEYIN MARTINS080402004

CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

SUPERVISOR: DR. C.B. ECHETA

APRIL 2013

C1

C2

C3

C4C5

C6 C7 C8

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

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BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Nigeria is one of the many countries in the world that hasthe construction industry as one of the most effectiveand living sectors in the economic system. Buildingmaterials are considered the strength of this industry;

most construction materials cannot be ignored ordisregarded in any form of construction work. Therehave been attempts by engineers to use various types ofmaterials for the main purpose of making the task moreefficient, reducing time and cost, improving durability,

quality, and performance of the structures during theirlifetime. Therefore, there have being trial of differentsubstitution of the materials use for construction workswhich almost all results in varied behaviours.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the present Nigeria, it was observed that the use ofgravel as a constituent of concrete on construction site isgetting extremely rampant. This was observed to haveresulted from decision made by clients that site workers

should use same quantity of gravel in place of granite inthe project concrete mix. The clients are obviously moreconcern about the cost of construction while they forgothe instructions of the design or structural engineer.Design engineer must have made a structural design

that conforms to the use of granite and the strength ofthe mix as designed is expected to attain concretecharacteristics strength of about 25N/mm2.

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AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The aim of this project is

To reach a clear understanding of the role andeffect of coarse aggregates (gravel and/orgranite) in the characteristic strength and

workability of structural concrete.To study the suitability of granite/gravelaggregate as coarse aggregate in concrete and

To investigate the performance of concrete

replaced by 0,20,40,60,80 and100% of gravel togranite using mix ratio of 1:2:4 at different curingage.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH

This project is expected to provide

To provide some information about the useof granite and gravel aggregate in

concrete.To evaluate the compressive strength and

characteristics of such concrete before

establishing its use to ensure that it fallswithin limits established by the codes ofpractice.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

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YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION

2012 MATHUSAMY

AND SABRI

COCKLE SHELL: A

POTENTIAL COARSE

AGGREGATE

REPLACEMENT IN

CONCRETE

RESULTS SHOW THAT REPLACEMENT

OF APPROPRIATE COCKLE SHELL

CONTENT ABLE TO PRODUCE

WORKABLE CONCRETE WITH

SATISFACTORY STRENGTH.

INTEGRATION OF 20% COCKLE SHELL

ENHANCED THE STRENGTH OF

CONCRETE MAKING IT TO BE THE

HIGHEST AS COMPARED TO ANY

OTHER REPLACEMENT LEVEL.

2006 Peter Ndoke

NDOKE

PERFORMANCE OF

PALM KERNEL

SHELLS AS A PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT FOR

COARSE

AGGREGATE IN

ASPHALT CONCRETE

IT WAS OBSERVED THAT PALM

KERNEL SHELLS CAN BE USED TO

REPLACE COARSE AGGREGATE UP TO

30% BEFORE DRASTIC REDUCTIONS

BECOME NOTICEABLE. IT IS

THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT

FOR HEAVILY TRAFFICKED ROADS,PALM KERNEL SHELLS UP TO 10% CAN

BE USED FOR THE REPLACEMENT

WHILE EVEN 100% REPLACEMENT IS

POSSIBLE FOR LIGHTLY TRAFFICKED

ROADS IN THE RURAL SETTINGS.

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2012 USMAN, N.D.

et al

THE USE OF SAWDUST

AND PALM KERNEL

SHELL AS SUBSTITUTE

FOR FINE AND

COARSE AGGREGATES

IN CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION IN

DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES

THE WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY

IN BOTH SAW DUST AND PALM

KERNEL SHELLS WOULD NEED TO BE

MODIFIED IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ITS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND

DURABILITY.SMALLER SIZES OF

PALM KERNEL WILL HELP IN PROPER

INTERLOCK OF THE PARTICLES IN

CONCRETE MASS.

2010 EFEIKPONWOSA,

et al

STRENGTHCHARACTERISTICS OF

CONCRETE BEAMS

WITH CEMENT

PARTIALLY REPLACED

BY UNCALCINED

SOLDIER-ANT MOUND

CLAY

THE ADDITION OF SAMC IN THE MIXPRODUCED CONCRETE OF LOWER

DENSITY THAN NORMAL CONCRETE:

INCREASES THE INITIAL AND FINAL

SETTING TIME OF CEMENT WITH

INCREASED WORKABILITY. THE

DENSITY AS WELL AS THE FLEXURAL

STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

DECREASED WITH INCREASE IN SAMC

CONTENT. ABOUT 5% SAMC IS

ICONSIDERED SUFFICENT FOR

IMPROVED STRUCTURAL

PERFORMANCE IN A MIX.

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2010 MANASSEH

JOEL

USE OF CRUSHED

GRANITE FINE AS

REPLACEMENT TO

RIVER SAND INCONCRETE

PRODUCTION

RIVER SAND REPLACED WITH 20%

CGF IS RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN

THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE FOR

USE IN RIGID PAVEMENT.CONSERVATION OF RIVER SAND IN

ADDITION TO BETTER WAYS OF

DISPOSING WASTES FROM THE

QUARRY SITES ARE SOME OF THE

MERITS OF USING CGF.

2009 OLUFEMIAGBEDE AND

JOEL

MANASSEH

SUITABILITY OFPERIWINKLE SHELL AS

PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT FOR

RIVER GRAVEL IN

CONCRETE

PERIWINKLE SHELLS CAN BE USED ASPARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR RIVER

GRAVEL IN NORMAL CONSTRUCTION

WORKS ESPECIALLY IN PLACEES

WHERE RIVER IS IN SHORT SUPPLY

AND PERIWINKLE SHELLS ARE

READILY AVAILABE.

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2000 YIXIN SHAO

et al

STUDIES ON

CONCRETE

CONTAINING GROUND

WASTE GLASS

THEY CONCLUDED FROM THEIR

RESULTS THAT GROUND GLASS

HAVING A PARTICLE SIZE FINER THAN

38M DID EXHIBIT A POZZOLANIC

BEHAVIOR. THE COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH FROM LIME-GLASS TESTS

EXCEEDED A THRESHOLD VALUE OF

4.1 MPA.

2003 RAFATSIDDIQUE. EFFECT OF FINEAGGREGATE

REPLACEMENT WITH

CLASS F FLY ASH ON

THE MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE

TEST RESULTS INDICATE SIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENT IN THE STRENGTH

PROPERTIES OF PLAIN CONCRETE BY

THE INCLUSION OF FLY ASH AS

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE

AGGREGATE (SAND), AND CAN BE

EFFECTIVELY USED IN STRUCTURAL

CONCRETE

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2004 TARUN R.

NAIKet al

PRECAST CONCRETE

PRODUCTS USING

INDUSTRIAL BY-

PRODUCTS

ALL WET-CAST BRICKS COULD BE

USED FOR BOTH EXTERIOR AND

INTERIOR WALLS IN REGIONS WHERE

FREEZING AND THAWING IS NOT ACONCERN, AND FOR INTERIOR WALLS

IN REGIONS WHERE FREEZING AND

THAWING IS A CONCERN.

2007 N.P.

RAJAMANE

et al

PREDICTION OF

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH OF

CONCRETE WITH FLYASH AS SAND

REPLACEMENT

MATERIAL

2008 K. GANESAN

et al

RICE HUSK ASH

BLENDED CEMENT:

ASSESSMENT OF

OPTIMAL LEVEL OFREPLACEMENT FOR

STRENGTH AND

PERMEABILITY

PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE

TEST RESULTS OBTAINED IN THIS

STUDY INDICATE THAT UP TO 30% OF

RHA COULD BE ADVANTAGEOUSLY

BLENDED WITH CEMENT WITHOUTADVERSELY AFFECTING THE

STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE.

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2008 ZAINAB Z.

ISMAIL

et al

USE OF WASTE

PLASTIC IN CONCRETE

MIXTURE AS

AGGREGATEREPLACEMENT

RESULTS PROVED THE ARREST OF

THE PROPAGATION OF MICRO

CRACKS BY INTRODUCING WASTE

PLASTIC OF FABRIFORM SHAPES TOCONCRETE MIXTURES.

2009 S.A. RAJI

et al

EFFECT OF

REPROCESSED PUREWATER SACHET (PWS)

ON THE STRENGTH

AND FIRE RESISTANCE

OF CEMENT

CONCRETE

IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THECUBE WITH 05 PWS INCREASED

WHILE THAT OF 2% TO 10%

DECREASED AS COMPACTED TO THE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 28DAYS.

2009 ZAINAB Z.ISMAIL

et al

RECYLING OF WASTEGLASS AS A PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT FOR

FINE AGGREGATE IN

CONCRETE

THE MORTAR BAR TESTSDEMONSTRATED THAT THE FINELY

CRUSHED WASTE GLASS HELPED

REDUCE EXPANSION BY 66% AS

COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL MIX.

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2010 F. FALADE

et al

BEHAVIOUR OF

LIGHTWEIGHT

CONCRETE

CONTAININGPERIWINKLE SHELLS

AT ELEVATED

TEMPERATURE

THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CONCRETE DECREASED WITH

INCREASE IN WATER/CEMENT RATIO

AND TEMPERATURE BUT INCREASEDWITH INCREASE IN CURING AGE AND

CEMENT CONTENT WHILE THE

DENSITY DECREASED WITH

INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE.

2010 FELIXKALA

AND

PARTHEEBAN

GRANITE POWDER

CONCRETE

THE TEST RESULTS INDICATED THAT

THE VALUES OF BOTH PLASTIC AND

DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE IN

THE GRANITE POWDER CONCRETE

SPECIMENS WERE NOMINAL THAN

THOSE OF ORDINARY CONCRETE

SPECIMENS.

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2012 DIVAKAR. Y et

al

EXPERIMENTAL

INVESTIGATION ON

BEHAVIOURS OF

CONCRETE WITH THEUSE OF GRANITE

FINES

THE REPLACEMENT OF 35% GRANITE

FINES THE TEST RESULTS SHOWS NO

DECREASE IN STRENGTH COMPARED

WITH THE CONVENTIONAL MIXUSING FULLY SAND AS FINE

AGGREGATES. AN OVERALL

INCREASE IN STRENGTH WITH 35%

REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATES

WITH GRANITE FINES WAS

OBSERVED.

2012 EMIERO AND

OYEDEPO

AN INVESTIGATION ON

THE STRENGTH AND

WORKABILITY OF

CONCRETE USING

PALM KERNEL SHELL

AND PALM KERNEL

FIBRE AS A COARSEAGGREGATE

THAT GRANITE IS BETTER COMPARED

TO ALL OTHER NATURAL AVAILABLE

AGGREGATE.

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CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

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Concrete MaterialsMATERIALS Parameter

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENTTHE CEMENT TO BE USED WILL SATISFY INTERNATIONAL

STANDARDS ON CEMENT (BS 12 PORTLAND CEMENT)

FINE AGGREGATE (SAND) SHARP WITH LESS IMPURITIES

COARSE AGGREGATE (GRAVEL AND

GRANITE)

THE COARSE AGGREGATE TO BE USED IN THIS

RESEARCH WILL BE CRUSHED GRANITE OF IGNEOUS

ORIGIN AND WASHED GRAVEL

POTABLE WATER

THE WATER TO BE USED WILL BE OBTAINED FROM THE

LABORATORY TAPS. THE WATER IS EXPECTED TO BE

POTABLE

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Test Apparatus Procedure Parameter

SIEVE ANALYSIS Mechanical Sieve

Shaker, Sieve brush,

Weighing Balance,

Various Sizes of Sieve

Ranging From 2.36mm -

65m, Drying oven,

Evaporating pans

Arrange the sieves sizes

accordingly, with the larger size at

the top. Transfer the weighed

material into the sieve and shake

for 10mins, material retained on

each sieve is weigh the material

on each sieve and accord the

amount.

Coefficient of

uniformity and

coefficient of

curvature.

MOISTURE

CONTENT

Drying Oven,

Evaporating pans,

Weighing balance.

The aggregate is first weighed

(W1), thereafter dried . Weight

(W2) is then taken.

Moisture content

(W1-W2) x 100%

W2

AGGREGATE

CRUSHING

VALUE

6(150mm) diameter

open-ended steel

cylinder with plunger and

base plate, standard

metal tamping rod,

balance, B.S. sieves

912.5mm); 3/8

(9.8mm), compression

testing machines

Take from a clean and dry sample

of 12.5mm maximum coarse

aggregate. Fill two cylinders for

tests. Give 25blows to each layers

with tamping rod. Load at a rate of

5tonnes/minute, subject the

sample to a load of 40 tonnes.

Determine the weight of the

sample passing the No. 7 sieve

W= (W/n)%

Laboratory Experiment

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Test Apparatus Procedure Parameter

SLUMP TEST Mould, Tamping rod,

Steel rule, Stopwatch,

Hand trowel.

Clean and place the mould on a

smooth and stable platform free from

vibration. Prepare a fresh mix

concrete using 1:2:4 of binder, sand

and granite, with W/B ratio of 0.7.

The constituents is mix thoroughly

and fill in 3 layers where each layer

is tamped with 25 strokes before the

other layer is poured. After tamping

the top layer, the mould is fillled and

cleaned up. Remove the mould and

record the slump and its type.

Consistence of

concrete and the

workability of

concrete.

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH TEST

ON CONCRETE

CUBES

Concrete mixer,

150mm x150mm x

150mm cube moulds ,

Tamping rod (16mm) ,

Slump cone, Shovel,

Scoop, Curing tank,

Compression testing

machine, Head pans,Weighing machine

Tighten , clean n grease the mould.

Prepare a fresh mix concrete using

1:2:4 of binder, sand and granite,

with W/B ratio of 0.7. The

constituents is mix thoroughly and

fill in 3 layers where each layer is

tamped with 25 strokes before the

other layer is poured. The cubes arede-moulded after 24 hrs and

subsequently placed in a curing tank

containing potable water.

Compressive strength

and effect of water

/binder ratio on the

compressive strength.

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CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND

PROGRESS

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RESULTS: SIEVE ANALYSISTest Sieves Weight Retained (g) Percentage Retained (%) Cumulative Percentage

Retained (%)

Percentage Passing (%)

2.36mm 21.78 7.78 7.78 92.22

1.18mm 59.41 21.22 29.00 71.00

710m 73.51 26.25 55.25 44.75

600m 17.39 6.21 61.46 38.54

425m 50.52 18.04 79.50 20.50

300m 30.44 10.87 90.38 9.63

212m 14.47 5.17 95.54 4.46

150m 5.54 1.98 97.52 2.48

75m 2.26 0.81 98.33 1.67

dust 0.43 0.15 98.48 1.52

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR FINE AGGGREGATE USED

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Test Sieves Weight Retained (g) Percentage Retained

(%)

Cumulative Passing

Retained (%)

Percentage Passing (%)

37.5mm 0 0.00 0.00 100.00

25.5mm 0 0.00 0.00 100.00

19.6mm 1060 17.76 17.76 82.24

12.7mm 3830 64.15 81.91 18.09

9.53mm 613.17 10.27 92.18 7.82

6mm 337.77 5.66 97.84 2.16

4.76mm 31.35 0.53 98.36 1.64

dust 93.9 1.57 99.94 0.06

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR (GRANITE) COARSE AGGGREGATE

USED

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SO FAR

I have washed a large quantity of my

gravel required.

I have concluded sieve analysis on my

materials (sand, gravel and granite)

I have sieved a number of my gravel

needed into different sizes since I will be

considering fineness.

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Humbly, I say

THANK YOU

Documents

ADEYEMI T.M. 080402004