Advanced DatabaseCS-426Week 1 - Introduction

Database Management System DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise

• Collection of interrelated data

• Set of programs to access the data

• An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

Data-Manipulation LanguageA data-manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model. The types of access are:

• Retrieval of information stored in the database

• Insertion of new information into the database

• Deletion of information from the database

• Modification of information stored in the database

Example

select instructor.name

from instructor

where instructor.dept name = ’History’;

Data-Definition Language

• To specify a database schema by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called a data-definition language (DDL). The DDL is also used to specify additional properties of the data.

Example

create table department

(dept name char (20),

building char (15),

budget numeric (12,2));

Relational Databases• A relational database is based on the relational model and

uses a collection of tables to represent both data and the relationships among those data. Each table has multiple columns and each column has a unique name.

Example:

Structured Query Language(SQL) SQL can define the structure of the data, modify data in the database, and specify security constraints.

The SQL language has several parts:

• Data-definition language (DDL). The SQL DDL provides commands for defining relation schemas, deleting relations, and modifying relation schemas.

• Data-manipulation language (DML). The SQL DML provides the ability to query information from the database and to insert tuples into, delete tuples from, and modify tuples in the database.

• Integrity. The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying integrity constraints that the data stored in the database must satisfy. Updates that violate integrity constraints are disallowed.

Structured Query Language(SQL)• View definition. The SQL DDL includes commands for defining views.

• Transaction control. SQL includes commands for specifying the beginning and ending of transactions.

• Embedded SQL and dynamic SQL. Embedded and dynamic SQL define how SQL statements can be embedded within general-purpose programming languages such as C, C++, and Java.

• Authorization. The SQLDDL includes commands for specifying access rights to relations and views.

SQL Basic data Types 

The SQL standard supports a variety of built-in types, including:

• char(n): A fixed-length character string with user-specified length n. The full form, character, can be used instead.

• varchar(n): A variable-length character string with user-specified maximum length n. The full form, character varying, is equivalent.

• int: An integer (a finite subset of the integers that ismachine dependent). The full form, integer, is equivalent.

SQL Basic data Types• smallint: A small integer (a machine-dependent subset of the integer type).

• numeric(p, d):A fixed-point number with user-specified precision. The number consists of p digits (plus a sign), and d of the p digits are to the right of the decimal point. Thus, numeric(3,1) allows 44.5 to be stored exactly, but neither 444.5 or 0.32 can be stored exactly in a field of this type.

• real, double precision: Floating-point and double-precision floating-point numbers with machine-dependent precision.

• float(n): A floating-point number, with precision of at least n digits.