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Advancements and Disappointments in GeotechnicalAdvancements and Disappointments in Geotechnical Engineering and Geo-Construction a Thirty Year
Reflection and Future Opportunities
Jerry A. DiMaggio, P.E., M.ASCEPrincipal Bridge Engineer (retired) FHWA Wash D CPrincipal Bridge Engineer (retired) FHWA, Wash. D.C.
SHRP 2 Implementation Manager, Transportation Research Board
The Academies, Washington D.C.
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Bio: Jerry A. DiMaggio, PEy gg ,• Pin Ball Machine Repairman – 1yr• Country Club Maintenance Foreman – 5 yrs• Teamster – 5 yrsTeamster 5 yrs• Father – 32 yrs
Ci il E i (G t h i l S i li t) 37• Civil Engineer (Geotechnical Specialist)- 37 yrs
• Husband – 41 yrs 2
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Presentation Topics
Future and Current Opportunities (challenges)(challenges) Advancements Technical Disappointments Technical Disappointments Professional Disappointments (challenges)
(My statements today represent my personal i d hi )views and nothing more).
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Geo-featuresGeo features
Structural Foundations Earth Retaining Structures Earth Retaining Structures Earthworks G d I t M t i l & Ground Improvement Materials &
Techniques
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How Does The GeoCommunity DEAL WITH CHALLENGES?WITH CHALLENGES?
• Stovepipe structure of “Technical Families” (communities of practice)practice).
• Reactive rather than being PROACTIVE.• Interdisciplinary technical assignments undertaken with
id bl diffi l ( b h iconsiderable difficulty (extreme event behavior, scour, seismic, LRFD).
PROBLEM CAUSES: subject priority, technical or administrative language, differences in problem approach or general weakness in coordination/ communication skillsgeneral weakness in coordination/ communication skills (LIKELY ALL of THESE). 7
MEGA-ISSUES
1. Accelerated Construction2 Innovative Contracting2. Innovative Contracting3. Asset Management4 Risk Management4. Risk Management5. Safety6 Cost Analysis (life cycle costs)6. Cost Analysis (life cycle costs)7. Research, Development, Training8 Extreme Geo Hazard Events8. Extreme Geo-Hazard Events
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INFLUENCE OF Mega-Issues
INFLUENCE OF Mega-Issues
• These Issues have a Strong and Significant affect on g gthe PROFESSION and GEO-WORK: Scope, roles in project development and delivery, fees, responsibility and authority, how work is performed and executed.
The Geo-Community has a significant stake in the extent of acceptance, method of implementation and th t ti l f th M Ithe potential success of these Mega-Issues.
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ACCELERATED CONSTRUCTION“G h i l f i l j ’ i i l h“Geotechnical features are routinely on a project’s critical path
and significantly affect cost and risk issues”
DETERMINE the REAL INITIAL COST based on speed of construction and long-term performance.
• Recommend solutions that are speed friendly.• Rediscover time in motion studies.• Need greater acceptance of “quick” Site Investigation andNeed greater acceptance of quick Site Investigation and
Qa /Qc tools. • Better awareness of overall project features, performance
requirements and construction sequencingrequirements and construction sequencing (Develop a Global Project Vision). 10
INNOVATIVE CONTRACTING“Design Build is My Poster Child”Design Build is My Poster Child
NEED (MORE/SOME) GEOTECHNICAL INVOLVEMENT IN:
• Proposal development and evaluation.• Warranty languageWarranty language.• Site investigation.• Design requirements and performance criteria.Design requirements and performance criteria.• Quality Control and Assurance Programs.• Contract Management and dispute resolution.g p
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30 YRS. OF ADVANCEMENTS• Deep Foundations
• Shallow FoundationsShallow Foundations• Earth Retaining Structures
• Ground Improvement Techniquesp q• Earthworks
• Construction Equipmentq p• Computer Software/ Hardware• Laboratory and Field Testing• Field Monitoring Techniques 12
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The Drilled Shaft• Cast in Ground• Resists Axial and
Lateral Load• Enlarged Base • Variable Dimensions
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High Capacity Micropile; USA 1980s and OnwardsOnwards
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Architectural Finish
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Soldier PileAndAnd
Laggingas a
PermanentPermanentFacingg
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GROUTING METHODS
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Shallow Foundations for Bridges and StructuresStructures
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Cage Centralizers
Instrumentation
O-cells between t t l l t
s u e a o(strain gages)
two steel plates
CSL tubes
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Statnamic Load Tests
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Rock MechanicsMechanics
• Look at range of particle sizes
• A very complex y pmaterial with a diverse range of gengineering propertiesp p
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In-Situ Geotechnical Tests for Geo-materials
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Zone of Tensile S
Mainstream Stresses
0.6
p = thh
Computer Software p
p0 6p
SoftLayerSoftware
Applicationsp Layer
• Note Lateral StressesStresses Beyond LoadedLoaded Area 31
WOW!WOW!As I assembled the list ofAs I assembled the list of
accomplishments it appeared endless to me! Advancements, Achievements
and Contributions areand Contributions are TRULY INCREDIBLE!
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Technical Disappointments• Shallow Foundations• Pavements: geosynthetics/ geotechnical influence • Poor understanding of tolerable deformations• Poor application of soil/ structure interaction• Quality of construction and monitoring• Quality/use of lab and subsurface information• Definition of recommended soil/ rock properties• Definition of recommended soil/ rock properties
A Growing question by Geo- clients: Does
Geo ork add project al e?Geo-work add project value?33
Shallow Foundations for Bridges and Structures
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SurfaceVery StrongDurable SurfaceSurfaceVery StrongDurable Surface
Base
ImpermeableManufacturedExpensive
StrongFree-Draining
Surface
Base
Surface
Base
ImpermeableManufacturedExpensive
StrongFree-Drainingp gManufacturedLess Expensive
p gManufacturedLess Expensive
SubbaseModerate StrengthFree-DrainingNatural Material
SubbaseSubbaseModerate StrengthFree-DrainingNatural MaterialNatural MaterialInexpensive
WeakM i t S iti
Natural MaterialInexpensive
WeakM i t S itiSubgrade Moisture SensitiveIn SituSoil
SubgradeSubgrade Moisture SensitiveIn SituSoil 35
• Drainage g• Separation Stabilization Reinforcement
GEOSYNTHETIC PAVEMENT FUNCTIONS
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Limiting Angular Distortion /S
Type of BridgeDistortion, /S
0.004 Multiple-span ( ti )(continuous span)
bridges
Tolerable Movements for Bridges0.005 Single-span bridges
Note:Note: is differential settlement, S is the span length. The quantity,/S, is dimensionless and is applicable when the same units
d f d S f d h h Sare used for and S, i.e., if is expressed in inches then Sshould also be expressed in inches. 37
Rotation of Rockers38
140 lb (63.5-kg)Hammer dropping
Anvil 30” (0.76 m)Anvil
Drill RodDrill Rod SizesSymbol OD in
Split-SpoonDrive sampler2” OD
SPT
Symbol OD, inA 1-5/8N 2-3/8
1-3/8” ID30” LongNo Liner
SPT Resistance(N-value) is total n mber of
Seating Spoon 6” (150 mm)
Second Increment 6” (150 mm)
total number of blows to drive sampler the 2nd d 3rd 6”mm) 2nd and 3rd 6” (150 mm) increments
Third Increment 6” (150 mm) 39
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Professional Disappointments and ChallengesChallenges
• Profession versus Job.H li ti Vi f G t h i l P j t I l t• Holistic View of Geotechnical Project Involvement.
• Poor Communication.St i Thi ki d R b t Thi ki• Stovepipe Thinking and Robot Thinking.
• Poor Team and Leadership Project Skills.• Impediments to Technology Mainstreaming• Impediments to Technology Mainstreaming• Endangered Species: Full Service Geo-Firms.• Withering Research and Development Programs• Withering Research and Development Programs.
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SUMMARY• Geotechnical Engineering and Geo-Construction
have a long proud and rich historyhave a long, proud, and rich history.• Similar to people this specialty community is not
perfect and must and should always try to improveperfect and must and should always try to improve.• The future can be rich and even more fulfilling than
the past or a disappointment .the past or a disappointment .
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SINCE THE 1500’s THE NAME d FAMILYNAME and FAMILY DIMAGGIO HAS REPRESENTED THE VERY BEST IN COFFEE, BASEBALL AND GEOENGINEERING ANDGEOENGINEERING ANDGEO-CONSTRUCTION EXCELLENCE!
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Learning Outcome Assessment• Why are earth retaining structures more important civil• Why are earth retaining structures more important civil
engineering features today than historically?• What do you believe should be the service life (design) y ( g )
and how should be evaluated for structural foundations?• Why are there different types of grouting?• What are the beneficial effects of increased field testing,
improved Qc/Qa and field monitoring on projects?• How many of Geosynthetic products are available forHow many of Geosynthetic products are available for
use on civil construction projects?• What do you believe are the easiest and best ways to
advance the Civil Engineering Practice and Profession?45
Th k Y F Y Thank You For Your AttentionAttention
Any Questions?y QJERRY A. DIMAGGIO P. E., M. ASCE
EMAIL: [email protected] EMAIL: [email protected]
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