Adv Lab Manual

8/2/2019 Adv Lab Manual

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Introduction

This laboratory manual was initially created by my teaching assistants Dave Gardner, Lauren

Zollinger, Josh Jones, and Susan McLaughlin during the Spring semester of 1999. They wanted the students

to have a clear understanding of what they were accountable for, as well as what they could expect to cover ineach laboratory session. Since the lab is more readily available to students in the advanced anatomy class, wealso want to share with you some protocol concerning the proper use and care of the lab and its valuable

materials. Current teaching assistants and myself have modified the original version to help you get the most outof the laboratory experience.


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Anatomy Foundation

Much of the information that you will learn in the lab (and in the lecture) requires a good anatomy foundation.There are a few things that you should review and be able to identify on your own in the first one or two weeks

of lab:

1. Allof the muscles in the trunk and limbs (including the hand and foot)2. Allof the bones of the articulated skull

Relearning this material will also be a big help on the midterm lecture tests. It takes a little time and work, but

without a good foundation, building more knowledge is impossible. TheAtlas of Human Anatomy by FrankNetter is a useful visual aid for the course. You can use it to brush up on structures and then you can come to

the lab to review them on your own. You do not need to go out and purchase the book. It is available on thecomputers in the BioMicroLab. Your lab manual from Biology 2325 Human Anatomy informs you how to

access the software on the computers.

Expectations

This is a 5000 level class; therefore, more is expected of you than in Human Anatomy (Bio 2325). That doesntnecessarily mean that youre expected to stockpile more information than the other class. It means that you

want to be here to learn anatomy. We expect you to put more time and work into it. We expect you to enjoy it.If you do put work into it, well guarantee that youll have no regrets at the end of the semester. Some

suggestions:

1. Use the lab. Set aside a time during the posted office hours every week when you can come to the lab for anhour or so to review lab material. This normally is much more enjoyable to do with friends taking the class. If

you dont know people in the class, get to know them especially those in your group.2. Dont just point out structures that a TA has already shown you on a particular part in lab. On the practical

exam we might use pieces that you have never seen in the lab. Therefore, memorizing a particular prosectionisnt always helpful. Its also tempting to just have a TA show you everything on one of the dissections, but

that isnt always the best method. Try to find the structure on your own or with your anatomy buddies. Itinvolves a little more work and looking in books, but when you finally find it, youll remember it and be able to

find it on another piece and more importantly you will be more likely to be able to identify it on a practicalexam. To check yourself, do not hesitate to check your find with a friendly TA after your search.3. The following books are beneficial in helping you learn the material. Netters Atlas is great. Moores

Clinical Anatomy is great. Rohen/Yokochis Color Atlas of Human Anatomy is great. The British GraysAnatomy is really great. The books are available in the libraries on campus or can be purchased through

Amazon.com. There are also other good anatomy, embryology, comparative morphology, and neuroanatomytexts in the lab office, library, and bookstore. Doing a little research on a question also will help you remember

what you learn. If you learn anything neat on your own about what were studying, share it with us! Also,remember that the Interactive Atlas CD you used in the Human Anatomy course can be an excellent resource

for this course also.


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4. Come to lab prepared. There are no quizzes at the beginning of lab to make you know the parts before westart, except during lab two. There is a list of Netter Plates given for each lab that you should study carefully.

Coming to lab unprepared usually results in a bad learning experience.5. Ask questions to the TAs and yourself. Think about anatomy critically. There are usually neat and

stimulating answers to why and how questions that keep you desirous to learn more.6. Many times, we will not be able to go over every structure on the Structures to Identify in Lab list duringlab time. You should come in on your own to see these parts. This is especially true of the skulls. Coming to

office hours on a regular basis will be very beneficial, as it is impossible to cram for exams and the finalpractical exam.


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Care of Skulls

We are lucky to have a number of good quality human skulls from which to learn. Wed like to keep it that wayfor future students. Skulls are fragile so weve made a few rules to maintain their good condition.

1. Do not remove skulls from lab.

2. Carefully use wires to point out any landmarks or foramina on the skulls. The wires are located in the frontcupboard by the disarticulated skull box. Never use a pen or pencil!!

3. Do not try to carry more than one skull at a time.4. Skull calvaria and some mandibles can fall off easily be careful!

5. Always return the skulls to their individual storage container and place the container under the front table ofthe lab and the wires to theirs (see #2). There is no excuse for leaving skulls and wires out!

5. The disarticulated skulls (the one in the green box and the explode-a-skull) are especially fragile. Pleasebe extra careful handling these rare pieces.

Hey man! Stop

playing with mynasal conchae!


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Care of Cadaver Parts

Unlike theHuman Anatomy (Bio 2325) class, you will be allowed and encouraged to go into the lab duringoffice hours to study cadaver prosections on your own. This is a privilege normally reserved for anatomy TAs

only; therefore, this opportunity requires you to be responsible. Cadavers are hard to come by and an

unbelievable amount of time goes into preparing the prosections. If a part is ruined (a nerve or vessel torn, amuscle ripped, etc.) its possible that it cannot be replaced without money and hours of dissection time. Thatmeans that other students will suffer the consequences of one persons carelessness. Here are the lab rules and

some guidelines to keep these parts in good condition so that we can have a quality lab experience.

1. If you take something out of a container (containers will be labeled), see that it is returned to the samecontainer. Never leave a part out.

2. You can use the trays in the cadaver room for moving the cadaver parts to the main lab. Just be sure to cleanthe tray with the yellow soap above the sink, dry it, and replace it after youre done.

3. Use the phenoxyethanol (in the clear spray bottles above the sink) to keep the parts moist while you arelooking at them. Spray them every few minutes you can never keep them too moist! When you put the part

back, spray it again along with all the other parts in the container. Completely cover the parts with the cloth (ifthe cloth is missing or too small tell a TA) and spray it thoroughly.

4. Place parts carefully in their container avoid stacking parts on top of one another and snagging other parts.Be sure that the lid is closed securely (it should snap).

5. There are probes in the first drawer in the cadaver room. The best way to point things out is to simply placethe point of the probe a few millimeters above the structure without touching it (thus the word point).

Hooking the probe under a muscle, vessel, or nerve is asking for trouble one slip and theyre gone. Never rubthe probe back and forth on a muscle (it seems almost instinctual, but it ruins the part).

6. Clean the desk you used with the yellow soap and a sponge when youre done. Some people dont like tostudy on desks speckled with cadaver juice.

7. Netters Atlases, Moores Clinical Anatomy, the Color Atlas of Human Anatomy as well as other reference

books are available in the office for your use. They cannot leave the lab. Lets try to keep the books in goodcondition dont handle them with dirty cadaver hands and keep them away from the phenoxyethanol spray.8. A.D.A.M. Dissectable anatomy software is available on the computers in the computer lab upstairs.


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The Practical Exams

There will be three practical exams a skull practical exam, another midterm practical exam, and a finalpractical exam. The first two will take place during a rotation of the days lab. The final practical exam will

take up the whole lab time during the last week of labs.

Material CoveredNumber of Questions

(points)Date and Time

Slide Quiz onBones of the Skull

All Skull Bone 5 Lab #2

Skull PracticalAll skull bones, sutures,

landmarks, and foramina20 Consult syllabus

Midterm Practical

All structures from Labs 1

through 7 and corresponding

lecture information except forskull structures

20 Consult syllabus

Final PracticalAll structures from Labs 1

through 10 and corresponding

lecture information

75 + 5 bonus questions Consult syllabus

The Advanced Anatomy practical exams are a little different than the Bio 2325 exams. We will use some parts

that youve never seen before in lab, so it pays to learn the anatomy, not the part. Well ask questions about aprobed part instead of just asking you to name it (i.e.From what branchial arch is this muscle derived? orWhat

spinal levels innervate this muscle?). Thus, you have to know the material from lecture as well as the structure

name.


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Sample Problem Set

Below is an example of the format and process you should follow to answer the problem set questions. Itshows your thought process in a logical sequence. Always start by making a list of the known facts pertinent to

the question. Then relate how these "knowns" are important in leading to a diagnosis or answer to the problem.

You want to arrive at a conclusion in the most parsimonious way, that is, with the least amount of assumptions.Note: You will not get full credit for the problem set if you merely suggest the possible answer and diagnosis,you must list the knowns and show the logical progression as to how you arrived at your conclusion.

Question:

While working at the emergency room you examine a child with a large laceration medial to theolecranon. Upon examination you find that her wrist is slightly deviated toward the radius and she is unable to

flex the distal interphalangeal joints on both her ring and little fingers. Using your knowledge of anatomyexplain how you would pinpoint the lesion.

Start by listing known facts, from your anatomical knowledge, that are related to the information you get fromthe problem, then expand on those knowns.

Knowns

- slight radial deviation of wrist suggests that ulnar deviation is not totally functional and cannot strike a balancewith the radial deviators.

- flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints is performed by the flexor digitorum profundus.- the flexor digitorum profundus is innervated by both the median and ulnar nerves.

-the ulnar nerve innervates the ulnar half of this muscle. The tendons that attach to the ring and little fingers(usually).

-the ulnar nerve also innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris, an ulnar deviator of the wrist. This, however, is not the

only ulnar deviator of the wrist.-the ulnar nerve is superficial in a groove posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus, corresponding tothe location of the laceration.

- the cutaneous field of the ulnar nerve is the skin on palmar and dorsal surfaces of the hypothenar region andring and little fingers.

Then formulate a logical list of intermediate conclusions that are supported by the known facts (if applicable).

Intermediate Conclusions

- slight radial deviation of the wrist suggests that ulnar deviation is not totally functional and cannot strike abalance with the radial deviators.

- Damage to the ulnar nerver could cause the paralysis of the ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus andflexor carpi ulnaris muscles.

Now that you have described your "knowns" and intermediate conclusions based on the knowns, arrive at the

most parsimonious final conclusion and diagnose the lesion (problem). Clearly explain all manifestationsmentioned in the problem. You should also describe any further tests you might perform to further solidify your

diagnosis.

Answer

Based on the inability to flex the distal interphalangeal joints of the two digits on the ulnar side of the hand, the


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lesion must involve damage to the ulnar nerve because this nerve innervates the only muscle that can producethat movement. This nerves location posterior to the medial epicondyle corresponds to the sight of injury. The

slight radial deviation results from paralysis of the flexor carpi ulnaris, an ulnar deviator. The reason the wristexhibits only a slight radial deviation is because the extensor carpi ulnaris, another ulnar deviator, is still

functional and helps somewhat counterbalance the three radial deviators - the flexor carpi radialis, extensorcarpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis. To further substantiate damage to the ulnar nerve a

pinprick test should be used to determine cutaneous sensation. The prediction is that there is loss of cutaneous

sensation in the ulnar cutaneous field (draw a picture to demonstrate).

Problem Set Write-up and Evaluation

The following procedures should be used when writing up the answers to the problem sets:

Begin by listing the relevant known facts that apply to the problem. This list should be a columnar list ofsentences. It should not be a paragraph. The known facts can be obtained from the problem itself and formyour knowledge of anatomy related what is stated in the problem. Do not make any assumptions, use onlythe information presented in the problem.

The known facts should be followed with a logical list of conclusions that are supported by the knownfacts.

Use of simple diagrams is recommended.

Your work should be clearly presented and organized.

The evaluation of the problem set will be as follows:

One point will be given for having a list of clearly stated known facts that are relevant. That is, a list ofanatomical knowledge that is related to the information presented in the problem.

One point will be given if the conclusions are clearly supported by the relevant known facts.

Two points will be given for a worthy effort, even if you go way off track. That is, if you have knownfacts and conclusions and solutions organized.

One point will be given for arriving at a solid answer or diagnosis. This is the most parsimonious solutionsupported by the summary of the related known facts. The answer should also include further tests thatcould help substantiate the diagnosis.


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Lab #1

Objectives:

The lab will have four rotations. Well use all four rotations to see a few structures that we learned in BIO 2315

but didnt identify in that lab, plus some new structures from this semester. We wont be able to show youeverything, so be sure to come to office hours during the week to see everything and review.

Preparation:

Study the anatomy from the "Structures to Identify in lab" list on the following plates ofNetters Atlas:

9, 11, 20 - 25, 46 - 49, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 72, 73, 79, 89, 161, 162, 233

Many of the structures that Mark teaches in lecture are not in Netters Atlas, so it is important to study

pages 40 60 in the lecture manual to prepare for lab. You are responsible forall structures.

Structures to Identify in Lab:

Hypaxial Muscles

Subvertebral Group

Longus Colli

Longus Capitis

Rectus Captitis Anterior

Internal Layer of Lateral Group

Anterior Scalene

Intertransversarii Cervicis AnterioresIntertransversarii Lumborum Lateralis

Anteriores

Intermediate Layer of Lateral Group

Middle Scalene

Rectus Capitis Lateralis

Intertransversarii Cervicis Posteriores

Laterales

Intertransversarii Lumborum Lateralis

Posteriores

Cremaster

External Layer of Lateral Group

Posterior ScaleneVentral Group

Sternohyoid

Sternothyroid

Thyrohyoid

Geniohyoid

Omohyoid

Pyramidalis

Epaxial Muscles Superficial Series

Splenius Group

Splenius Capitis

Splenius Cervicis

Sacrospinalis Group (Erector Spinae)

Iliocostalis Lumborum, Thoracis, and

Cervicis

Longissimus Thoracis, Cervicis, andCapitis

Spinalis Thoracis, Cervicis, and Capitis

Epaxial Muscles Deep Series

Transversospinalis Group

Semispinalis (Cervicis and Capitis)

Multifidus Lumborum, Thoracis, and

Cervicis *note spinous/laminar fibers

Rotatores

Intervertebral Group

InterspinalesLevatores Costarum

Intertransversarii Cervicis Posteriores

Medialis

Intertransversarii Thoracis

Intertransversarii Lumborum Medialis

Suboccipital Muscles

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor

Obliquus Capitis Inferior

Obliquus Capitis Superior


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Skeletal Derivatives of the Branchial Arches

First Arch

Incus

Malleus

Sphenomandibular Ligament

Second Arch

Stapes

Styloid ProcessStylohyoid Ligament

Lesser Cornu and Cranial Part of Hyoid

Body

Third Arch

Greater Cornu and Inferior Part of

Hyoid

Body

Forth through Sixth Arches

Thyroid Cartilage

Cricoid Cartilage

Arytenoid Cartilages

Vocal Ligament

Somitic Head Muscles

Preotic Somites

Superior, Inferior, Medial, and Lateral

Rectus

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Superior and Inferior Obliques

Occipital Somites

Styloglossus

Genioglossus

HyoglossusSuperior Longitudinal Linguae

Transverse Linguae

Inferior Longitudinal Linguae

Muscles of the Branchial Arches

First Arch

Temporalis

Masseter

Medial Pterygoid

Lateral Pterygoid

Anterior Digastricus

MylohyoidTensor Veli Palatini

Tensor Tympani

Second Arch

Platysma

Muscles of Facial Expression

Orbicularis Oris

Orbicularis Oculi

Nasal Group

Zygomaticus (major and minor)

Buccinator

Posterior Digastricus

Auricular GroupOccipitofrontalis

Stylohyoid

Stapedius

Third Arch

Stylopharyngeus

Fourth Arch

Levator Veli Palatini

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

Muscularis Uvulae

Superior Constrictor

Middle ConstrictorInferior Constrictor

Cricothyroideus

Sixth Arch

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Oblique Arytenoid

Transverse Arytenoid

Thyroarytenoid

Vocalis

Aryepiglotticus

Thyroepiglotticus

Posterior ArchesSternocleidomastoid

Trapezius


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Lab #2

Objectives:

The four rotations will be used to learn the skull, other parts ofaxial skeleton, cerebrospinal circulation,

components of the central nervous system.

Preparation:


1 10, 13 16, 94, 96 98, 108, 109, 143 149, 151, 155, 156

Study pages 61 132 of the lecture manual (it isnt necessary to know everything in the text about the skull those pages are just for your reference). Before lab, you should already feel comfortable identifying the

individual bones on a model or real skull. There is no way that we will be able to show you all of the skull

landmarks and foramena. In lab, we will focus on the more difficult ones, and youll be responsible to comein and learn the rest on your own. Many of the landmarks are not in Netters so be sure to ask a TA to showthem to you.


Skull Bones, Landmarks, and ForaminaSutures

Coronal

Sagittal

Lambdoid

SquamousEthmoid

Lamina Cribrosa

Foramina Cribrosa

Anterior Ethmoid Foramen or Notch

Posterior Ethmoid Foramen or Notch

Perpendicular Lamina

Crista Galli

Superior Nasal Concha

Middle Nasal Concha

Frontal

Anterior Ethmoid Foramen or Notch

Posterior Ethmoid Foramen or NotchEthmoidal Notch

Foramen Caecum

Frontal Foramen or Notch

Supraorbital Foramen or Notch

Fossa for Lacrimal Gland

Hyoid

Body

Greater Cornu

Lesser Cornu

Inferior Nasal Concha (paired)Lacrimal (paired)

Mandible

Condyloid Process

Coronoid Process

Ramus

Angle

Mylohyoid Line

Digastric Fossa

Mandibular Foramen

Mandibular Canal

Mental Foramen

Maxilla (paired)Infraorbital Foramen

Infraorbital Canal

Alveolar Process

Incisive Fossa and Canal

Incisive Foramina

Palatine Process

Maxillary Sinus

Nasal (paired)


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Occipital

Clivus (with sphenoid bone)

Superior Nuchal Line

External Occipital Protuberance

Occipital Condyles

Pharyngeal Tubercle

Foramen Magnum

Jugular Notch

Hypoglossal CanalCondylar Canal

Palatine (paired)

Horizontal Plate

Greater Palatine Sulcus or Groove

Lesser Palatine Foramina

Lesser Palatine Canals

Perpendicular Plate

Sphenopalatine Incisure or Notch

Parietal (paired)

Superior Temporal Line

Parietal Foramen

SphenoidClivus (with occipital bone)

Greater Wing

Spine of the Sphenoid

Lesser Wing

Sella Turcica

Anterior Clinoid Processes

Optic Canal

Superior Orbital Fissure

Foramen Rotundum

Foramen Venosum

Foramen Ovale

Foramen PetrosumForamen Spinosum

Pterygoid Processes

Pterygoid Canal

Lateral Pterygoid Plate

Medial Pterygoid Plate

Hamulus

Temporal (paired)

Zygomatic Process

Mastoid Process

Mastoid Notch

Styloid Process

Mandibular Fossa

Petrotympanic Fissure

Tympanomastoid Fissure

External Acoustic MeatusCarotid Canal

Tympanic Canaliculus

Jugular Fossa

Mastoid Canaliculus

Stylomastoid Foramen

Mastoid Foramen

Trigeminal Impression

Internal Acoustic Meatus

Hiatus for Greater Petrosal Nerve

Hiatus for Lesser Petrosal Nerve

Vomer

Zygomatic (paired)Zygomaticofacial Foramen

Zygomaticotemporal Foramen

Zygomaticoorbital Foramen

Other Foramina and Such (see complete list of

foramina on page 100 of lecture

manual)

Foramen Lacerum

Jugular Notch (part of jugular foramen

on

occipital bone)

Greater Palatine Foramen

Sphenopalatine ForamenPalatovaginal Canal

Pterygopalatine Fossa

Pterygomaxillary Fissure

Pterion

Vertebrae

Body

Pedicle

Lamina

Transverse ProcessMammillary Process

Accessory Process

Zygapophyses

Spinous Process

Vertebral Foramen

Intervertebral Foramen and Notches

Nucleus Pulposus

Annulus Fibrosus


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Ligaments of the Vertebral Column

Post-atlantoaxial Vertebral Ligaments

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Ligamentum Flavum

Interspinous Ligament

Supraspinous Ligament

Nuchal LigamentCraniovertebral Ligaments

Anterior Atlanto-occipital Membrane

Posterior Atlanto-occipital Membrane

Tectorial Membrane

Apical Ligament

Cruciform Ligament

Transverse Ligament of Atlas

Superior and Inferior

Longitudinal Bands

Alar Ligaments

Meninges

Periosteal Dura

Meningeal Dura

Falx Cerebri

Tentorium Cerebelli

Subdural Space

Arachnoid Mater

Arachnoid Trabeculae

Subarachnoid Space

Denticulate Ligament

Filum Terminale

Ventricles

Lateral Ventricles

Septum Pellucidum

Interventricular Foramen (of Monroe)

Third Ventricle

Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)

Fourth Ventricle

Median Aperture (Foramen of Magendie)

Lateral Apertures (Foramina of Luschka)

Choriod Plexus

Arachnoid Villi


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Lab #3

Objectives:

One rotation will be used to learn dorsal ramus anatomy, general ventral ramus branches, and the

autonomic nervous system. One rotation will be used to review anatomy learned in previous labs, and theother two rotations will be used to discuss problem set questions.

Preparation:

Study the anatomy from the "Structures to Identify in lab" list on the following plates ofNetters Atlas (thenumbers in parentheses are from the new edition):

124, 125, 152, 153, 156, 163, 164, 166, 174, 198, 228, 304 (300)

Study pages 128 152 of the lecture manual some of the structures are not found inNetters Atlas.


Spinal Nerve Anatomy

Ventral and Dorsal Roots/Rootlets

Spinal (Dorsal Root) Ganglion

Spinal Nerve Trunk

Ventral and Dorsal Rami

Ventral Ramus Branches

Gray Communicating Ramus

White Communicating Ramus

Main Branch

Lateral Cutaneous Branch

Anterior Cutaneous Branch

Communicating Branch

Collateral Branch

Dorsal Ramus Anatomy

Medial Branch

Lateral Branch

Greater Occipital Nerve

Least (3rd

) Occipital Nerve

Superior Cluneal Nerves

Middle Cluneal Nerves

Autonomic Nervous System

Superior Cervical Ganglion

Internal Carotid Nerve

External Carotid Nerve

Carotid Branch

Middle Cervical Ganglion

Ansa Subclavia

Inferior Cervical GanglionVertebral Nerve

Carotid Branch

Greater Thoracic Splanchnic Nerve

Lesser Thoracic Splanchnic Nerve

Least Thoracic Splanchnic Nerve

Celiac Ganglia/Plexus

Sacral Parasympathetic Splanchnic Nerve

Brain Anatomy

MyelencephalonMedulla Oblongata

Olive

Pyramid

Pyramidal Decussation

Metencephalon

PonsCerebellar Peduncles

Cerebellum

Mesencephalon


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Cerebral Peduncles

Corpora Quadrigemina

Inferior Colliculi

Superior Colliculi

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

(Body)

Medial Geniculate Nucleus(Body)

Optic Chiasma

Optic Tract

Hypothalamus

Infundibular Stalk

Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary

Gland)

Pineal Body or Gland (Epiphysis)

Telencephalon

Limbic System

Hippocampus

FornixMamillary Bodies

Corpus Callosum

Cerebral Cortex

Frontal Lobe

Precentral Gyrus

Central Sulcus

Parietal Lobe

Postcentral Gyrus

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Occipital Lobe

Calcarine Sulcus

Lateral SulcusTemporal Lobe

Insula (Lobe)


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Lab #4

Objectives:

One rotation will be a skull practicum. One rotation will be used to learn the cervical plexus (if theres time at

the end, well review past anatomy), and the other two rotations will be used to discuss problem set questions.

Preparation:


18, 26, 27, 121 - 123

Study pages 159 176 of the lecture manual.


Cervical Plexus

Lesser Occipital Nerve

Great Auricular Nerve

Transverse Cutaneous Nerve of the Neck

Supraclavicular Nerve

Phrenic Nerve

Ansa Cervicalis

Superior Omohyoid Nerve

Sternothyroid Nerve

Sternohyoid NerveInferior Omohyoid Nerve

Branches Traveling with Hypoglossal Nerve

Geniohyoid Nerve

Thyrohyoid NerveCommunicating Branches With Accessory

Nerve (XI)


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Lab #5

Objectives:

Well use two rotations to discuss problem set questions, one rotation to review anatomy from previous labs,

and one rotation to learn the brachial plexus.

Preparation:

Study the anatomy from the "Structures to Identify in lab" list on the following plates ofNetters Atlas (thenumbers in parentheses are from the new edition):

401 (397), 404 (400), 405 (401), 407 (403), 408 (404), 419 (415), 420 422 (416 418), 432 (428),

433 (429), 438 442 (434 438), 446 449 (442 445), 451 453 (447 449)

Study pages 177 195 of the lecture manual. Be sure to learn the important points and cutaneous distribution

of all of the nerves before lab.


Brachial Plexus

Lateral Pectoral Nerve

Suprascapular Nerve

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

Nerve to Subclavius

Accessory Phrenic Nerve

Long Thoracic NerveMedial Pectoral Nerve

Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve

Intercostobrachial Nerve

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Ulnar Nerve

Dorsal Branch

Palmer Branch

Common Palmar Digital Nerve

Proper Palmer Digital Nerves

Anastomotic Branch to Median Nerve

Median Nerve

Palmer BranchCommon Palmar Digital Nerves

Proper Palmer Digital Nerves

Anastomotic Branch to Ulnar Nerve

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Upper Subscapular Nerve

Thoracodorsal Nerve

Lower Subscapular Nerve

Radial NerveInferior Lateral Brachial Cutaneous

Nerve

Posterior Brachial Cutaneous Nerve

Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Deep Branch

Superficial Branch

Axillary Nerve

Superior Lateral Brachial Cutaneous

Nerve


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Lab #6

Objectives:

Two rotations will be used to see the lumbosacral plexus and other new anatomy and the other two

rotations will be used to discuss problem set questions.

Preparation:

Study the anatomy from the "Structures to Identify in lab" list on the following plates ofNetters Atlas (the

numbers in parentheses are from the new edition):

232 - 234, 236, 237, 240, 242 - 245, 250, 466 473 (462 469), 485 487 (481 483), 489 (485),497 503 (493 499), 506 513 (502 509)

Study pages 177 195 of the lecture manual. Be sure to learn the important points and cutaneous distribution

of all of the nerves before lab.


Lumbar Plexus

Subcostal Nerve

Iliohypogastric Nerve

Ilioinguinal Nerve

Genitofemoral Nerve

Genital Branch

Femoral BranchLateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

Femoral Nerve

Anterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves

(intermediate and medial cutaneous

nerves of thigh)

Saphenous Nerve

Obturator Nerve

Anterior Branch

Posterior Branch

Cutaneous Branch

Sacral Plexus

Superior Glutael Nerve

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

Nerve to Superior Gemellus (and obturator

internus)

Nerve to Inferior Gemellus (and quadratus

femoris)Pudendal Nerve

Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

Perforating Cutaneous Nerve

Nerve to Piriformis

Sciatic Nerve

Tibial Nerve

Sural Nerve

Medial Calcaneal Nerve

Medial Plantar Nerve

Lateral Plantar Nerve

Common Peroneal Nerve

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of theCalf

Superficial Peroneal Nerve

Deep Peroneal Nerve


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Body Wall Fascial Pattern

Epidermis

Dermis

Superficial Fascia

Deep Investing Fascia (Deep Fascia)

Internal Investing Fascia (Transversalis Fascia)

Subserous Fascia

Parietal Mesothelium

Rectus Sheath Anatomy

Semilunar Line

Linea Alba

Arcuate Line

Inguinal Canal

Dartos (Superficial) Fascia

External Spermatic Fascia

Cremasteric Fascia and Muscle

Internal Spermatic Fascia

Parietal Layer of Tunica Vaginalis

Visceral Layer of Tunica Vaginalis


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Lab #7

Objectives:

In two rotations well learn head and neck vascularization and in the other two, well discuss problem set

questions.

Preparation:


14, 17, 26, 29, 97, 98, 131 136, 157, 158

Study pages 245 261 from the lecture manual. Remember that arteries and veins are named for where theygoing, not where they start.


Arteries of the Head and Neck

External Carotid Artery

Superior Thyroid Artery

Lingual Artery

Ascending Pharyngeal Artery

Facial Artery

Occipital Artery

Posterior Auricular Artery

Superficial Temporal Artery

Transverse Facial ArteryMaxillary Artery

Middle Meningeal Artery

Inferior Alveolar Artery

Internal Carotid Artery

Opthalmic Artery

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Anterior Communicating Artery

Anterior Choriodal Artery

Middle Cerebral Artery

Posterior Communicating Artery

Vertebral Artery

Anterior Spinal ArteryPosterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

Basilar Artery

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar

Artery

Superior Cerebellar Artery

Posterior Cerebral Artery

Spinal Cord Arteries

Radicular Artery

Anterior Spinal Artery

Posterior Spinal Artery

Sulcal (central) Artery

Pial (superficial) Artery

Extracranial Veins

External Jugular VeinAnterior Jugular Vein

Posterior External Jugular Vein

Occipital Vein

Posterior Auricular Vein

Retromandibular Vein

Maxillary Vein

Superficial Vein

Internal Jugular Vein

Lingual Vein

Pharyngeal Vein

Superior Thyroid Vein

Facial Vein


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Dural Venous Sinuses

Superior Sagittal Sinus

Inferior Saggital Sinus

Straight Sinus

Transverse Sinus

Sigmoid Sinus

Superior Petrosal Sinus

Inferior Petrosal SinusBasilar Sinus

Cavernous Sinus

Sphenoparietal Sinus

Occipital Sinus


23/25

Lab #8

Objectives:

In this lab, one rotation will be a midterm practicum testing everything up through cranial nerves worth 20

points that will give you an idea of what the final will be like. The next three labs are dedicated to cranialnerves. One rotation will be used to learn ventral and special sensory cranial nerves, and the other tworotations will be used to discuss problem set questions.

Preparation:To prepare for the midterm, be sure to take advantage of office hours to see the structures and study your lecture

manual and notes to understandthe structures. Remember that the practicum will ask questions abouta partthat is probed.


29, 40, 65, 81, 98, 108, 109, 112 115, 118, 122

Study pages 270 292 in the lecture manual. Learn the pathways of all of the nerves. Remember nerves are

usually named for where they are going.


Cranial Nerves

Ventral (Somitic) Nerves

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

Cilliary Ganglion

Short Cilliary Nerve

Trochlear Nerve (IV)

Abducens Nerve (VI)

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

Special Sensory Nerves

Olfactory Nerve (I)

Optic Nerve (II)

Optic ChiasmaOptic Tract

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Optic Radiations

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

Mnemonics:

Oh, Olfactory I

Oh, Optic II

Oh, Oculomotor III

To Trochlear IV

Touch Trigeminal VA Abducens VI

Few Facial VII

Very Vestibulocochlear VIII

Green Glossopharyngeal IX

Vegetables Vagus X

A Accessory XI

H Hypoglossal XII

Some I

Say II

Money III

Matters IVBut V

My VI

Brother VII

Says VIII

Big IX

Boobs X

Matter XI

Most XII

(Key: S=sensory; M=motor; B=both)


24/25

Lab #9

Objectives:

Two rotations will be used to learn the trigeminal and facial nerves (if we have extra time, well review

anatomy from past labs). The other two rotations will be used to discuss problem set questions.

Preparation:


18, 19, 37 39, 40, 41, 56, 65, 81, 89, 98, 108, 109, 112, 116, 117

Study pages 293 - 319 in the lecture manual. Learn the pathways of both nerves and their branches.

Structures to Identify in Lab:Cranial Nerves

Dorsal Nerves

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

Opthalmic Nerve (V1)

Lacrimal Nerve

Communication with ZygomaticNerve

Frontal Nerve

Supratrochlear Nerve

Supraorbital NerveNasocilliary Nerve

Long Cilliary Nerve

Posterior Ethmoid Nerve

Anterior Ethmoid Nerve

Internal Nasal Nerve

External Nasal Nerve

Infratrochlear Nerve

Maxillary Nerve (V2)

Infraorbital Nerve

Zygomatic Nerve

Zygomaticotemporal Nerve

Zygomaticofacial NerveSuperior Alveolar Nerve

Mandibular Nerve (V3)

Meningeal Nerve (Nervous Spinosus)

Lingual Nerve

Auriculotemporal Nerve

Buccal Nerve

Inferior Alveolar Nerve

Nerve to Mylohyoid

Mental Nerve

Facial Nerve (VII)

Greater Petrosal Nerve

Nerve of Pterygoid Canal (Vidian

Nerve)

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

Greater Palatine Nerve

Lesser Palatine Nerve

Chorda Tympani Nerve

Muscular Branches:

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Marginal Mandibular

Cervical


25/25

Lab #10

Objectives:

One rotation will be used to finish up the cranial nerves by learning IX, X, and XI. Another rotation will be

used to review past anatomy, and the final two rotations will be used for discussing problem set questions.

Preparation:


27, 56, 58, 63, 68, 69, 74, 98, 112, 119 121, 163

Study pages 321 - 340 in the lecture manual. Learn the pathways of the three nerves and their branches.

Structures to Identify in Lab:Cranial Nerves

Dorsal Nerves (cont.)

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

Lesser Petrosal Nerve

Vagus Nerve (X)

Superior Laryngeal Nerve

Internal Laryngeal Nerve

External Laryngeal Nerve

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Accessory Nerve (XI)

Documents

Adv Lab Manual