Nutritional and Food Requirement Throughout Life Cycle:

Nutritional and Food Requirement For:Adolescent and AdultPrepared by:Shiksha AdhikariSamiksha Dulal1Definitions:Nutrition is the organic process by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and development.Dietary Reference Intake(DRI), developed by the Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board, are four nutrient-based reference values intended for planning and assessing diets. They include the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), the Adequate Intake (AI), and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).

Definitions contAdolescence is the second decade of life and is defined as the period of physical, psychological and social maturing from childhood to adulthood. Generally, the term "adolescents" refers to individuals between the ages of 10-19 years.Adult are the fully grown individuals with no or minimum growth and are expected to take responsibility for ones own action and well-being. Adolescent:Adolescence can be divided into three stages. Early adolescence (11-14 years of age) is characterized by the onset of puberty and increased cognitive development. Middle adolescence (15-17 years of age) and Late adolescence (18-19* years of age) is a time for making important personal and occupational decisions. Adolescence is the only time following infancy when the rate of physical growth actually increases, this sudden growth spurt is associated with hormonal, cognitive, and emotional changes that make adolescence an especially vulnerable period of life.

Adolescent cont.. Secular changes in height and weight are observed with increase of about 2.5-3.5cm and 1 to 1.5kg in mean height and weight respectively. In boys muscle growth occurs high and in girls muscles accompanied by fat accumulation occurs. As a result of height increment during adolescent bone growth occurs rapidly. Development of secondary sexual characteristics cause different hormonal changes.The growth spurt of boys is slower than that of girls.Menstruation starts in girls.Adolescent and Diet First, there is a greater demand for calories and nutrients due to the dramatic increase in physical growth and development over a relatively short period of time. Second, adolescence is a time of changing lifestyles and food habits that affect both nutrient needs and intake. Third, adolescent drive for individuation means more opportunity to assert food choices and expand or narrow healthy options.6Nutrition Recommendations:The nutritional and food requirement of a human varies in accordance to the difference in age or state of life such as infancy, adolescence, etc. During adolescence hormonal changes accelerate growth in height. Growth is faster than at any other time in the individual's postnatal life except the first year. It is during puberty that body composition and biologic changes (e.g., menarche in girls) emerge which affect gender-specific nutrient needs what so ever nutrient needs for both males and females increase sharply during adolescence.Nutrition Recommendations contNutrient needs parallel the rate of growth, with the greatest nutrient demands occurring during the peak velocity of growth during adolescent phase(at the peak of the adolescent growth spurt, the nutritional requirements may be twice as high as those of the remaining period of adolescence.)RDI of nutrients(FAO/WHO)

Energy Recommendation:The calories for both boys and girls of the age group 1-3 and 7-9 years remain same.From the age of 10 years, there is remarkable difference in the calorie needs of boys and girls.Boys need 2750-3020kcal whereas girls require lesser calorie i.e. 2330-2440kcal. Protein Recommendation:Protein represents 10-11 percent of energy intake.The protein intake usually exceeds 1g/kg body weight.Protein requirement for both sex are same up to the age of 9 and boys require more protein in their diet from the age of 13.Girls require more protein during the age of 10 -12.Protein Recommendation:Fat and Essential Fat Recommendation: Total fat intake of below 25 percentage of energy is considered to effect growth in adolescent. The desirable level of visible fat intake for adolescents is 35-50gm/day.The essential fatty acid requirement is 3 percentage of total energy.Since they have a high fat demand food low in saturated fat and trans fat should be emphasized in meal planning.

Mineral Recommendation:Bone growth demand calcium during adolescent so 800mg of calcium per day is needed where 150mg of Ca must be retained everyday to allow for the increase in bone mass.Elemental Ca : P ratio of 1 : 1 should be maintained.There is additional requirement of iron during adolescent for the expansion of blood volume and formation of myoglobin and hemoglobin of 12g/kg for boys and 16g/kg body weight for girls.Vitamin Recommendation: The structural and functional integrity of newly formed cells depend on the availability of Vitamin A, C and E. 600g of retinol and 40mg of ascorbic acid is recommended. The skeletal growth demands availability of Vitamin D, in the area with minimum exposure to sunlight 400g of Vitamin D is recommended.Tissue growth involves amino acid metabolism so there is requirement of vitamin B6. 100mg/day Vitamin B6 is recommended.

Factors that Contribute to Poor Eating Habits in Adolescents:Easily available, low-cost, high-fat and/or high-sugar, low-nutrient foods, such as French fries, candy, chips, or soda.Limited access to healthy foods that appeal to adolescents.Perception that healthy, low-in-fat, unprocessed, nutrient-dense foods (high in nutrients compared with their caloric content) are inconvenient and lack taste.Lack of knowledge regarding appropriate nutrition and the health impact of poor nutrition.Poor parental role modeling.Increased incidence of disordered eating due to 1) fear of weight gain, 2) desire to build muscle mass, 3) to meet sports weight cut-offs, and 4) media and advertising messages.

Some Dietary Guidelines:Adequate and well balanced diet should be taken to prevent obesity or under nutrition.An adolescent girl should take enough calcium to increase bone density which helps in delaying onset of osteoporosis. No meal of the day should be missed.Food should be multi colored and attractive, must include fruits and vegetables in diet to meet minerals vitamins and fiber requirement.Iron rich food should be included to prevent anemia.

Physical activity: Adolescent must be encouraged to do physical activity particularly outdoor games. Physical activity regulates appetite. Physical activity can also prevent premenstrual dysphoric disorder(PMDD) in adolescent girls. Exercise helps to develop muscles in adolescent boys. Physical activity and regular exercise prevent obesity in adolescents.AdultsThey do not grow with respect to height but fluctuation in weight can be observed, there are no any significant changes in adults.Main change that occurs in female adults is pregnancy and lactation.Many diet and behavior onset diseases can also be seen in adults.Energy Recommendation Energy requirement of an adult man and women is based upon Reference man(60kg, 1.73m) and Reference women(55kg, 1,61m) respectively. Some examples of sedentary worker are teacher, tailor, housewife, computer professional, etc. Moderate workers are agricultural labor, maid, coolie, rickshaw puller, etc. Heavy worker are stone cutter, black smith, mine-worker, etc.

ICMR recommended Dietary Allowance for an adult man and women-2010Protein RecommendationThe average daily protein requirement of an Indian adult in terms of high quality protein is 0.5gm/kg body weight.In case of protein coming from mixed vegetable origin 1gm/kg body weight is recommended.It is necessary to maintain the protein calorie ratio. 6 to 12% energy from protein is recommended.Fat and Essential Fat Recommendation:Recommended total fat calories is between 15-30% energy.At all level of calorie intake, invisible fat furnishes about 9% energy and visible fat 10%.A minimal intake of 12gm visible fat in form of unsaturated vegetable oil can meet linoleic acid requirement.Saturated fat, cis-monosaturated fatty acid, proteins and cholesterol can increase essential fatty acid requirement.ICMR recommended Dietary Allowance for an adult man and women-2010Visible fat in gramsMineral recommendationCalcium intake of 400-600mg is recommended for both male and female.To achieve this recommendation one must consume at least 300ml of buffalo milk a day.Calcium : phosphorous ration of 1:1 is to be maintained, so RDA for phosphorous is 600mg.Iron requirement for women is 4mg higher than that of men. RDA according to ICMR 2010 for iron is 17mg for man and 21mg for female.To enhance the iron absorption rate Vitamin C. intake should be increased. 40mg/day is recommended.Mineral recommendation contThe actual requirement of zinc is 2.7mg/day but due to processing losses and absorption losses of zinc the RDA suggested is 12mg/day.Vitamin RecommendationThe requirement of Vitamin A is 600g of retinol for both genders.The requirement of B vitamins is based on calorie requirement. 0.5mg of thiamine, 0.6mg of riboflavin and 6.6mg of niacin per 1000 calories.2mg/day of pyridoxine is recommended for both genders.The requirement of vitamin E is suggested to be 0.8mg/gm essential fatty acid. Roughly it is calculated to be 8-10mg tocopherol/day.

Vitamin Recommendation cont..FAO/WHO suggested 55g of vitamin K for adults.

Some Dietary GuidelinesHigh amount of colored food should be added to the diet which contributes antioxidants, detoxifying effects, suppressing effect and anti inflammatory effect and promote health.To reduce the risk of hypercholesteraemic effect soya protein, yoghurt, milk, high fiber content in diet should be included.To reduce the risk of hyperglycaemic effect soluble fiber should be included in diet. Skipping of meals should be controlled.Some Dietary Guidelines contSaturated fats, trans fats should be avoided and use of MUFA and PUFA should be increased.Empty calorie should not be included in diet.Use of junk food should be discouraged instead use of fruits and vegetables to optimum should be focused.

Thank You