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8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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UNIVERSITY OF SAN JOSE-RECOLETOS
SCHOOL OF LAW
_________________________________________________________________
GROUP 1TOPIC: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, LAW ON PUBLIC OFFICERS AND ELECTION LAW
Tuesday (8:00- 9:00pm); Friday (7:00- 9:00pm)
___________________________________________________________________
Subm!!"# !$:%A!!&' B()(!(*+
Subm!!"# b&:Group 1
___________________________________________________________________
J(*u(& ., /.10
GROUP 1 %A#m*!(!2" L(3+
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Y(&, R4"( C'
G()", Y$4(**(
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Am!$$, S4"55(
J$#(*, R"b"))(
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G()(*8, J"(4 J"(*
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P($, Ju5" A** M("
P"*(5$(, Ju*
E;((8$7(, S!";4"* J$8"M(*u(5", E$*" B<
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OUTLINE
• CHAPTER I %INTRODUCTION+- Scope
- Kinds of Adminisrai!e "a#- $ac%&round and Frame#or%- 'reaion of Adminisrai!e A&encies
• CHAPTER II %POWERS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES+
A o#ers in Genera*$ +,press and mp*ied o#ers' .iniseria* and /iscreionary o#ers/ .andaory and ermissi!e
+ +rrors in e +,ercise of o#ers
• CHAPTER III %POWER OF CONTROL, SUPERVISION (*#INVESTIGATION+
A residen$ n!esi&ai!e o#er (residen)
• CHAPTER IV %=UASI > LEGISLATIVE POWER+ A "e&is*ai!e o#er as Genera*
$ /e*e&aion of "e&is*ai!e o#er
' 'onemporary 'onsrucion of uasi- "e&is*ai!e o#er
• CHAPTER V %=UASI- JUDICIAL POWER+
A uasi- 2udicia* o#er in Genera*$ 2urisdicion' Adminisrai!e rocedure/ /ue rocess in uasi 3 2udicia* roceedin&s+ /ecision4 Appea* and 2udicia* 5e!ie#
• CHAPTER VI %DOCTRINES OF PRIMARY JURISDICTION ANDE?HAUSTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES+ A rimary 2urisdicion
$ /ocrines of +,ausion of Adminisrai!e 5emedies
• CHAPTER VII %JUDICIAL REVIEW+ A 2udicia* 5e!ie# in &enera*
$ "imiaions
' eiion for 5e!ie# (56"+ 56"+S F '65T)/ eiion for 'eriorari4 roiiion4 and .andamus
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+ Appea* y 'eriorari o e Supreme 'our
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Administrative Law
Te ranc of pu*ic *a# a fi,es e or&aniaion of e &o!ernmen and
deermines compeence of auoriies #o e,ecue e *a# and indicaes o indi!idua*
remedies for e !io*aions of is ri&s
Scope of Administrative Law
Adminisrai!e *a# emraces a** e *a# a conro*s4 or is inended o conro*4 e
adminisrai!e operaions of e &o!ernmen
Kinds of Administrative Law
A. Ta ody of saues sein& up or creain& adminisrai!e a&encies and
endo#in& em #i po#er and duies;
B. Ta ody of a&ency-made *a#4 ie4 ru*es4 re&u*aions and orders promu*&aed in
e e,ercise of <uasi-*e&is*ai!e and <uasi-=udicia* funcions;
C. Ta ody of *e&a* princip*es &o!ernin& e acs of pu*ic a&ens #ic conf*ic
#i pri!ae ri&s;
D. Ta ody of deerminaions4 decisions and orders of adminisrai!e odies made
in e se*emen of conro!ersies arisin& in eir paricu*ar fie*ds
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NATURE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES
'oncep
Definition of administrative agency
- An adminisrai!e a&ency is defined as >?a@ &o!ernmen ody car&ed #i
adminiserin& and imp*emenin& paricu*ar *e&is*aion +,amp*es are #or%ers compensaion
commissions4 , , , and e *i%e , , , Te erm a&ency inc*udes any deparmen4
independen esa*ismen4 commission4 adminisraion4 auoriy4 oard or ureau , , , >
Republic v. Court of Appeals 200 SCRA 22
Facs:
Su&ar 5e&u*aory Adminisraion and 5epu*ic *aners $an% <uesioned e decision
of e 'A #ic dismissed e peiion of e former on e &round of *ac% of capaciy o sue
ssue:
BC adminisrai!e a&ency as on*y suc po#ers as e,press*y &raned o i y *a#
and ose a are necessari*y imp*ied in e e,ercise ereofD
56"CG:
Te S' ru*ed in e ne&ai!e Adminisrai!e a&ency as on*y suc po#ers as are
e,press*y &raned o i y *a# and ose a are necessari*y imp*ied in e e,ercise ereofD
n is case4 adminisrai!e a&ency is =udicia**y defined as E&o!ernmen ody car&ed #i
e adminiserin& and imp*emenin& paricu*ar *e&is*aion e,amp*es are #or%ers
compensaion commissions and e *i%e Te erm Ea&ency inc*udes any deparmen4
independen esa*ismen4 commission4 adminisraion4 auoriy or ureau
Test for determining administrative nature
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1 .andaory 3 sauory re<uiremen inended for e proecion of e ciiens and y a
disre&ard of #ic eir ri&s are in=urious*y affeced;
/irecory 3 if no susania* ri& depends on i and no in=ury can resu* from i&norin& i
and purpose of *e&is*aure can e accomp*ised in a manner oer an a prescried and
susania**y4 e same resu*s aained
A#m*!(!2" 9u*)!$*, #"9*"# - Adminisrai!e funcions are ose #ic in!o*!e e
regulation and control o!er e conduc and affairs of indi!idua*s for eir o#n #e*fare and
e promulgation of rules and regulations o eer carry ou e o*icy of e *e&is*aure or
suc as are de!o*!ed upon e adminisrai!e a&ency y e or&anic *a# of is e,isence
!n Re" Rodolfo #an$ano % SCRA 2&
Facs:
Hs a peiion fi*e y =ud&e .anano a**o#in& im o accep e appoinmen y
e,ecui!e order y e &o!ernor of *ocos Sur 5odo*fo farinas as e memer of *ocos Core
pro!incia* commiee on =usice creaed pursuan o presidenia* order Ta is memersip
in commiee #i** no in any #ay amoun o an aandonmen o is presen posiion as
e,ecui!e =ud&e of ranc ,i,4 5T'4 firs =udicia* re&ion and as a memer of =udiciary
ssue: Ba is an adminisrai!e a&encyD
5u*in&:
Adminisrai!e funcions are ose #ic in!o*!e e re&u*aion and conro* o!er e
conduc and affairs of indi!idua*s for eir o#n #e*fare and e promu*&aion of ru*es and
re&u*aions o eer carry ou e o*icy of e *e&is*aure or suc as are de!o*!ed upon e
adminisrai!e a&ency y e or&anic *a# of is e,isence
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Te peiion is denied Te 'onsiuion proiis e desi&naion of memers of e
=udiciary o any a&ency performin& <uasi-=udicia* or adminisrai!e funcions (Secion 14
Aric*e I4 'onsiuion)
nsofar as e erm ><uasi-=udicia*> is concerned4 i as a fair*y c*ear meanin& and
2ud&es can confiden*y refrain from paricipain& in e #or% of any adminisrai!e a&ency
#ic ad=udicaes dispues and conro!ersies in!o*!in& e ri&s of paries #iin is
=urisdicion Te issue in!o*!ed in is case is #ere o dra# e *ine insofar as adminisrai!e
funcions are concerned
>Adminisrai!e funcions> as used in Secion 1 refers o e e,ecui!e macinery of
&o!ernmen and e performance y a macinery of &o!ernmena* acs refers o e
mana&emen acions4 deerminaions4 and orders of e,ecui!e officia*s as ey adminiser e
*a#s and ry o ma%e &o!ernmen effeci!e Tere is an e*emen of posii!e acion4 of
super!ision or conro*
n e dissenin& opinion of 2usice Guierre:
Adminisrai!e funcions are ose #ic in!o*!e e re&u*aion and conro* o!er e
conduc and affairs of indi!idua*s for eir o#n #e*fare and e promu*&aion of ru*es and
re&u*aions o eer carry ou e po*icy of e *e&is*aure or suc as are de!o*!ed upon e
adminisrai!e a&ency y e or&anic *a# of is e,isence >#e can readi*y see a
memersip in e ro!incia* or 'iy 'ommiee on 2usice #ou*d no in!o*!e any re&u*aion
or conro* o!er e conduc and affairs of indi!idua*s Ceier #i** e 'ommiee on 2usice
promu*&ae ru*es and re&u*aions nor e,ercise any <uasi-*e&is*ai!e funcions s #or% is
pure*y ad!isory A memer of e =udiciary =oinin& any sudy &roup #ic concenraes on e
adminisraion of =usice as *on& as e &roup mere*y de*ieraes on pro*ems in!o*!in& e
speedy disposiion of cases paricu*ar*y ose in!o*!in& e poor and needy *ii&ans-or
deainees4 poo*s e e,perise and e,periences of e memers4 and *imis ise*f o
recommendaions #ic may e adoped or re=eced y ose #o a!e e po#er o
*e&is*ae or adminiser e paricu*ar funcion in!o*!ed in eir imp*emenaion
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Pub5) $99)", #"9*"# * "5(!$* !$ (#m*!(!2" 5(3
'ernande$ vs. Sto. (omas 2&) SCRA %*&
Facs:
n is eiion for 'eriorari4 roiiion and .andamus #i rayer for a Temporary
5esrainin& rder4 peiioners Sa*!ador ' Fernande and Anicia . de "ima assai* e
!a*idiy of 5eso*uion Co 9-710 of e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission and e auoriy of e
'ommission o issue e same
eiioner Fernande #as ser!in& as /irecor of e ffice of ersonne* nspecion and Audi
#i*e peiioner de "ima #as ser!in& as /irecor of e ffice of e ersonne* 5e*aions4
o a e 'enra* ffice of e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission in ueon 'iy4 .eropo*ian
.ani*a Bi*e peiioners #ere so ser!in&4 5eso*uion Co 9-710 si&ned y pu*ic
respondens aricia A So Tomas and 5amon +renea4 2r4 'airman and 'ommissioner4
respeci!e*y4 of e 'ommission4 #as issued
ssues:
(1)Beer or no e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission ad *e&a* auoriy o issue 5eso*uion Co
9-710 o e e,en i mer&ed e 'SS ?ffice of 'areer Sysems and Sandards@4 e
A ?ffice of ersonne* nspecion and Audi@ and e 5 ?ffice of ersonne*
5e*aions@4 o form e 5/ ?5esearc and /e!e*opmen ffice@; and
()Beer or no 5eso*uion Co 9-7 10 !io*aed peiioners consiuiona* ri& o securiy
of enure
5u*in&:
u*ic office is fre<uen*y used o refer o e ri&4 auoriy and duy4 creaed and
conferred y *a#4 y #ic4 for a &i!en period eier fi,ed y *a# or endurin& a e p*easure
of e creain& po#er4 an indi!idua* is in!esed #i some porion of e so!erei&n funcions
of &o!ernmen4 o e e,ercised y a indi!idua* for e enefi of e pu*ic
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+,aminaion of e fore&oin& sauory pro!isions re!ea*s a e 'SS4 +5A
and 554 and as #e** eac of e oer ffices4 consis of a&&re&aions of /i!isions4 eac of
#ic /i!isions is in urn a &roupin& of Secions +ac Secion4 /i!ision and ffice
comprises &roups of posiions #iin e a&ency ca**ed e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission4 eac
&roup ein& enrused #i a more or *ess defina*e funcion or funcions ese funcions are
re*aed o one anoer4 eac of em ein& emraced y a common or &enera* su=ec
maer Tese offices re*ae o e inerna* srucure of e 'ommission
Te o=eci!es sou& y e 'ommission in enacin& 5eso*uion Co 9-710 #ere
descried in a 5eso*uion in road erms as >effec?in&@ can&es in e or&aniaion o
sream*ine ?e 'ommissions@ operaions and impro!e de*i!ery of ser!ice> Tese can&es
in inerna* or&aniaion #ere rendered necessary y4 on e one and4 e decenra*iaion
and de!o*uion of e 'ommissions funcions effeced y e creaion of foureen (1)
5e&iona* ffices and niney-fi!e (9J) Fie*d ffices of e 'ommission rou&ou e counry4
o e end a e 'ommission and is saff may e rou& c*oser pysica**y o e
&o!ernmen emp*oyees a ey are mandaed o ser!e
C$ Be (S') noe4 firs*y4 a appoinmens o e saff of e 'ommission are no
appoinmens o a specified pu*ic office u raer appoinmens o paricu*ar posiions or
ran%s Tus a person may e appoined o e posiion of /irecor or /irecor I; or o e
posiion of Aorney I or Aorney I; or o e posiion of 5ecords fficer or 5ecords fficer
; and so for n e insan case4 peiioners #ere eac appoined o e posiion of
/irecor I4 #iou specificaion of any paricu*ar office or saion Te same is rue #i
respec o e oer persons o*din& e same posiion or ran% of /irecor I of e
'ommission
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A#m*!(!2" 9(m"3$@ $9 !4" P45;;*" %E<")u!2" O#" N$' //+
!ron and Steel Aut+ority vs. CA 2&* SCRA ,-)
1 /efiniion of Go!ernmen of e 5epu*ic of e i*s -
refers o e corporae &o!ernmena* eniy rou& #ic e funcions of &o!ernmen are
e,ercised rou&ou e i*ippines4 inc*udin&4 sa!e as e conrary appears from e
cone,4 e !arious arms rou& #ic po*iica* auoriy is made effeci!e in e
i*ippines4 #eer perainin& o e auonomous re&ions4 e pro!incia*4 ciy4 municipa* or
aran&ay sudi!isions or oer forms of *oca* &o!ernmen
/efiniion of A&ency of e &o!ernmen - refers o any of
e !arious unis of e Go!ernmen4 inc*udin& a deparmen4 ureau4 office4 insrumena*iy4
or &o!ernmen-o#ned or conro**ed corporaions4 or a *oca* &o!ernmen or a disinc uni
erein
/efiniion of nsrumena*iy - refers o any a&ency of e
Caiona* Go!ernmen4 no ine&raed #iin e deparmen frame#or% !esed #iin specia*
funcions or =urisdicion y *a#4 endo#ed #i some if no a** corporae po#ers4 adminiserin&
specia* funds4 and en=oyin& operaiona* auonomy4 usua**y rou& a carer Tis erm
inc*udes re&u*aory a&encies4 carered insiuions and &o!ernmen-o#ned or conro**ed
corporaions
D"9*!$* $9 A#m*!(!$* -
S vs. Dorr 2 /+il --2
Facs:
/orr is e o#ner of ne#spaper Emani*a freedom car&e #i e crime of *ie*
o&eer #i +duard H$rian
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Te defendans #ere ried and found &ui*y of e offense car&ed in e comp*ain4
and eac #as senenced o si, monsH imprisonmen a ard *aor and a fine of 140004
6nied Saes currency From is =ud&men e defendans a!e appea*ed o is cour
/urin& e course of e proceedin&s a moion #as made y e defendans as%in&
a ey e &raned a ria* y =ury4 as pro!ided for in Aric*e 1114 secion 4 of e 'onsiuion
of e 6nied Saes4 and under e si, amendmen o e 'onsiuion4 #ic moion #as
denied y e cour4 and an e,cepion #as a*so a%en o is ru*in&
ssue:
Te issue is o deermine #eer ese pro!isions of e 'onsiuion of e 6nied
Saes re*ain& o ria*s y =ury are in force in e i*ippine s*ands
5u*in&:
Adminisraion is e a&&re&ae of ose persons in #ose ands e reins of
&o!ernmen are for e ime ein&
1 Ta #i*e e i*ippine s*ands consiue erriory #ic as een ac<uired y and
e*on&s o e 6nied Saes4 ere is a difference e#een suc erriory and e erriories
#ic are a par-of e 6nied Saes #i reference o e 'onsiuion of e 6nied Saes
Ta e 'onsiuion #as no e,ended ere y e erms of e reay of aris4 under
#ic e i*ippine s*ands #ere ac<uired from Spain $y e reay e saus of e ceded
erriory #as o e deermined y 'on&ress
Ta e mere ac of cession of e i*ippines o e 6nied Saes did no e,end e
'onsiuion ere4 e,cep suc pars as fa** #iin e &enera* princip*es of fundamena*
*imiaions in fa!or of persona* ri&s formu*aed in e 'onsiuion and is amendmens4 and
#ic e,is raer y inference and e &enera* spiri of e 'onsiuion4 and e,cep ose
e,press pro!isions of e 'onsiuion #ic proii 'on&ress from passin& *a#s in eir
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conra!enion under any circumsances; a e pro!isions conained in e 'onsiuion
re*ain& o =ury ria*s do no fa** #iin eier of ese e,cepions4 and4 conse<uen*y4 e ri&
o ria* y =ury as no een e,ended ere y e mere ac of e cession of e erriory
Ta 'on&ress as passed no *a# e,endin& ere e pro!ision of e 'onsiuion re*ain&
o =ury ria*s4 nor #ere any *a#s in e,isence in e i*ippine s*ands4 a e dae of eir
cession4 for ria*s y =ury4 and conse<uen*y ere is no *a# in e i*ippine s*ands eni*in&
e defendans in is case o suc ria*; a e 'our of Firs nsance commied no error in
o!erru*in& eir app*icaion for a ria* y =ury
Te ac of 'on&ress of 2u*y 14 1904 eni*ed EAn Ac emporari*y o pro!ide for e
adminisraion of e affairs of ci!i* &o!ernmen in e i*ippine s*ands4 and for oer
purposes4 in secion J e,ends o e i*ippine s*ands near*y a** of e pro!isions of e
'onsiuion %no#n as e $i** of 5i&s $u ere #as e,emped from i e pro!isions of e
'onsiuion re*ain& o =ury ria*s conained in secion 4 Aric*e 1114 and in e si,
amendmen
Te cour reac e conc*usion a e i*ippine 'ommission is a ody e,press*y
reco&nied and sancioned y ac of 'on&ress4 a!in& e po#er o pass *a#s4 and as e
po#er o pass e *ie* *a# under #ic e defendans #ere con!iced
C"(!$*, "$8(*7(!$*, (*# (b$5!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)"
Te adminisrai!e ody may e creaed y e 'onsiuion4 or y a Saue4
or y auoriy y "a# f creaed y e 'onsiuion ise*f4 e adminisrai!e ody can e
a*ered or ao*ised on*y y 'onsiuion $u #ere e ody #as creaed on*y y saue4
e *e&is*aure a reaed *ife ino i can amend or e!en repea* is carer4 erey
resu*in& in is ao*iion #ic is =usified if made in &ood fai
A' C"(!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)"
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
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ugenio vs. CSC 2&- SCRA %*
Facs:
eiioner is e /epuy /irecor of e i*ippine Cuc*ear 5esearc nsiue Se
app*ied for 'areer +,ecui!e Ser!ice ('+S) +*i&ii*iy and a '+S ran%4 n Au&us 4 199;
se #as &i!en a '+S e*i&ii*iy n Sepemer 1J4 1994 se #as recommended o e
residen for a '+S ran% y e 'areer +,ecui!e Ser!ice $oard A** #as no o urn #e**
for peiioner n coer 14 1994 responden 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission passed 5eso*uion
Co 9J9 Te reso*uion ecame an impedimen o e appoinmen of peiioner as 'i!i*
Ser!ice fficer4 5an% I
ssue: BC e 'S' ad e po#er o ao*is e career e,ecui!e ser!ice oard
5u*in&:
Co >+,cep for suc offices as are creaed y e 'onsiuion4 e creaion of pu*ic
offices is primari*y a *e&is*ai!e funcion4 n so far as e *e&is*ai!e po#er in is respec is
no resriced y consiuiona* pro!isions4 i is supreme4 and e *e&is*aure may decide for
ise*f #a offices are suia*e4 necessary4 or con!enien Ben in e e,i&encies of
&o!ernmen i is necessary o creae and define duies4 e *e&is*ai!e deparmen as e
discreion o deermine #eer addiiona* offices sa** e creaed4 or #eer ese duies
sa** e aaced o and ecome e,-officio duies of e,isin& offices An office creaed y e*e&is*aure is #o**y #iin e po#er of a ody4 and i may prescrie e mode of fi**in& e
office and e po#ers and duies of e incumen4 and4 if i sees fi4 ao*is e office>
B' Ab$5!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)"
1usacay v. 1uenaventura *- /+il )
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
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Facs:
*ainiff .arce*ino A $usacay #as a du*y-appoined and <ua*ified pre-#ar o**
co**ecor4 c*assified as permanen y e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission4 u #as *aid off due o
e desrucion of e rid&e caused y f*ood Ben e rid&e #as reconsruced and
reopened o raffic4 $usacay noified e responden ro!incia* Treasurer of is inenion and
readiness o resume is duies4 u e #as refused reinsaemen
ssue: Beer or no e oa* desrucion of e rid&e ao*ised e posiion of o**
co**ecor
Le*d:
Te S' ru*ed in e ne&ai!e A** offices creaed y saue are more or *ess
emporary4 ransiory or precarious in a ey are su=ec o e po#er of e *e&is*aure o
ao*is em $u is is no sayin& a e ri&s of e incumens of suc posiions may
e impaired #i*e e offices e,is4 e,cep for cause
De la Llana v. Alba %%2 SCRA 2*&
Facs:
Te peiioners <uesioned e consiuiona*iy of e 2udiciary 5eor&aniaion Ac of
1980 y impuin& e *ac% of &ood fai in is enacmen and caraceriin& as an undue
de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er o e presiden is auoriy o fi, compensaion and
a**o#ance of e =usices and =ud&es ereafer appoined and e deerminaion of e dae
#en e reor&aniaion sa** e deemed comp*eed n e oer and4 e so*icior
&enera* inerposed a defense of *e&iimae e,ercise of e po#er !esed in e $aasan&
amansa
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
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ssue: BC e enacmen ino *a# of $ 19 #as done in &ood fai
5u*in&:
Mes4 i #as done in &ood fai and is !a*id Tis conc*usion f*o#s from e
fundamena* proposiion a e *e&is*aure may ao*is cours inferior o e Supreme 'our
and erefore may reor&anie em errioria**y or oer#ise erey necessiain& ne#
appoinmens and commissions Secion 4 Aric*e I of e 'onsiuion !ess in e
Caiona* Assem*y e po#er o define4 prescrie and apporion e =urisdicion of e !arious
cours4 su=ec o cerain *imiaions in e ca&e of e Supreme 'our
Crisostomo v. Court of Appeals 2,) SCRA %-&
Facs:
residen Ferdinand + .arcos issued / Co 11 con!erin& e i* 'o**e&e of
'ommerce ino a o*yecnic 6ni!ersiy4 definin& is o=eci!es4 or&aniaiona* srucure and
funcions4 and e,pandin& is curricu*ar offerin&s
ssue: Beer or no / 11 did no ao*is u on*y can&ed4 e former '' ino #a
is no# e 6
Le*d:
Co4 #a oo% p*ace #as a can&e in academic saus of e educaiona* insiuion
no in is corporae *ife
Ben e purpose is o ao*is a deparmen or an office or an or&aniaion and o
rep*ace i #i anoer one4 e *a#ma%in& auoriy says so
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
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Ceier e addiion of a ne# course offerin&s nor can&es in is e,isin& srucure
and or&aniaion rin& aou e ao*iion of an educaiona* insiuion and e creaion of a
ne# one on*y an e,press dec*araion o a effec y e *a#ma%in& auoriy #i**
ESand ransferred simp*y means a *ands ransferred o e '' #ere o e
undersood as ransferred o e '' #ere o e undersood as ransferred o e 6 as
e ne# name of e insiuion
$u ese are ard*y indicia of an inen o ao*is an e,isin& insiuion and o
creae a ne# one Ce# course offerin&s can e added o e curricu*um of a scoo* #iou
affecin& is *e&a* e,isence Cor #i** can&es in is e,isin& srucure and or&aniaion rin&
aou is ao*iion and e creaion of a ne# one n*y an e,press dec*araion o a effec
y e *a#ma%in& auoriy #i**
C' R"$8(*7(!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)"
1' R"$8(*7(!$*, #"9*"#
3ational Land (itles and Deeds Registration Administration vs. CSC 22% SCRA %&,
Facs:
Te records so# a in 19774 peiioner Garcia4 a $ace*or of "a#s
&raduae and a Firs &rade ci!i* ser!ice e*i&i*e #as appoined /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds I
under permanen saus Said posiion #as *aer rec*assified o /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds
pursuan o / 1J94 o #ic posiion4 peiioner #as a*so appoined under permanen
saus up o Sepemer 198 Se #as for #o years4 more or *ess4 desi&naed as Acin&
$ranc 5e&iser of /eeds of .eycauayan4 $u*acan $y !irue of +,ecui!e rder Co N9
(#ic oo% effec on Feruary 94 1981) #ic auoried e resrucurin& of e "and
5e&israion 'ommission o Caiona* "and Ti*es and /eeds 5e&israion Adminisraion and
re&iona*iin& e ffices of e 5e&isers erein4 peiioner Garcia #as issued an
appoinmen as /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds on coer 14 1984 under emporary saus4 for
no ein& a memer of e i*ippine $ar Se appea*ed o e Secreary of 2usice u er
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
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re<ues #as denied eiioner Garcia mo!ed for reconsideraion u er moion remained
inaced n coer 4 1984 peiioner Garcia #as adminisrai!e*y car&ed #i 'onduc
re=udicia* o e $es neres of e Ser!ice Bi*e said case #as pendin& decision4 er
emporary appoinmen as suc #as rene#ed in 198J n a .emorandum daed coer 04
198N4 e en .iniser4 no# Secreary4 of 2usice noified peiioner Garcia of e erminaion
of er ser!ices as /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds on e &round a se #as >recei!in& rie
money> Said .emorandum of Terminaion #ic oo% effec on Feruary 94 19874 #as e
su=ec of an appea* o e ner-A&ency 5e!ie# 'ommiee #ic in urn referred e appea*
o e .eri Sysems roecion $oard (.S$)
ssue:
Beer or no memersip in e $ar4 #ic is e <ua*ificaion re<uiremen
prescried for appoinmen o e posiion of /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds under Secion of
+,ecui!e rder Co N9 (5eor&aniin& e "and 5e&israion 'ommission ("5') ino e
Caiona* "and Ti*es and /eeds 5e&israion Adminisraion or CA"T/5A) sou*d e re<uired
of andOor app*ied on*y o ne# app*icans and no o ose #o #ere a*ready in e ser!ice of
e "5' as depuy re&iser of deeds a e ime of e issuance and imp*emenaion of e
ao!esaid +,ecui!e rder
5u*in&:
f e ne#*y creaed office as susania**y ne#4 differen or addiiona* funcions4
duies or po#ers4 so a i may e said in fac o creae an office differen from e one
ao*ised4 e!en ou& i emraces a** or some of e duies of e o*d office i #i** e
considered as an ao*iion of one office and e creaion of a ne# or differen one Te same
is rue if one office is ao*ised and is duies4 for reasons of economy are &i!en o an
e,isin& officer or office
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
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+,ecui!e rder Co N9 #as enaced o impro!e e ser!ices and eer
sysemaie e operaion of e "and 5e&israion 'ommission A reor&aniaion is carried
ou in &ood fai if i is for e purpose of economy or o ma%e ureaucracy more efficien
To is end4 e re<uiremen of $ar memersip o <ua*ify for %ey posiions in e CA"T/5A
#as imposed o mee e can&in& circumsances and ne# de!e*opmen of e imes
ri!ae responden Garcia #o former*y e*d e posiion of /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds did
no a!e suc <ua*ificaion is us c*ear a se canno o*d any %ey posiion in e
C"T/5A Te addiiona* <ua*ificaion #as no inended o remo!e er from office 5aer4 i
#as a crierion imposed concomian #i a !a*id reor&aniaion measure
R"($* 9$ )"(!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)" >
Lianga 1ay Logging4 !nc. vs. 5udge nage % 5uly %*)
5u*in&:
As recen*y sressed y e 'our4 >in is era of c*o&&ed cour doc%es4 e
need for specia*ied adminisrai!e oards or commissions #i e specia* %no#*ed&e4
e,perience and capai*iy o ear and deermine promp*y dispues on ecnica* maers or
essenia**y facua* maers4 su=ec o =udicia* re!ie# in case of &ra!e ause of discreion4 as
ecome #e** ni& indispensa*e
Solid 6omes vs. /ayawal 2* August %*)*
5u*in&:
As a resu* of e &ro#in& comp*e,iy of e modern sociey4 i as ecome necessary
o creae more and more adminisrai!e odies o e*p in e re&u*aion of is ramified
aci!iies Specia*ied in e paricu*ar fie*ds assi&ned o em4 ey can dea* #i e
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
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pro*ems ereof #i more e,perise and dispac an can e e,peced from e *e&is*aure
or e cours of =usice
Reyes vs. Caneba
5u*in&:
>(T)e rus of e re*aed docrines of primary adminisrai!e =urisdicion and
e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies is a cours mus a**o# adminisrai!e a&encies o
carry ou eir funcions and discar&e eir responsii*iies #iin e specialized areas of
their respective competence Acs of an adminisrai!e a&ency mus no casua**y e
o!erurned y a cour4 and a cour sou*d as a ru*e no susiue is =ud&men for a of e
adminisrai!e a&ency acin& #iin e perimeers of is o#n compeence>
1lue 1ar Coconut /+il. 7s (antuico 2* 5uly %*))
5u*in&:
Te peiioners a*so <uesion e respondens auoriy o audi em Tey conend
a ey are ouside e ami of respondens >audi> po#er #ic is confined o
&o!ernmen-o#ned or conro**ed corporaions Tis ar&umen as no meri Secion (1) of
Aric*e P-/ of e 'onsiuion pro!ides a >Te 'ommission on Audi sa** a!e e
po#er4 auoriy and duy o e,amine4 audi4 and se*e a** accouns perainin& o e
re!enues and receips of4 and e,pendiures or uses of funds and propery4 o#ned or e*d in
rus y or perainin& o4 e Go!ernmen4 or any of is sudi!isions4 a&encies or
insrumena*iies4 inc*udin& &o!ernmen-o#ned or conro**ed corporaion #i ori&ina*
carers4 and on a pos-audi asis
, , ,
(d) Suc non&o!ernmena* eniies recei!in& susidy or e<uiy direc*y or indirec*y from or
rou& e Go!ernmen #ic are re<uired y *a# or e &ranin& insiuion o sumi o
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
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suc audi as a condiion of susidy or e<uiy> (a*ics supp*ied) Te 'onsiuion forma**y
emodies e *on& esa*ised ru*e a pri!ae eniies #o and*e &o!ernmen funds or
susidies in rus may e e,amined or audied in eir and*in& of said funds y &o!ernmen
audiors
CHAPTER II
POWERS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES
A' P$3" IN GENERAL
B' E?PRESS AND IMPIED
C' MINISTERIAL AND DISCRETIONARY POWERS
M*!"(5 P$3"
D"9*!$*:
M*!"(5 P$3": is a po#er e,ercised in response o a duy as imposed y *a# and is
performance does no depend upon e discreion if e adminisrai!e a&ency in!o*!ed or of
e adminisrai!e officers performin& said po#ers (Suare4 001)
Some =urisprudenia* definiions of miniseria* po#er are as fo**o#s:
Symaco vs. Aquino4 Q
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
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EA pure*y miniseria* ac or duy o a discreiona* ac4 is one #ic an officer or riuna*
performs in a &i!en sae of facs4 in a prescried manner4 in oedience o e
mandae of *e&a* auoriy4 #iou re&ard o or e e,ercise of is o#n =ud&men4
upon e propriey of e ac done f e *a# imposes a duy upon a pu*ic officer4
and &i!es im e ri& o decide o# or #en e duy sa** e performed4 suc duy
is miniseria* on*y #en e discar&e of e same re<uires neier e e,ercise of
officia* discreion nor =ud&men
Cariño vs. Capulong, Q
EA miniseria* duy is one #ic is so c*ear and specific as o *ea!e no room for e
e,ercise of discreion in is performance n e oer and4 a discreionary duy is
a #ic y naure re<uires e e,ercise of =ud&men
Asuncion vs. De Yriarte, Q
ESimp*y ecause e duies of an officia* appen o e miniseria*4 i does no
necessari*y fo**o# a e may no4 in e adminisraion of is office4 deermine
<uesions of *a#
M*!"(5 #u!& #!*8u4"# 9$m #)"!$*(& ;$3"
M*!"(5 Du!& D)"!$*(& P$3" Pu"5& m*!"(5 ()!#u!&'*ear and specific as o
*ea!e no room for e
e,ercise of discreion in is
performance
5e<uires e e,ercise of
=ud&men
An officer or riuna* performs in
a &i!en sae of facs4 in a
prescried manner4 in
oedience o e mandae of
*e&a* auoriy4 #iou re&ard o
or e e,ercise of is o#n
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
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=ud&men4 upon e propriey of
e ac done5e<uires neier e
e,ercise of officia* discreionnor =ud&men
"a# imposes a duy upon
a pu*ic officer and &i!esim e ri& o decide o#
or #en e duy sa** e
performed5emedy : .andamus eiion for ceriorari
IMPORTANCE: To deermine #a remedy may e a!ai*ed of y an a&&rie!ed pary a&ains
e non-performance of duy y e officer
Carino vs. Capulong 222 SCRA ,*-
F()!:
Te peiioner fi*ed e presen case o annu* e order issued y e
responden 2ud&e and pre!en e same in conducin& furer earin& ereof A.A
'ompuer 'o**e&e siuaed in /a!ao ciy operaed as an +ducaiona* nsiuion
#iou e re<uired auoriaion a mus e secured firs efore e /+'S As a
conse<uence ereof4 e /+'S issued an order for e c*osure of e said scoo*
#i e aid of e mi*iary as per a&reemen of e #o &o!ernmena* a&encies Te
pri!ae responden fi*ed a case efore e 5T' /a!ao o en=oin /+'S from
imp*emenin& e said c*osure pendin& e appro!a* of e re<ues o operae of e
said scoo* Te said re<ues #as denied y e /+'S for no comp*yin& e
re<uiremens prescried y e /eparmen Te said case #as dismissed4
undauned e pri!ae responden appea* efore e 'A #ic *aer affirmed e
decision of e *o#er cour Te pri!ae responden en fi*ed a peiion efore e
5T' of .a%ai #i e same cause of acion no# usin& e or&aniaion of e
parens of eir sudens Te said cour presided y e responden 2ud&e issued
e pre*iminary in=uncion sou& y e pri!ae responden Lence4 is peiion Te
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
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pri!ae responden conended a e same sou*d e permied o operae ecause
/+'S is on*y performin& a miniseria* po#er o!er e circumsance Te /+'S on
e oer and conended a i e,ercises a discreionary po#er in pursuan o e
pro!isions of *a# #i respec o educaiona* insiuions
Iu": Beer or no e pu*ic peiioner e,ercised miniseria* or discreionary
funcion
Ru5*8:
Te S' ru*ed a e pu*ic peiioner e,ercised discreionary po#er #i
respec o e issuance of permi o operae as an educaiona* insiuion Te 'our
furer disin&uised miniseria* and discreionary po#ers A purely ministerial act or
duty to a discretional act, is one hich an officer or tri!unal performs in a given state
of facts, in a prescri!ed manner, in o!edience to the mandate of legal authority,
ithout regard to or the e"ercise of his on #udgment 4 upon e propriey of e ac
done f e *a# imposes a duy upon a pu*ic officer4 and &i!es im e ri& o
decide o# or #en e duy sa** e performed4 suc duy is miniseria* on*y #en
e discar&e of e same re<uires neier e e,ercise of officia* discreion nor
=ud&men
Accordin&*y4 e &ranin& of *icense o operae is !esed upon e =ud&men of e
/+'S in securin& e <ua*iy educaion a an educaiona* insiuion sou*d pro!ide
pursuan o e consiuiona* pro!ision on educaion and e or&anic *a# auoriin&
said deparmen o issue ru*es and re&u*aions perinen ereo
#ateo vs. CA %* SCRA 2)0
F()!:
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
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eiioners fi*ed an acion for e reco!ery of a parce* of *and 5T' ru*ed in
fa!or e peiioner ssued e,ecuion of =ud&men for pri!ae responden eiioner
fi*ed re*ief from =ud&men 2ud&e denied peiion for re*ief from =ud&men eiioner
fi*ed mandamus
Iu": Beer or no &ranin& of e peiion for re*ief from =ud&men is miniseria*D
Ru5*8:
.iniseria* duy in &ranin& appea* $u decidin& on =ud&in& on e appea* is
discreionary
1 .iniseria* duy4 defined - is one hich an officer or tri!unal performs in a
given state of facts, in a prescri!ed manner, in o!edience to the mandate of legal
authority, ithout regard to or the e"ercise of his on #udgment (remedy mandamus)
/iscreionary po#er4 defined - $f the la imposes a duty upon a pu!lic officer,
and gives him the right to decide ho or hen the duty shall !e performed (remedy
ceriorari)
mporance of %no#in& disincion 3 to determine the remedies availa!le%
/e*e&aion of miniseria* and discreionary po#er
D)"!$*(& ;$3"
D"9*!$*:
D)"!$*(& P$3": Tis is e po#er of adminisrai!e a&encies o ac officia**y on cerain
cases referred o em accordin& o e dicaes of eir o#n =ud&men and conscience and
no conro**ed y e =ud&men or conscience of oers (Suare4 001)
Some =urisprudenia* definiions of miniseria* po#er are as fo**o#s:
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
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Asuncion vs. De Yriarte, Q
E/iscreion4 i may e said &enera**y4 is a facu*y conferred upon a cour or oer
officia* y #ic e may decide a <uesion eier #ay and si** e ri& Te po#er conferred upon e di!ision of arci!es #i respec o e re&israion of aric*es of
incorporaion is no of a caracer is of e same caracer as e deerminaion
of a *a#sui y a cour upon e meris can e decided on*y one #ay correc*y
&eralco Securities Corp vs. Savellano, Q
E>/iscreion4> #en app*ied o pu*ic funcionaries4 means a po#er or ri& conferred
upon em y *a# of acin& officia**y4 under cerain circumsances4 unconro**ed y e
=ud&men or consciences of oers A pure*y miniseria* ac or duy in conradicion o
a discreiona* ac is one #ic an officer or riuna* performs in a &i!en sae of facs4
in a prescried manner4 in oedience o e mandae of a *e&a* auoriy4 #iou
re&ard o or e e,ercise of is o#n =ud&men upon e propriey or impropriey of e
ac done f e *a# imposes a duy upon a pu*ic officer and &i!es im e ri& o
decide o# or #en e duy sa** e performed4 suc duy is discreionary and no
miniseria* E
'inamira vs. (amos, )
EAn officer o #om a discreion is enrused canno de*e&ae i o anoer4 e
presumpion ein& a e #as cosen ecause e #as deemed fi and compeen o
e,ercise a =ud&men and discreion4 and un*ess e po#er o susiue anoer in
is p*ace as een &i!en o im4 e canno de*e&ae is duies o anoer
5epu*ic !s 'apu*on&, )
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
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E(d)iscreion #en app*ied o pu*ic funcionaries4 means a po#er or ri& conferred
upon em y *a# of acin& officia**y4 under cerain circumsances4 unconro**ed y e
=ud&men or conscience of oers A pure*y miniseria* ac or duy in conradicion o a
discreiona* ac is one #ic an officer or riuna* performs in a &i!en sae of facs4 in
a prescried manner4 in oedience o e mandae of a *e&a* auoriy4 #iou re&ard
o or e e,ercise of is o#n =ud&men upon e propriey or impropriey of e ac
done f e *a# imposes a duy upon a pu*ic officer and &i!es im e ri& o decide
o# or #en e duy sa** e performed4 suc duy is discreionary and no
miniseria*
eop*e !s uiae, )
E$u suc >discreion> afforded a =ud&e means sound discreion e,ercised4 no
arirari*y or #i**fu**y4 u #i re&ard o #a is ri& and e<uia*e under
e circumstances and e la 4 and direced y e =ud&es reason and conscience o
=us resu*
D' MANDATORY AND PERMISSIVE DUTIES AND POWERS
G"*"(55&
Te <uesion as o #eer a duy or po#er !esed in an officia* or adminisrai!e a&ency is
mandaory or permissi!e depends upon e %ind of e saue #ic &raned suc po#er
Saues may e c*assified eier mandaory or direcory Te c*assificaion is imporan in
reso*!in& e <uesion of #a effec sou*d e &i!en o e mandae of a saue
/'1 M(*#(!$& (*# #")!$& ;$3" $ #u!", 8"*"(55&'
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
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1 .andaoryOproiiory saue4 defined and effec
Sarina vs. C'! of 1u8idnon 2& SCRA %,
Ru5*8: A mandaory saue is a saue #ic commands eier posii!e*y a
somein& e done4 or performed in a paricu*ar #ay4 or ne&ai!e*y a somein& e
no done4 *ea!in& e person concerned no coice on e maer e,cep o oey
ermissi!eOdirecory saue4 defined and effec
#eralco Securities Corp. vs. Savellano %% SCRA )0&
F()!: Tis case sou& o se aside and annu* e #ri of mandamus issued y
2ud&e Sa!e**ano4 orderin& peiioner .era*co Securiies 'orporaion o pay and
peiioner 'ommissioner of nerna* 5e!enue o co**ec from e former e amoun of
J1. y #ay of a**e&ed deficiency corporae income a,4 p*us ineress and
surcar&es due ereon and o pay pri!ae respondens JR of e oa* amoun
co**eci*e as informersH re#ard
Iu": Beer or no e #ri of mandamus is correc
Ru5*8: Tus4 afer e 'ommissioner #o is specifica**y car&ed y *a# #i e
as% of enforcin& and imp*emenin& e a, *a#s and e co**ecion of a,es as afer
a maure and orou& sudy rendered is decision or ru*in& a no a, is due or
co**eci*e4 and is decision is susained y e Secreary4 no# .iniser of Finance
(#ose ac is a of e residen un*ess reproaed)4 suc decision or ru*in& is a
!a*id e,ercise of discreion in e performance of officia* duy and canno e
conro**ed muc *ess re!ersed y mandamus A conrary !ie#4 #erey any sran&er
or informer #ou*d e a**o#ed o usurp and conro* e officia* funcions of e
'ommissioner of nerna* 5e!enue #ou*d creae disorder and confusion4 if no caos
and oa* disrupion of e operaions of e &o!ernmen
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
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Agpalo" A direcory saue is a saue #ic is permissi!e or discreionary in naure and
mere*y ou*ines e ac o e done in suc a #ay a no in=ury can resu* from i&norin& i or
a is purpose can e accomp*ised in a manner oer a prescried and susania**y e
same resu* oained
/'1 W4"* m(*#(!$& $ #)"!$*(&
Tere is no uni!ersa* ru*e y #ic direcory pro!isions in a saue may in a**
circumsances e disin&uised from ose #ic are mandaory n e deerminaion of is
<uesion4 e primary o=ec is o ascerain *e&is*ai!e inen
n Taada !s Iuenco4 EBords of permissi!e caracer may e &i!en a mandaory
si&nificance in order o effec e *e&is*ai!e inen4 and4 #en e erms of a saue are suc
a ey canno e made effeci!e o e e,en of &i!in& eac and a** of em some
reasona*e operaion4 #iou consruin& e saue as mandaory4 suc consrucion sou*d
e &i!en;
T"! !$ #"!"m*" *(!u" $9 !(!u!" (*# !4(! $9 ;$3"'
Te es &enera**y emp*oyed o deermine #eer a saue is mandaory or direcory
or a of e po#er !esed y i is o ascerain e conse<uences a #i** fo**o# in case
#a e saue re<uires is no done or #a i forids is performed
E' ERRORS IN E?ERCISE OF POWERS
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
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G$2"*m"*! *$! b$u*# b& "$ $9 ;ub5) $99)"'
Te &o!ernmen can do no #ron& auories on*y *e&a* acs y is officers s officers and
a&ens do #ron& or commi unauoried acs And #en ey do4 ey are no errors or acs
of e &o!ernmen
/ocrine of non-suai*iy of e sae inapp*ica*e 3 t+e state cannot be sued
wit+out its consent.
Shauf vs. CA, *+* SC(A *-
F()!: eiioner #as app*yin& for a posiion for &uidance counse*or in a scoo* (na!y
ased) #ic #as denied e!en ou& se #as <ua*ified Fi*ed a case a&ains e
mi*iary officia*s concerned ecause of discriminaion Te mi*iary in!o%ed e non-
suai*iy of e sae
Iu": Beer or no e non-suai*iy c*ause app*ies
Ru5*8: Te princip*e of non-suai*iy does no app*y ecause e peiioner is
<uesionin& e persona* =ud&men or discreion of e officia*s no eir office y
!irue of eir officia* capaciy
G$2"*m"*! *$! !$;;"# b& m!(@" $9 $99)"'
Go!ernmen can suse<uen*y correc e misa%e or e erroneous app*icaion of e
*a#
Commissioner of !nternal Revenue vs. C(A 2-& SCRA -&)
5u*in& : **e&a* or in!a*id acs #ic are in e,cess of e =urisdicion of adminisrai!e
a&ency canno ind e &o!ernmen4 erefore esoppe*s does no app*y
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
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P"um;!$* $9 "8u5(!&'
Go!ernmen officia*s are presumed o perform eir funcions #i re&u*ariy and
sron& e!idence is necessary o reu is presumpion
1lue 1ar Coconut vs. (antuico %- SCRA %
F()!:
Te residen issued / creain& e i*ippine 'oconu Auoriy and
esa*ised a coconu sai*iaion fund Te memers #ere ori&ina**y 11 u reduced
o 7 Tereafer4 responden cairman of e coconu auoriy iniiaed a specia*
coconu end-user companies #ic inc*uded e peiioner Te cairman direced o
co**ec sor *e!ies and o!erpriced susidies o app*y e same o se*emen of sor
*e!ies sou*d ey fai* o pay 'A a&reed o re*ease e susidy pro!ided ey pos
a ond e<ua* o e amoun of e dispued c*aim eiioner conended a i is
unaccepa*e a e 'A 'airman and Audior ad no =urisdicion Tey caused
e #io*din& of e susidy case endorsed o e cour
Iu": Beer or no responden 'A cairman may disre&ard e 'A ru*es and
decision ad ecame moo
Ru5*8:
Te *e&a* presumpion is a officia* duy as een du*y performed; and i is
paricu*ar*y sron& as re&ards adminisrai!e a&encies , , !esed #i po#ers said o
e <uasi-=udicia* in naure4 in connecion #i e enforcemen of *a#s affecin&
paricu*ar fie*ds of aci!iy4 e proper re&u*aion andOor promoion of #ic re<uires a
ecnica* or specia* rainin&4 aside from a &ood %no#*ed&e and &rasp of e o!era**
condiions4 re*e!an o said fie*ds4 conainin& in e naion Te conse<uen po*icy
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
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and pracice under*yin& our Adminisrai!e "a# is a cours of =usice sou*d respec
e findin&s of fac of said adminisrai!e a&encies4 un*ess ere is aso*ue*y no
e!idence in suppor ereof or suc e!idence is c*ear*y4 manifes*y and paen*y
insusania*
Acts done by an official are presumed to be valid.
CHAPTER III
POWER OF CONTROL, SUPERVISION AND INVESTIGATION
A' PRESIDENT AS CHIEF E?ECUTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
+P+'6TI+ B+5 F TL+ 5+S/+CT
Te residen is e 'ief Adminisrai!e fficer of e Go!ernmen Bi*e e 'onsiuion
does no e,press*y say so4 e as a posiion y reason of is ein& 'ief +,ecui!e and
ead of e &o!ernmen Le #e*ds a** adminisrai!e po#ers a inere in suc posiion
Adminisrai!e po#er is an ad=unc and is desi&ned o comp*emen e effeci!e e,ercise of
e,ecui!e po#er4 !esed in e residen
Article $$ Section $
The e"ecutive poer shall !e vested in the /resident of the /hilippines.
.arcos ! .an&*apus
T4" *"2!(b5" 6u"!$* (" b& "*um"(!*8 )"!(* ;$3" $9 !4" P"#"*!' D#
!4" 9(m" $9 !4" C$*!!u!$* *!"*# !4(! !4" P"#"*! 4(55 "<")" !4$" ;")9)
;$3" (*# *$ $!4" A" !4"" "*um"(!"# ;$3" !4" b"(#!4 (*# )$;" $9
"<")u!2" ;$3"
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
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#ou*d no e accurae4 o#e!er4 o sae a e,ecui!e po#er is e po#er o enforce
*a#s4 for e residen is e ead if sae as #e** as ead of e &o!ernmen and #ae!er
po#ers erein in suc posiion perain o e office un*ess e 'onsiuion ise*f #io*ds i
Furermore e 'onsiuion ise*f pro!ides a e e,ecuion of *a#s is on*y one of e
po#ers of e residen
'oro**ary4 e po#ers of e residen canno e said o e *imied on*y o specific po#ers
enumeraed in e 'onsiuion n oer #ords4 e,ecui!e po#er is more an e sum of
specific po#ers enumeraed
PRESIDENTS POWER OF CONTROL
Secion 174 Aric*e I The /resident shall have control of all e"ecutive departments,
!ureaus and offices. 0e shall ensure that the las !e faithfully e"ecuted.
U e po#er o a*er or modify or nu**ify or se aside #a a suordinae officer ad done in
e performance of is duies and o susiue is =ud&men #i a of e *aer
U e presidenHs po#er of conro* o!er e e,ecui!e ranc e,ends o a** e,ecui!e officers
from caine o secreary o e *o#*ies c*er% in e e,ecui!e deparmen
U e ri& of e residen o inerfere in e e,ercise of suc discreion as may e !esed y
*a# in e officers of e,ecui!e deparmens4 ureaus or offices of e naiona* &o!ernmen4
as #e** as o e ac in *ieu of suc officers
Araneta v. 1atmaitan
Te *e&a*iy of e residens issuance of an e,ecui!e order annin& fisin& y ra#*
#as <uesioned ecause e Secreary of A&ricu*ure4 and no e residen4 #as e officia*
auoried y 'on&ress o issue ru*es and re&u*aions o imp*emen e an on ra#* fisin&
n susainin& e *e&a*iy of e e,ecui!e order4 e Supreme 'our ru*ed a since e
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
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Secreary of A&ricu*ure #as empo#ered o re&u*ae or an fisin& y ra#*4 e residen in
e e,ercise of po#er of conro* can a%e o!er from im suc auoriy and issue e
e,ecui!e order o e,ercise i Te residens po#er of conro* means a if a caine
secreary or a ead of a ureau or a&ency can issue ru*es and re&u*aions4 as auoried y
*a#4 e residen as e po#er no on*y o modify or amend e same u can a*so
supp*an e ru*es y anoer se enire*y differen from ose issued y is suordinae
Te residen e,ercises e po#er of conro* rou& e,ecui!e deparmens and e,ecui!e
officia*s 6nder e 'onsiuion4 a** e,ecui!e and adminisrai!e or&aniaions are ad=uncs
of e e,ecui!e deparmen4 e eads of !arious e,ecui!e deparmens are assisans and
a&ens of e 'ief +,ecui!e4 and4 e,cep in cases #ere e 'ief +,ecui!e is re<uired
y e 'onsiuion or e *a# o ac in person or e e,i&encies of e siuaion demand a
e ac persona**y4 e mu*ifarious e,ecui!e and adminisrai!e funcions of e 'ief
+,ecui!e are performed y and rou& e e,ecui!e deparmen secrearies as is a*er
e&os4 and e acs of e secrearies of suc deparmens4 performed and promu*&aed in
e re&u*ar course of usiness4 are un*ess disappro!ed or reproaed y e 'ief +,ecui!e
4 preempi!e*y e acs of e 'ief +,ecui!e
U e residens po#er of conro* inc*udes e po#er o deai* an e,ecui!e officer in e
office4 #iou any prior appro!a* from any e,ecui!e officer4 as *on& as ere is no reducion
of ran% or sa*ary and is no considered as discip*inary acion
Tecson v. Salas
Lence4 e ac of e residen canno e counermanded y a secreary #o is a
mere suordinae of e residen nor can a suordinae of e deparmen of secreary
disre&ard is superiors a*erin& is acion in e performance of is funcion as e
deparmen secreary4 #o as po#er of conro* o!er im4 ac as e residens a*er-e&o
and is acion is presumed o e a of e residen
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
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DOCTRINE OF =UALIFIED POLITICAL AGENCY
U e residen canno e e,peced o e,ercise is conro* po#ers a** a e same ime and
in person4 and ere is need for im o de*e&ae some of em o is caine memers
U under is docrine4 a** e,ecui!e and adminisrai!e or&aniaions are ad=uncs of e
+,ecui!e /eparmen4 e eads of !arious e,ecui!e deparmen assisans and a&ens of
'ief +,ecui!e
U e residens po#er of conro* is direc*y e,ercised y im o!er e memers of e
'aine #o4 in urn and y is auoriy4 conro* e ureaus and oer offices under eir
respeci!e =urisdicion in e e,ecui!e deparmens Te acs of e deparmen Secreary
are presumed o e e acs of e residen
Lm!(!$* $* !4" P"#"*! )$*!$5 ;$3"
U e ao*iion or creaion of an e,ecui!e office
U e suspension or remo!a* of career e,ecui!e officia*s or emp*oyees #iou due process
of *a#
U e sein& aside4 modificaion4 or supp*anin& of decisions of <uasi-=udicia* a&encies
inc*udin& a of e ffice of e residen on conesed cases a a!e ecome fina*
pursuan o *a# or o ru*es and re&u*aions promu*&aed o imp*emen e *a#
P"#"*! ;$3" $9 u;"2$*
U Super!ision is a *esser po#er an conro* Te po#er of super!ision does no a**o# e
superior o annu* e acs of e suordinae
U e po#er o see a e officia*s concerned perform eir duies and if ey *aer fai* or
ne&*ec o fu*fi** em4 a%e suc acion or seps as prescried y *a# o ma%e em perform
eir duies
O#*(*)" P$3"
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
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U e residens ordinance po#er is e +,ecui!es ru*e-ma%in& auoriy in imp*emenin&
or e,ecuin& consiuiona* or sauory po#er
V +,ecui!e rders- acs of e residen pro!idin& for ru*es of a &enera* or permanen
caracer in imp*emenaion or e,ecuion of consiuiona* or sauory po#ers sa** e
promu*&aed in e,ecui!e orders
V Adminisrai!e rders- acs of e residen #ic re*ae o paricu*ar aspecs of e
&o!ernmena* operaions in pursuance of is duies as adminisrai!e ead sa** e
promu*&aed in adminisrai!e orders
V roc*amaions- acs of e residen fi,in& a dae of dec*arin& a saus or condiion of
pu*ic momen or ineres4 upon e e,isence of #ic e operaion or a specific *a# or
re&u*aion is made o depend4 sa** a!e e force of an e,ecui!e order
V .emorandum orders- acs of e residen on maers of adminisrai!e deai* or of
suordinae or emporary ineres #ic on*y concern a paricu*ar officer or office of e
&o!ernmen sa** e emodied in memorandum orders
V .emorandum circu*ars- acs of e residen on maers re*ain& o inerna* adminisraion
#ic e residen desires o rin& e aenion of a** or some deparmens4 a&encies4
ureau or offices of e &o!ernmen4 for informaion or for comp*iance
V Genera* or specia* orders- acs and commands of e residen in is capaciy as
'ommander in 'ief of e Armed Forces of e i*ippines sa** e issued as &enera* or
specia* orders
P$3" $2" (5"*
U S")!$* /oer to Deport Te residen sa** a!e e po#er o depor a*iens su=ec o
e re<uiremens of due process
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
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U S")!$* /oer to Change 2on3$mmigrant Status of Aliens. Te residen su=ec o e
pro!isions of e *a#4 sa** a!e e po#er o can&e e saus of non-immi&rans y
a**o#in& em o ac<uire permanen residence saus #iou necessiy of !isa
U S")!$* 1. /oer to Countermand Decisions of the 'oard of Commissioners of the
'ureau of $mmigration. Te decision of e oard of 'ommissioners #ic as =urisdicion
o!er a** deporaion cases sa** ecome fina* and e,ecuor afer 0 days from promu*&aion4
un*ess #iin suc period e residen sa** order e conrary
U S")!$* 11. /oer 4ver Aliens under the 1eneral /rinciples of $nternational 5a. Te
residen sa** e,ercise e respec o a*iens in e i*ippines suc po#ers are reco&nied
y e &enera**y acceped princip*es of inernaiona* *a#
P$3" $9 Em*"*! D$m(*, E)4"(!, L(*# R""2(!$* (*# R")$2"& $9 I55- 8$!!"*
W"(5!4
U S")!$* 1/ /oer of 6minent Domain. Te residen sa** deermine #en i is
necessary or ad!ana&eous o e,ercise e po#er of eminen domain in ea*f of e
Caiona* Go!ernmen and direc e So*icior Genera*4 #ene!er e deems e acion
ad!isa*e 4 o insiue e,propriaion proceedin&s as e proper cour
U S")!$* 1 /oer to Direct 6scheat or (eversion /roceedings Te residen sa** direc
e So*icior Genera* o insiue escea or re!ersion proceedin&s o!er a** *ands ransferred
or assi&ned o persons dis<ua*ified under e 'onsiuion o ac<uire *and
U S")!$* 10. /oer to reserve lands of the pu!lic and private domain of the government.
(1) Te residen sa** a!e e po#er o reser!e for se*emen or pu*ic use4 and for
specific pu*ic purposes4 any of e *ands of e pu*ic domain4 e use of #ic is no
oer#ise direced y *a# Te reser!e *and sa** ereafer remain su=ec o e specific
pu*ic purpose indicaed uni* oer#ise pro!ided y *a# or proc*amaion
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
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() Le sa** a*so a!e e po#er reser!e from sa*e or oer disposiion and for specific
pu*ic uses or purposes4 any *and e*on&in& o e pri!ae domain of e Go!ernmen4 or
any of e friar *ands4 e use of #ic is no oer#ise direced y *a# and ereafer suc
*and sa** e used for e purposes specified y suc proc*amaion uni* oer#ise pro!ided
y *a#
U S")!$* 1' /oer over $ll3gotten 7ealth. Te residen sa** direc e So*icior Genera*
o insiue proceedin&s o reco!er properies un*a#fu**y ac<uired y pu*ic officia*s or
emp*oyees from eir nominees or ransferees
Biin e period fi,ed in or any e,ension ereof auoried y e 'onsiuion4 e
residen sa** a!e e auoriy o reco!er a** i**-&oen properies
P$3" $9 A;;$*!m"*!
U Caure
$asica**y e,ecui!e
rero&ai!e of e appoinin& po#er
U Kinds of Appoinmens
5e&u*ar- re<uires e confirmaion of 'A
Ad inerim- appoinmen a%es effec immediae*y
5ecess- needs no confirmaion y e 'A
U S")!$* 1' /oer of Appointment Te residen sa** e,ercise e po#er o appoin suc
officia*s as pro!ided for in e 'onsiuion and *a#s
U S")!$* 1 /oer to $ssue Temporary Designation.
(1)Te residen may emporari*y desi&nae an officer a*ready on e &o!ernmen
ser!ice or any oer compeen person o perform e funcions of an office in e e,ecui!e
ranc4 appoinmen o #ic is !esed in im y *a#4 #en (a) Te officer re&u*ar*y
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
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appoined o e office is una*e o perform is duies y reason of i**ness4 asence or any
oer cause or () Tere e,iss a !acancy
() Te person desi&naed sa** recei!e e compensaion aaced o e posiion4
un*ess e is a*ready in e &o!ernmen ser!ice in #ic case e sa** recei!e on*y suc
addiiona* compensaion as4 #i is e,isin& sa*ary4 sa** no e,ceed e sa*ary auoried
y *a# for e posiion fi**ed Te compensaion erey auoried sa** e paid ou of e
funds appropriaed for e office or a&ency concerned
() n no case sa** a emporary desi&naion e,ceed 1 year
O!4" P$3"
B' POWER OF INVESTIGATION
Coice and earin& in in!esi&aion
f e *a#4 upon #ic e in!esi&aion is auoried4 pro!ides a e person
in!esi&aed e &i!en noice or accorded e opporuniy o e eard4 en suc ri& canno
e i&nored nor e e denied noice and earin& #iou !io*ain& is ri& o due process
f e *a# is si*en on e maer4 noice and earin& depends upon e sa&e durin&
#ic in!esi&aion is conduced and e possi*e conse<uences o im of e oucome of
suc in!esi&aion
U +,ecui!e po#er of in!esi&aion
vangelista v. 5arencio
as een essayed a e *ife *ood of e adminisrai!e process is e f*o# fac4
e &aerin&4 e or&aniaion and e ana*ysis of e!idence n!esi&aions are usefu* for a**
adminisrai!e funcions4 no on*y for ru*e ma%in&4 ad=udicaion4 and *icensin& u a*so for
prosecuin&4 for super!isin& and direcin&4 and for purposes no more specific an
i**uminain& oscure areas o find ou #a if anyin& sou*d e done An adminisrai!e
a&ency may e auoried o ma%e in!esi&aions4 no on*y in proceedin&s of *e&is*ai!e or
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
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=udicia* naure4 u a*so in proceedin& #ose so*e purpose is o oain informaion upon
#ic fuure acion of a *e&is*ai!e or =udicia* naure may e a%en and may re<uire e
aendance of #inesses in proceedin&s of a pure*y in!esi&aory naure may conduc
&enera* in<uiries ino e!i*s ca**in& for correcion4 and o repor findin&s o appropriae odies
and ma%e recommendaions for acion
Te residens in!esi&aory po#er emanaes from is po#er of super!ision and
conro* o!er a** e,ecui!e deparmens4 ureaus and offices; is po#er of super!ision o!er
*oca* &o!ernmen unis; and is po#er of appoinmen of presidenia* appoinees4 #ic are
conferred upon im y e 'onsiuion
U n<uisii!e o#er4 #ic is %no#n as e,aminin& or in!esi&aory po#er4 is one of e
deerminai!e po#ers of an adminisrai!e ody #ic eer ena*es i o e,ercise <uasi-
=udicia* auoriy Tis po#er a**o#s e adminisrai!e ody o inspec e records and
premises and in!esi&ae e aci!iies4 of persons or eniies comin& under is =urisdicion4 or
re<uire disc*osure of informaion y means of accouns4 records4 repors4 esimony of
#inesses4 producion of documens or oer#ise
I*2"!8(!$& ;$3" ( m(* 9u*)!$*
An in!esi&aory ody #i e so*e po#er of in!esi&aion does no e,ercise =udicia*
funcions and is po#er is *imied o in!esi&ain& e facs and ma%in& findin&s in respec
ereo Te es #eer an adminisrai!e ody is e,ercisin& =udicia* funcions or mere*y
in!esi&aory funcions is;
V ad=udicaion si&nifies e e,ercise of po#er and auoriy o ad=udicae upon e ri&s and
o*i&aions of e paries efore i
V if e on*y purpose of in!esi&aion is o e!a*uae e!idence sumied efore i ased on
facs and circumsances presened o i4 and if e a&ency is no auoried o ma%e a fina*
pronouncemen affecin& e paries4 en ere is asence of =udicia* discreion and
=ud&men
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
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CHAPTER IV
=UASI - LEGISLATIVE POWER
A' L"85(!2" P$3" ( G"*"(5
L"85(!2" ;$3" 3 is e po#er o ma%e4 a*er and repea* *a#s
- is !esed in e 'on&ress
S";((!$* $9 P$3" proiis e de*e&aion of pure*y and ineren*y *e&is*ai!e po#er
Suc po#er consiss &enera**y of #a e *a# sa** e4 o #om i may e app*ied4 or #a
acs are necessary o effecuae e *a#
E?CEPTION: may de*e&ae as o o# e *a# sa** e enforced4 o issue ru*es o fi** in
deai*s4 o ascerain facs on #ic e *a# #i** operae o e,ercise po*ice po#er and o fi,
raes
A#m*!(!2" Ru5"-M(@*8 !4" ;$3" o promu*&ae ru*es and re&u*aions or &enera*
orders #ic are *e&a**y indin& and recei!e sauory force upon &oin& ino effec
D!*)!$* b"!3""* =u(-5"85(!2" ;$3" $ u5" m(@*8 (*# 6u(-u#)(5 $
(#u#)(!$*
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
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1) Te ru*es and re&u*aions issued in e e,ercise of RULE-MAKING POWER are of
&enera* app*icai*iy issued y e adminisrai!e a&ency o imp*emen is pure*y
adminisrai!e po*icies and funcions ADJUDICATION means a deerminaion of ri&s and
pri!i*e&es and duies y an adminisrai!e a&ency resu*in& in a decision or order #ic
app*ies o specific siuaions or o specific persons or eniies and is premised on a findin& of
facs or on a repor of i
) Te issuance of ru*es and re&u*aions in e e,ercise y an adminisrai!e a&ency of is
=UASI-LEGISLATIVE POWER does no re<uire noice and earin& Bi*e ADJUDICATION
re<uires noice and earin& or a *eas e opporuniy o e eard on e por of e affeced
person as a prere<uisie for e !a*idiy of is decision
T&;" $9 u5"-m(@*8 ;$3"
1) 5u*e-ma%in& y reason of paricu*ar de*e&aion of auoriy
) 5u*e-ma%in& y e consrucion and inerpreaion of a saue ein& adminisered
) /eerminaion of facs under a de*e&aed po#er as o #ic a saue sa** &o ino effec
B' D"5"8(!$* $9 L"85(!2" P$3"
D"5"8(!$* $9 5"85(!2" ;$3" 3 refers o e &ran of auoriy y e *e&is*aure o
adminisrai!e a&encies o issue ru*es and re&u*aions concernin& o# e *a# enrused o
em for imp*emenaions may e enforced
P$3" $9 ub$#*(!" 5"85(!$* 3 is e de*e&aed auoriy o issue ru*es and re&u*aions
o carry ou e pro!isions of e saue #ic a!e e force and effec of *a#
R"($*: Te increasin& comp*e,iy of e as% of e &o!ernmen and e &ro#in& inai*iy
of e *e&is*aure o cope direc*y #i e myriad pro*ems demandin& is aenions
T"! !$ #"!"m*" 2(5#!& $9 #"5"8(!$*
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
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1'+ C$m;5"!"*" T"! > e *a# mus e comp*ee in a** is iems and condiions #en i
*ea!es e *e&is*aure suc a #en i reaces e de*e&ae e on*y in& e #i** a!e o do
is enforce i
/'+ Su99)"*! S!(*#(# T"! > ere mus e ade<uae &uide*ines or *imiaions in e *a# o
map ou e oundaries of e de*e&aeHs auoriy and pre!en e de*e&aion from runnin&
rio Sandard may e e,press or imp*ied
R"8u5(!$* )(**$! "!)! *$ "*5(8" !4" 5(3
P"5("7 2' Au#!$ G"*"(5
Te auoriy o creae municipa* corporaions is essenia**y and eminen*y *e&is*ai!e in
naure since ey are pure*y creaures of e saue
P"$;5" 2' M()""* % SCRA 0.+
Te *a#ma%in& ody canno de*e&ae o an e,ecui!e officia* e po#er o dec*are #a
acs sou*d consiue an offense Te 'our ru*ed a e Secreary of A&ricu*ure e,ceeded
is auoriy and e adminisrai!e order #as de!oid of *e&a* asis ecause e Fiseries
"a# did no e,press*y proii e*ecro fisin&
T$5"#$ 2' C25 S"2)" C$mm$*
Te 'S' issued a re&u*aion proiiin& e emp*oymen in e 'i!i* Ser!ice a person #o is
a*ready J7 or more years of a&e4 e,cep #i e prior consen of e 'ommission and e
appoinee possesses specia* <ua*ificaion and e !acancy canno e fi**ed y promoion of
<ua*ified officers As e ci!i* ser!ice *a# #ic e 'ommission is as%ed o imp*emen does
no conain any suc proiiion or <ua*ificaion4 e Supreme 'our4 in To*edo ! 'i!i*
Ser!ice 'ommission4 nu**ified said re&u*aion
Ru5" mu! b" "($*(b5"
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
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Lu;(*8)$ 2' C$u! $9 A;;"(5
5' issued a reso*uion4 #ic pro!ides a E no e,aminee (in *icensure e,aminaions in
accounancy) sa** aend any re!ie# c*ass4 riefin&4 conference or e *i%e conduc y or
sa** recei!e any and-ou4 re!ie# maeria*4 or any ip from any scoo*4 co**e&e or uni!ersiy4
or any re!ie# cener or e *i%e or any re!ie#er4 *ecurer4 insrucor officia* or emp*oyee of
any if e aforemenioned or simi*ar insiuions durin& e ree days immediae*y precedin&
e!ery e,aminaion day inc*udin& e e,aminaion day Te 'our dec*ared suc reso*uion
unconsiuiona* for ein& unreasona*e and !io*ai!e of academic freedom
P$4b!$* (8(*! "-#"5"8(!$* E<)";!$*
- /ocrine of Epoesas de*e&aa non de*e&ari proes 3 #a as een de*e&aed canno e
de*e&aed
- Te de*e&aion of is *e&is*ai!e po#er may e susained on*y upon e &round a some
sandard for is e,ercise is pro!ided and a e *e&is*aure in ma%in& e de*e&aion as
prescried e manner of e e,ercise of e de*e&aed po#er
R(!" F<*8 W4"* 4"(*8 "6u"#
Te funcion of prescriin& raes y an adminisrai!e a&ency may e eier a *e&is*ai!e or
an ad=udicai!e funcion (<uasi-=udicia*)
L"85(!2" 9u*)!$* 3 e &ran of a prior noice and earin& o e affeced paries is no a
re<uiremen of due process
- #en e ru*es or e raes are mean o app*y o a** enerprises of a
&i!en %ind rou&ou e i*ippines4
A#u#)(!2" 9u*)!$* 3 prior noice and earin& are essenia* o e !a*idiy of suc raes
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
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- #en e ru*es or e raes app*y e,c*usi!e*y o a named person or
eniy and are predicaed upon a findin& of facs4 on e asis of #ic e ru*es or raes are
ased
C' C$*!"m;$(& C$*!u)!$*
D!*)!$* b"!3""* A#m*!(!2" Ru5" (*# I*!";"!(!$*'
A#m*!(!2" u5" > #en an adminisrai!e a&ency promu*&aes ru*es and re&u*aions4 in
e e,ercise of is ru*e-ma%in& po#er de*e&aed o i y e *e&is*aure4 E ma%es a ne# *a#
#i e force and effec of a !a*id *a#
A#m*!(!2" *!";"!(!$* > Ben i renders an opinion or &i!es a saemen of po*icy4 i
mere*y inerpres a pre-e,isin& *a#
E<")u!2" C$*!u)!$*, 8"*"(55& @*# $9'
- is e consrucion p*aced upon e saue y an e,ecui!e or adminisrai!e officer ca**ed
upon o e,ecue or adminiser suc saue
T&;" $9 E<")u!2" *!";"!(!$* $9 !4" 5(3'
1'+ To imp*emen e *a# +ier e,press or imp*ied
) $y e Secreary of 2usice in is capaciy as e cief *e&a* ad!isor of e &o!ernmen i
is in e form of opinions issued upon re<ues of adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e officia*s #o
enforce e *a#
) is e inerpreaion anded do#n in an ad!ersary proceedin& in e form of a ru*in& y an
e,ecui!e officer e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* po#er
F$m $9 I*!";"!(!$*
- 5u*es4 circu*ars4 opinions4 and direci!es
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
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Pub5)(!$* *$! "6u"#'
- 5u*es #ic are mere*y inerpreaions of e *a# or of e re&u*aions issued o imp*emen
e *a# need no e pu*ised o e effeci!e4 e said inerpreaion no ein& considered as
*a#
C$*!u)!$* $9 u5" (*# "8u5(!$*
- 5u*es and re&u*aions issued y e,ecui!e or adminisrai!e officers pursuan o4 and as
auoried y4 *a# a!e e force and effecs of *a#s
- An adminisrai!e ody as e po#er o inerpre is o#n ru*e and suc inerpreaion
ecomes par of e ru*e ise*f
B' D"5"8(!$* $9 L"85(!2" P$3"
Te de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er refers o e &ran of auoriy y e *e&is*aure o
adminisrai!e a&encies o issue ru*es and re&u*aions concernin& o# e *a# enrused o
em for imp*emenaion may e enforced1 Te reasons for e de*e&aion of is po#er are:
e increasin& comp*e,iy of e as% of e &o!ernmen and e &ro#in& inai*iy of e
*e&is*aure o cope direc*y #i e myriad pro*ems demandin& is aenion or in oer
#ords4 e ree facors name*y: e &ro#in& comp*e,iies of modern *ife4 mu*ip*icaion of
numer of su=ecs *eadin& &o!ernmen re&u*aion4 increase difficu*ies in adminiserin& *a#s
Te &ro# of e sociey as ramified is aci!iies and creaed pecu*iar and sopisicaed
pro*ems a e *e&is*aure canno e e,peced reasona*y o compreend Specia*iaion
e!en in *e&is*aion as ecome necessary To many of e pro*ems aendan upon presen-
1Agpalo, Administrative Law, Law on Public Officers and Election Law, !!" Ed. P.#
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1
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day undera%in&s4 e *e&is*aure may no a!e e compeence o pro!ide e direc and
efficacious or specific so*uion
n e case of S$5# H$m", I*)' 2'P(&(3(5, i e*d EAs a resu* of e &ro#in&
comp*e,iy of e modern sociey4 i as ecome necessary o creae more and more
adminisrai!e odies o e*p in e re&u*aion of is ramified aci!iies Specia*ied in e paricu*ar fie*ds
assi&ned o em4 ey can dea* #i e pro*ems ereof #i more e,perise and dispac an can e
e,peced from e *e&is*aure or e cours of =usice Tis is e reason for e increasin& !esure of <uasi-
*e&is*ai!e and <uasi-=udicia* po#ers in #a is no# no unreasona*y ca**ed e four deparmen of e
&o!ernmen Saues conferrin& po#ers on eir adminisrai!e a&encies mus e *iera**y consrued o
ena*e em o discar&e eir assi&ned duies in accordance #i e *e&is*ai!e purpose
Lo#e!er4 n !ie# of e docrine of separaion of po#ers4 adminisrai!e a&encies do
no possess *e&is*ai!e or =udicia* po#er in e sric sense4 and suc po#er may no e
de*e&aed o em4 e,cep #ere oer#ise pro!ided y e 'onsiuion Lo#e!er4 *imied
po#er may e conferred o carry ou e *e&is*ai!e purpose Furer4 i is said a e
essenia*s of *e&is*ai!e funcions4 name*y4 e deerminaion of *e&is*ai!e po*icy and is
formu*aion and promu*&aion as a defined and indin& ru*e of conduc4 canno e de*e&aed
y e *e&is*aure
n E(!"* S4;;*8 L*" VS' POEA4 #eer e issuance of .emorandum
'ircu*ar Co is a !io*aion of non-de*e&aion of po#er ' Supreme 'our e*d a ere #as
!a*id de*e&aion of po#ers n <uesionin& e !a*idiy of e memorandum circu*ar4 +asern
Sippin& "ines conended a +A #as &i!en no auoriy o promu*&ae e re&u*aion4
and e!en #i suc auoriaion4 e re&u*aion represens an e,ercise of *e&is*ai!e
discreion #ic4 under e princip*e4 is no su=ec o de*e&aion G+C+5A" 56"+: Con-
1$$ %C&A $, $' (1')'*+ De Leon, De Leon r , Administrative Law- e/t and Cases, !1! ed pp. 1$#01$$1## %C&A "++
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
23
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de*e&aion of po#ers; e,cepion is rue a *e&is*ai!e discreion as o e susani!e
conens of e *a# canno e de*e&aed Ba can e de*e&aed is e discreion o
deermine o# e *a# may e enforced4 no #a e *a# sa** e Te ascerainmen of
e *aer su=ec is a prero&ai!e of e *e&is*aure Tis prero&ai!e canno e adicaed or
surrendered y e *e&is*aure o e de*e&ae T#o Tess of Ia*id /e*e&aion of "e&is*ai!e
o#er Tere are #o acceped ess o deermine #eer or no ere is a !a*id de*e&aion of
*e&is*ai!e po#er4 !i4 e comp*eeness es and e sufficien sandard es 6nder e firs
es4 e *a# mus e comp*ee in a** is erms and condiions #en i *ea!es e *e&is*aure
suc a #en i reaces e de*e&ae e on*y in& e #i** a!e o do is o enforce i
6nder e sufficien sandard es4 ere mus e ade<uae &uide*ines or saions in e *a# o map
ou e oundaries of e de*e&aeHs auoriy and pre!en e de*e&aion from runnin& rio
$o ess are inended o pre!en a oa* ransference of *e&is*ai!e auoriy o e de*e&ae4
#o is no a**o#ed o sep ino e soes of e *e&is*aure and e,ercise a po#er
essenia**y *e&is*ai!e P,, Te de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er as ecome e ru*e and is non-
de*e&aion e e,cepion
Te case of T(!(# 2' S")"!(& $9 !4" D";!' $9 E*"8&J4 e peiions ca**en&e
e consiuiona*iy of 5A Co 8180 eni*ed EAn Ac /ere&u*ain& e /o#nsream i*
ndusry and For er urposes Te dere&u*aion process as #o pases: (a) e
ransiion pase (Au& 14 199N) and e () fu** dere&u*aion pase (Fe 84 1997 rou&
+ Co 7)Sec 1J of 5A Co 8180 consiues an undue de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er o
e residen and e Sec of +ner&y ecause i does no pro!ide a deerminae or
deermina*e sandard o &uide e +,ecui!e $ranc in deerminin& #en o imp*emen e
fu** dere&u*aion of e do#nsream oi* indusry4 and e *a# does no pro!ide any specific
sandard o deermine #en e prices of crude oi* in e #or*d mar%e are considered o e
dec*inin& nor #en e e,can&e rae of e peso o e 6S do**ar is considered sa*e
Beer or no sec 1J !io*aes e consiuiona* proiiion on undue de*e&aion of po#er
" )1 %C&A ++!,+"!0+" (1''$*
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
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Te cour ru*ed a Sec 1J can urd*e o e comp*eeness es and e sufficien
sandard es 5A Co 8180 pro!ided a e fu** dere&u*aion #i** sar a e end of .arc
1997 re&ard*ess of e occurrence of any e!en Tus4 e *a# is comp*ee on e <uesion of
e fina* dae of fu** dere&u*aionSec 1J *ays do#n e sandard o &uide e =ud&men of
e residenQe is o ime i as far as pracica*e #en e prices of crude oi* and
pero*eum in e #or*d mar%e are dec*inin& and #en e e,can&e rae of e peso o e
6S do**ar is considered sa*e
T"! !$ #"!"m*" 2(5#!& $9 #"5"8(!$*
1 Te )$m;5"!"*" of e saue ma%in& e de*e&aion
Completeness test o deermine #eer or no ere is a !a*id de*e&aion of
*e&is*ai!e po#er saes a e *a# mus e comp*ee in a** is iems and condiions #en i
*i!es e *e&is*aure suc a #en i reaces e de*e&ae e on*y in& e #i** a!e o do
is o enforce i 6nder is es4 is comp*eeness is necessary so a y appropriae =udicia*
re!ie# and conro*4 any acion a%en pursuan o de*e&aed auoriy may e %ep #iin e
defined *imis of e auoriy conferred
n e case of P"5("7 2' Au#!$ G"*"(5N4 is is #ere residen (.arcos)
issued e,ecui!e orders creain& municipa*iies 3 is is purpored*y in pursuan o
Sec N8 of e 5e!ised Adminisrai!e 'ode #ic pro!ides a e residen of e
i*ippines may y e,ecui!e order define e oundary4 or oundaries4 of any
pro!ince4 su-pro!ince4 municipa*iy4 ?o#nsip@ municipa* disric or oer po*iica*
sudi!ision4 and increase or diminis e erriory comprised erein4 may di!ide any
pro!ince ino one or more su pro!incesWTe I +mmanue* e*ae and a a,payer
fi*ed a specia* ci!i* acion o proii e audior &enera* from disursin& funds o e
appropriaed for e said municipa*iies e*ae c*aims a e +s are
unconsiuiona* Le said a Sec N8 of e 5A' as een imp*ied*y repea*ed y Sec
of 5A 70 #ic pro!ides a arrios may Eno e creaed or eir oundaries
# 1" %C&A "#' (1'#"*
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
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a*ered nor eir names can&ed e,cep y Ac of 'on&ress or of e correspondin&
pro!incia* oard Eupon peiion of a ma=oriy of e !oers in e areas affeced and
e Erecommendaion of e counci* of e municipa*iy or municipa*iies in #ic e
proposed arrio is siuaed e*ae ar&ues4 accordin&*y: Ef e residen4 under is
ne# *a#4 canno e!en creae a arrio4 can e creae a municipa*iy #ic is
composed of se!era* arrios4 since arrios are unis of municipa*iiesD Te Audior
Genera* counered a on*y arrios are arred from ein& creaed y e residen
.unicipa*iies are e,emp from e ar and a a municipa*iy can e creaed
#iou creain& arrios +,isin& arrios can =us e p*aced ino e ne# municipa*iy
Tis eory o!er*oo%s4 o#e!er4 e main impor of e*aeH ar&umen4 #ic is a
e sauory denia* of e presidenia* auoriy o creae a ne# arrio imp*ies a
ne&aion of e i&&er po#er o creae municipa*iies4 eac of #ic consiss of
se!era* arrios Te <uesion in is case is a #eer 'on&ress as de*e&aed e
po#er o creae arrios o e residen y !irue of Sec N8 of e 5A' Te cour
said a a*ou& 'on&ress may de*e&ae o anoer ranc of e &o!ernmen e
po#er o fi** in e deai*s in e e,ecuion4 enforcemen or adminisraion of a *a#4 i is
essenia*4 o foresa** a !io*aion of e princip*e of separaion of po#ers4 a said *a#:
9a: be complete in itself ; it must set fort+ t+erein t+e policy to be e<ecuted4
carried out or implemented by t+e delegate ; and 9b: fi< a standard ; t+e
limits of w+ic+ are sufficiently determinate or determinable Q o #ic e
de*e&ae mus conform in e performance of is funcions ndeed4 #iou a
sauory dec*araion of po*icy4 e de*e&ae #ou*d4 in effec4 ma%e or formu*ae suc
po*icy4 #ic is e essence of e!ery *a#; and4 #iou e aforemenioned sandard4
ere #ou*d e no means o deermine4 #i reasona*e cerainy4 #eer e
de*e&ae as aced #iin or eyond e scope of is auoriy
n e case a ar4 e po#er o creae municipa*iies is eminen*y *e&is*ai!e in
caracer no adminisrai!e
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
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Te presence of a u99)"*! !(*#(#
6nder is es4 ere mus e ade<uae &uide*ines or *imiaions in e *a# o map ou e
oundaries of e de*e&ae auoriy and pre!en e de*e&aion from runnin& rio7Sufficien
sandard prescried in + 797 3 E.emorandum 'ircu*ar no is one suc adminisrai!e
re&u*aion Te mode* conrac prescried erey as een app*ied in a si&nifican numer
of e cases #iou ca**en&e y e emp*oyer Te po#er of e +A in re<uirin& e
mode* conrac is no *imied as ere is a sufficien sandard &uidin& e de*e&ae in e
e,ercise of e said auoriy Te sandard is disco!era*e in e e,ecui!e order ise*f #ic
in creain& e +A4 mandaed i o proec e ri&s of o!erseas Fi*ipino #or%ers o fair
and e<uia*e emp*oymen pracices 8
Sufficiency of Sandards
Te sufficiency of a paricu*ar sandard or *imi &o!ernin& e auoriy and discreion
of e adminisrai!e a&ency in effecin& e po*icy of e *e&is*aure &rea*y depends upon
e naure of e po#er e,ercised and e naure of e ri& resriced y suc po#er or
upon #eer or no proper re&u*aion or conro* re<uires e !esin& of suc discreion
Furer4 /eai*ed sandards are no re<uired4 especia**y in re&u*aory enacmens under
po*ice po#er Lo#e!er4 i mus e noed a e persona* =ud&men of e a&ency4 #ere
unresrained4 is no sandard or sufficien sandard +!en #en ere ad een *aid do#n
road sandards4 suc are no sufficien if e saue e,press*y adds Ein e opinion of e
a&ency4 or e,press*y confers po*icy-ma%in& po#er upon e a&ency
As far as our cour is concerned4 ey a!e *aid do#n sufficien sandards Efair and
equita!le employment practices as ru*ed in e case of +asern Sippin& "ines4 nc !s
+A; E pu!lic interest saed in e case eop*e !s 5osena*4 as #e** as E8ustice and
$De Leon, De Leon r , Administrative Law- e/t and Cases, !1! ed p. 1$) par.("*)1## %C&A "++
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
7
8
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equity e*d in Anamo% Go*d Fie*ds !s '54 a*so in e case of 'a*a*an& !s Bi**iams4 9
pu!lic convenience and elfare4 Esimplicity economy and efficiency in 'er!anes !s
Audior Genera*9
Tere as een a <uesion #eer e residen4 #o under is ne# *a# canno
e!en creae a arrio4 can creae a municipa*iy #ic is composed of se!era* arrios4 since
arrios are unis of municipa*iies Te cour e*d in e case C(#$*( 2' Mu*);(5!& $9
B*(*8$*(*4 suc c*aim is unena*e4 for said case in!o*!ed4 no e creaion of a ne#
municipa*iy4 u a mere ransfer of erriory Q from an a*ready e,isin& municipa*iy
('ardona) o anoer municipa*iy ($ina&onan)4 *i%e#ise4 e,isin& a e ime of and prior o
said ransfer is o!ious4 o#e!er4 a4 #ereas e po#er o fi, suc common oundary4
in order o a!oid or se*e conf*ics of =urisdicion e#een ad=oinin& municipa*iies4 may
para%e of an adminisrai!e naure Q in!o*!in&4 as i does4 e adopion of means and #ays
o carry ino effec e *a# creain& said municipa*iies Q e auoriy o creae municipa*
corporaions is essenia**y *e&is*ai!e in naure n e *an&ua&e of oer cours4 i is Esric*y a
*e&is*ai!e funcion or Eso*e*y and e,c*usi!e*y e e,ercise of *e&is*ai!e po#er
A*ou& 'on&ress may de*e&ae o anoer ranc of e Go!ernmen e po#er o
fi** in e deai*s in e e,ecuion4 enforcemen or adminisraion of a *a#4 i is essenia*4 o
foresa** a !io*aion of e princip*e of separaion of po#ers4 a said *a#: %(+ b" )$m;5"!" *
!"59 ! mu! "! 9$!4 !4""* !4" ;$5)& !$ b" "<")u!"#, )("# $u! $ m;5"m"*!"#
b& !4" #"5"8(!"/ (*# %b+ 9< ( !(*#(# !4" 5m! $9 34)4 (" u99)"*!5&
#"!"m*(!" $ #"!"m*(b5" !$ 34)4 !4" #"5"8(!" mu! )$*9$m * !4"
;"9$m(*)" $9 4 9u*)!$*' ndeed4 #iou a sauory dec*araion of po*icy4 e
de*e&ae #ou*d in effec4 ma%e or formu*ae suc po*icy4 #ic is e essence of e!ery *a#;
and4 #iou e aforemenioned sandard4 ere #ou*d e no means o deermine4 #i
reasona*e cerainy4 #eer e de*e&ae as aced #iin or eyond e scope of is
'Agpalo, Administrative Law, Law on Public Officers and Election Law, !!" Ed.p.#)
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
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auoriy Lence4 e cou*d erey arro&ae upon imse*f e po#er4 no on*y o ma%e e
*a#4 u4 a*so Q and is is #orse Q o unma%e i4 y adopin& measures inconsisen #i
e end sou& o e aained y e Ac of 'on&ress4 us nu**ifyin& e princip*e of
separaion of po#ers and e sysem of cec%s and a*ances4 and4 conse<uen*y4
underminin& e !ery foundaion of our 5epu*ican sysem Secion N8 of e 5e!ised
Adminisrai!e 'ode does no mee ese #e** se*ed re<uiremens for a !a*id de*e&aion of
e po#er o fi, e deai*s in e enforcemen of a *a# does no enunciae any po*icy o e
carried ou or imp*emened y e residen Ceier does i &i!e a sandard sufficien*y
precise o a!oid e e!i* effecs ao!e referred o
Te po#er of conro* under e pro!ision Secion 10 (1) of Aric*e I of e
'onsiuion imp*ies e ri& of e residen o inerfere in e e,ercise of suc discreion as
may e !esed y *a# in e officers of e e,ecui!e deparmens4 ureaus4 or offices of e
naiona* &o!ernmen4 as #e** as o ac in *ieu of suc officers Tis po#er is denied y e
'onsiuion o e +,ecui!e4 insofar as *oca* &o!ernmens are concerned Bi respec o
e *aer4 e fundamena* *a# permis im o #ie*d no more auoriy an a of cec%in&
#eer said *oca* &o!ernmens or e officers ereof perform eir duies as pro!ided y
sauory enacmens Lence4 e residen canno inerfere #i *oca* &o!ernmens4 so *on&
as e same or is officers ac Biin e scope of eir auoriy Le may no enac an
ordinance #ic e municipa* counci* as fai*ed or refused o pass4 e!en if i ad erey
!io*aed a duy imposed ereo y *a#4 a*ou& e may see o i a e correspondin&
pro!incia* officia*s a%e appropriae discip*inary acion erefor Ceier may e !oe4 se
aside or annu* an ordinance passed y said counci* #iin e scope of is =urisdicion4 no
maer o# paen*y un#ise i may e Le may no e!en suspend an e*eci!e officia* of a
re&u*ar municipa*iy or a%e any discip*inary acion a&ains im4 e,cep on appea* from a
decision of e correspondin& pro!incia* oard
U;$* !4" $!4" 4(*# 9 !4" P"#"*! )$u5# )"(!" ( mu*);(5!&, 4" )$u5#, * "99")!,
"m$2" (*& $9 ! $99)(5, b& )"(!*8 ( *"3 mu*);(5!& (*# *)5u#*8 !4""* !4"
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
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b($ * 34)4 !4" $99)(5 )$*)"*"# "#", 9$ 4 $99)" 3$u5# !4""b& b")$m"
2()(*!' T4u, b& m""5& b(*#4*8 !4" ;$3" !$ )"(!" ( *"3 mu*);(5!& %9 4" 4(#
!+, 3!4$u! ()!u(55& )"(!*8 !, 4" )$u5# )$m;"5 5$)(5 $99)(5 !$ ubm! !$ 4
#)!(!$*, !4""b&, * "99")!, "<")*8 $2" !4"m !4" ;$3" $9 )$*!$5 #"*"# !$ 4m
b& !4" C$*!!u!$*'
$u i mus e rememered a e sandard fi,ed canno e en*ar&ed nor resriced
n e case of T(!(# 2' S")"!(& $9 E*"8&4 Beer or no 5A 8180 is consiuiona* Te
S' dec*ared e unconsiuiona*iy of 5A 8180 ecause i !io*aed Sec 19 of Ar 1 of e
'onsiuion !io*aed a pro!ision ecause i on*y sren&ens o*i&opo*y #ic is conrary
o free compeiion canno e denied a our do#nsream oi* indusry is operaed and
conro**ed y an o*i&opo*y4 a forei&n o*i&opo*y a a eron4 Se** and 'a*e, sand as e
on*y ma=or *ea&ue p*ayers in e oi* mar%e A** oer p*ayers e*on& o e "i**ipuian *ea&ue
As e dominan p*ayers4 eron4 Se** and 'a*e, oas of e,isin& refineries of !arious
capaciies Te ariff differenia* of R erefore #or%s o eir immense enefi Me4 is is
on*y one ed&e of e ariff differenia* Te oer ed&e cus and cus deep in e ear of eir
compeiors erecs a i& arrier o e enry of ne# p*ayers Ce# p*ayers a inend o
e<ua*ie e mar%e po#er of eron4 Se** and 'a*e, y ui*din& refineries of eir o#n #i**
a!e o spend i**ions of pesos Tose #o #i** no ui*d refineries u compee #i em
#i** suffer e u&e disad!ana&e of increasin& eir produc cos y R Tey #i** e
compein& on an une!en fie*d Te ar&umen a e R ariff differenia* is desira*e
ecause i #i** induce prospeci!e p*ayers o in!es in refineries pus e car efore e
orse Te firs need is o arac ne# p*ayers and ey canno e araced y urdenin&
em #i ea!y disinceni!es Biou ne# p*ayers e*on&in& o e *ea&ue of eron4 Se**
and 'a*e,4 compeiion in our do#nsream oi* indusry is an id*e dream
5A 8180 is unconsiuiona* on e &round iner a*ia a i discriminaed a&ains e
Ene# p*ayers insofar as i p*aced em a a compeii!e disad!ana&e !is-X-!is e
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
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esa*ised oi* companies y re<uirin& em o mee cerain condiions a*ready ein&
oser!ed y e *aer
An e,amp*e #ere sandard is insufficien is e case4 Y*$! 2' IAC10 #ere Tere
ad een an e,isin& *a# #ic proiied e s*au&erin& of caraaos (+ NN) To
sren&en e *a#4 .arcos issued + NN-A #ic no on*y anned e mo!emen of
caraaos from inerpro!inces u as #e** as e mo!emen of caraeef So4 e *a# #as
conesed #eer i is !a*id or no Accordin& o e Supreme 'our4 e + is no !a*id as i
indeed !io*aes due process + NN-A reaed a presumpion ased on e =ud&men of e
e,ecui!e Te mo!emen of caraaos from one area o e oer does no mean a
suse<uen s*au&er of e same #ou*d ensue Mno sou*d e &i!en o defend imse*f and
e,p*ain #y e caraaos are ein& ransferred efore ey can e confiscaed Te S'
found a e ca**en&ed measure is an in!a*id e,ercise of e po*ice po#er ecause e
meod emp*oyed o conser!e e caraaos is no reasona*y necessary o e purpose of
e *a# and4 #orse4 is undu*y oppressi!e /ue process is !io*aed ecause e o#ner of e
propery confiscaed is denied e ri& o e eard in is defense and is immediae*y
condemned and punised Te confermen on e adminisrai!e auoriies of e po#er o
ad=ud&e e &ui* of e supposed offender is a c*ear encroacmen on =udicia* funcions and
mi*iaes a&ains e docrine of separaion of po#ers Tere is4 fina**y4 a*so an in!a*id
de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#ers o e officers menioned erein #o are &raned un*imied
discreion in e disriuion of e properies arirari*y a%en
ssues on !a*idiy of de*e&aion
S$5)!$ G"*"(5 2' MMA114 Te .eropo*ian .ani*a Auoriy issued rdinance
Co 114 auoriin& ise*f >o deac e *icense p*aeOo# and impound aendedO unaendedO
aandoned moor !eic*es i**e&a**y par%ed or osrucin& e f*o# of raffic in .ero .ani*a>
Te 'our issued a reso*uion re<uirin& e .eropo*ian .ani*a Auoriy and e So*Gen o
1! 2& 3o. $"$, 4arc5 !, 1')$11 ! %C&A )+$ (1''1*
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
10
11
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sumi separae commens in *i& of e conradicion e#een e rdinance and e S'
ru*in& Te ..A defended e ordinance on e &round a i #as adoped pursuan o e
po#er conferred upon i y + (formu*aion of po*icies4 promu*&aion of reso*uions) Te
So* Gen e,pressed e !ie# a e ordinance #as nu** and !oid ecause i represened an
in!a*id e,ercise of a de*e&aed *e&is*ai!e po#er Te f*a# in e measure #as a i !io*aed
e,isin& *a#4 specifica**y / 1N0J4 #ic does no permi4 and so imp*ied*y proiis4 e
remo!a* of *icense p*aes and e confiscaion of dri!ers *icenses for raffic !io*aions in
.eropo*ian .ani*a Le made no menion4 o#e!er4 of e a**e&ed impropriey of e,aminin&
e said ordinance in e asence of a forma* ca**en&e o is !a*idiy Te <uesion is on e
ordinance #eer rdinance 11 is =usified on e asis of e Genera* Be*fare '*ause
emodied in e "G' Te cour decided a is un=usifia*e under e Genera* Be*fare
'*ause
Te 'our o*ds in is case a ere is a !a*id de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er o
promu*&ae suc measures4 i appearin& a e re<uisies of suc de*e&aion are presen .
These requisites are. *: the completeness of the statute ma;ing the delegation< and =: the
presence of a sufficient standard.3333
Te measures in <uesion are enacmens of *oca* &o!ernmens acin& on*y as
a&ens of e naiona* *e&is*aure Cecessari*y4 e acs of ese a&ens mus ref*ec and
conform o e #i** of eir principa* To es e !a*idiy of suc acs in e specific case no#
efore us4 #e app*y e paricu*ar re<uisies of a !a*id ordinance as *aid do#n y e
acceped princip*es &o!ernin& municipa* corporaions Accordin& o +**io4 a municipa*
ordinance4 o e !a*id: 1) mus no conra!ene e 'onsiuion or any saue; ) mus no e
unfair or oppressi!e; ) mus no e paria* or discriminaory; ) mus no proii u may
re&u*ae rade; J) mus no e unreasona*e; and N) mus e &enera* and consisen #i
pu*ic po*icy
A carefu* sudy of e Gonon& decision #i** so# a e measures under
consideraion do no pass e firs crierion ecause ey do no conform o e,isin& *a# Te
perinen *a# is / 1N0J / 1N0J does no a**o# eier e remo!a* of *icense p*aes or e
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
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confiscaion of dri!ers *icenses for raffic !io*aions commied in .eropo*ian .ani*a Tere
is noin& in e fo**o#in& pro!isions of e decree auoriin& e .eropo*ian .ani*a
'ommission o impose suc sancions n fac4 e pro!isions proii e imposiion of suc
sancions in .eropo*ian .ani*a Te 'ommission #as a**o#ed o >impose fines and
oer#ise discip*ine> raffic !io*aors on*y >in suc amouns and under suc pena*ies as are
erein prescried4> a is4 y e decree ise*f Co#ere is e remo!a* of *icense p*aes
direc*y imposed y e decree or a *eas a**o#ed y i o e imposed y e 'ommission
Coa*y4 Secion J ereof e,press*y pro!ides a >in case of raffic !io*aions4 e dri!ers
*icense sa** no e confiscaed> Tese resricions are app*ica*e o e .eropo*ian .ani*a
Auoriy and a** oer *oca* po*iica* sudi!isions comprisin& .eropo*ian .ani*a4 inc*udin&
e .unicipa*iy of .anda*uyon& YTe re<uiremen a e municipa* enacmen mus
no !io*ae e,isin& *a# e,p*ains ise*f "oca* po*iica* sudi!isions are a*e o *e&is*ae on*y y
!irue of a !a*id de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er from e naiona* *e&is*aure Tey are mere
a&ens !esed #i #a is ca**ed e po#er of suordinae *e&is*aion As de*e&aes of e
'on&ress4 e *oca* &o!ernmen uni canno conra!ene u mus oey a a** imes e #i** of
eir principa* n e case efore us4 e enacmens in <uesion4 #ic are mere*y *oca* in
ori&in4 canno pre!ai* a&ains e decree4 #ic as e force and effec of a saue To
susain e ordinance #ou*d e o open e f*ood&aes o oer ordinances amendin& and so
!io*ain& naiona* *a#s in e &uise of imp*emenin& em Tus4 ordinances cou*d e passed
imposin& addiiona* re<uiremens for e issuance of marria&e *icenses4 o pre!en i&amy;
e re&israion of !eic*es4 o minimie carnappin&; e e,ecuion of conracs4 o foresa**
fraud; e !a*idaion of pars4 o deer imposure; e e,ercise of freedom of speec4 o
reduce disorder; and so on Te *is is end*ess4 u e means4 e!en if e end e !a*id4
#ou*d e u*ra !ires Te measures in <uesion do no mere*y add o e re<uiremen of /
1N0J u4 #orse4 impose sancions e decree does no a**o# and in fac acua**y proiis
n so doin&4 e ordinances disre&ard and !io*ae and in effec paria**y repea* e *a# Be
ere empasie e ru*in& in e Gonon& case a / 1N0J app*ies on*y o e .eropo*ian
.ani*a area is an e,cepion o e &enera* auoriy conferred y 5A Co 1 on e
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
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'ommissioner of "and Transporaion o punis !io*aions of raffic ru*es e*se#ere in e
counry #i e sancion erein prescried4 inc*udin& ose ere <uesioned Te 'our
a&rees a e ca**en&ed ordinances #ere enaced #i e es of moi!es and sares e
concern of e res of e pu*ic for e effeci!e reducion of raffic pro*ems in .eropo*ian
.ani*a rou& e imposiion and enforcemen of more deerren pena*ies upon
raffic !io*aors A e same ime4 i mus a*so reierae e pu*ic mis&i!in&s o!er e auses
a may aend e enforcemen of suc sancion in e*udin& e i**ici pracices descried
in deai* in e Gonon& decision A any rae4 e fac is a ere is no sauory auoriy
for and indeed ere is a sauory proiiion a&ains e imposiion of suc pena*ies in e
.eropo*ian .ani*a area Lence4 re&ard*ess of eir meris4 ey canno e impose y e
ca**en&ed enacmens y !irue on*y of e de*e&aed *e&is*ai!e po#ers is for 'on&ress
o deermine4 in e e,ercise of is o#n discreion4 #eer or no o impose suc sancions4
eier direc*y rou& a saue or y simp*y de*e&ain& auoriy o is effec o e *oca*
&o!ernmens in .eropo*ian .ani*a Biou suc acion4 / 1N0J remains effeci!e
and coninues proii e confiscaion of *icense p*aes of moor !eic*es (e,cep under e
condiions prescried in " ) and of dri!er *icenses as #e** for raffic !io*aions
in .eropo*ian .ani*a
5u*es or 5e&u*aions Genera**y
5u*es and re&u*aion are e produc of suordinae *e&is*aion f !a*id4 e ru*es and
re&u*aions issued y e adminisrai!e a&encies o imp*emen e *a# a!e e force and
effec of a *a# 6ni* se aside4 e ru*es are indin& upon e e,ecui!e and adminisrai!e
a&ency
n order o e !a*id4 e adminisrai!e ru*es and re&u*aions mus e &ermane o e
o=ecs and purpose of e *a#4 conform o e sandards a e *a# prescries4 mus e
reasona*e and mus e re*aed so*e*y o carryin& ino effec e &enera* pro!isions of e
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
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*a#1 A ru*e is indin& on e cours so *on& as e procedure fi,ed for is promu*&aion is
fo**o#ed and is scope is #iin e saue &raned y e *e&is*aure4 e!en if e cours do
no a&ree #i e po*icy saed erein1
5e&u*aions canno 5esric nor +n*ar&e e "a#
Te ru*e is a an Adminisrai!e a&ency canno add o or derac from e pro!isions
of e *a# i is desi&ned o imp*emen Adminisrai!e re&u*aions adoped under *e&is*ai!e
auoriy y a paricu*ar deparmen mus e in armony #i e pro!isions of e *a# ey
are inended o carry ino effec Tey canno #iden is scope Tese a&encies cannoamend an ac of 'on&ress
5u*es mus e reasona*e
n e case of Lu;(*8)$ 2' CA14 i is ru*ed y e cour a e reso*uion of e
5' pro!idin& e,aminees of e 'A oard e,aminaion sa** no aend any re!ie# c*ass4
riefin&4 conference or e *i%e conduc y4 or sa** recei!e any andou4 re!ie# maeria*4 or
any ip from any scoo*4 co**e&e or uni!ersiy or any re!ie# cener or e *i%e WW durin& e
ree day immediae precedin& e!ery e,aminaion day inc*udin& e,aminaion day4 #as
unconsiuiona* for ein& unreasona*e and !io*ai!e of academic freedom
As e,p*ained in is case4 Ei is an a,iom in adminisrai!e *a# a adminisrai!e
auoriies sou*d no ac arirari*y and capricious*y in e issuance of ru*es and re&u*aions
To e !a*id4 suc ru*es and re&u*aions mus e reasona*e and fair*y adoped o secure e
end in !ie# f so#n o ear no reasona*e re*aion o e purposes for #ic ey are
auoried o e issued en ey mus e e*d in!a*id
1
6da. De Penida vs. Pena, 1)$ %C&A 1#1 (1''*1+a7ug &ural Ban8 vs. Central Ban8 1# %C&A 1! (1')#*1 2& no. $$+$, April ', 1'))
1578
1579
1580
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1213
14
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n e oer and4 e ru*es issued y e adminisrai!e a&ency o carry ou e *a#
mus e &ermane o is proper o=ec Te &enera* ru*e is a e po#er o reor&anie
e,ecui!e offices &raned y e *a# o reor&aniaion commission does no inc*ude !esin&
an adminisrai!e ody e <uasi-=udicia* auoriy o ad=udicae cerain c*aims #ic
ordinari*y come #iin e =urisdicion of e re&u*ar cours
Lo#e!er4 ere is e so ca**ed resricion on &ran of =udicia* po#er Te docrine of
separaion of po#ers of &o!ernmen a*so operaes o resric e e,ercise of =udicia* funcions
o adminisrai!e a&encies Since e *e&is*aure canno e,ercise =udicia* funcions4 i
cerain*y is prec*uded from de*e&ain& e e,ercise of =udicia* funcions o adminisrai!e
a&encies or officers Lo#e!er4 i is reco&nied a some =udicia* po#ers may e conferred
and e,ercise y an adminisrai!e a&ency #iou !io*ain& any pro!isions of e *a# Suc
a is =udicia* po#er is a resriced one4 *imied on*y o #a is incidena* and reasona*y
necessary o e proper and efficien adminisraion of e saues a are commied o
em for adminisraion
5u*es consiuin& an offense
Te adminisrai!e as%ed o e,ecue e *a# as no po#er o pena*ie !io*aion of is ru*es
and re&u*aion #ere e *a# does no pro!ide e !io*aion of suc ru*es and e!en i does
no prescrie e pena*y for suc !io*aion Te case of eop*e !s .aceren4 e cour ru*ed
a e Secreary of A&ricu*ure e,ceeded is auoriy and e adminisrai!e order #as
de!oid of *e&a* asis ecause e fiseries *a# did no e,press*y proii e*ecro fisin&
Ben 5u*es a%e effecD Ta%e noe on e case of T(*(#( 2' Tu2"(1J4 #ere e 'our
ru*ed a Secion of e 'i!i* 'ode pro!ides a E"a#s sa** a%e effec afer fifeen days
fo**o#in& eir comp*eion of eir pu*icaion in e fficia* Gaee4 un*ess oer#ise i is
pro!ided E 'o!ered y Tis ru*e are presidenia* decrees and e,ecui!e orders promu*&aed
y e residen in e e,ercise of *e&is*ai!e po#ers #ene!er e same are !a*id*y
1" 1# %C&A # (1')#*
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
15
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de*e&aed y e *e&is*aure or4 a presen4 direc*y conferred y e 'onsiuion
Administrative rules and regulations must also be publis+ed if t+eir purpose is to
enforce or implement e<isting law pursuant also to a valid delegation
+,cepion on e roiiion a&ains re-de*e&aion is e docrine of proesas
de*e&aa non de*e&ari proes or #a as een de*e&aed canno e de*e&aed Te docrine
ress on e princip*e a a de*e&aed po#er consiues no on*y a ri& u a duy in
!io*aion of e rus reposed in e de*e&ae mandaed o discar&e i direc*y
n case of de*e&aion of a rae-fi,in& po#er4 e on*y sandard #ic e *e&is*aure is
re<uired o prescrie for e &uidance of e adminisrai!e auoriy is a e rae e
reasonable and =ust Lo#e!er4 e!en in e asence of an e,press re<uiremen as o
"($*(b5"*"4 is sandard may e imp*ied1N
"i%e#ise4 i as een e*d a e auoriy &i!en y e "TF5$4 e re&u*aory ody #i
de*e&aed po#er o fi, raes of pu*ic ui*iies4 o pro!incia* us operaors o se a fare ran&e
o!er and ao!e e auoried e,isin& fare and i**e&a* and in!a*id4 as i is anamoun o an
undue de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e auoriy- proesas de*e&aa non de*e&ari proes17
C' C$*!"m;$(& C$*!u)!$*
ZA#m*!(!2" u5" (*# *!";"!(!$* #!*8u4"#
Ben an adminisrai!e a&ency promu*&aes ru*es and re&u*aion4 i ma%es a ne# *a# #i
e force and effec of a !a*id *a#4 #i*e #en i renders an opinion or &i!es a saemen of
po*icy; i mere*y inerpres a pre-e,isin& *a# Te ru*es promu*&aed pursuan o *a# are
indin& on e cours4 e!en if innae #isdom n e oer and4 adminisrai!e inerpreaion
of e *a# is es mere*y ad!isory4 for i is e cours a deermines #a e *a# means
1#
De Leon, De Leon r , Administrative Law- e/t and Cases, !1! ed. p.1$' par ()*1$De Leon, De Leon r , Administrative Law- e/t and Cases, !1! ed. p.1$'9 :ilusang 4a7o ;no Labor Center
vs. 2arcia r. +' %C&A +)# (1''*
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1617
18
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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A ru*e is indin& on e cours so *on& as e procedure fi,ed for is promu*&aion is
fo**o#ed is scope is #iin e sauory auoriy &raned y *e&is*aure e!en no e
a&reemen #i e po*icy saed erein or in is innae #isdom(/a!is4 op ci4 19J-197)
ZE<")u!2" C$*!u)!$* ! @*#
Te duy of enforcin& e *a# necessari*y ca**s for e inerpreaion of is ami&uous
pro!ision Te e,ecui!e and e adminisrai!e officer &enera**y e !ery firs inerpre e
*a#4 preparaory o is enforcemens
Te ree ypes of +,ecui!e nerpreaion:
◆Te consrucion y an e,ecui!e or adminisrai!e officer direc*y ca**ed imp*emenaion
-A pracice or a mode of enforcemen of no app*yin& e saue o cerain siuaion or of
app*yin& i in a paricu*ar manner is an imp*ied inerpreaion
◆Te consrucion y e Secreary of 2usice in is capaciy as e cief *e&a* ad!iser of
e &o!ernmen
-n e form of opinions issued upon re<ues of adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e officia*s #o
enforce e *a#
◆Te inerpreaion anded do#n in an ad!ersary proceedin& in e form of a ru*in& y e
e,ecui!e officer e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* po#er
-Te cour in a case poined ou e disincion e#een an inerpreaion y e e,ecui!e
officer car&ed #i e enforcemen of a *a# and y anded do#n y an e,ecui!e or
adminisrai!e officia* in an ad!ersary proceedin&: Tere is a asis for ma%in& suc a
disincion ecause e posiion of a pu*ic officer4 car&ed #i e enforcemen of a *a#4 is
differen from e one #o mus decide a dispue
ZF$m $9 *!";"!(!$*
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
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1678
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Te consrucion or inerpreaion y adminisrai!e or adminisrai!e a&encies may a%e
many form4 common*y compreend #i e erm >adminisrai!e pracice> Te
adminisrai!e pracice inc*udes any forma* or informa* ac of e adminisrai!e a&ency of a
pre!ious =udicia* inerpreaion of a saue y e S'; e cour #i** accord #ei& o
consrucion y adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e deparmens of e &o!ernmen
ZPub5)(!$* *$! "6u"#'
5u*es #ic are mere*y inerpreaion of e *a# or of e re&u*aions issued o imp*emen
e *a# need no e pu*ised o e effeci!e
ZW"84! ())$#"# !$ )$*!"m;$(*"$u )$*!u)!$*'
G54 #ere ere is dou o e proper inerpreaion of a saue4 e uniform consrucion
p*aced y e e,ecui!e officer car&ed #i is enforcemen #i** e adoped4 if necessary o
reso*!e e dou 6n*ess4 i is so#n o e c*ear*y erroneous4 conemporaneous
consrucion #i** conro* e inerpreaion of e saue y e cour
C$*!u)!$* $9 !4" u5" (*# "8u5(!$*'
An adminisrai!e ody as e po#er o inerpre is o#n ru*e and suc inerpreaion
ecomes par of e ru*e ise*f 6n*ess so#n o e erroneous4 unreasona*e or arirary
suc inerpreaion is eni*ed o reco&niion and respec from e cour .oreo!er4 e
dismissa* of cour sui of non-e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies does no prec*ude e
a&&rie!ed pary from appea*in& e decision o e office of e secreary
R"($* 34& )$*!"m;$(*"$u )$*!u)!$* 82" mu)4 3"84!'
Te conemporaneous consrucion is eni*ed o &rea #ei& ecause i comes from e
paricu*ar ranc of &o!ernmen ca**ed upon o imp*emen e *a# us consrued n oer
#ords4 e facor *eadin& e cour o &i!e e princip*e of conemporaneous consrucion
muc #ei& are e respec due e &o!ernmena* a&ency or officia* car&ed #i e
imp*emenaion of e *a#4 eir compeence e,perness4 e,perience4 and informed
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
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=ud&emen4 and e fac a ey fre<uen*y are drafers of e *a# ey inerpre
ZL"85(!2" (;;$2(5 $9 (#m*!(!2" )$*!u)!$*'
Te *e&is*ai!e is presumed o a!e fu** %no#*ed&e of a conemporaneous or pracica*
consrucion of a saue y an adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e officer car&ed #i is
enforcemen Te *e&is*aure may4 y acion or inacion4 appro!e or raify suc
conemporaneous consrucion is an a,iom of *a# a *e&is*ai!e raificaion consrucion
is e<ui!a*en o mandae4 in e "ain ma,im, ratiha!ito acquiparatur mandate.
R"-"*()!m"*! b& 5"85(!u"'
Te princip*e of *e&is*ai!e appro!a* y re-enacmen sas a e re-enacmen of e
saue4 pre!ious*y &i!en a conemporaneous consrucion4 is a persuasi!e indicaion of e
adopion y e *e&is*aure of e prior consrucion
Te reason #y suc conemporaneous consrucion &i!en muc #ei& due o e fac
a ere is an a&reemen e#een #o deparmen o e meanin& of e *a#4 and i
de!o*!es upon e =udiciary o &i!e i a deferenia* reamen
ZW4"* )$*!"m;$(*"$u )$*!u)!$* #"8(#"#'
Te conemporaneous consrucion of a saue !is neier conro**in& nor indin& upon
e cour Te duy and po#er o inerpre e *a# is !esed upon e =udicia* ranc Te
cour may disre&ard e conemporaneous consrucion4 #en ere is no ami&uiy4 c*ear
erroneous4 #ere sron& reason o e conrary e,iss and #ere e cour &i!es pre!ious*y
differen inerpreaion is e ro*e of e =udiciary o refine and #en necessary4 o correc
e consiuiona* or sauory inerpreaion
E$*"$u )$*!u)!$* )"(!" *$ 84! "<)";!$*'
An erroneous conemporaneous consrucion creaes no !esed ri& on e par of ose
#o re*ied upon4 and fo**o#ed suc consrucion A !esed ri& may no arise from #ron&
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
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inerpreaion of a *a# y adminisrai!e officer #ose primary duy is o enforce and no o
consrue4 e *a# 'onse<uen*y4 ose #o enefied from e erroneous conemporaneous
consrucion may no pre!en correcion of suc or e,cuse emse*!es from comp*yin& #i
e consrucion as correced; nor can ey se up suc error as *e&a* osac*e a&ains
reco!ery from em of #a ey a!e recei!ed pursuan o and on e asis of4 e
erroneous app*icaion of *a#
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
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=u(-u#)(5 b$#& as een defined as Ean organ of government other than a
court and, other than a legislature, hich affects the rights of private parties through either
ad#udication or rule ma;ing.> =*
THE PRESIDENTIAL ANTI-DOLLAR SALTING TASK FORCE 2' H$*$(b5" C$u! $9
A;;"(5, K((m95 Im;$!-E<;$! C$', I*)', "!'(5'
GR' N$' , M()4 1, 1, "* b(*) %S(m"*!$, J'+
FACTS:
residenia* Ani-do**ar Sa*in& Tas% Force (A/S Tas% Force)4 eaded y Sae
rosecuor 2ose 5osa*es issued N searc #arrans a&ains Karamfi* mpor-+,por 'o4 nc
e a* (Karamfi*) Karamfi* fi*ed a peiion efore e 5T' o en=oin e imp*emenaion of e
searc #arrans Te 5T' issued a T5 and en se e case for a earin& Suse<uen*y4
e 5T' fa!ored Karamfi* Te 'our of Appea*s ('S)4 a firs4 fa!ored A/S Lo#e!er4 upon
moion y Karamfi*4 e decision #as re!ersed
ISSUE:
Beer or no A/ is a <uasi-=udicia* ody (co-e<ua* #i e ran% and sandin& of
e 5T')
HELD:
eiion DENIED n sumiin& a i is a <uasi-=udicia* eniy4 e peiioner saes
a i is endo#ed #i Ee,press po#ers and funcions under / Co19N4 o prosecue
forei&n e,can&e !io*aions as defined and punised under / Co 188
A 6u(-u#)(5 b$#& as een defined as Ean organ of government other than a
court and, other than a legislature, hich affects the rights of private parties through either
1 residenia* Ani-do**ar Sa*in& as% Force ! 'A ?.arc 1N41989@
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
22
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an ad#udication or rule ma;ing.> Te mos common ypes of suc odies a!e een *ised as
fo**o#s:
1 A&encies creaed o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is $99"*8 $m"
8(!u!&, 8(*!, $ ;")(5 ;25"8"4 *i%e e defunc i*ippine Ieerans $oard4
$oard on ensions for Ieerans4 and CA55A4 and i*ippine Ieerans
Adminisraion A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is seedin& o carry
on cerain 8$2"*m"*! 9u*)!$*4 *i%e e $ureau of mmi&raion4 e $ureau of
nerna* 5e!enue4 e $oard of Specia* n<uiry and $oard of 'ommissioners4 e 'i!i*
Ser!ice 'ommission4 e 'enra* $an% of e i*ippines A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is performin& some
bu*" "2)" 9$ !4" ;ub5)4 *i%e e $ureau of oss4 e osa* Sa!in&s $an%4
.eropo*ian Baer#or%s and Se#era&e Auoriy4 i*ippine Caiona* 5ai*#ays4 e
'i!i* Aeronauics Adminisraion A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is see%in& o
"8u5(!" bu*" (99")!"# 3!4 ;ub5) *!""!4 *i%e e Fier nspecions $oard4
e i*ippine aen ffice4 ffice of e nsurance 'ommissionerJ A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is see%in& under
e po*ice po#er o "8u5(!" ;2(!" bu*" (*# *#2#u(54 *i%e e Securiies [
+,can&e 'ommission4 $oard of Food nspecors4 e $oard of 5e!ie# for .o!in&
icures4 and e rofessiona* 5e&u*aion 'ommissionN A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is see%in& o (#u!
*#2#u(5 )$*!$2"" ecause of some sron& socia* po*icy in!o*!ed4 suc as e
Caiona* "aor 5e*aions 'ommission4 e 'our of A&rarian 5e*aions4 e 5e&iona*
ffices of e .inisry of "aor4 e Socia* Securiy 'ommission4 $ureau of "aor
Sandards4 Bomen and .inors $ureau
As may e seen4 i is e asic funcion of ese odies o ad=udicae c*aims andOor o
deermine ri&s4 and un*ess is decisions are reasona*y appea*ed o e proper
re!ie#in& auoriies4 e same aain fina*iy and ecome e,ecuor A perusa* of e
A/s or&anic ac4 / Co 19N4 as amended y / Co 004 con!inces e 'our a
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
18261827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
18331834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
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e T(@ F$)" 3( *$! m"(*! !$ "<")" 6u(-u#)(5 9u*)!$*, !4(! , !$ !&
(*# #")#" )5(m (*# "<")u!" ! u#8m"*! As e residenHs arm ca**ed upon o
coma e !ice of Edo**ar sa*in& or e *ac%mar%ein& and sa*in& of forei&n e,can&e4
i is as%ed a*one y e decree o and*e e prosecuion of suc aci!iies4 u noin&
more
Te undera%in& of A/ is o deermine #eer or no proa*e cause e,iss o
#arran e fi*in& of car&es #i e proper cour4 meanin& o say4 o conduc an in<uiry
pre*iminary o a =udicia* recourse4 and o recommend acion Eof appropriae auoriies
is no un*i%e a fisca*Hs office a conducs a pre*iminary in!esi&aion o deermine
#eer or no prima facie e!idence e,iss o =usify au*in& e responden o cour4 and
ye4 #i*e i ma%es a deerminaion4 i canno e said o e acin& as a <uasi-cour For
i is e cours4 u*imae*y4 a pass =ud&men on e accused4 no e fisca*
f e residenia* Ani-/o**ar Sa*in& Tas% Force is no a <uasi-=udicia* ody4 i canno
e said o e co-e<ua* or coordinae #i e 5e&iona* Tria* 'our Tere is noin& in is
ena*in& saures a #ou*d demonsrae is sandin& a par #i e said cour
SANTIAGO, JR 2' BAUTISTA
/ SCRA 1, M()4 ., 1.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
E/eerminaion y a commiee as #o sou*d e ran%ed firs4 second and ird onors
amon& &raduain& pupi*s does no re<uire <uasi-=udicia* ad=udicaion
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
FACTS:
Te appe**an #as a &rade N pupi* in a cerain pu*ic e*emenary scoo* As e
scoo* year #as en aou o end4 e E'ommiee on e 5ain& of Sudens for Lonor #as
consiued y e eacers concerned a said scoo* for e purpose of se*ecin& e Eonor
sudens of is &raduain& c*ass Bi e scoo* rincipa*4 as cairman4 and e memers of
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
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e commiee de*ieraed and fina**y ad=ud&ed Socorro .edina4 aricia "in&a and Teodoro
' Sania&o4 2r as firs4 second and ird onors4 respeci!e*y Te scoo*Hs &raduaion
e,ercises #ere ereafer se for .ay 14 19NJ; u ree days efore a dae4 e Eird
p*acer Teodoro Sania&o4 2r4 represened y is moer4 and #i is faer as counse*4
sou& e in!a*idaion of e Eran%in& of onor sudens us made4 y insiuin& e ao!e-
menioned ci!i* case in e 'our of Firs nsance of 'oaao4 commiee memers a*on&
#i e /isric Super!isor and e Academic Super!isor of e p*ace
ISSUE:
Beer or no e deerminaion y a commiee of onor sudens is a <uasi-=udicia*
po#er as o e su=ec o =udicia* re!ie# y peiion for ceriorari under 5u*e NJ or 5u*es of
'our
HELD:
Co Supreme 'our ru*ed a is 9u*)!$* #$" *$! "6u" 6u(-u#)(5
(#u#)(!$*' 2udicia* acion is an ad=udicaion upon e ri&s of paries #o in &enera*
appear or are rou& efore e riuna* y noice or process4 and upon #ose c*aims some
decision or =ud&men is rendered imp*ies imparia*iy4 disineresedness4 a #ei&in& of
ad!erse c*aims4 and is inconsisen #i discreion on e one and- for e riuna* mus
decide accordin& o *a# and e ri&s of e paries- or #i dicaion on e oer; for in e
firs insance i mus e,ercise is o#n =ud&men under e *a#4 and no ac under a mandae
from anoer po#er
may e said &enera**y a e e,ercise of =udicia* funcion is o deermine #a e
*a# is4 and #a e *e&a* ri&s of paries are4 #i respec o a maer in conro!ersy; and
#ene!er an officer is c*oed #i a auoriy4 and undera%es o deermine #ose
<uesions4 e acs =udicia**y
W4(! (" JUDICIAL OR =UASI-JUDICIAL ACTS
is difficu*4 if no impossi*e4 precise*y o define #a are =udicia* or <uasi =udicia* acs4
and ere is considera*e conf*ic in e decisions in re&ard ereo4 in connecion #i e
*a# as o e ri& o a #ri of ceriorari is c*ear4 o#e!er4 a i is e naure of e ac o
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
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e performed4 raer an e office4 oard4 or ody #ic performs i4 a deermines
#eer or no i is e discar&e of a =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* funcion $t is not essential that
the proceedings should !e strictly and technically #udicial, in the sense in hich that ord is
used hen applied to courts of #ustice, !ut it is sufficient if they are quasi #udicial. $t is
enough if the officers act #udicially in ma;ing their decision, hatever may !e their pu!lic
character. ==
=UASI-JUDICIAL ADJUDICATION
Te reso*uion of conro!ersies is e raison d?etre of cours
H$3 !4 ""*!(5 9u*)!$* ())$m;54"#
1 Te ascerainmen of (55 !4" m(!"(5 (*# "5"2(*! 9()! from e p*eadin&s and
from e e!idence adduced y e paries Afer a deerminaion of e facs as een comp*eed4 b& !4" (;;5)(!$* $9 !4"
5(3 ereo o e end a e conro!ersy may e se*ed auoriai!e*y4 definie*y
and fina**y
W4(! (" ! "6u"m"*!
1 re!ious*y "!(b54"# u5" (*# ;*);5" C$*)"!" 9()!4 #eer pas or presen4 affecin& deerminae indi!idua*s D")$* as o #eer ese facs are &o!erned y e ru*es and princip*es
HON' ISIDRO CARINO %S")"!(& $9 DECS+, et.al. vs' THE COMMISSION ON HUMAR
RIGHTS, et.al> GR' N$' 1, D")"mb" /, 11, E* b(*) %N(2((, J'+
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The most that may !e conceded to the Commission in the ay of ad#udicative poer is that
it may investigate, receive evidence and ma;e findings of fact as regards claimed human
rights violations involving civil and political rights. 'ut fact finding is not ad#udication, and
cannot !e li;ened to the #udicial function of a court of #ustice, or even a quasi3#udicial agency Sania&o4 2r !s $auisa4 S'5A 188
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
23
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or official. The function of receiving evidence and ascertaining therefrom the facts of a
controversy is not a #udicial function, properly spea;ing.
A grant of investigatory poer does not include a grant of quasi3#udicial or quasi legislative.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
FACTS:
Some 800 pu*ic scoo* eacers4 amon& em memers of e .ani*a u*ic Scoo*
Teacers Associaion (.STA) and e A**iance of 'oncerned Teacers (A'T) underoo%
#a ey descried as Emass concered acions o dramaie and i&*i& eir p*i&
resu*in& from e a**e&ed fai*ure of e pu*ic auoriies o ac upon &rie!ances a ad
ime and a&ain een rou& o e *aerHs aenion Tis mass concered acions appened
durin& ordinary c*ass days
For fai*ure o eed e reurn-o-#or% order4 e 'L5 comp*ainans (pri!ae
respondens) #ere adminisrai!e*y car&ed Tey #ere a*so pre!eni!e*y suspended for
niney (90) days n e adminisrai!e case e respondens *aer fi*ed separae ans#ers4
oped for a forma* in!esi&aion4 and a*so mo!ed Efor suspension of e adminisrai!e
proceedin&s pendin& reso*uion y e Supreme 'our of eir app*icaion for issuance of an
in=unci!e #riOemporary resrainin& order Te moion for suspension #as denied
ISSUE:
Beer or no e 'ommission on Luman 5i&s is a <uasi-=udicia* ody #ic as
ad=udicaory po#er
HELD:
eiion DENIED Te 'ommission e!iden*y inends o ise*f ad=udicae4 a is o
say4 deermine #i e caracer of fina*iy and definieness4 e same issues #ic a!e
een passed upon and decided y e Secreary of +ducaion4 'u*ure [ Spors4 su=ec o
e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
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1956
1957
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Te 'our dec*ares !4" C$mm$* $* Hum(* R84! !$ 4(2" *$ u)4 ;$3"
(*# !4(! ! 3( *$! m"(*! b& !4" 9u*#(m"*!(5 5(3 !$ b" (*$!4" )$u! $ 6u(-u#)(5
(8"*)& * !4 )$u*!&, $ #u;5)(!" mu)4 5" !(@" $2" !4" 9u*)!$* $9 !4" 5(!!"'
Te mos a may e conceded o e 'ommission in e #ay of ad=udicai!e po#er
is a i may in!esi&ae4 recei!e e!idence and ma%e findin&s of fac as re&ards c*aimed
uman ri&s !io*aions in!o*!in& ci!i* and po*iica* ri&s $u fac findin& is no ad=udicaion4
and canno e *i%ened o e =udicia* funcion of a cour of =usice4 or e!en a <uasi-=udicia*
a&ency or officia* T4" 9u*)!$* $9 ")"2*8 "2#"*)" (*# ()"!(**8 !4""9$m !4"
9()! $9 ( )$*!$2"& *$! ( u#)(5 9u*)!$*4 proper*y spea%in& To e considered
suc4 e facu*y of recei!in& e!idence and ma%in& facua* conc*usions in a conro!ersy mus
e accompanied y e auoriy of applying the la to those factual conclusions to the end
that the controversy may !e decided or determined authoritatively, finally and definitively,
su!#ect to such appeals or modes of revie as may !e provided !y la.
Te proposiion is made c*ear y e consiuiona* pro!isions specifyin& e po#ers
of e 'L5:
1 I*2"!8(!"4 on is o#n or on comp*ain y any pary4 a** forms of uman ri&s
!io*aions in!o*!in& ci!i* and po*iica* ri&s; Adop is operaiona* &uide*ines and ru*es of procedure4 and cie for )$*!"m;! for
!io*aions ereof in accordance #i e 5u*es of 'our; ro!ide appropriae *e&a* of a** persons #iin e i*ippines4 as #e** as Fi*ipinos
residin& aroad4 and pro!ide for pre!eni!e measures and *e&a* aid ser!ices o e
m"(u" 9$ !4" ;$!")!$* $9 4um(* 84! underpri!i*e&ed #ose uman ri&s
a!e een !io*aed or need proecion; +,ercise 2!$(5 ;$3" o!er =ai*s4 prisons4 or deenion faci*iies;J +sa*is a coninuin& ;$8(m $9 ""()4, "#u)(!$*, (*# *9$m(!$* o
enance respec for e primacy of uman ri&s;N R")$mm"*# o e 'on&ress effeci!e measures o promoe uman ri&s and o
pro!ide for compensaion o !icims of !io*aions of uman ri&s4 or eir fami*ies;7 M$*!$ e i*ippine Go!ernmenHs comp*iance #i inernaiona* reay o*i&aions
on uman ri&s;
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
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1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
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8 G(*! immuniy from prosecuion o any person #ose esimony or #ose
possession of documens or oer e!idence is necessary or con!enien o deermine
e ru in any in!esi&aion conduced y i or under is auoriy;9 R"6u"! !4" (!(*)" of any deparmen4 ureau4 office4 or a&ency in e
performance of is funcions;10 A;;$*! is officers and emp*oyees in accordance #i *a#; and11 erform suc oer duies and funcions as may e pro!ided y *a#
As sou*d a once e oser!ed4 on*y e firs of e enumeraed po#ers and funcions
ears any resem*ance o ad=udicaion or ad=ud&men Lo#e!er4 i canno ry and decide
cases (or ear and deermine causes) as cours of =usice4 or e!en <uasi-=udicia* odies doT$ *2"!8(!" *$! !$ (#u#)(!" $ (#u#8"'
9 !nvestigate4@ common*y undersood means o e,amine4 e,p*ore4 in<uire or de*!e or
proe ino4 researc on4 sudy Te purpose of in!esi&aion4 of course4 is o disco!er4 o find
ou4 o *earn4 oain informaion
Ad=udicate4@ common*y or popu*ar*y undersood4 means o ad=ud&e4 arirae4 =ud&e4
decide4 deermine4 reso*!e4 ru*e on4 se*e
Lence i is a e 'ommission on Luman 5i&s4 a!in& mere*y e po#er Eo
in!esi&ae4 canno and sou*d no Ery and reso*!e on e meris (ad=udicae) e maers
in!o*!ed in Sri%in& TeacerHs case Tese are maers undoued*y and c*ear*y #iin e
ori&ina* =urisdicion of e Secreary of +ducaion4 ein& #iin e scope of e discip*inary
po#ers &raned o im under e 'i!i* Ser!ice "a#4 and a*so4 #iin e appe**ae =urisdicion
of e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission
WHAT ARE THE DETERMINATIVE POWERS OR THE CLASSIFICATION OF
ADJUDICATORY POWERS
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
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1. ENABLING o#ers 3 Tose a permi e doin& of an ac #ic e *a# undera%es
o re&u*ae and #ou*d e un*a#fu* #iou &o!ernmen appro!a* 6sua**y
caraceried y e &ran or denia* of permi or auoriaion
+,amp*e: ssuance of *icenses o en&a&e in a paricu*ar usiness
. DIRECTING o#ers 3 Tose a in!o*!e e correci!e po#ers of pu*ic ui*iy
commissions4 po#ers of assessmen under e re!enue *a#s4 reparaions under
pu*ic ui*iy *a#s4 and a#ards under #or%menHs compensaion *a#s4 and po#ers of
asrac deerminaion suc as definiion !a*uaion4 c*assificaion and fac findin&+. DISPENSING o#ers 3 +,emp*ified y e auoriy o e,emp from our re*a, a
&enera* proiiion4 or auoriy o re*ie!e from an affirmai!e duy s difference from
*icensin& po#er is a dispensin& po#er sancions a de!iaion from a sandard. SUMMARY o#ers 3 Tose a app*y compu*sion or force a&ains person or
propery o effecuae a *e&a* purpose #iou a =udicia* #arran o auorie suc
acion 6sua**y #iou noice and earin&
+,amp*e: Aaemen of nuisance4 summary resrain4 *e!y of propery of de*in<uen
a, payers
". E=UITABLE o#ers 3 Tose a perain o e po#er o deermine e *a# upon a
paricu*ar sae of facs refers o e ri& o and mus4 consider and ma%e proper
app*icaion of e ru*es of e<uiy
+,amp*e: o#er o appoin a recei!er4 po#er o issue in=uncions
=UASI-JUDICIAL DISTINGUISHED FROM =UASI-LEGISLATIVE
B3RAL RL"
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
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=u(-u#)(5 (#u#)(!$* refers o a deerminaion of ri&s4 pri!i*e&es and duies
y an adminisrai!e a&ency resu*in& in a decision or order affecin& a named person and
ecomin& fina* and e,ecuor afer e *apse of a cerain period
CLS!3" /oes no co!er ru*es and re&u*aion of &enera* app*icai*iy issued y
e adminisrai!e ody o imp*emen is pure*y adminisrai!e po*icies and funcions4 in e
e,ercise of is <uasi-*e&is*ai!e po#er
/isincion as o RULE OR REGULATION issued y an A#m*!(!2" A8"*)& in
e e,ercise of :
=UASI-JUDICIAL =UASI-LEGISLATIVECoice and earin& is re<uired Coice and earin& is no necessary4 in an
adminisrai!e a&ency acions
/isincion as o e JUDICIAL ACTION TO =UESTION A DECISION of a <uasi-
=udicia* a&ency in e e,ercise of:
=UASI-JUDICIAL =UASI-LEGISLATIVEFi*ed #i e 'our of Appea*s Fi*ed #i e 5e&iona* Tria* 'our
WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR CREATION OF =UASI-JUDICIAL AGENCIES
1 To u*)5$8 )$u! #$)@"! To mee e 8$3*8 )$m;5"<!" $9 m$#"* $)"!&
To 4"5; * !4" "8u5(!$* of ramified aci!iies of a de!e*opin& counry To "*!u! !$ ;")(57"# (8"*)" * ;")9"# 9"5# #i eir specia*
%no#*ed&e4 e,perience4 and capai*iy e as% of dea*in& #i pro*ems ereof as
ey a!e e e,perience4 e,perise and po#er of dispac o pro!ide so*uions
ereo
VOLUNTARY ARBITRATOR A =UASI-JUDICIAL OFFICER
+ "upan&co ! 'A4 1N0 S'5A 88 ?1988@
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
20602061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
24
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Ab!(!$*
is e reference of a dispue o an imparia* ird person for deerminaion on e asis of
e!idence and ar&umens presened y e paries #o a!e ound emse*!es o accep e
decisionD may e !o*unary or compu*sory
V$5u*!(& Ab!(!$* is e referra* of a dispue y e paries pursuan o a
!o*unary ariraion c*ause or a&reemen o an imparia* ird person or pane* for a fina*
reso*uion
I*2$5u*!(& Ab!(!$* is one compe**ed y e &o!ernmen o accep e reso*uion
of e dispue rou& e ariraion of a ird pary
Te *(!u" $9 !4" 3$@ $9 2$5u*!(& (b!(!$ 4 #eer ()!*8 (5$*" $ * (
;(*"5 ma%es im ac<uire e saus of a <uasi-=udicia* a&ency4 as e acs as a <uasi-=udicia*
officer #o deermines e ri&s of e paries and renders decision4 #ic is (;;"(5(b5"
b& ;"!!$* 9$ "2"3 !$ !4" C$u! $9 A;;"(5 3!4* 1 #(& 9$m ")";! !4""$9'/0
B' JURISDICTION
WHAT IS JURISDICTION
Ju#)!$* is deri!ed from e "ain #ords4 =uries and deco@4 #ic mean !
spea8 by t+e law.@ 2urisdicion means e po#er or capaciy conferred y e 'onsiuion
or y *a# o a cour or riuna* o enerain4 ear and deermine cerain conro!ersies4 and
render =ud&men ereonJ
HOW JURISDICTION IS DETERMINED
"uon /e! $an% ! AssHn of "uon /e! $an% +mp*oyees4 9 S'5A 1N ?199J@; ceanic $ic /i!ision(FFB) ! 5omero4 10S'5A 9 ?198@; 'oninena* .ar*e 'orp ! C"5'4 1N1 S'5A 1J1 ?1088@" eop*e ! .ariano4 71 S'5A N00 ?197N@
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2526
27
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2urisdicion is deermined y e saue in force a e ime of e commencemen of
e acionN
WHAT ARE THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF JURISDICTION
1 2urisdicion o!er !4" *(!u" $9 !4" ()!$* 2urisdicion o!er !4" ub")! m(!!"
a 5efers o e naure of e cause of acion and of e re*ief sou& #ic is
!esed y *a# and #ic is no ac<uired y consen or ac<uiescence of e
paries4 nor y e uni*aera* assumpions ereof y a riuna*4 neier can i
e fi,ed y e #i** of e paries4 nor can i e ac<uired rou&4 or #ai!ed4
en*ar&ed or diminised y4 any ac or omission of e paries4 nor can i e
conferred y ac<uiescence of e cour or riuna* 2urisdicion o!e !4" u" 9(m"# * !4" ;5"(#*8 2urisdicion o!er ;"$* $9 !4" ;(!"
a 2urisdicion o!er e person of e ;"!!$*" $ ;5(*!99 is ac<uired y e
*aerHs fi*in& e iniiaory p*eadin& and payin& e re<uired doc%e or fi*in&
fees 2urisdicion o!er e person of e ";$*#"*! $ #"9"*#(*! is ac<uired y
e ser!ice of summons or y is !o*unary sumission o e auoriy of e
cour or riuna*c
E?TENT OF JURISDICTION
Ju#)(5 ;$3" 4 #ic is e po#er o ear and decide cases e#een paries #o
a!e e ri& o sue in cours of *a# and e<uiy4 b"5$*8 !$ !4" u#)(& $ !4" )$u!'
2urisdicion o ear and decide suc causes is &raned y e 'onsiuion or y e saues4
and un*ess a =urisdicion on a specific maer as een c*ear*y conferred y 'on&ress upon a
<uasi-=udicia* a&ency4 e *aer canno e,ercise i and e same remains #i e cours
under eir consiuiona**y conferred =udicia* po#er
# .unicipa*iy of So&od ! 5osa*4 01 S'5A N8 ?1991@
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
28
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RULE: An adminisrai!e ody o #ic <uasi-=udicia* po#er as een de*e&aed is a
riuna* of *imied =urisdicion and as suc i cou*d #ie*d on*y suc po#ers as are specifica**y
&raned o i y is ena*in& saure T4" "<!"*! !$ 34)4 (* (#m*!(!2" (8"*)& m(&
"<")" u)4 ;$3" #";"*# 5(8"5&, 9 *$! 34$55&, $* !4" ;$2$* $9 !4" !(!u!"
)"(!*8 $ "m;$3"*8 u)4 (8"*)&7
Te po#er &raned y *a# o an adminisrai!e a&ency o issue ru*es and re&u*aions4
and procedures in e e,ecuion and imp*emenaion of is assi&ned as% inc*udes e
issuance of a ru*e &o!ernin& appea*s o e ffice of e residen4 e!en if e ena*in& *a#
does no pro!ide for e remedy of appea*4 and fai*ure o appea* from a decision of e
adminisrai!e a&ency ;")5u#" !4" (88"2"# ;(!& 9$m ""@*8 u#)(5 ")$u"'/
HOW IS THE JURISDICTION OF A =UASI-JUDICIAL AGENCY CONSTRUED
An adminisrai!e ody o #ic <uasi-=udicia* po#er as een de*e&aed is a riuna*
of *imied =urisdicion and as suc i cou*d #ie*d on*y suc po#ers as are specifica**y &raned
o i y i ena*in& saue s =urisdicion is inerpreed strictissimi =uris.=+
RE-STATEMENT OF THE RULE
Te e,en of =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* po#ers #ic an adminisrai!e a&ency may
e,ercise is #"9*"# b& 5(3'
An adminisrai!e a&ency may e,ercise $*5& u)4 ;$3" ( 4(2" b""* "<;"5&
$ m;5"#5& 8(*!"# b& !4" !(!u!" )"(!*8 u)4 (8"*)&'
TEJADA 2' HOMESTEAD PROPERTY CORPORATION
$
Anipo*o 5ea*y 'orp ! CLA4 1J S'5A 99 ?1987@) Iicorias .i**in& 'o4 nc ! ffice of e residenia* Assisan for "e&a* Affairs4 1J S'5A 17 ?1987@' 'in I "and $an% of e i*ippines4 01 S'5A 190 ?1991@
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2930
31
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1 SCRA 10 Q1
FACTS:
ri!ae responden Tac*in I $ane offered o se** o peiioner +nri<ueo F Te=ada a
00 s<uare meer *o o#ned y responden corporaion ri!ae responden su&&esed a
peiioner pay a reser!aion fee of 04000004 #ic #ou*d form par of e consideraion in
case ey reac a fina* a&reemen of sa*e and #ic amoun #as o e reurned o e
peiioner sou*d e paries fai* o reac an a&reemen Afer payin& e reser!aion fee4 e
responden corporaion can&ed e erms of mon*y amoriaion #ic resu*ed in e
demand of e peiioner for e reurn of is reser!aion fee 5esponden refused o reurn
e same and peiioner rou& sui #i e 5T' for a co**ecion of sum of money
5espondens erein fi*ed a moion o dismiss conesin& e =urisdicion of e 5T' o ear
e case Te same #as denied and respondens appea*ed o e 'A #o decided in eir
fa!or eiioner ar&ues a inasmuc as ere is no perfeced conrac of sa*e e#een e
paries4 e c*aim for reco!ery of e reser!aion fee proper*y fa**s #iin e =urisdicion of e
re&u*ar cours and no a of e LS5'
ISSUE:
Beer or no e 5T' ad =urisdicion o!er e reco!ery of reser!aion fee
HELD:
6nder residenia* /ecree Co 14 e CLA as e,c*usi!e =urisdicion o ear and
decide c*aims in!o*!in& refund and oer c*aims fi*ed y a sudi!ision *o or condominium
uni uyer a&ains e pro=ec o#ner4 ec Tere is no suc <ua*ificaion in said pro!ision of
*a# a ma%es a disincion e#een a perfeced sa*e and one a as ye o e perfeced
Te #ord Euyer in e *a# sou*d e undersood o e anyone #o purcases anyin& for
money 6nder e circumsances of is case4 one #o offers o uy is as muc a uyer as
one #o uys y !irue of a perfeced conrac of sa*e Said po#ers a!e since een
ransferred o e L"5$
Ben an adminisrai!e a&ency or ody is conferred <uasi-=udicia* funcions4 a**
conro!ersies re*ain& o e su=ec maer perainin& o is specia*iaion are deemed o e
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
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inc*uded #iin e =urisdicion of said adminisrai!e a&ency or ody Sp*i =urisdicion is no
fa!ored Since in is case e acion for refund or reser!aion fee arose from a proposed
purcase of a sudi!ision *o o!ious*y e L"5$ as e,c*usi!e =urisdicion o!er e case
ESTOPPEL TO DENY JURISDICTION
GENERAL RULE:
2urisdicion o!er e su=ec maer is )$*9""# b& !4" C$*!!u!$* $ b& 5(3, (*#
m(& *$! b" )$*9""# b& (8""m"*! $9 !4" ;(!"4 nor can i e #ai!e m(& b" ("#
(! (*& !(8" of e proceedin& as a defense
E<)";!$*:
Bere an a&&rie!ed pary appea*ed an ad!erse decision o a i&er adminisrai!e
ody4 suc as e ffice of e residen4 e canno ereafer ca**en&ed e
=urisdicion of e appe**ae ody o decide e appea*ed case
n BAR#3(S A3D ((!L /R( 1ARD vs. CA4 -0 e Supreme 'our ru*ed4
ELa!in& a*ready in!o%ed e =urisdicion of e GT+$ in e ear*ier acions
in!o*!in& e same conro!ersy as a efore us4 AF' canno no# e eard o
<uesion a same =urisdicion simp*y ecause i #as una*e o oain e re*iefs
prayed for y i from e GT+$ Be a!e #arned a&ains suc pracice on more an
one occasion in e pas
is a se*ed ru*e a a pary canno in!o%e e =urisdicion of a cour o
secure affirmai!e re*ief a&ains is opponen and afer fai*in& o oain suc re*ief4
repudiae or <uesion a same =urisdicion Te 'our fro#ns upon and does no
o*erae e undesira*e pracice of some *ii&ans #o sumi !o*unari*y a cause and
en accepin& e =ud&men #en fa!ora*e o em and aac%in& i for *ac% of
=urisdicion #en ad!erse
PARTY CANNOT TAKE INCONSISTENT POSITIONS
+! Garmens and Te,i*e +,por $oard !s 'A4 79 S'A/ J1J4 N8 S'5A J8 ?1997@
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
32
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A pary or *ii&an canno a%e a posiion in cour differen from a #ic e oo%
efore an adminisrai!e ody Tis may no e permied for e reason a under*ies e
re<uiremen of prior e,ausin& of adminisrai!e remedies o &i!e adminisrai!e auoriies
e prior opporuniy o decide conro!ersies #iin is compeence4 and in muc e same
#ay a4 on e =udicia* *e!e*4 issues no raised in e *o#er cour canno e raise for e firs
ime on appea*1
C' ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE
Ru5" $9 P$)"#u", G"*"(55&
- Te 'onsiuion empo#ers <uasi-=udicia* a&encies o issue eir o#n ru*es of
procedure pro!ides a ru*es of procedure of <uasi-=udicia* odies sa** remain effeci!e
un*ess disappro!ed y e Supreme 'our Tis is an imp*ied &ran of po#er o issue
procedura* ru*es
- Te &ran if <uasi-=udicia* po#er o an adminisrai!e a&ency carries #i i e po#er
o promu*&ae is ru*es of procedure for e proper e,ercise of is ad=udicai!e po#er and for
e &uidance of ineresed paries or pary *ii&ans- 5u*es of procedure issued y <uasi-=udicia* odies mus no diminis4 increase4 or
modify susani!e ri&s- Te 5u*es of 'our are supp*eory o ru*es of procedure of <uasi-adminisrai!e
a&encies Tis means a any deficiency or asence of app*ica*e pro!ision 5u*es of 'our
#ou*d e app*ied
Ru5" Sub")! !$ Su;"m" C$u! M$#9)(!$*
- A** procedura* ru*es4 #eer issued y <uasi-=udicia* a&encies or emodied in
saues enaced y 'on&ress4 are su=ec o a*eraion or modificaion y e Supreme 'our
in e e,ercise of is consiuiona* ru*e-ma%in& po#er4
+1 'uerdo ! 'A4 1NN S'5A NJ7 ?1988@
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
33
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- n @irst 5epanto Ceramics $nc. vs. CA4 e pro!ision of Sec 79 of 5A 794 #ic
saes a e decision of e .ines Ad=udicaion $oard may e appea*ed y a Epeiion for
re!ie# y ceriorari and <uesion of *a# may e fi*ed y e a&&rie!ed pary #i e S'
#iin 0 days from e receip of e order or decision of e $oard is no effeci!e4 as ere
is no so#in& from e face ereof a i #as enaced #i e ad!ice and concurrence of
e S' Lence suc order or decision may on*y e appea*ed o e 'A pursuan o 5u*e
of e 5e!ised 5u*es of 'our-
T")4*)(5 Ru5" N$! A;;5)(b5"
- Te ecnica* ru*es of procedure and of e!idence pre!ai*in& in cours of *a# and
e<uiy are no conro**in& in adminisrai!e proceedin&s- urpose: o free adminisrai!e oards or a&encies from e compu*sion of ecnica*
ru*es so a e mere admission of maer #ic #ou*d e deemed incompeen in =udicia*
proceedin&s #ou*d no in!a*idae an adminisrai!e order- Te ru*e a an adminisrai!e a&ency e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* po#er is no ound
y ecnica* ru*es of procedure and e!idence sou*d no e so inerpreed as o dispense
#i e fundamena* and essenia* ri& of due process4 suc as e opporuniy o e eard
and e e,isence of susania* e!idence o suppor is decision- is a se*ed Eprincip*e a adminisrai!e ru*es of procedure sou*d e consrued
*iera**y in order o promoe eir o=ec and o assis e paries in oainin& =us4 speedy
and ine,pensi!e deerminaion of eir respec c*aims and defenses
P$)"#u" P")b"# b& B$$@ VII $9 1 A#m*!(!2" C$#"
- Sec 1 pro!ides a e ru*es of procedure erein prescried Esa** e app*ica*e o
a** a&encies defined in e ne, succeedin& secion4 e,cep e 'on&ress4 e 2udiciary4 e
'onsiuiona* 'ommission4 mi*iary esa*ismens in a** maers re*ain& e,c*usi!e*y o
Armed Forces personne*4 e $oard of ardons and aro*e4 and sae uni!ersiies- Agency -] inc*udes any deparmen4 ureau4 office4 commission4 auoriy or officer
of e Caiona* Go!ernmen auoried y *a# or e,ecui!e order o ma%e ru*es4 issue
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
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*icenses4 &ran ri&s or pri!i*e&es4 and ad=udicae cases; researc insiuions #i respec o
*icensin& funcions; &o!ernmen corporaion #i respec o funcions re&u*ain& pri!ae
ri&s4 pri!i*e&e4 occupaion or usiness; and officia*s in e e,ercise of discip*inary po#er as
pro!ided y *a#
Ju!)(b5" C$*!$2"& C$*!"!"# C("
- Te assumpion of =urisdicion of an adminisrai!e a&ency o ad=udicae a
conro!ersy re<uires a ere mus e an appropriae case #ic in!o*!es a =usicia*e
conro!ersy- is one insiued y and a&ains paries a!in& ineres in e su=ec maer
appropriae for =udicia* deerminaion predicaed on a &i!en sae of facs- /arty3in3interest -] is e person o #om e ri& o see% =udicia* redress or re*ief
e*on&s #ic can e enforced a&ains e pary correspondin&*y car&ed #i a!in& een
responsi*e for4 or o a!e &i!en rise o4 e cause of acion- Contested Case -] any proceedin&4 inc*udin& *icensin&4 in #ic e *e&a* ri&s4
duies or pri!i*e&es assered y specific paries as re<uired y e 'onsiuion or y *a# are
o e deermined afer earin&
] Ben e &ran4 rene#a*4 denia* or cance**aion of a *icense is re<uired
o e preceded y noice and earin&4 i ecomes a conesed case4 in
#ic e!en e procedure app*ica*e for conesed cases app*ies
- 5icense -]inc*udes e #o*e or any par of any a&ency permi4 cerificae4 passpor4
c*earance4 appro!a*4 re&israion4 carer4 memersip4 sauory e,empion or oer form of
permission4 or re&u*aion of e e,ercise of a ri& or pri!i*e&e- 5icensing -]inc*udes a&ency process in!o*!in& e &ran4 rene#a*4 denia*4 re!ocaion4
suspension4 annu*men4 #idra#a*4 *imiaion4 amendmen4 modificaion or condiionin& of
*icense
] +,cep in cases of #i**fu* !io*aion of perinen *a#s4 ru*es and
re&u*aions or #en pu*ic safey re<uires oer#ise4 no *icense may e#idra#n4 suspended or annu**ed #iou noice and earin&
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
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2286
2287
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- $efore a riuna*4 oard or office may e,ercise =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* acs4 i is
necessary a ere e a *a# a &i!es rise o some specific ri&s of persons or propery
under #ic ad!erse c*aims o suc ri&s are made4 and e conro!ersy ensuin& erefrom
is rou&4 in urn4 efore e riuna*4 oard or officer c*oed #i po#er and auoriy o
deermine #a a *a# is and ereupon ad=udicae e respeci!e ri&s of e conendin&
paries
I*!!u!$* $9 P$)""#*8
- Te proceedin&s are insiued y e fi*in& of a comp*ain or peiion
- Forma* App*icaion
] A**e&es e u*imae facs and prays for specific re*iefs
] 5u*es a&ains forum soppin& app*ies o <uasi-=udicia* proceedin&s
] 'omp*ain sou*d conain a cerificaion under oa a comp*ainan:
1 Las no erefore commenced any acion or fi*ed any c*aim
in!o*!in& e same issues in any cour4 riuna*4 or <uasi-=udicia* a&ency and o e es of
is %no#*ed&e4 no suc oer acion or c*aim is pendin& erein
f ere is suc oer pendin& acion or c*aim4 a comp*ee saemen
of e presen saus ereof;
f e sou*d ereafer *earn a e same or simi*ar acion or c*aim
as een fi*ed or is pendin&4 e sa** repor a fac #iin J days erefrom o e cour
#erein is aforesaid comp*ain or iniiaory p*eadin& ad een fi*ed
- +, are or nforma* roceedin&s
] App*icaion for permis or *icenses or rene#a* ereof
].ay e iniiaed y a mere *eer sen y a comp*ainan
] Tese proceedin&s ecome conesed #en e app*icaion is opposed or
denied4 or suc *eer4 afer e, pare in!esi&aion4 so# e need for e person comp*ained
of o e &i!en opporuniy o e eard on e maer
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
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F$um S4$;;*8
-] Te improper pracice of &oin& from one cour o anoer in e ope of securin& a
fa!ora*e re*ief in one cour #ic anoer cour as denied or e fi*in& or repeiious suis or
proceedin&s in differen cours concernin& susania**y e same su=ec maer
-] A pary see%s a fa!ora*e opinion in anoer forum4 oer an appea* or ceriorari
T"! !$ D"!"m*" F$um S4$;;*8
- Beer e e*emens of *iis pendenia are presen or #eer a fina* =ud&men in
one case #i** amoun o res =udicaor in e oer- Bere ere are ideniy of paries or ineress represened4 ri&s assered and re*ief
sou& in differen riuna*s
A)6u!$* $9 Ju#)!$*
- 'y acquiring #urisdiction over the person of the petitioner
]y !o*unary appearance rou& fi*in& a comp*ain4 peiion or an iniiaory or
appropriae p*eadin& and payin& fees4 if re<uired y e a&encyHs ru*es
- 'y acquiring #urisdiction over the person of the respondent
]y !o*unary appearance or sumiin& o e ody or y ser!ice of summons
upon im
- Summons -] a #ri y #ic a responden is noified pf e acion a&ains im and is
as%ed o fi*e is ans#er ereo
P"-T(5 C$*9""*)"
-
$efore a conesed case is scedu*ed for earin&4 a pre-ria* conference is e*damon& e paries o e case
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
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2338
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- Sec 10 of $oo% 7 of e 1987 Adminisrai!e 'ode re<uires a ETo e,pedie
demonsrai!e proceedin&s in!o*!in& conf*icin& ri&s or c*aims and o!iae e,pensi!e
*ii&aions4 e!ery a&ency sa** in e pu*ic ineres4 encoura&e amica*e se*emen4
compromise4 and ariraion
D"9(u5! * A#m*!(!2" C("
Default -] used in is road meanin&4 o inc*ude fai*ure o fi*e a responsi!e p*eadin&4
fai*ure o appear in any earin& or fai*ure o presen e!idence4 in any of #ic insances e
earin& may proceed in is asence #iou !io*ain& e paryHs ri& o due process
A#m*!(!2" P$)""#*8 H"(*8
- n!o*!es:1 a%in& and e!a*uaion of e!idence deerminin& facs ased upon e e!idence presened renderin& an order or decision suppored y e facs pro!ed- Te paries sa** e &i!en opporuniy o presen e!idence and ar&umen on a**
issues Te Enoice and earin& are procedura* re<uiremens of due process4 e asence
of #ic #i** render e decision in a conesed case nu** and !oid Te essence of
procedura* due process in admin proceedin&s is e opporuniy o e eard- Te moion for reconsideraion consiues a sufficien opporuniy o e eard =us as
an appea* e a%en from e decision accords e *osin& pary e opporuniy o presen is
side Any suc procedura* sep cures e defec of *ac% of pre!ious noice4 e,cep #en e
oer due process re<uiremen ie presence of susania* e!idence as asis of e
decision 4 co*d neura*iy of an imparia* =ud&e on e par of e <uasi-=udicia* officer4
compeen and imparia* riuna*4 a!e no een comp*ied #i- Learin& does no necessari*y re<uire a ria* ype presenaion of e!idence To e
eard does no mean !era* ar&umens efore riuna*; i can e rou& #rien p*eadin&
Lo#e!er #ere i appears a ere are issues of fac #ic canno e decided #iou
ria*s of e case on e meris4 one mus e e*d-
Sub;$"*( (*# C$*!"m;! $9 C$u!
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
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- Su!poena -] is a process direced o a person re<uirin& im o aend and esify a
e earin& or ria* of e acion or a any in!esi&aion conduced under e *a#s of e
counry- Su!poena DucesTecum -] an order o produce specified documens4 and e same
is issued upon app*icaion of a pary y so#in& c*ear and une<ui!oca* proof a e
documens sou& o e produced conain e!idence re*e!an and maeria* o e issue
efore e a&ency- Te auoriy o issue supoena and supoena duces ecum and o punis for
conemp any disoedience ereof y ise*f4 if so auoried4 or rou& e cours4 app*ies
on*y in e e,ercise y e adminisrai!e a&ency of is <uasi-=udicia* po#er and no is
adminisrai!e or miniseria* funcions
E2#"*)"
- Te ri& o cross-e,amine #inesses4 #ic Sec 1() $oo% 7 of e 1987
Adminisrai!e 'ode &i!es e!ery pary4 imp*ies a no earsay e!idence e admied4 as e
ri& of cross-e,amine is e safe&uard a&ains is admission- Admitting of 6vidence 3] e a&ency may admi and &i!e proai!e !a*ue o e!idence
common*y acceped y reasona*y pruden men in conduc of eir affairs- Affida!is of Binesses may no e considered un*ess e affians are pu in e
#iness sand for cross-e,aminaion on eir affida!is4 e,cep #en e paries #ai!e e
same e,press*y or imp*ied*y- .aers of =udicia* noice a!e maeria* re<uisies1 i mus e one of common and &enera* %no#*ed&e i mus e #e** and auoriai!e*y se*ed and no doufu* or uncerain i mus e %no#n o e #iin e *imis of e =urisdicion of e riuna*- To assure comp*iance #i e re<uisies of =udicia* noice4 e ru*es re<uire a e
<uasi-=udicia* riuna* or a&ency sa** noify e paries of e facs a%e =udicia* noice4 and
sa** afford em e opporuniy o cones e facs so noiced
H"()4& $9 E2#"*)" V(5u"
1. /roof 'eyond (easona!le Dou!t -] re<uired for con!icion of an accused in a
crimina* case means a #ic is *o&ica* and ine!ia*e resu* of e e!idence on record4
e,c*usi!e*y of any oer consideraion4 or mora* cerainy or a de&ree of proof #ic
produces con!icion in an unpre=udiced mind
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
23962397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
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2408
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. Clear and Convincing -] a measure or de&ree of proof #ic #i** produce in mind
of rier of facs a firm e*ief or con!icion as o e a**e&aions sou& o e esa*ised+. /reponderance of 6vidence -] e de&ree of e!idence re<uired in ci!i* cases4 means
a e!idence #ic is of &reaer #ei& or more con!incin& a a #ic is offered inopposiion o. Su!stantial 6vidence -] e re<uired o reac a conc*usion in adminisrai!e
proceedin&s or o esa*is a fac efore adminisrai!e and <uasi-=udicia* odies means
suc re*e!an e!idence as a reasona*e mind mi& accep as ade<uae o suppor a
conc*usion; more an a scini**a u may e some#a *ess an preponderance
D"5"8(!$* $9 =u(-Ju#)(5 P$3"
Te po#er conferred upon an adminisrai!e a&ency o issue ru*es and re&u*aions
necessary o carry ou is funcions as een e*d o e an ade<uae source of auoriy o
de*e&ae a paricu*ar funcion4 un*ess y e,press pro!ision of e *a# or y imp*icaion i as
een #ie*d
D"5"8(!$* !$ R")"2" E2#"*)"
- Sec (1) E+!ery A&ency sa** a!e suc numer of <ua*ified and compeen
memers of e ar as earin& officers as may e necessary for e earin& and
ad=udicaion of conesed casesTe pro!ision is an imp*ied &ran of po#er o <uasi-=udicia*
a&encies o de*e&ae o earin& officers e recepion of e!idence- A <uasi-=udicia* ody may de*e&ae e funcion o recei!e e!idence and perform any
and a** acs necessary for e reso*uion of facua* issues fa**in& #iin is =urisdicion- Te de*e&ae mere*y repors e facs found and e <uasi-=udicia* ody reain e
po#er o appro!e or re=ec e repor and o decide e case- Te ru*e a re<uires an adminisrai!e officer o e,ercise is o#n =ud&men and
discreion does no prec*ude im from ui*iin&; as a maer of pracica* adminisrai!e
procedure4 e aid of suordinaes o in!esi&ae and repor o im e facs4 on e asis of
#ic e officer ma%es is decision
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
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2436
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D' DUE PROCESS IN =UASI-JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS
G"*"(55&
- T#o conceps:
1 Su!stantive Due /rocess 3 responsi!eness o e supremacy of reason4
oedience o e dicaes of =usice; re<uires a e *a# ise*f4 no mere*y e procedures y
#ic e *a# #ou*d e enforced is fair4 reasona*e and =us
/rocedural Due /rocess 3 consiss of e asic ri&s of noice and
earin&4 as #e** as e &uaranee of ein& eard y an imparia* and compeen riuna*;
refers o e meod or manner y #ic e *a# is enforced
C(#*(5 Pm(& R"6u"m"*! $9 Du" P$)", G"*"(55&
1 e ri& o a earin& #ic inc*udes e ri& o presen oneHs case and sumi
e!idence in suppor ereof
e riuna* mus consider e e!idence presened
e decision mus a!e somein& o suppor ise*f
e e!idence mus e susania*4 and susania* e!idence means suc e!idence
as a reasona*e mind mi& accep as ade<uae o suppor a conc*usion
J e decision mus e ased on e e!idence presened a e earin&4 or a *eas
conained in e record and disc*osed o e paries affeced
N e riuna* or ody of any of is =ud&es mus ac on is o#n independen
consideraion of e *a# and facs of e conro!ersy4 and no simp*y accep e !ie#s of
suordinae
7 e oard or ody sou*d in a** conro!ersia* <uesions4 render is decision in suc
manner a e paries o e proceedin& can %no# e !arious issues in!o*!ed4 and e
reason for e decision rendered
8 e officer or riuna* conducin& e in!esi&aion mus e !esed #i compeen
=urisdicion and so consiued as o afford a person car&ed adminisrai!e*y a reasona*e
&uaranee of onesy and imparia*iy
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
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2465
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- Ba due process aors is no *ac% of pre!ious noice u e aso*ue *ac% of
opporuniy o e eard Te essence of due process is e opporuniy o e eard
R"6u!" $9 Du" P$)", G"*"(55&
- Te princip*e of due process furnises a sandard o #ic &o!ernmena* acion
sou*d conform in order o impress i #i e srand of !a*idiy Fide*iy o suc sandard
mus of necessiy e e o!erridin& concern of e &o!ernmen a&encies e,ercisin& <uasi-
=udicia* funcions
- n <uasi-=udicia* proceedin&s4 #ere i appears a ere are issues of fac #ic
canno e decided #iou a ria* of e case on e meris4 one mus e e*d Te ru*e is
#ere and ad=udicai!e fac is a issue4 a ria*-ype earin& ou& o e e*d- Adminisrai!e due process inc*ude:
1 e ri& o noice4 e i acua* or consruci!e4 of e insiuion of e
proceedin& a may affec a personHs *e&a* ri&s
reasona*e opporuniy o appear and defend is ri&s4 inroduce
#inesses and re*e!an e!idence in is fa!or
a riuna* so consiued as o &i!e im reasona*e assurance of onesy
and imparia*iy4 and one of compeen =urisdicion
a findin& or decision y a riuna* suppored y susania* e!idence
presened a e earin&4 or a *eas conained in e records or disc*osed o e paries
affeced
C$5#-N"u!(5!& $9 Im;(!(5 Ju#8"
- A criica* componen of due process is a earin& efore and imparia* and
disineresed riuna* n&rained is e ru*e a e!ery *ii&an is eni*ed o noin& *ess a
e co*d neura*iy of an imparia* =ud&e
-
nsances:a a earin& officer in a conesed case canno ac as prosecuor in e same case
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
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2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
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an admin officer #o as rendered a decision in a conesed case canno re!ie#4
afer e as een promoed o a i&er posiion #i re!ie# funcions4 e decision in e
said case
- n order a e re!ie# of e decision of a suordinae officer mi& no urn ou o
e a farce4 e re!ie#in& officer mus perforce e oer an e officer #ose decision is
under re!ie#; oer#ise4 ere cou*d e no differen !ie# or ere #ou*d e no rea* re!ie# of
e case
Im;(!(5 (*# C$m;"!"*! Tbu*(5
- ne of e indispensa*e re<uiremens of due process in adminisrai!e proceedin& is
a e riuna* conducin& e in!esi&aion:
1 mus e !esed #i compeen =urisdicion
consiued as o afford a person car&ed adminisrai!e*y a reasona*e
&uaranee of onesy and imparia*iy
N$!)" (*# H"(*8
- /ue process as &uaraneed y e consiuion e,ends o admin proceedin&s4 e
foremos re<uiremen of #ic is e ri& o a earin&4 #ic inc*ude e ri& o presen
oneHs case and o sumi e!idence in suppor ereof Te need for noice and opporuniy o
e eard is e ear of procedura* due process
- A !io*aion of any of e cardina* re<uiremens of due proceedin&s renders any
=ud&men or order issued erein nu** and !oid and can e aac%ed in any appropriae
proceedin&
- f ere is an a**e&ed !io*aion of e ru*es4 en e pary affeced sou*d e &i!en e
cance o so# oer#ise and no in a moion for reconsideraion ereafer fi*ed4 as e
issue of !io*aion raises facua* issues #ic re<uire ria*-ype earin& o ascerain is ru
a /rior 2otice and 0earing (equired
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
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- n adminisrai!e case4 e &enera* ru*e is a prior noice and earin& are
necessary on*y #ere e *a# so re<uires
- Te in<uiry sou*d erefore e ino e ena*in& saue #ic c*oes an
adminisrai!e a&ency or officer #i cerain duies and responsii*iies in e discar&e of
#ic some person may e ad!erse*y affeced
- n any conesed case a** paries sa** e eni*ed o noice and earin& Te
noice sa** e ser!ed a *eas fi!e days efore e dae of e earin& and sa** sae e
same4 ime and p*ace of earin&
- n a case decided y e Supreme 'our4 i #as e*d a: ETe
Sandi&anayan can pre!eni!e*y suspend a pu*ic officia* car&ed #i a crime efore i4
ere mus firs e a earin& o deermine e !a*idiy of e informaion4 and a findin& a
e informaion is !a*id ma%es i mandaory for e cour o pre!eni!e*y suspend e accused
for a period no e,ceedin& niney days
7hen /rior 2otice 2ot (equired
- As a &enera* ru*e4 #ere #a is e,ercised is po*ice po#er du*y de*e&aed o
an adminisrai!e officer4 or #ere #a is sou& o e pre!ened or acie!ed re<uires
immediae acion for e pu*ic &ood or ineres4 prior noice or earin& is no necessary for
e !a*idiy of e acion a%en4 so *on& as e a&&rie!ed pary is suse<uen*y accorded
earin& on e acion a%en4 y e adminisrai!e a&ency sein& e case for earin& or
upon moion or peiion y e a&&rie!ed pary
- Te #idra#a*4 suspension or annu*men of a *icense in cases of #i**fu*
!io*aion of perinen *a#s4 ru*es and re&u*aions or #en pu*ic securiy4 ea* or safey so
re<uire
P$ N$!)" N$! R"6u"# * !4" E<")" $9 P$5)" P$3"
- Bere e ac <uesioned resu*s from e e,ercise of po*ice po#er of e sae4 prior
noice and earin& are no re<uired4 un*ess e app*ica*e *a# so e,press*y pro!ides
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
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'onsideraions of procedura* due process canno ou#ei& e e!i* sou& o e pre!ened
y e e,ercise of po*ice po#er- Kinds of Cuisances:1 2uisance per se 3 consiues a direc menace o pu*ic ea* or safey4 and so may
e aaed summari*y4 #iou *e&a* proceedin&s and #iou earin& 2uisance per accidens 3 #ic depends upon cerain condiions or circumsances
and #ic is a <uesion of fac4 canno e aaed #iou due earin& in a riuna*
auoried o decide #eer suc in& does in *a# consiue a nuisance- T#in ri&s of noice and earin& may e considered dispensa*e in cerain
insances:1. n proceedin&s #ere ere is an ur&en need for immediae acion4 *i%e e summary
aaemen of a nuisance per se
2. Bere ere is a enai!eness of adminisrai!e acion4 a is 4 #ere e responden
is no prec*uded from en=oyin& e ri& o noice and earin& a a *aer ime #iou pre=udice
o e person affeced4 suc as e summary disrain and *e!y of e propery of a
de*in<uen a,payer4 and e rep*acemen of a emporary appoinee
3. Bere e #in ri&s a!e pre!ious*y een offered u e ri& o e,ercise em ad
no een c*aimed
N$!)" M*mum R"6u"m"*! * Summ(& Dm(5
- n summary proceedin&s4 #ic are auoried y *a# o e insiued a&ains errin&
po*ice officers4 e fi*in& of car&es #ic mus e made %no#n o e responden and e
a**o#ance of reasona*e opporuniy o responden o ans#er e car&es consiue e
minimum re<uiremens of due process- is mandaory a car&es e specified in #riin& and a e affida!is in suppor
ereof e aaced o e comp*ain ecause ese are e on*y #ays y #ic e!idence
a&ains e responden can e rou& o is %no#*ed&e- Te ru*e a e re<uiremens of due process are saisfied if a pary iniia**y denied a
earin& is suse<uen*y &raned one y means of moion of reconsideraion app*ies on*y if
e car&es and e e!idence a&ains im are se for in e record
N$!)" (*# H"(*8 * R(!"-F<*8
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
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- Te issuance of a fi,in& rae order4 #ic is issued y and adminisrai!e a&ency in
e e,ercise of is <uasi-=udicia* po#er re<uires noice and earin&- As a &enera* ru*e4 a pu*ic ui*iy mus e afforded some opporuniy o e eard as o
e propriey and reasona*eness of rae fi,ed for is ser!ices y a pu*ic ser!ice
commission
P$ N$!)" * Iu(*)" $9 E< P(!" $ P"5m*(& O#"
- As a &enera* ru*e4 pro!isiona* re*iefs4 suc as emporary resrainin& orders4 cease or
desis orders4 may e &raned y <uasi-=udicia* a&encies #iou prior noice and earin&
- Simi*ar*y4 in discip*inary proceedin&s4 e discip*inin& auoriy may pre!eni!e*y
suspend e officer or emp*oyee car&es #i a &ra!e offense #iou prior noice or earin&4
e pre!eni!e suspension no ein& a pena*y
- Ceeds e esa*ismen of prima facie e!idence
O;;$!u*!& !$ b" H"(#
- +ssence of due process in adminisrai!e proceedin&s is e opporuniy o e,p*ain
oneHs side or a cance o see% reconsideraion of e acion or ru*in& comp*ained of
- As *on& as e paries #ere &i!en e opporuniy o e eard efore e =ud&men
#as rendered4 e demands of due process #ere sufficien*y me
- +!en if ere is noice or opporuniy o e eard4 #ic is said o e e essence of
due process4 ere is si** !io*aion of due process #ic renders e decision or ru*in& of e
adminisrai!e a&ency in!a*id4 #ere:
1 ere is no e!idence o suppor e decision
#ere e!idence oer an a presened durin& e proceedin&s or disc*osed in e
records #as a%en ino accoun in renderin& e ru*in&
#ere e <uasi-=udicia* ody or officer did no possess e co*d neura*iy of an
imparia* =ud&e4 as #en e aced as in!esi&aor
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
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2608
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#ere e adminisrai!e officer or ody aced #i &ra!e ause of discreion
amounin& o *ac% or e,cess of =urisdicion
W4"" !4"" *$ D"*(5 $9 Du" P$)"
- A pary #o as een noified of e earin& u fai*ed o aend e same or
refrained from paricipain& in e a&ency proceedin&s canno comp*ain a e as een
denied due process
M$!$* 9$ R")$*#"(!$* Cu" P$)"#u(5 Du" P$)" D"9")! E<)";!$*
Genera* 5u*e: Te ru*e a e fi*in& of a moion for reconsideraion of e decision or
ru*in& a&ains a pary cured e defec in e *ac% of prior noice and earin& as o prec*ude
e pary from c*aimin& denia* of due process assumes a e oer re<uiremens of due
process a!e een comp*ied #i
+,cepions:
1 f any of e oer re<uiremens as no een oser!ed4 e ru*e does no
app*y4 as #en e e!idence a&ains e pary is no se for in e record of e case4 one
of e indispensa*e re<uiremens of due process ein& a e decision of an
adminisrai!e a&ency mus e rendered on e e!idence conained in e record and
disc*osed o e pary affeced and e moion for reconsideraion no ein& sufficien o cure
e faa* defec
Te fac a e affeced pary ad een eard efore an in!esi&ain&
ody4 #ose findin&s #ere e asis of e discip*inary acion a&ains im4 does no prec*ude
a findin& a e as een denied due process4 renderin& e pena*y imposed as in!a*id4
#ere e in!esi&ain& ody did no inc*ude as memer a represenai!e from an
or&aniaion specifica**y re<uired y *a# o e so represened erein ecause one of e
indispensa*e re<uiremens of due process a e officer or riuna* conducin& e
in!esi&aion mus e !esed #i compeen =urisdicion and so consiued as o afford a
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
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2630
2631
2632
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person car&ed adminisrai!e*y a reasona*e &uaranee of onesy and imparia*iy4 #as no
fo**o#ed
Bere e decision a&ains im as noin& o suppor ise*f4 one of e
cardina* re<uiremens of due process ein& a e decision or ru*in& of an adminisrai!e
ody mus e suppored y susania* e!idence
Sub!(*!(5 E2#"*)" ( B( $9 D")$*
- Anoer cardina* re<uiremen of due process in adminisrai!e ad=udicaion is a
e decision mus e rendered on e e!idence presened a e earin& or a *eas
conained in e record and disc*osed o e paries affeced
- Te decision mus e suppored y susania* e!idence and asen suc #ou*d
render e decision !oid
R84! !$ C$u*"5, N$! ( Du" P$)" R"6u"m"*!
- n e case of "umi<ued !s +,e!ea e issue raised #as: E/oes e due process
c*ause encompass e ri& o e assised y counse* durin& an adminisrai!e in<uiryD Te
Supreme 'our ru*ed a peiioners in!o%e e ri& of an accused in crimina* proceedin& o
a!e compeen and independen counse* of is o#n coice "umi<ued #as no accused of
any crime in e proceedin&s e*o# Te in!esi&aion conduced y e commiee creaed
y /ep rder 1J #as for e purpose of deerminin& if e cou*d e e*d adminisrai!e*y
*ia*e under e *a# for e comp*ains fi*ed a&ains im Bi*e in!esi&aions conduced y
an adminisrai!e ody may a imes e a%in o a crimina* proceedin&4 e fac remains a
under e e,isin& *a#s4 a pary in an adminisrai!e in<uiry may or may no e assised y
counse*4 irrespeci!e of e naure of e car&es and of e respondenHs capaciy o
represen imse*f4 and no duy ress on suc ody o furnis e person ein& in!esi&aed
#i counse*
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
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2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
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- Te ri& o counse* is no indispensa*e o due process un*ess re<uired y e
'onsiuion or e *a# n adminisrai!e proceedin&s4 e essence of due process is simp*y
e opporuniy o e,p*ain oneHs side
E' DECISION, APPEAL AND JUDICIAL REVIEW
D")$* D"9*"#
(n adminisrai!e *a#) means e #o*e or any par of e fina* disposiion4 no of an
iner*ocuory caracer4 #eer affirmai!e4 ne&ai!e4 or in=unci!e in form4 of a <uasi-=udicia*
a&ency in any maer4 inc*udin& *icensin&4 rae fi,in& and &ranin& of ri&s and pri!i*e&es
P"$# !$ R"*#" D")$*
- Secion 1 of $oo% I of e 1987 Adminisrai!e code pro!ides a e Ea&ency
sa** decide eac case #iin iry days fo**o#in& is sumission
- A case is deemed sumied for decision afer o paries sa** a!e conc*uded
presenaion of eir e!idence or upon e fi*in& of eir respeci!e memoranda4 if re<uired or
if ey so as% and e same e &raned
- A saue re<uirin& rendiion of =ud&men #iin a specified ime is &enera**y consrued
o e mere*y direc*y4 so a non-comp*iance #i i does no in!a*idae e =ud&men on e
eory a if e saue ad inended suc resu* i #ou*d a!e c*ear*y indicaed4 u e
fai*ure of e adminisrai!e or <uasi-=udicia* officer o decide e case #iin e prescried
period may render im adminisrai!e*y *ia*e erefore4 as e is en=oined y e code of
conduc for pu*ic officers o promp*y ac on a** maers efore im
F$m $9 D")$*
- Te fac a <uasi-=udicia* a&encies are no cours of =usice does no e,cuse em
from e re<uiremen a eir decisions sou*d c*ear*y and disinc*y e,press e facs ande *a# on #ic ey are ased
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
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2686
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- Sec 14 $oo% I of e 1987 Adminisrai!e 'ode re<uires a E+!ery decisions
rendered y e a&ency in a conesed case sa** e in #riin& and sa** sae c*ear*y and
disinc*y e facs and e *a# on #ic i is ased
- 'omp*iance y <uasi-=udicia* riuna*s or a&encies #i e re<uiremens of decision-
#riin& ecomes especia**y imporan in appea*a*e decisions ecause decisions of <uasi-
=udicia* odies are appea*a*e o e 'our of Appea*s y means of a peiion for re!ie#4 in
#ic e appe**an is eni*ed o raise <uesions of fac4 or of *a#4 or o
Pub5)(!$* $9 D")$*
- Te *a# re<uires a e!ery a&ency sa** pu*is and ma%e a!ai*a*e for pu*ic
inspecion a** decisions or fina* orders in e ad=udicaion of conesed cases
R"5"9 (*# S(*)!$*
(elief -] inc*udes e #o*e or par of any &ran of money4 assisance4 *icense4
auoriy4 pri!i*e&e4 e,empions4 e,cepion4 or remedy; reco&niion of any c*aim4 ri&4
immuniy4 pri!i*e&e4 e,empion or e,cepion; or a%in& of any acion upon e app*icaion or
peiion of any person
Sanction-] inc*udes e #o*e or par of a proiiion4 *imiaion or oer condiion
affecin& e *iery of any person; e #io*din& of re*ief; e imposiion of pena*y or fine;
e desrucion4 a%in&4 seiure or #io*din& of propery; e assessmen of dama&es4
reimursemen4 resiuion4 compensaion4 cos4 car&es or fees; e re!ocaion or
suspension of *icense; or e a%in& of oer compu*sory or resrici!e acion
F*(5!& $9 D")$*
- Te decision of e a&ency sa** ecome fina* and e,ecuor 1J days afer e receip
of a copy ereof y e pary ad!erse*y affeced un*ess #iin a period an adminisrai!e
appea* or =udicia* re!ie#4 if proper4 as een perfeced ne moion for reconsideraion maye fi*ed4 #ic sa** suspend e runnin& of e said period
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
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2707
2708
2709
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2713
2714
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- An adminisrai!e a&ency may a*er4 modify or re!erse is decision #i or #iou a
moion for reconsideraion4 on*y efore e decision ecomes fina* and e,ecuor Te
esa*ised princip*e is a once a decision ecomes fina* and e,ecuor4 i is remo!ed from
e po#er or =urisdicion of e <uasi-=udicia* ody #ic rendered i o furer a*er or amend4
muc *ess re!o%e i
P$mu58(!$* $9 D")$*
- A decision of an adminisrai!e officer or a&ency4 in e e,ercise of <uasi-=udicia*
po#er4 ecomes indin& on*y afer i is !a*id*y promu*&aed
- /romulgation -] e de*i!ery of e decision o e c*er% of cour for fi*in& and
pu*icaion
-]e process y #ic a decision is pu*ised4 officia**y announced4
made %no#n o e pu*ic or de*i!ered o e c*er% of cour form fi*in&4
coup*ed #i noice o e paries or eir counse*
- f a e ime of e promu*&aion of a decision or reso*uion4 a =ud&e or a memer of a
co**e&iae cour or <uasi-=udicia* a&ency ad ear*ier si&ned or re&isered is !oe for e
decision4 as !acaed is office4 is !oe is auomaica**y #idra#n or cance**ed
N$!)" $9 D")$*
- Te paries are eni*ed o e informed of e decision rendered y e <uasi-
adminisrai!e a&ency
- f a pary is represened y counse*4 e noice of e decision mus e made upon
counse* is #e** se*ed a noice o counse* is noice o c*ien n e oer and4 noice
o c*ien does no mean noice o counse*
D")$* b& C$55"8(!" B$#& V$!" R"6u"#
2722
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2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
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- Te appe**ae sou*d assi&n errors commied4 e &enera* ru*e ein& a e
appe**ae ody may no pass upon errors no assi&ned
A#m*!(!2" R"2"3
- (evie -] reconsideraion or re-e,aminaion of a decision or ru*in& of a suordinae
officer y a superior officer or i&er adminisrai!e a&ency
- 5e!ie# y a superior officer or deparmen ead may e undera%en mou proprio if
e decision as no ye ecome fina*4 in e e,ercise of is conro* po#er o!er e acs of
is suordinae
- Bi*e ere is no dispuin& e auoriy of adminisrai!e superiors o re!erse e
findin&s of eir suordinaes4 is po#er mus e e,ercised sparin&*y and on*y upon a c*ear
so#in& error
- Genera* 5u*e: e!idence no forma**y sumied durin& e earin& efore an
adminisrai!e a&ency may no e sumied4 for e firs ime4 on appea* and e re!ie#in&
adminisrai!e ody may no4 erefore4 consider i
- +,cepion: #en an issue #as no raised efore e *o#er adminisrai!e
a&ency and e!idence on connecion ere#i #as no accordin&*y presened4
u #ic issue #as reso*!ed y e *aer in is decision4 e ad!erse pary4 on appea*4
#as eni*ed o presen reua* e!idence on said issue and e refusa* of e re!ie#in&
a&ency o consider suc reua* e!idence on e &round a e same #as no forma**y
offered durin& e earin& consiued &ra!e ause of discreion and *ef decision on
appea* #iou susania* asis o suppor i
P"um;!$* $9 L"8(5!&
Genera* 5u*e: Te *e&a* presumpion a officia* duy as een du*y performed is
paricu*ar*y sron& as re&ards o acs of <uasi-=udicia* a&encies in connecion #i e
enforcemen of *a#s affecin& paricu*ar fie*ds of aci!iy4 e proper re&u*aion or promoion
of #ic re<uires a ecnica* or specia* rainin&4 aside from a &ood %no#*ed&e and &rasp of e o!era** condiions re*e!an o said fie*d
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
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2793
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+,cepion: Tere is no presumpion of re&u*ariy of any adminisrai!e acion #ic
resu*s in depri!in& a a,payer of is propery rou& a, sa*e
F*(5!& $9 D")$* $9 A;;"55(!" A8"*)&
- n any conesed case4 e decision of e appe**ae a&ency sa** ecome fina* and
e,ecuor fifeen days afer e receip y e paries of a copy ereof4 un*ess a moion for
reconsideraion is seasona*y fi*ed or a peiion for re!ie# of suc decision is fi*ed #i e
'our of Appea*s #iin fifeen days from receip of e decision or of e denia* of e moion
for reconsideraion
R" Ju#)(!(
- Te docrine of res =udicaa app*ies o decisions or orders of adminisrai!e a&encies
a a!e ecome fina* Suc decisions or orders are conc*usi!e upon e ri&s of e
affeced paries as ou& a cour of &enera* =urisdicion ad rendered e same
- Te ru*e #ic forids e reopenin& of a maer once =udicia**y deermined y
compeen auoriy app*ies as #e** o e =udicia* and <uasi-=udicia* acs of pu*ic4 e,ecui!e
or adminisrai!e officers and oards acin& #iin eir =urisdicion as e =ud&mens of
cours a!in& &enera* =udicia* po#ers
W4"* R" Ju#)(!( D"8(#"#
Genera* 5u*e: nce a *ii&anHs ri&s a!e een ad=udicaed in a !a*id =ud&men y a
compeen cour e sou*d no e &raned an unrid*ed *icense o come ac% for anoer ry
+,cepions:
1. Ben ere are super!enin& e!ens #ic ma%e i imperai!e4 in e i&er ineres
of =usice4 o modify said =ud&men o armonie e disposiion #i e pre!ai*in&
circumsances4 especia**y #ere no pri!ae indi!idua* #i** e financia**y pre=udiced y
o!erurnin& e fina* =ud&men
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
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2816
2817
2818
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2822
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2. Te ru*e may a*so e o!er*oo%ed #ere e same as een #ai!ed or as no een
ime*y raised as a defense4 #ere e app*icaion of e princip*e4 under e paricu*ar facs
oainin&4 #ou*d amoun o a denia* of =usice or a ar o a !indicaion of a *e&iimae
&rie!ance
3. Te princip*e may e disre&arded if is app*icaion #ou*d in!o*!e e sacrifice of
=usice o ecnica*iy
Genera* 5u*e: Te princip*e does no operae e#een persons #o4 a!in& een co-
paries in e firs case4 are opposin& paried in e second case
+,cepion: Bere e indi!idua* c*aims of suc co-paries in e firs case #ere raised
in issued4 *ii&aed and deermined4 res =udicaa app*ies o suc co-paries
P$3" !$ Iu" W! $9 E<")u!$* !$ E*9$)" Ju#8m"*!
n e case of GSS !s 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission4 e Supreme 'our susained e
po#er of e 'S' o order e,ecuion of is fina* decision issued in e e,ercise of is <uasi-
=udicia* or ad=udicaory auoriy4 as ere is no *a# #ic denies i suc auoriy
E #ou*d seem <uie o!ious a e auoriy o decide cases is inui*e un*ess
accompanied y e auoriy o see a #a as een decided is carried ou
6n*ess e *a# !esin& <uasi-=udicia* po#er o an a&ency pro!ides oer#ise4 e
a&ency promu*&ain& is decision as e imp*ied po#er o issue a #ri of e,ecuion o
enforce is decision
CHAPTER VI
DOCTRINES OF PRIMARY JURISDICTION AND E?HAUSTION OF
ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES
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• D$)!*" $9 Pm(& Ju#)!$*
- Definition" i re<uires a a p*ainiff sou*d firs see% re*ief in an adminisrai!e
proceedin& efore e see%s a remedy in cour4 e!en ou& e maer is proper*y presened
o e cour4 #ic is #iin is =urisdicion
- a*so re<uires a if e case as een fi*ed in cour4 i sou*d suspend e =udicia*
proceedin&s uni* e maer sa** a!e een resed ou y e adminisrai!e a&ency
#ic as een !esed #i auoriy o reso*!e e same A*so een referred as docrine of
prior resor4 or e,c*usi!e adminisrai!e =urisdicion or pre*iminary resor
- 6nder e docrine4 Ee cours canno and #i** no deermine a conro!ersy in!o*!in&
a <uesion #ic is #iin e =urisdicion of an adminisrai!e riuna*4 especia**y #ere e
<uesions demands e e,ercise of sound adminisrai!e discreion re<uirin& e specia*
%no#*ed&e4 e,perience and ser!ices of e riuna* o deermine ecnica* and inricae
maers of fac and #ere a uniformiy of ru*in& is essenia* o comp*y #i e purposes of
re&u*aory saue adminisered
- Reasons" o a%e ad!ana&e of adminisrai!e e,perise and o aain uniformiy of
app*icaion of re&u*aory *a#s is can e secured on*y if deerminaion of e issue is *ef o
e adminisrai!e ody
- Doctrine does not apply" if e adminisrai!e a&ency as no =urisdicion o!er e
case and any of e e,cepions under e /ocrine of +,ausion of Adminisrai!e remedies
A*so <uesions of *a# may appropriae*y e deermine in e firs insance y cours ecause
uniformiy may e secured rou& re!ie# y a sin&*e Supreme 'our and a unifyin&
inf*uence #i** in!o*!e neier facua* deerminaion no e e,ercise of specia* =ud&men
2857
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- Distinguis+ from Doctrine of <+austion of Administrative remedies"
/ocrine of rimary 2urisdicion app*ies #ere a c*aim is ori&ina**y co&nia*e in e cours4
e =udicia* process ein& suspended pendin& referra* of cerain issues o e adminisrai!e
a&ency for is re!ie# hereas /ocrine of +,ausion of Adminisrai!e remedies app*ies
#ere a c*aim is co&nia*e in e firs insance y e adminisrai!e a&ency a*one4 =udicia*
inerference ein& #ie*d uni* e adminisrai!e process as run is course and e
a&ency acion is ripe for re!ie#
• D$)!*" $9 E<4(u!$* $9 A#m*!(!2" "m"#"
- Definition" cour acion canno prosper uni* a** e remedies a!e een e,aused
e adminisrai!e *e!e*
- re<uires a #ere a remedy efore an adminisrai!e a&ency is pro!ided and can
si** e resored o y &i!in& e said a&ency e!ery opporuniy o decide a maer a comes
#iin is =urisdicion; re*ief mus e firs sou& y e,ausin& is remedy efore rin&in& an
acion in or resorin& o e cours of =usice
- ffect of failure to e<+aust remedies"
does no affec e =urisdicion of e cour $6T e non-comp*iance #i** depri!ed e
comp*ainan of cause of acion #ic is &round for a moion o dismiss and if no in!o%ed ae proper ime i is deemed #ai!ed Te cour can a%e co&niance of e case and ry i
- Reasons"
o Firs4 o ensures an order*y procedure #ic fa!ors a pre*iminary sifin& process4
paricu*ar*y #i respec o maers pecu*iar*y #iin e compeence of e adminisrai!e
a&ency4 a!oidance of inerference #i funcions of e adminisrai!e a&ency y #io*din&
2884
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2887
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2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
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=udicia* acion uni* e adminisrai!e process ad run is course4 and e pre!enion of
aemps o s#amp e cours y resor o em in e firs insance
o Second4 o pro!ide *ess e,pensi!e and more speedy so*uions o dispue
o Tird4 o &i!e e adminisrai!e a&ency e opporuniy o ac and correc e errors
commied in e adminisrai!e forum
o "as*y4 separaion of po#er4 #ic en=oins upon e =udiciary a ecomin& po*icy of
non-inerference #i maers comin& primari*y #iin e compeence of e oer
deparmens
6nder e Doctrine of /rimary 5urisdiction 9or /rior Resort:, cours canno and
#i** no reso*!e a conro!ersy in!o*!in& a <uesion #ic is #iin e =urisdicion of an
adminisrai!e riuna*4 especia**y #ere e <uesion demands e e,ercise of sound
adminisrai!e discreion re<uirin& e specia* %no#*ed&e4 e,perience and ser!ices of e
adminisrai!e riuna* o deermine ecnica* and inricae maers of fac
Te Doctrine of <+austion of Administrative Remedies, on e oer and4
re<uires a efore a pary is a**o#ed o see% e iner!enion of e cour4 i is a pre-
condiion a e sou*d a!e a!ai*ed firs of a** e means of adminisrai!e processes
afforded im Lence4 if a remedy #iin e adminisrai!e macinery can si** e resored oy &i!in& e adminisrai!e officer concerned e!ery opporuniy o decide on a maer a
comes #iin is =urisdicion en suc remedy sou*d e e,aused firs efore e courHs
=udicia* po#er can e sou& Te premaure in!ocaion of courHs =urisdicion is faa* o oneHs
cause of acion Accordin&*y4 asen any findin& of #ai!er or esoppe* e case is suscepi*e
of dismissa* for *ac% of cause of acion Con-e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies is no4
o#e!er4 =urisdiciona* on*y renders e acion premaure4 i.e., c*aimed cause of acion is
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
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no ripe for =udicia* deerminaion and for a reason a pary as no cause of acion o
!eni*ae in cour 9Carale v. Abarintos4 2* SCRA %-2:
Tis docrine4 o#e!er4 is disre&arded in e fo**o#in& insances:
*: hen there is a violation of due process<
=: hen the issue involved is purely a legal question<
-: hen the administrative action is patently illegal amounting to lac; or e"cess of
#urisdiction<
: hen there is estoppel on the part of the administrative agency concerned<
B: hen there is irrepara!le in#ury<
: hen the respondent is a department secretary hose acts as an alter ego of the
/resident !ears the implied and assumed approval of the latter<
: hen to require e"haustion of administrative remedies ould !e unreasona!le<
: hen it ould amount to a nullification of a claim<
+: hen the su!#ect matter is a private land in land case proceeding<
*E: hen the rule does not provide a plain, speedy and adequate remedy, and
**: hen there are circumstances indicating the urgency of #udicial intervention.
9/aat v. CA4 2 SCRA %:
E<)";!$* !$ !4" Ru5"
3ot applicable w+ere public interest reEuires immediate court resolution
n Arro Transportation Corp. v. 'oard of Transportation4 e Supreme 'our ru*ed
a e docrine of e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies may e o!er*oo%ed #ere pu*ic
ineres re<uires immediae cour reso*uion of e issue raised
3ot applicable w+ere administrative act is a nullity
Bere e acs of a <uasi-=udicia* a&ency are paen*y i**e&a*4 e docrine of
e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies does no come ino p*ay
2938
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Foremos amon& e e,cepions o e ru*e of e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies
is #en e assai*ed ac4 order or decisions is paien*y i**e&a* or #as performed or issued
#iou =urisdicion or in e,cess of =urisdicion
3ot applicable w+ere administrative remedy is not adeEuate
Bere e decision of e deparmen secreary is4 y *a#4 e,ecuor afer a cerain
fi,ed period4 e a&&rie!ed pary need no e,aus adminisrai!e remedy as an appea* o
e residen #i** no e as sufficien4 ade<uae and e,pediious o &ran im re*ief as a
=udicia* re*ief4 suc as a #ri of pre*iminary in=uncion
3ot applicable w+ere =udicial relief is reEuired to prevent violence
ro*ems of pu*ic order #erey one pary ad resored o !io*ence o pre!en e
oer from cuin& and au*in& *o&s4 e a&&rie!ed pary can immediae*y resor o cour
acion y see%in& in=unci!e re*ief #iou a#aiin& e oucome of e adminisrai!e case4
for iner#ined #i e issue of oundary are e <uesions of pu*ic order and e
deerminaion of conracua* re*aions #ic on*y e cours of =usice a!e =urisdicion
3ot applicable apply w+ere agency acted wit+ no =urisdiction
Bere e *a# en app*ica*e pro!ides a a decision of an adminisrai!e a&ency is
appea*a*e o e deparmen secreary and en o e ffice of e residen4 e,ausin&
suc adminisrai!e remedies of appea* is no necessary #ere e a&ency aced #iou
=urisdicion or #i &ra!e ause of discreion in a%in& co&niance of a e*aed appea* from
decision of a *o#er *e!e* adminisrai!e ody #ic ad ecome fina* and ereafer
re!ersin& i
3ot applicable w+ere t+ere is yet no administrative order
2966
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fo**o#s a ere as o e some sor of decision4 order or ac4 more or *ess fina* in
caracer a is ripe for re!ie# and proper*y e su=ec of an appea* o a i&er
adminisrai!e ody or officer4 for e princip*e of e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies o
operae f ere is none4 and a issue is #eer or no e in!esi&aion o e conduced y
an adminisrai!e officer is #iin is compeence4 en a sui for proiiion may *ie a&ains
said adminisrai!e officer
3ot applicable w+ere t+ere is estoppels
+,ausion is no necessary #ere ere is esoppe* on e par of e pary in!o%in&
e docrine or on e par of e adminisrai!e a&ency concerned Tus4 #ere an
adminisrai!e a&ency in is <uesioned order ru*ed or imp*ied a a&&rie!ed pary may eier
accep is ru*in& or <uesioned i in cour4 e a&ency in a cour sui o ca**en&e e same is
sopped from in!o%in& non-e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedy o defea e cour sui4 as i
*ed e a&&rie!ed pary o e*ie!e a on*y a cour ru*in& #ou*d e acceped y i
+,cepions o e /ocrine of +,ausion of Adminisrai!e 5emedies
3( A//L!CA1L F6R (6R !S RB3CG R !RR/ARA1L DA#AB
Ben a #ri of pre*iminary in=uncion is sou& in #ic e peiioner as so#n ere is
susania* conro!ersy e#een e paries and e responden is commiin& an ac or
reaenin& e immediae commission of an ac a #i** cause irrepara*e in=ury or desroy
e saus <uo of e conro!ersy efore a fu** earin& can e ad on e meris of e case4
#ic re*ief may no e a!ai*a*e in e adminisrai!e proceedin&s
'ase: A<uino ! "uno%4 18 S'5A 177 (1990)
Ben resor o adminisrai!e remedies #i** e frui*ess and peiioner #i** incur irrepara*e
dama&e or in=ury arisin& from e immediae imp*emenaion of e adminisrai!e acion
sou& o e nu**ified
2994
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2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
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'ase: 6 $oard of 5e&ens ! 5asu*4 00 S'5A N8J (1991)
3( A//L!CA1L F6R HAL!'!D /L!(!CAL AB3CG DC(R!3 A//L!S
Te docrine of <ua*ified po*iica* a&ency saes a deparmen secrearies are a*er
e&os or assisan of e residen and eir acs are presumed o e ose of e *aer4
un*ess disappro!ed or reproaed y im Te ru*e mus e <ua*ified o a!oid confusion
Fina* orders or decisions of e ffice of e residen () issued in e e,ercise of <uasi-
=udicia* po#ers are appea*a*e o e 'our of Appea*s y peiion for re!ie# on <uesions of
fac4 of *a# or of mi,ed <uesions of *a# and fac Tis presupposes a e peiioner as
e,aused a** adminisrai!e remedies #ic means a e ad appea*ed e decision of e
deparmen secreary o e #ose decision on appea* can e su=ec of e ?peiion for
re!ie# An a&&rie!ed pary affeced y a decision of a caine secreary need no appea* o
e and e may fi*e a peiion for certiorari under 5u*e NJ of e 5u*es of 'our4 #iou
e,ausin& adminisrai!e remedy of appea* o e
'ase: 'a**usin& $ayan ! /omin&ue4 0J S'5A 94 110 (199)
'ase: A*amine ! 'A4 177 S'5A 79N (1989)
3( A//L!CA1L F6R !SS !S /RLG LBAL
Bere pure <uesions of *a# are raised4 e docrine of e,ausion of adminisrai!e
remedies does no app*y ecause issues of *a# canno e reso*!ed #i fina*iy y e
adminisrai!e officer; on*y e 'ours can
'ase: .adri&a* ! "ecoro4 191 S'5A 0 (1990)
3( A//L!CA1L F6R AD#!3!S(RA(!7 R#DG !S /R#!SS!7
3022
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3030
3031
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Te docrine does no app*y #ere4 y e erms or imp*icaions of e saue auoriin& an
adminisrai!e remedy4 suc remedy is permissi!e on*y4 #arranin& e conc*usion a e
*e&is*aure inended o a**o# e =udicia* remedy e!en ou& e adminisrai!e remedy as
een e,aused
'ase: 'orpus ! 'uaderno4 S'5A 79 (19N)
3( A//L!CA1L F6R DC(R!3 F!LL RSL( !3 3 LL!'!CA(!3 ' CLA!#
Te docrine does no app*y #ere insisence on is oser!ance #i** resu* in nu**ificaion of
e c*aim assered or #ere e adminisrai!e a&ency as no po#er o &ran e re*ief
sou& in ci!i* acion4 suc as c*aims for dama&es
'ase: uisumin& I Gaman4 19 S'5A J0 (1991)
'ase: +suere ! 'A4 19 S'5A J1 (1991)
3( A//L!CA1L !3 H FARRA3( CASS
Bere a pu*ic officer as een remo!ed in fa!our of anoer or #o as een un*a#fu**y
e,c*uded; from is posiion in fa!our of anoer4 i may e desira*e a adminisrai!e
remedies e firs resored o4 o#e!er4 no one is compe**ed or ound o do so and as said
remedies are neier pre-re<uisies o nor ar e insiuion of <uo #arrano proceedin&s
Tus4 e a&&rie!ed pary sou*d fi*e e proper =udicia* acion #iin e re&*emenary
period u*ic ineres re<uires a e ri& o pu*ic office sou*d e deermined as
speedi*y as pracica*e
'ase: Gra!ador ! .ani&o4 0 S'5A 7 (19N7)
3( A//L!CA1L F6R (6R !S 3 LAF RH!R!3B R#D!S
Bere ere is no *a# or re&u*aion re<uirin& a adminisrai!e seps e a%en a&ains an
adminisrai!e acion as a condiion preceden o e fi*in& of an acion in cour4 e fac a
3049
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3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
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3067
3068
3069
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3071
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an appea* erefrom as een a%en y e a&&rie!ed pary o e does no prec*ude im
from #idra#in& e appea* and fi*in& a cour acion o <uesion e adminisrai!e acion
'ase: A&udo ! Arna*do4 108 L" 9 (19N0)
3( A//L!CA1L F6R AB3CG 6AS 3 5R!SD!C(!3
Bere a *and in dispue as a*ready een i*ed as a pri!ae *and4 e $ureau of "and no
*on&er as =urisdicion o!er e su=ec maer
'ase: .arcos ! 'our of Appea*s4 08 S'5A 89 (199)
CHAPTER VII
JUDICIAL REVIEW
3077
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A' JUDUICIAL REVIEW * 8"*"(5
(' R"2"3 means a reconsideraion or re-e,aminaion for purposes of correcion
(ar of e sysem of cec% and a*ances #ic is a *imiaion on e separaion of po#ers
amon& e ree rances of e &o!ernmen and #ic foresa**s arirary and un=us
ad=udicaion)
Pu;$"
Keep e adminisrai!e a&ency #iin is =urisdicion and proec susani!e ri&s of paries
affeced y is ac4 ru*e4 or decision
M$#" $9 u#)(5 "2"3
• rdinary cour acion• Appea*• eiion for 5e!ie#• eiion for #ri of 'eriorari•
eiion for roiiion• eiion for .andamus
Iary accordin& o saues and naure of e a&ency
Some saues especia**y pro!ide for suc =udicia* re!ie# oers are si*en
.ere si*ence of e *a# does no necessari*y imp*y a =udicia* re!ie# is una!ai*a*e
As a &enera* ru*e =udicia* remedy is o e fi*ed in e cour of &enera* =urisdicion (5T')
AGENCY ACTION #o*e or par of any a&ency ru*e4 order4 *icense4 sancion4 re*ief or is
e<ui!a*en or denia* ereof4 maye eier non-=udicia* or <uasi-=udicia*
O#*(& )$m;5(*! 9$ *u*)!$*
• ure*y adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e acs and ru*es and re&u*aion
O#*(& A;;"(5
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
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3122
3123
3124
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• .aye a!ai*ed of ena*in& saue specifica**y pro!ides a decisions of <uasi-=udicia*
ody may e appea*ed as in ordinary ci!i* case #iin specified period
B' LIMITATIONS
b' Pu"5& (#m*!(!2" 9u*)!$* m(& *$! b" *!"9""# 3!4 b& !4" )$u!'
G"*"(5 u5":
'ours a!e no super!isin& po#er o!er e proceedin& and acions of adminisrai!edeparmens of e &o!ernmen
R"($*:
Sron& presumpion of re&u*ariy and correcness is accorded in eir decisions
E<)";!$*:
• Gra!e ause of discreion• Goes eyond is sauory auoriy• +,ercise unconsiuiona* po#ers
R"2"3 u!9"#
• /enia* of due process• .isa%e of *a#• Fraud• 'o**usion• Arirary acion• Co susania* e!idence
n e adminisrai!e proceedin&
re!ie#in& cour as no po#er o admi and consider e!idence no adduced durin& e said
in!esi&aion
T4" )$u! 9"" !$ m(@" *6u"
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
31463147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
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• Beer e ru*e is #iin e de*e&aed auoriy of e adminisrai!e a&ency• Beer i is reasona*e• Beer i #as issued pursuan o proper procedure•
Te e,ercise if adminisrai!e a&encies discreion is a po*icy decision #ic sou*d no e
inerfered #i y e cours
D)"!$*
5i& conferred upon e officer y a *a# or acin& officia**y under cerain circumsances
accordin& o e dicaes of is o#n =ud&men or conscience of oers
D$)!*" $9 ;$5!)(5 6u"!$*
• is no# a #e**-enrenced ru*e in is =urisdicion a is e,ercise of presidenia*
=ud&men is eyond =udicia* scruiny• Te cour is mere*y o cec%4 no a i erred or as a differen !ie#
Te 5i& o appea* is mere*y a sauory ri& may e e,ercised on*y in e manner and in
accordance #i e pro!isions of *a#
• Fai*ure o do so #i** cause *oss of e ri& o appea* and render e decision fina*
'ours may no *on&er inerfere fina* decisions of adminisrai!e odies
Adminisrai!e odies a!e upon eir fina*iy4 e force and indin& effec if a fina* =ud&men
#iin e pur!ie# of e docrine of res =udicaa
u*ic po*icy demands a fina*iy e #rien on =udicia* conro!ersies
Saue pro!idin& a e decision of a specific <uasi-=udicia* a&ency is appea*a*e direc*y o
e Supreme 'our if enaced #iou e ad!ice and concurrence of e supreme cour is
no effeci!e and e appea* erefrom mus e a%en o e cour of appea*s under 5u*e
)' P"!!$* 9$ R"2"3
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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• under ru*e of e ru*es of cour• o e fi*ed in 'A
E<(m;5" $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)" 34)4 95" 9$ !4 m$#" $9 (;;"(5
• 'i!i* ser!ice 'ommission• 'enra* oard of assessmen appea*s• Securiies and e,can&e commission• ffice of e presiden• "and re&israion commission• Socia* Securiy 'ommission• 'i!i* aeronauics oard• $ureau of aens• Trademar%s and ecno*o&y ransfer
• Caiona* +*ecrificaion Adminisraion• +ner&y re&u*aory oard• Caiona* e*ecommunicaions 'ommission• /eparmen of a&rarian reform• Go!ernmen ser!ice nsurance Sysem• +mp*oyees compensaion commission• A&ricu*ura* in!enions oard• nsurance commission• i*ippine aomic ener&y commission• $oard of in!esmen•
'onsrucion commission• Io*unary ariraors• Te office of e omudsman• C"5' specia* ci!i* acion
E<)5u#"# 9$m !4" )$2"(8" $9 u5" 0
• 'ommission on e*ecion• 'ommission on audi
.ay e <uesioned under ru*es N [ NJ
5u*e
• rdinary appea*• eiioner e,aused a** adminisrai!e remedies• Fina* order or decision as een rendered y e adminisrai!e ody in e e,ercise
of <uasi-=udicia* funcions
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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5ecourse rou& cour acion canno prosper uni* afer suc adminisrai!e remedies sa**
a!e een firs e,aused
=u"!$* $9 9()!
• /ou or difference as o e ru or fa*seood of a**e&ed facs• uery necessari*y in!ies ca*iraion of e #o*e e!idence• 'onsiderin& e credii*iy of #inesses• +,isence and re*e!ancy of surroundin& circumsances
=u"!$* $9 5(3
• /ou or difference of opinions as o #a e *a# is on a cerain sae of facs• /oes no ca** for an e,aminaion of proai!e !a*ue
M(& R"2"3
• +rrors of fac• +rrors of =ud&men
A ;"!!$* 34)4 ub!(*!(55& )$m;5" 3!4 !4" "6u"m"*! $9 u5" 0 4$u5# b"
82"* #u" )$u"'
Te 'our of appea*s may re<uire e responden o fi*e a )$mm"*! on e peiion4 no a
moion o dismiss #iin 10 days from noice4 or dismiss e peiion if i finds e same o e
paen*y #iou meri
• rosecued manifes*y for de*ay• uesions raised erein are oo unsusania* o re<uire consideraion
C$mm"*!:
• oin ou insufficiencies or inaccuracies of peiionersH saemen of facs and issues• Sae e reason #y e peiion sou*d e denied or dismissed
Te findin& of facs of e cour or a&ency concerned #en suppored y susania*
e!idence4 sa** e indin& in e 'our of appea*s
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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• f i decides o dismiss e peiion i is usua**y in e form of a MINUTE
RESOLUTION• f e decision is &i!en dues course e cour #i** render fu** *en& decision of e
meris of e case
C$mm$* R"6u!" of peiions for )"!$(4 ;$4b!$* and m(*#(mu are e
fo**o#in&:
1 Te peiion mus e !erified
Ben and #ere o fi*e peiion 2urisdicion o issue #ri Bo sou*d e e respondensJ 'onens of e peiionN Con-forum soppin& cerificaion
A peiion for re!ie# on ceriorari or an appea* o e Supreme 'our y ceriorari from
=ud&men or fina* order of e cour of appea*s4 e Sandi&anayan4 and e re&iona* ria*
cour or oer cours #ene!er auoried y *a# is no a maer of ri& u is a maer of
sound discreion
C' PETITION FOR REVIEW u*#" Ru5" 0 $9 Ru5" $9 C$u!
Rules governing appeals from =udgments of EuasiI=udicial agencies
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
32643265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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A peiion for re!ie# is a mode of appea* from e decisions or fina* orders of <uasi-
=udicia* a&encies e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* funcions fi*ed #i e 'our of Appea*s pursuan
o Sec 9 of $ 19 and 5u*e of e 5e!ised 5u*es of 'our
is pro!ided for under Secion 14 5u*e a i Esa** app*y o appea*s from
=ud&mens or fina* orders of 'our of Ta, Appea*s and from on#ards4 =ud&mens4 fina* orders
or reso*uions of or auoried y any <uasi-=udicia* a&ency in e e,ercise of is <uasi-
=udicia* funcions
Amon& ese <uasi-=udicia* a&encies are e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission4 'enra*
$oard of Assessmen Appea*s4 Securiy and +,can&e 'ommission4 "and 5e&israion
Auoriy4 Socia* Securiy 'ommission4 ffice of e residen4 'i!i* Aeronauics $oard4
Caiona* Te*ecommunicaions 'ommission4 /eparmen of A&rarian 5eform under 5A
NNJ74 Go!ernmen Ser!ice nsurance Sysem4 +mp*oyeesH 'ompensaion 'ommission4
A&ricu*ura* n!enions $oard4 nsurance 'ommission4 i*ippine Aomic +ner&y
'ommission4 $oard of n!esmens4 and 'onsrucion ndusry Ariraion 'ommission
+,c*uded from e co!era&e of 5u*e are e decisions of e 'ommission on
+*ecions and e 'ommission on Audi4 #ose decisions may e <uesioned y means of a
peiion for ceriorari under 5u*es N and NJ of e 5u*es of 'our fi*ed #i e Supreme
'our #iin iry (0) days from noice ereofJ
F+ere to appeal
An appea* may e a%en o e 'our of Appea*s #iin e period and in e manner
pro!ided4 #eer e appea* in!o*!es <uesions of fac4 of *a#4 or mi,ed <uesions of fac
and *a#
+ A&pa*o Adminisrai!e "a#4 "a# on u*ic fficers and +*ecion "a#++
Sec 14 5u*e 4 5u*es of 'our+ /e "eon Adminisrai!e "a#: Te, and 'ases+" A&pa*o Adminisrai!e "a#4 "a# on u*ic fficers and +*ecion "a#
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
34
3536
37
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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Lo#e!er4 appea* y peiion for re!ie# pursuan o 5u*e re<uires a e
peiioner as e,aused a** adminisrai!e remedies and a fina* order or decision as
een rendered y e adminisrai!e ody in e e,ercise of is <uasi-=udicia* funcionsN
/eriod of Appeal
Te appea* sa** e a%en #iin fifeen (1J) days from noice of a#ard4 =ud&men4
fina* order or reso*uion or from e dae of is *as pu*icaion if pu*icaion is re<uired y *a#
for is effeci!iy4 or of e denia* of peiionerHs moion for reconsideraion du*y fi*ed in
accordance #i e &o!ernin& *a# of e cour or a&ency a <uo
n*y one (1) moion for reconsideraion sa** e a**o#ed 6pon proper moion and e
paymen of e fu** amoun of e doc%e fee efore e e,piraion of e re&*emenary
period4 e 'our of Appea*s may &ran an addiiona* fifeen (1J) days on*y #iin #ic o fi*e
e peiion for re!ie# Co furer e,ension sa** e &raned e,cep for e mos compe**in&
reasons and in no case o e,ceed anoer period of fifeen (1J) days
6ow appeal ta8en
Appea* sa** e a%en y fi*in& a !erified peiion for re!ie# in se!en (7) *e&i*e copies
#i e 'our of Appea*s4 #i proof of ser!ice of a copy ereof on e ad!erse pary and on
e cour or a&ency a <uo Te ori&ina* copy of e peiion inended for e 'our of Appea*s
sa** e indicaed as suc y e peiioner
6pon fi*in& e peiion for re!ie#4 e peiioner sa** pay o e '*er% of e 'our of
Appea*s e doc%ein& and oer *a#fu* fees and deposi e sum of p J0000 for coss
+,empion from paymen of doc%ein& and oer *a#fu* fees and e deposi for coss may
e &raned y e 'our of Appea*s upon a !erified moion sein& for !a*id &rounds
+# Garcia ! 'A4 J8 S'5A 1N
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
38
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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erefor f e 'our of Appea*s denies e moion4 e peiioner sa** pay e doc%ein& and
oer *a#fu* fees and deposi for coss #iin fifeen (1J) days from noice of e denia*
Contents of t+e petition
Te peiion for re!ie# sa**:
(a) sae e fu** names of e paries o e case4 #iou imp*eadin& e cour or a&encies
eier as peiioners or respondens;
() conains concise saemen of e facs and issues in!o*!ed and e &rounds re*ied upon
for e re!ie#;
(c) e accompanied y a c*ear*y *e&i*e dup*icae ori&ina* or a cerified rue copy of e
a#ard4 =ud&men4 fina* order or reso*uion appea*ed from4 o&eer #i cerified rue copies
of suc maeria*s porions of e record as referred o erein and oer supporin& papers;
(d) sae a** e specific maeria* daes so#in& a i #as fi*ed #iin e re&*emenary
period pro!ided erein;
(e) conain a s#orn saemen a&ains forum-soppin& as re<uired in 5e!ised 'ircu*ar Co
8-91
ffect of failure to comply wit+ reEuirements
Te fai*ure of e peiioner o comp*y #i e fore&oin& re<uiremens re&ardin& e
paymen of e doc%e and oer *a#fu* fees4 e deposi for coss4 proof of ser!ice of e
peiion4 and e conens of and e conens of and e documens #ic sou*d
accompany e peiion sa** e sufficien &rounds for e dismissa* ereof
Action on t+e petition
As pro!ided for under Secion 84 e 'our of Appea*s may re<uire e responden o
fi*e a commen on e peiion4 no a moion o dismiss4 #iin en (10) days from noice
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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Te 'our o#e!er4 may dismiss e peiion if i finds e same o e paen*y #iou
meri prosecued manifes*y for de*ay4 or a e <uesions raised erein are oo susania*
o re<uire consideraion
C$*!"*! $9 )$mm"*!
Te commen sa** e fi*ed #iin en (10) days from noice in se!en (7) *e&i*e
copies and accompanied y c*ear*y *e&i*e cerified rue copies of suc maeria* porions of
e record referred o erein o&eer #i oer supporin& papers
Te commen sa**: (1) poin ou insufficiencies or inaccuracies in peiionerHs
saemen of facs and issues; and () sae e reason #y e peiion sou*d e denied or
dismissed
A copy ereof sa** e ser!ed on e peiioner4 and proof of suc ser!ice sa** e
fi*ed #i e 'our of Appea*s
Due Course
f upon e fi*in& of e commen or suc oer p*eadin&s or documens as may e
re<uired or a**o#ed y e 'our of Appea*s or upon e e,piraion of e period for e fi*in&
ereof4 and on e ases of e peiion or e record 4 e 'our of Appea*s finds prima
facie a e cour or a&ency concerned as commied errors of fac or *a# a #ou*d
#arran re!ersa* or modificaion or e a#ard4 =ud&men4 fina* order or reso*uion sou& o e
re!ie#ed4 i may &i!e due course o e peiion4 oer#ise4 i sa** dismiss e same
Te findin&s of e fac of e cour or a&ency concerned4 #en suppored y
susania* e!idence4 sa** e indin& on e 'our of Appea*s
(ransmittal of record
Biin fifeen (1J) days from noice a e peiion as een &i!en due course4 e
'our of Appea*s may re<uire e cour or a&ency concerned o ransmi e ori&ina* or a
*e&i*e cerified rue copy of e enire record of e proceedin&s under re!ie# Te record o
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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e ransmied may e arid&ed y a&reemen of a** paries o e proceedin& Te 'our of
Appea*s may re<uire or permi suse<uen correcion of or addiion o e record
E99")! $9 A;;"(5
Te appea* sa** no say e a#ard4 =ud&men4 fina* order or reso*uion sou& o e
re!ie#ed un*ess e 'our of Appea*s sa** direc oer#ise upon suc erms as i may deem
=us
Te &enera* ru*e is a =ud&mens y *o#er cours or <uasi-=udicia* riuna*s or
a&encies ecome e,ecuor on*y afer ey ecome fina* and e,ecuor7 +,ecuion pendin&
appea* of a decision is a**o#ed on*y #ere e *a# so pro!ides4 as an e,cepion o e
&enera* ru*e8
+!en ose decisions #ic4 y *a#4 are no sayed y e appea*4 e 'our of
Appea*s4 upon moion of e appe**an4 may say e e,ecuion upon suc erms as i may
deem =us4 *i%e issuin& a saus <uo order or #ri of pre*iminary in=uncion
Subm$* 9$ #")$*
f e peiion is &i!en due course4 e 'our of Appea*s may se e case for ora*
ar&umen or re<uire e paries o sumi memoranda #iin a period of fifeen (1J) days
from noice Te case sa** e deemed sumied for decision upon e fi*in& o e *as
p*eadin& or memorandum re<uired y e ru*es or y e 'our of Appea*s
Te ao!e ru*es do no app*y o =ud&mens and fina* orders or reso*uions issued
under e "aor 'ode9
Te ru*e a an appe**ae cour may on*y pass upon errors assi&ned4 as #e** as is
e,cepions4 is a*so app*ica*e o adminisrai!e odies Tere is no reason #y i sou*d
no0 +$ A&pa*o Adminisrai!e "a#4 "a# on u*ic fficers and +*ecion "a#+)
id+' Supreme 'our 5e!ised Adminisrai!e 'ircu*ar Co 1-9J4 .ay 104 199J! /iamonon ! /eparmen of "aor and +mp*oymen4 7 S'5A 8
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
39
4041
42
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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n reso*!in& appea*s from <uasi-=udicia* odies4 i is #iin e discreion of e 'our
of Appea*s o a!e e ori&ina* records of e proceedin&s under re!ie# e ransmied o i1
Te decision or fina* reso*uion of e 'our of Appea*s is appea*a*e o e Supreme
'our y peiion for re!ie# in accordance #i 5u*e J of e 5e!ised 5u*es of 'our
Sub!(*!(5 E2#"*)" Ru5" A#m*!(!2" 9*#*8 (*# )$*!u)!$* (" 8"*"(55&
b*#*8 (*# )$*)5u2"
Te 'our #i** en decide #eer o dismiss e peiion or &i!e i due course f i
decides o dismiss e peiion4 i is usua**y in e form of a minue reso*uion f e peiion is
&i!en due course4 e 'our #i** render a fu**-*en& decision on e meris o e case
Te findin&s of fac of e cour or a&ency concerned4 #en suppored y susania*
e!idence4 sa** e indin& on e 'our of Appea*s n oer #ords4 a** a is necessary o
susain e findin&s fac is a said findin&s are suppored y susania* e!idence Tis is
%no#n as e susania* e!idence ru*e
Te &enera* ru*e is a4 cours #i** no disur on appea* e facua* findin&s of
adminisrai!e a&encies acin& #iin e parameers of eir o#n compeence so *on& as
suc findin&s are suppored y susania* e!idence Te susania* e!idence ru*e is a
*imiaion upon e scope of =udicia* re!ie# in adminisrai!e cases
Te ru*e is a findin&s of fac of adminisrai!e a&encies are eni*ed o &rea #ei&4
if no fina*iy4 if suppored y susania* e!idence4 or ne&ai!e*y saed if e findin&s are no
so#n o e unsuppored y e!idence
<ceptions to substantial evidence rule
1 Torres4 2r ! 'our of Appea*s4 78 S'5A 79
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
43
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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Te ru*e a facua* findin&s of adminisrai!e a&encies e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia*
po#ers are accorded respec and e!en fina*iy if suppored y susania* e!idence admis
e,cepions4 name*y:
(1) Ben e facua* findin&s of adminisrai!e a&ency and e iniia* fac-findin& a&ency
are conf*icin&;
() Ben e findin&s are &rounded enire*y on specu*aion4 surmises4 or con=ecures;
() Ben e inerference made y e <uasi-=udicia* a&ency from is findin&s of fac is
manifes*y misa%en4 asurd4 or impossi*e;
() Ben ere is &ra!e ause of discreion in e appreciaion of facs;
(J) Ben e adminisrai!e a&ency4 in ma%in& is findin&s4 &oes eyond e issues of
e case4 and suc findin&s are conrary o e admissions of e paries;
(N) Ben e =ud&men of e adminisrai!e a&ency is premised on e misappreension
of facs;
(7) Ben e adminisrai!e a&ency fai*s o noice cerain re*e!an facs #ic4 if proper*y
considered4 #i** =usify a differen conc*usion;
(8) Ben e findin&s of fac are emse*!es conf*icin&;
(9) Ben e findin&s are conc*usions #iou ciaion of e specific e!idence on #ic
ey are ased; and
(10) Ben e findin&s are premised on e asence of e!idence u suc findin&s are
conradiced y e e!idence on record
Bi*e facua* findin&s of e adminisrai!e a&encies are &enera**y no disured on
appea*4 eir findin&s of fac are no conc*usi!e and4 may e re!ie#ed and se aside in any of
e ao!e insances
Fuenes ! 'A4 N8 S'5A 70
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
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An acion or ru*in& of an adminisrai!e a&ency or officer may e se aside #ere e
*aer aced #iou =urisdicion or e,ceeded is =urisdicion or commied &ra!e ause of
discreion
!llustrative Cases"
*. 5oer court issued an in#unction to restrain implementation the order of the Secretary of
6ducation, Culture and Sports directing the closure of medical college.
@actsF
6pon recommendaion of e $oard of .edica* +ducaion4 afer #o eam of
inspecors repored a responden medica* co**e&e fe** !ery muc sor of e minimum
sandards se for medica* scoo*s4 e Secreary of e /eparmen of +ducaion4 'u*ure
and Spors (/+'S)4 as 'airman of e $oard4 ordered e c*osure of e scoo* effeci!e
.ay 1989 Te *oca* =ud&e issued a #ri of pre*iminary in=uncion Suse<uen*y4 e e*d a
ere #as no e!idence supporin& e findin&s in e repor and dec*ared a ased on is
ocu*ar inspecion4 e deficiencies repored #ere non-e,isen
Tis is a peiion for ceriorari fi*es y e $oard assai*in& e in=uncion order issued
y e *o#er cour o resrain e order of imp*emenaion of e order of e c*osure
$ssueF
/oes e *o#er cour a!e e po#er o ma%e is o#n independen deerminaion of
#eer or no responden medica* insiuion as comp*ied #i e minimum sandards *aid
do#n for is coninued operaionD
(ulingF 2o
(1) Co cour as e compeence o susiue is o#n opinion for a of e /+'S
Secreary
() /ecision of e /+'S Secreary is #iin e scope of is po#er no su=ec o
=udicia* re!ie#
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
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ETe on*y auoriy reposed in e 'ours in e maer is e deerminaion of
#eer or no e Secreary of /+'S as aced #iin e scope of po#ers &raned im y
*a# and e 'onsiuion As *on& as i appears a e as done so4 any decision rendered
y im sou*d no and #i** no e su=ec o re!ie# and re!ersa* y any cour
() 2ud&men of /+'S more <ua*ified inspecors on e maer cerain*y eer an a
of responden =ud&e
() 'ours a!e no super!isory po#er o!er e proceedin&s and acions of e
adminisrai!e deparmens of e &o!ernmen in!o*!in& e e,ercise of =ud&men and
findin&s of fac
E is a #e**-se*ed docrine a cours of =usice sou*d no &enera**y inerfere #i
pure*y adminisrai!e and discreionary funcions; a cours a!e no super!isory po#er o!er
e proceedin&s and acions of e adminisrai!e deparmens of e &o!ernmen in!o*!in&
e e,ercise of =ud&men and findin&s of facs; ecause y reason of eir specia* %no#*ed&e
and e,perise o!er maers fa**in& under eir =urisdicion4 e *aer are in a eer posiion o
pass =ud&men on suc maers and eir findin&s of facs in a re&ard are &enera**y
accorded respec4 if no fina*iy4 y e cours
Tere are4 o e sure4 e,cepions o e &enera* ru*e u none of ose oain in is
case (B$(# $9 M"#)(5 E#u)(!$* 2' A59$*$, 1 SCRA .0)
=. 8udicial (evie !y the Supreme Court is questioned on the ground that it is not provided
!y governing statute.
Facs:
appears a M #as dismissed y S.' for a**e&ed i**e&a* raffic%in& in company
medicines Te o*d Caiona* "aor 5e*aions 'ommission (C"5') ordered e reinsaemen
of M #i ac%#a&es4 #ic decision #as affirmed y e Secreary of "aor s moion for
reconsideraion of e decision #as affirmed y e Secreary of "aor s moion for
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
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reconsideraion of e decision a!in& een denied4 S.' insiued e ceriorari proceedin&
in e Supreme 'our
M raised a =urisdiciona* <uesion #ic #as no rou& up y responden pu*ic
officia*s Le conended a Supreme 'our as no =urisdicion o re!ie# e decisions of e
C"5' and e Secreary of "aor Eunder e princip*e of separaion of po#ers and Ea
=udicia* re!ie# is no pro!ided for in residenia* /ecree Co 1
ssue:
Beer or no e Supreme 'our a!e =urisdicion o re!ie# e decisions of e
C"5' and e Secreary of "aor
5u*in&: Mes
(1) o#er e,iss ou& no e,press*y &i!en y saue
ETe conenion of M is a f*a&ran error is &enera**y undersood a as o adminisrai!e
a&encies e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* or *e&is*ai!e po#er4 ere is an under*yin& po#er in e
cours4 o scruinie e acs of suc a&encies on <uesions of *a# and =urisdicion e!en
ou& no ri& or re!ie# is &i!en y saue
() urpose of =udicia* re!ie#
ETe purpose of =udicia* re!ie# is o %eep e adminisrai!e a&ency #iin is =urisdicion and
proec susania* ri&s of paries affeced y is decisions is par of e sysem of cec%s
and a*ances #ic resrics e separaion of po#er and foresa**s arirary and un=us
ad=udicaions
() Ben =udicia* re!ie# proper
E2udicia* re!ie# is proper in case of *ac% of =urisdicion4 &ra!e ause of discreion4 error of *a#
or co**usion
Te cours may dec*are an acion or reso*uion of an adminisrai!e auoriy o e
i**e&a* ecause i !io*aes or fai*s o comp*y #i some mandaory pro!isions of e *a# or
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
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ecause i is corrup4 arirary or capricious (S(* M8u"5 C$;$(!$* 2' S")"!(& $9
L(b$, 0 SCRA ')
'inality of administrative action for purposes of review
*. /olicy of Courts
'ours are re*ucan o inerfere #i acion of an adminisrai!e a&ency prior o is
comp*eion or fina*iy4 e reason ein& a asen a fina* order or decision4 po#er as no
een fu**y and fina**y e,ercised4 and ere can usua**y e no irrepara*e arm is on*y afer
=udicia* re!ie# is no *on&er premaure a a cour may ascerain in proper cases #eer e
adminisrai!e acion or findin&s are no in !io*aion of *a#4 or are free from fraud or
imposiion or find susania* suppor from e e!idence
=. 4rder of decision
Saues re*ain& o =udicia* re!ie# of acion of adminisrai!e a&ency common*y
pro!ide for re!ie# of Eorders4 Eany order4 Efina* orders4 Efina* a&ency acion4 or Efina*
decisions
-. Threatened pending actions
2udicia* re*ief or re!ie# is ofen denied for *ac% of fina*iy #ere acion of e
adminisrai!e a&ency is on*y anicipaed4 e!en ou& reaened4 or #ere e acion is si**
pendin& #iou fina* disposiion
Several different grounds stated !y court in denying relief or revieF
(a) 2urisdicion *ies in e adminisrai!e a&ency raer an in e cours;
+ .aieni ! Ae**era4 1N S'5A 7
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
45
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() An adminisrai!e officer o #om pu*ic duies are confided y *a# is no su=ec o e
conro* of e cours in e e,ercise of e =ud&men and disrecion #ic e *a#
reposes in im as par of is officia* funcions;
(c) /eerminaions y suordinae officia*s4 acin& under e insrucion of eir officia*
superiors4 are4 in e naure of in&s4 under e conro* of and su=ec o re!ie# y
eir officia* superiors;
(d) Te cours #i** no render a decree in ad!ance of e a&encyHs acion and erey render
suc acion nu&aory;
(e) is no for a cour o sop an adminisrai!e officer from performin& is sauory duy for
fear e #i** perform i #ron&*y4 paricu*ar*y #ere e saue is no unconsiuiona* on
is face4 a o inerfere #i acion #ic is simp*y Ereaened #ou*d render a
saue un#or%a*e and unenforcea*e and #ou*d undu*y amper e discar&e y
e adminisrai!e a&encies of eir responsii*iy; or
(f) rior o fina* adminisrai!e deerminaion4 e pary see%in& re*ief as no suffered a
presen in=ury
. Action (equiring approval !y superior
An order re<uired o e sumied o a superior for appro!a* is no fina* for purposes
of re!ie# Lo#e!er4 e fac a in some circumsances4 e &ran of re*ief mi& a!e o e
sumied for appro!a* does no derac from e fina*iy of an order denyin& re*iefJ
B. /endency of rehearing or administrative appeal
Te pendency of an app*icaion for a reearin& or recommendaion fi*ed #iin e
ime prescried y *a# ore re&u*aions depri!es e ori&ina* order of fina*iy Lo#e!er 4 a
saue may pro!ide oer#iseN
Am 2ur d 1J4 1N" d4 a 17# id
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
4647
48
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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. (ules and regulations
5e&u*aions of an adminisrai!e a&ency are addressed o and se a sandard of
conduc for a** o #om eir erms app*y
. /urely administrative matters
is a #e**-reco&nied princip*e a pure*y adminisrai!e and discreionary funcions
may no e inerfered y e cours
. /reliminary, procedural and interlocutory determinations.
Te uni!ersa* ru*e is a appea* o e cours #i** no *ie from an iner*ocuory order
un*ess suc order affecs e meris
<ceptions to t+e doctrine of finality
(1) 5e!ie# a an iniia* or inermediae sa&e of adminisrai!e acion
Te re<uiremen of fina*iy is su=ec o e,cepions and *imiaions #ic permi
=udicia* re*ief for re!ie# a an iniia* or immediae sa&e of an adminisrai!e acion Tus4 e
fac a paricu*ar deerminaion is no a Efina* order for purposes of sauory re!ie# as
een e*d no o prec*ude e a!ai*ai*iy of =udicia* re!ie#:
(a) o an iner*ocuory order affecin& e meris of a conro!ersy;
() o &ran re*ief o preser!e e saus <uo pendin& furer acion y e
adminisrai!e a&ency;
(c) #en i is essenia* o e proecion of e ri&s assered from e in=ury
reaened;
(d) #en an adminisrai!e officer assumes o ac in !io*aion of e 'onsiuion and
oer *a#s;
(e) #ere suc order is no re!ie#a*e in any oer #ay and e comp*ainan #i**
suffer &rea and o!ious dama&e if e order is carried ou; and
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
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(f) o an order made in e,cess of po#er4 conrary o specific proiiion in e saue
&o!ernin& e a&ency and us operain& as depri!aion of a ri& assured y
e saue
() 5e!ie# a**o#ed y sauory pro!isions
n some insances4 e,cepions o e re<uiremen of fina*iy or *imiaions on suc
re<uiremen f*o# direc*y form sauory pro!isions
/etition for Review and /etition for certiorari distinguis+ed
A peiion for re!ie# under 5ue of e 5u*es of 'our is an ordinary appea* from a
fina* order or decision of a <uasi- =udicia* ody o e 'our of Appea*s4 fi*ed y an a&&rie!ed
pary afer e,ausin& adminisrai!e remedies #iin fifeen (1J) days from receip of said
decision or reso*uion denyin& a moion for reconsideraion4 on <uesions of fac4 of *a#4 or
mi,ed <uesions of fac and *a# Te appe**ae cour may re!ie# errors of fac or errors of
=ud&men in a peiion for re!ie#
A peiion for ceriorari under 5u*e NJ of e 5u*es of 'our is a specia* ci!i* acion4
see%in& o nu**ify or modify an order or reso*uion of an adminisrai!e ody e,ercisin&
=udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* funcions4 #ic aced #iou or in e,cess of =urisdicion or #i
&ra!e ause of discreion amounin& o *ac% or in e,cess of =urisdicion and ere is no
appea*4 or any p*ain4 speedy4 and ade<uae remedy in e ordinary course of *a#4 fi*es #iin
si,y (N0) days from receip of e <uesioned =ud&men4 order or reso*uion y an a&&rie!ed
pary #i e Supreme 'our4 or 'our f Appea*s or e 5e&iona* Tria* 'our4 as e 5u*es of
'our or as app*ica*e *a# pro!ides Le may on*y raise <uesions of *a# and errors of
=ud&men4 e,cep #ere e can so# a is case fa**s under any of e e,cepions #ic
#arran a re!ie# of facs
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
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5e!ie# inc*udes di&&in& ino e meris and unearin& errors of =ud&men4 #i*e
ceriorari dea*s e,c*usi!e*y #i &ra!e ause of discreion4 #ic may no e,is e!en #en
e decision is oer#ise erroneous7
D' P"!!$* 9$ C"!$(
S")' 1 Ru5" $9 !4" Ru5" $9 C$u!:
Ben any riuna*4 oard or officer e,ercisin& =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* funcions as aced
#iou or in e,cess of is or is =urisdicion4 or #i &ra!e ause of discreion amounin& o
*ac% or e,cess of =urisdicion4 and ere is no appea*4 or any p*ain4 speedy4 and ade<uae
remedy in e ordinary course of *a#4 a person a&&rie!ed erey may fi*e a !erified peiion
in e proper cour4 a**e&in& e facs #i cerainy and praying t+at =udgment be
rendered annulling or modifying t+e proceedings of suc+ tribunal4 board or officer4
and granting suc+ incidental reliefs ass law and =ustice may reEuire.
Te peiion sa** e accompanied y a cerified rue copy of e =ud&men4 order or
reso*uion su=ec ereof4 copies of a** p*eadin&s and documens re*e!an and perinen
ereo4 and a s#orn cerificaion of non-forum soppin& as pro!ided in e para&rap of
Secion 4 5u*e N
Pu;$":
To annu* or modify e <uesioned ac or ru*in& is inended o annu* !oid proceedin&s4 o
pre!en un*a#fu* and oppressi!e e,ercise of *e&a* auoriy4 and o pro!ide for a fair and
order*y adminisraion of =usice
$ Arauc ! '.+"+'4 88 S'5A J1
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
49
8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
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R"6u!":
1 is direced a&ains a riuna*4 oard or officer e,ercisin& =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia*
funcions Te riuna*4 oard or officer as aced #iou or in e,cess of =urisdicion or #i
&ra!e ause of discreion Tere is no appea* nor any p*ain4 speedy and ade<uae remedy in e ordinary
course of *a#
E$ $9 u#)!$* )$")!b5" b& )"!$(
An error of #udgment is one #ic e cour may commi in e e,ercise of is
=urisdicion4 #ic is reviea!le only !y an appeal or petition for revie as a mode of appeal.
An error of #urisdiction is one #ere e ac comp*ained of is issued y e cour4 officer or
<uasi-=udicia* ody #iou or in e,cess of =urisdicion4 or #i &ra!e ause of discreion
#ic is anamoun o *ac% or in e,cess of =urisdicion4 #ic is correcti!le !y e"traordinary
rit of certiorari.
A petition for certiorari see;s to correct errors of #urisdiction, hile a petition for
revie see;s to correct errors of #udgment, hich include errors of procedure or mista;es in
the court?s findings.
P"!!$* 9$ P$4b!$*
S")' / Ru5" $9 !4" Ru5" $9 C$u!:
Ben any riuna*4 oard or officer e,ercisin& =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* funcions as aced
#iou or in e,cess of is or is =urisdicion4 or #i &ra!e ause of discreion amounin& o
*ac% or e,cess of =urisdicion4 and ere is no appea*4 or any p*ain4 speedy4 and ade<uae
remedy in e ordinary course of *a#4 a person a&&rie!ed erey may fi*e a !erified peiion
in e proper cour4 a**e&in& e facs #i cerainy and praying t+at =udgment be
rendered commanding t+e respondent to desist from furt+er proceeding in t+e action
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
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or matter specified t+erein4 or ot+erwise granting suc+ incidental reliefs as law and
=ustice may reEuire.
Te peiion sa** *i%e#ise e accompanied y a cerified rue copy of e =ud&men4 order or
reso*uion su=ec ereof4 copies of a** p*eadin&s and documens re*e!an and perinen
ereo4 and a s#orn cerificaion of non-forum soppin& as pro!ided in e para&rap of
Secion 4 5u*e N
P$4b!$* is a remedy o pre!en a riuna*4 oard or officer from usurpin& or e,ercisin& a
=urisdicion or po#er #ic e *a# does no !es in any of em s funcion is o pre!en e
un*a#fu* and oppressi!e e,ercise of *e&a* auoriy and o pro!ide for a fair and order*y
adminisraion of =usice is direced on proceedin& a are aou o e done u no
a&ains an accomp*ised ac e,cep #ere e #ron& ac is coninuin& or e <uesioned ac
is a nu**iy4 done #iou or in e,cess of =urisdicion or #i &ra!e ause of discreion4 and
ere ein& no appea* or oer p*ain4 speedy and ade<uae remedy in e ordinary course of
*a#
P"!!$* 9$ m(*#(mu
S")' Ru5" $9 !4" Ru5" $9 C$u!:
Ben any riuna*4 oard or officer e,ercisin& =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* funcions as aced
#iou or in e,cess of is or is =urisdicion4 or #i &ra!e ause of discreion amounin& o
*ac% or e,cess of =urisdicion4 and ere is no appea*4 or any p*ain4 speedy4 and ade<uae
remedy in e ordinary course of *a#4 a person a&&rie!ed erey may fi*e a !erified peiion
in e proper cour4 a**e&in& e facs #i cerainy (*# praying t+at =udgment be
rendered commanding respondent4 immediately or at some ot+er specified by t+e
court4 to do t+e act reEuired to be done to protect t+e rig+ts of t+e petitioner4 and to
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
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pay t+e damages sustained by t+e petitioner by reason of t+e wrongful acts of t+e
respondent.
Te peiion sa** *i%e#ise e accompanied y a cerified rue copy of e =ud&men4 order or
reso*uion su=ec ereof4 copies of a** p*eadin&s and documens re*e!an and perinen
ereo4 and a s#orn cerificaion of non-forum soppin& as pro!ided in e para&rap of
Secion 4 5u*e N
M(*#(mu 5" u*#" !4" 9$55$3*8:
a A&ains any riuna* #ic un*a#fu**y ne&*ecs e performance of an ac #ic e
*a# specifica**y en=oins as a duy
n case any corporaion4 oard or person un*a#fu**y ne&*ecs e performance of anac #ic e *a# en=oins as a duy resu*in& from an office4 rus or saionc n case of any riuna*4 corporaion4 oard or person un*a#fu**y e,c*udes anoer
from e use and en=oymen of a ri& or office o #ic suc oer is *e&a**y eni*ed
R"6u!":
1 App*ican mus a!e a c*ear *e&a* ri& o e in& demanded Suc ri& is #e** defined4 c*ear and cerain Te correspondin& duy of e defendan o perform e re<uired ac mus a*so e
c*ear and specific
Te a!ai*ai*iy of mandamus depends on e naure of e po#er conferred upon4 and
re<uired o e performed y4 pu*ic funcionaries. Benerally mandamus will lie to compel
t+e doing of ministerial act. does no *ie o conro* discreion4 a*ou& i may issue o
compe* e e,ercise of discreion u no e discreion ise*f
E<)";!$*:
• Ben ere is &ross ause of discreion4 manifes in=usice or pa*pa*e e,cess of
auoriy e<ui!a*en o denia* of a se*ed ri& o #ic e peiioner is eni*ed4 and ere is
no oer p*ain4 speedy and ade<uae remedy (Firs i* Lo*din&s 'orp !s Sandi&anayan)• Gross ause of discreion4 manifes in=usice or pa*pa*e e,cess of auoriy (Kan
Kuon& !s 'GG)
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37523753
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8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/admin-lawgroup1final-group-output-for-lawfulacts 137/137
E' APPEAL BY CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT %P"!!$* 9$ R"2"3 $*
C"!$( u*#" Ru5" 0+
S")' 1 Ru5" 0 $9 !4" Ru5" $9 C$u!:
A pary desirin& o appea* y ceriorari from a =ud&men or fina* order or reso*uion of
e 'our of Appea*s4 e Sandi&anayan4 e 5e&iona* Tria* 'our or oer cours #ere!er
auoried y *a#4 may fi*e #i e Supreme 'our a !erified peiion for re!ie# on ceriorari
Te peiion sa** raise on*y <uesions of *a# #ic mus e disinc*y se for
A petition for revie on certiorari or an appeal to the Supreme Court !y certiorari from
=ud&men or fina* order of e 'our of Appea*s4 e Sandi&anayan4 and e 5e&iona* Tria*
'our or oer cours #ene!er auoried y *a# is not a matter of rig+t but is a matter
of sound discretion. Appea* y peiion for re!ie# on ceriorari is a continuation of
=udgment complained of 4 hile that under (ule B is an original or independent action. Te
specia* ci!i* acion of ceriorari #i** no e a**o#ed as a susiue for fai*ure o ime*y fi*e a
peiion under 5u*e J
Te peiion mus raise only Euestions of law #ic mus e disinc*y se for as
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