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Advanced Sentence Structure
Clauses
• A subject and a predicate by themselves make an independent clause.
• Sentences can contain more than one clause, and more than one type of clause.
Clause types
• Other types of clauses: dependent, relative
• Dependent clauses contain subordinate conjunctions
• Relative clauses contain relative pronouns.
Dependent clauses• When I woke up this morning, it
was raining. • Dependent clauses include a subject
and predicate just like an independent clause; however, they begin with a subordinate conjunction, which makes them an incomplete thought.
Subordinate Conjunctions
• Indicate conditions, such as “because,” “if,” “although,” “in,” etc.
• At the beginning of dependent (sometimes called subordinate) clauses.
Examples,• Although I gave my cat flea
medicine, he still scratches himself. • When I get tired, I just drink some
coffee.
Comma Usage
• Note that when we begin a sentence with a dependent clause, we separate the dependent and independent clauses with a comma.
Dependent Clause Practice
• Try writing a sentence that contains a dependent and independent clause.
Relative Clauses
• “The scarf that I’m wearing today is itchy.”
• Used to describe nouns• Start with “which,” “that,” or “who.”• Two types: restrictive and non-
restrictive.
Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses
• Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses give extra information about the noun they are describing.
• Because they can be taken out of the sentence without affecting the meaning of the sentence, they are placed in commas.
• Example: “My cat, who is black, is named Loki.”
Restrictive Relative Clauses
• Restrictive relative clauses give detailed information necessary to the sentence.
• In this case, we do not use commas to separate this type of relative clause from the rest of the sentence.
• Example: “Where is the blue binder that I placed here yesterday?”
When to use Which, That, or Who
• When referring to a person, always use “who.”
• When referring to an object in a non-restrictive clause, use “which.”
• When referring to an object in a restrictive clause, use “that.”
Relative Clause Practice
• Try writing a sentence with a relative clause.
Compound Sentences
• “I wanted some ice cream, so I got some at the store.”
• Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction and a comma make up a compound sentence.
Coordinating what now?• Coordinating Conjunctions: FANBOYS– For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So– Used to combine two independent clauses with
a comma.
Examples• I wanted to leave, but my cat
wanted me to stay at home.• She went to the store, and then she
went to see a movie.
Conjunction Practice
• Try writing two independent sentences and combining them with a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
Semicolons• “You cannot eat that; it is mine!”• Another way to combine two
sentences is with semicolons.• When using semicolons, we do not
need to use a coordinating conjunction.
Examples• I like cats; he likes dogs. • I went to the store; afterward, I went
home.
Conjunctive Adverbs• Some words begin independent clauses
by themselves as connectors. These words include “however,” “nonetheless,” and “furthermore.”
• These words are called “Conjunctive Adverbs.”
• We also place a comma behind these words.
• These are often used behind semicolons.
Examples
• I do not like spiders; however, I am very fond of bats.
• Susan has a demanding job. Furthermore, she's taking two difficultcollege classes.
Semicolon practice
• Write two independent clauses and combine them with a semicolon. You may want to use a conjunctive adverb to combine them.
Putting it All Together
• When I went to his house, I knocked on the door, but no one was home.
• My friend, who is older than me, has already graduated; however, she still lives nearby.
Putting it All Together
• When I arrived at his house, the dog, who belonged to my friend Brandon, barked at me, and I smiled and pet it; however, I was not prepared for how sticky his spit was when he started licking my face!
Now you try! • Create a sentence that contains at least
three of the following: – An independent clause– A dependent clause– A relative clause– A semicolon– A conjunctive adverb– A comma and a coordinating conjunction