George Bebis Richard BoyleBahram Parvin Darko KoracinYoshinori Kuno Junxian WangRenato PaJarola Peter LindstromAndre 'Hinkel1jann Miguel L. Encama~äoChiudio T.Silva Daniel Coming (Eds.)

Advances inVisual Computing

5th International Symposium, ISVC 2009Las Vegas, NV, USA, November 30 - December 2, 2009Proceedings, Part II

~ Springer

Table of Contents - Part 11

Computer Graphics 111

Layered Volume Splatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Philipp Schlegel and Renato Pojarola

Real-Time Soft Shadows Using Temporal Coherenee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:3Dan'iel ScherzeT', Michael Schwärzler, Oliver Matta'usch, aT/dMichael Wimmer

Real-Time Dynamie Wrinkles of Faee for Animated Skinned Mesh 25L. Dutreve, A. Meyer, aT/d S. Bouakaz

Proteeted Progressivc Meshes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Michael Gschwandtner and Andreas Uhl

Bilateral Filtered Shadow Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Jinwook KiTT! and Soojae Kim

LightShop: An Interaetive Lighting Systcm Ineorporating the 2D ImageEditing Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Youngh:U'i KiTT! and Junyong Noh

Visualization 11

Progressive Presentation of Large Hierarehies Using TI'eemaps . . . . . . . . . 71Rene Rosenbaum and Bernd Hamo/nn

Reaetion Centrie Layout for Metabolie Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81M'uhieddine EI Kaissi, Ming Jia, Dirk Reiners, .Tulie DickersoT/, andEve Wv,ertele

Diverging Color Maps for Scientifie Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92K enneth Moreland

GPU-Based Ray Casting of Multiple Multi-resolution VolllmeDatascts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Christopher Dux and Bernd Fröhlich

Dynamie Chunking for Out-of-Core Volume VisualizationApplieations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Dan R. Dipsa, R. Daniel BeTgeron. Ted M. Sparr, amiRobert S. LaraTT!ee

XXVl Table of Contents - Part II

Visualization of the Moleeular Dynamies of Polymers and CarbonNanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Sidha1'th Thakw', Syamal Tallury, Mel'io505a A. Pao5qu.inelli, andThere.m- Marie Rhyne

Deteetion and Tracking

Propagation of Pixel Hypotheses for :t'vfultiple Objeets Traeking ... , . . . . 140Haris Baltzakis and Antonis A. Argy1'oo5

Visibility-Based Observation Model for 3D Tracking withNon-parametrie 3D Particle Filters .. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Rll'lli Mohedano and Narcio5o Garda

Effieient Hypothesis Generation through Sub-eategorization forMultiple Objeet Deteetion 160

Dipanka1' Da8, Y08hinor'i Kobayashi, and Yoo5hinori Kuno

Object Deteetion and Loealization in Clutter Range Images Using EdgeFeatures , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Dipanka1' Da8, Y08hinori Kobayao5hi, and Yoshinori Kuno

Learning Higher-Order Markov Models for Objeet Traeking in ImageSequcnees , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

M'iclwel Fel8berg and Fredrik La1'so5on

Analysis of Numerieal Methods for Level Set Based ImageSegmentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Björn Scheu.ermann and Bodo Rosenhahn

Reconstruetion II

Foeused Volumetrie Visual Hull with Color Extraetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Dan'iel Knoblauch and Falko Kuester

Graph Cut Based Point-Cloud Segmentation for PolygonalReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

David Sedlacek and .hri Zarn

Dense Depth Maps from Low Resolution Time-of-Flight Depth andHigh Resolution Color Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Bogwnil Bartczak and Reinhar'd Koch

Residcntial Building Reconstruetion Based on the Data Fusion ofSparse LiDAR Data and Satellite Imagery 240

Ye Y71, B'ill P. B71ckle8. and Xiaoping Diu

Adaptive Samplc Consensus for Efficient Random Optimization . . . . . . . . 252LiJ:in Fan and Tirno Pylvänäinen

293

Table of Contents .- Part II XXVII

Feature Matching under Rcgion-Based Constraints for Robust EpipolarGeometry Estiulfltion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

~Vei Xu and Jane Mulligan

Applications

Lossless Compression Using Joint Predictor for Astronomical Images 274Bo-Zong Wu and Angela Chih- Wei Tang

~1etric Rectification to Estimate the Aspect Ratio of Camera-CapturedDocument Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Junhee Pm'k and Byunq- Uk Lee

Active Learning Image Spam HunLerYan Gao and Alok Choudhary

Skin Paths fur Contextual Flagging Adult Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Julian Stöttinger, Allan Hanlrury, Christ'iarl Liensberger, andRehanullah Khan

Grouping and Summarizing Scene Images from Web CollectionsHeng Yang and Qing Wang

315

Robust Registration of Aerial Image Seqllences ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325Glark F. Olson, Adnan 1. Ansar, and Curtis W. Padgett

Color Matching for Metallic Coatings .Ja.yant Si/va and Kristin J. Dana

Video Analysis and Event Recognition

335

A Shape and Energy Based Approach to Vertical People Separation inVideo Surveillance 345

Alessio M. Hr'its and Jnles R. Tapamo

Human Activity Recognition Using the 4D Spatiotemporal ShapeContext Descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Natasha Kholgade and Andreas Savakis

Adaptive Tuboid Shapes for Action Recognition .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Roman Fi/ipovych and Emldo R'ibeiro

Level Set Gait Analysis for Synthesis and Reconstrnction . . . . . . . . . 377Muayed S. Al-Huseiny, Sasan Mahmoodi, and Mark S. Nixon

Poster Session

ReaJ-Time Hand Detection and Gesture Trackiug with C:\;IM andModel Adaptation 387

GabTiel Yoder and L~iun Yin

XXVIII Table of Contents - Part II

Design of Searehablc Commelllorative Coins Image Library . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Radoslav Fa.mga, Petr Kaspar, and Martin Snr-kovsky

Visllal Intention Deteetion for Wheelchair Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407T. Lnhandjnla, E. Monacell'i, Y Hamarn, B.l. von Wyk, andQ. Williarns

An Evaluation of Affine Invariant-Based Classifieation for ImageMatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Danü:l Fleek and ZOTiLn Durie

Asbestos Detection Method with Frequeney Analysis for MieroseopeImage:> 430

Hikaru KlI'fIwgai, Soichiro M orishita, Kuniaki K awabata,Hajime Asmna, and Taketoshi Mishima

Shadow:> Rellloval by Edges Matching 440P. Spagnolo, P.L. Mazzeo. M. Leo, and T. D 'Gmzio

Online Video Texture:> Generation 450Wentao Fan and Nizar Bouguila

Deformable 2D Shape Matching Based on Shape Contexts ami DynamieProgramllling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 460

Iasonas Gikonornidis and Antonis A. Argyros

3D Model Reeon:>truetion from Turntable Sequenee withMultiple-View Triangulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 470

lian Zhang, Fei Maii, YS. Hnng, and G. Chesi

Recognition of Semantie Basketball Events Bascd on Optieal FlowPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Li Di, Ying Chen, Weirning Hu, Wanqing Li, and Xiaoqin Zhang

Action Reeognition Based on Non-parametrie Probability Den:>ityFunction Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 489

Yllta Mirrwm, Kazuhiro Hotta, and Hamhisa Takahashi

Asymlllctry-Based Quality Assesslllent of Face Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Gnangpeng Zhang and Yunhong Wang

Seale Analysis of Several Filter Banks for Color TextureClassifieation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Giga Radadell, PedTO Gar-cZa-Sevilla, and Filiberto Pla

A Novel 3D Segmcntation of Vertebral Bones from Volumetrie CTImages Using Graph Cuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Mel'ilL S. Aslan. Asem Alt. Hmn Rom, Ben Arnold, Aly A. Famg,Rachid Fahrni. and Fing Xiang

TRble of Contcuts- Part II XXIX

Robust 3D Marker Localization Using Multi-spectrurn Sequences. . . . . . . 529Pengcheng Li, Iun Gheng, Ruifeng Yuan, und Wench'uang Zhuo

Measuremellt of Pedestrian Groups USlng SubtractioIl Stereo , 53SKen,ji Temhayashi, Yuki Hashimoto, and Kazunryri Umeda

Vision-Based Oustade Avoidance USillg SIFT FeaturesAaTOn Ghavez und David GustaJson

550

Segmentatioll of Chillese Postal Envclope Images for Address BlockLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Kingh'u'i Donq. Iunyu lJong, and 8hengkf Wang

Recognizahility of Polyhcxes by Tiling and Wang Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 568H. Gfetha, D. G. Thomas. 1. K alyani, and T. Robinson

Unsupervised Video Analysis for Counting of Wood in R.iver duringFloods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

Imtiaz ALi and Laure Tougne

Robust Facial Feature Dctectioll and Tfacking for Head PoseEstimatioll in a Novel Mllltimodal Interface far Social Skills Learning. . . 588

Jin.qying Ghen arul Oliver Lemon

High Performance Implernentation of License Plate Recognition inImage Sequellces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Andreas Zweng und Martin KampP!

TOCSAC: TOpology Constraint SAmpIe Consensus for Fast andRPliable Feature Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

Zhoucan He, Qing Wang, and Heng Yang

Ivlultimedia )V·lining on Manycore Architectures: The Case far GPUs 619A1amado'u Diao and Jongman Kim

Humall Ar-tivity Rccognition Based on R Transform and Fourier MellinTransform 631

Pengfei Zh7~, Weim'ing Nil., Li L-i, and Qingdi We'i

Rcconstruction oI Facial Shape from Freehand Multi-viewpointSnapshots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Seiji 8uzuki, Hideo Saito, and Masaak'i Moch'ima:ru

Multiple-view Video eoding USillg Depth Map in Projective Space . . . . . 651Nina Yorozu, Yuko [jemats'a, and H'ideo Sa'ito

Using Subspace Multiple Linear Regression tor 3D Face ShapePrediction frolll a Single Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

Mar'io Gaste/an, Gu,stavo A. Paerto-Souza, and Johan Van Horebeck

XXX Table of Contents - Part II

PcdVcd: Pseudo Euclidian Distances für Video Events DetectionMd. Haidar ShaTif and Chabane Djemba

674

Two Algorithms für Measuring Human Breathing RateAutomatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Tornas Larnpo, Javier SierTa, and Carolina Chang

Biometrie Recognition: When Is Evidence Fusion Advantageous? . . . . . . . 698Hngo Proenr;a

Interactive Image Inpainting Using DCT Based Exemplar Matching . . . . 709Tsz-Ho Kwok and Charlie C.L. Wang

Noisc-Rcsiduc Filtering Baseel on Unsupervised Clustering für PhaseUnwrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

Jnn .hang, Jnn Cheng, and Xinglin Chen

Adaptive Digital Makeup 728Abhinav Dhall, Ganmv Sharrna, Rajen Bhatt, andGhnlam Mohinddin Khan

An Instability Problem of Region Growing Segmentation AIgürithmsanel Its Set Median Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Lums Fmnek and Xiaoyi Jiang

Distance Learning Based on Convex Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747XingllJei Yang, Longin Jan Latecki, and Ari Gross

Group Action Recognition Using Space-Time Interest Points 757Qingdi Wei. Xiaoq-in Zhang, Ya Kong, Weirning Hu, and Haib-in 1ing

Adaptive Deblurring for Camera-Based Document Image Processing. . . . 767Yibin Tian and Wei Ming

A Probabilistic Model of Visual Attention and Perceptual Organizationfor Constructive Object Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

Masayas'IL Atsumi

Gloss ami Normal Map Acquisition of Mesostructures Using GrayCodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788

Yannick Fmncken, Tom Cnypers, Tom Merten.~, andPhilippe Bekaert

Video Super-Resolution by Adaptive Kernel Regression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799Mohammad Moinnl Islam, Vijayan K. Asari.Moharnrned NazTul Islam, and Mohammad A. Karirn

Unification of Multichannel Motion Feature Using BooleanPolynomial 807

Naoya Ohnishi. Atsushi Irniya, and Tomuya Sakai

Table of Contents Part II XXXI

Rooftop Detection and 3D Building Modeling from Aerial Images. . 817Fanhuai Shi, Yongjian Xi, Xiaaling Li, and Yc Dunn

An Image Registration Approach for Accurate Satellite AttitudeEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827

Alpssandro Bcvilacqua. L'udovico Camzza, and Alcssandm Gherardi

A Novel Vision-Based Approach fur Autonomous Space NavigationSystems 8:n

Alrssandro BC11ilacquu, Alcssandra Gherardi, and Ludavico Camzza

An Adaptive Cutaway with Volullle Context Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8478. Grau a:nd A. Puig

A 3D Visualisation to Enhance Cognition in Software Product LineEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857

Ciaran Cawley, Gaetz Botterweck, Patrick Hmly.Sand Bin Abid, and Steffrn Thiel

A Visual Data Exploration Framework for Complex Problem SolvingBased on Extended Cognitive Fit Thcory ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869

Ying Zhu, Xiaayuan Suu, and G. S('.ott Owen

Energetic Path Finding across Massive Terrain DataAndrew Tsui und LSap Wood

879

The Impact of Image Choices on the Usability and Security of CliekBased Graphieal Passwords 889

Xiauyuan Suo, Ying Zhu, and C. SeaU Owen

Visual Computing for Seattered Electromagnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S9DShyh-K1wng Ueng and Fu-Sheng Yang

Visualization of Gene Regulatory Networks 909Muhicddine EI Kaissi. Ming .lia, Dirk Rriners, Julie Dickerson, nndEve Wuertele

Autonomous Lighting Agents in Photon Mapping .A. Hcrubel, V. Hiri, and S. Deverly

919

Data Vases: 2D and 3D Plots far Visualizing Multiple Time Series 929Sidharth l'hakuT and Thcrc8a-A1aTie Rhyne

A Morse-Theory Based i\Iethocl for Segmentatioll of Triangulatedl:<reefarm Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939

.Iun Wang and Zeyun }Cu

A Lattice Boltzmann Model for Rotationally Invariant DitllPring . . . . . . . 949Kai Hagenburg, Afichael Bre'ujl, Oliver \lugei,Juachirn Wrickert, and Martin l'Velk

XXXII Table uf Contents - Part II

Parallel 3D Image Segmentation of Large Data Sets on a GPUCluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 960

AaTOn Hagan and Ye Zhao

A Practical Guide to Large Tiled Displays 970Paul A. Navnitil, Bmndt Westing, Gregory P. Johnson,Ashwini Athalye, Jose Garreno, and Freddy Rajas

Fast Spherical Mapping for Genus-O Meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982Shuhua Lai, Fuhua (Fmnk) Gheng, and Fengtao Fan

Rendering Virtual Objects with High Dynamic Range LightingExtracted Automatically from Unardered Photo Colleetions . . . . . . . . . .. 992

Konrad Kölzer, Frank Nagl, Bastian Birnbach, and Paul Grimm

Effeetive Adaptation to Experience of Different-Sized Hand 1002Kenji Terabayashi, Natsuki Miyata, Jun Gta, and Kazunori Umeda

Image Processing Methods Applied in Mapping of LubricationParameter:s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1011

Radek Poli.'icuk

An Active Contour Approach far a Mumfard-Shah Model in X-RayTomography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1021

Elena Hoetzl and Wolfqang Ring

An Integral Active Contour Model far Convex Hull and BoundaryExtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1031

Nikolay Metodiev Simkov and Karthik Ushkala

Cornparison of Segmentation Algarithrns far the Zebrafish Heart inFluaresccnt Microscopy Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1041

P. Krämer, F. Boto, D. Wald, F. Bessy, G. Paloc, G. Gallol,A. Letamendia, I. Ibarbia, G. Halgado, (!nd J.M. Virto

A Quality Pre-proccssar far Biological Cell Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1051Adele P. Peskin, Karen Kafadar, and Alden Dima

Fast Reconstruetion Method for Diffraction Irnaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1063Eliyahu GsheTOvich, Michael Zibulevsky, and Imd Yavneh

Evaluation of Cardiac Ultrasound Data by Bayesian ProbabilityMaps. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1073

Mattias Hansson, Sami Bmndt, Petri Gudmundsson, andPinn Lindgren

Anirnated Classic Mosaics from Video. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1085Yn Liu and Glga Veksler'

Table uf Contents - Part lJ XXXIII

Comparison of Optimisation Algorithrns for Deforrnable TemvlateMatching , 1097

VW3ileios Zogmfos

Two Step Variational Method for Subpixel Optical FlowComplltation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 09

Yosh'ihiko Mrwhiz11ki, Yus'Uke Karncda, Ats7Lshi Imiya.Tornoya Sakai, and Takashi {maiZ'Umi

A Variational Approach to Semiautomatic Generation of DigitalTerrain Models , , , 1119

A1ark'us Ungcr, Thornas Pock. "~1arkus Gmbner, Andreas Klml..s, andHorst Bischof

Real-Time Articulated Hand Detection and Pose EstimationGiorgia Panin. Sebastian Klosc, and Alois Knall

1131

Background SlIhtraction in Video Using Recursive Mixture Models,Spatio-Temporal Filtering and Shadow Removal 1141

Zczhi ehen, Nick Pears, Michael Freemrm, and Jirn A'ustin

A Genera.lizatioll of Moment Invariants on 2D Vector Fields to TensorFields of Arbitrary Order am! Dimension 1151

Ma:r Langbein and Hans Hagen

A Real-Time Road Sign Detection Using Bilateral ChineseTransform 1161

Rachid Belamussi and Jean-Philippe Tarel

Probabilistic Facial Feature Extraetion Using Joint Distribution ofLocation and Texture Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1171

A1ustafa Berkay Yilrnaz. Hakan Er'dogan, and Mustoja Unel

Common Motion Map Based on Codebooks .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1181{onel Pop, Scut1t.rici Mihaela, and SC'lge Miguet

Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1191

Table of Contents - Part I

ST: Object Recognition

Whidl Sltapc Rcprescntatlon Is the Best far Real-Time Hand InterfaceSystem'? .

Scd:an Gcn(: and Volkan Atalay

M\llti-target and M1l1ti-cmnera Ohject Detection with :l\Iontc-CarloSampling 12

Gioryio Panin. Sebast'ian Klose., and Alais Knoll

Spatial Configuration of Local Shape Features für Disc:riminativeOhjcet Dctection 22

Lech 8z'IImilas and Horst IVildenancr

A Bag 0/ Fcatnres Approach far 3D Shape Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :34Junis Fchr, Alc:callder StreicheT, and Hans JJnrkhoTdt

Efficictl( Ohjeet Pixel-Level Categarization lhiing Bag of Feat\lres . . . . . . 44Daioid Aldauert. Arnan Ramisa, Ricordo Toledo, andRarrwn Lopez de A1antaras

Computer Graphics I

Rdightillg Forcst Ecosystellls .Jay E. Steele and Robert Geist

55

C'artooll Animation Style Renderillg of \VatC'r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G7Mi Y()"{L, Jinho Pm '1-,:, Byangknk Choi, and Jnnyong Nah

Dcfonllahle Proximity Queries alld Their Application in :VlobileMalliplllatioll Plannillg .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

M. GissleT, C. Dornhege. B. Nebel. and M. Tcschner

Spcech-Drivell Facial Animation Using a Shared Gaussiall ProcessLatent Variable Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S9

Salü De(~na and Aphrodite Galata

Extl'ading Principal Curvaturc Ridges from B-Splim' Surfaces withDcficient Srnootlmess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Samj Mllsnvathy and Elaine Cohen

Adaptive Partitionillg of Vertex Shader for Low Power HighPcrfonnance GcolTlctry Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

ß. v,N. Silpa, Kumar S.S. Vemuri. and Preeti RaT/jan Panda

XXXVI Table of Contents - Part I

Visualization I

Visualized Index-ßased Seareh far Digital Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Jon Seott, Beomjin Kim, and Sanyogita Chhabada

Generation of an Impürtanee Map for Visualized Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Akira Egawa and Susumu Shimyama

Drawing Motion without Understanding It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Vinccnzo Caglioti, Alessandro Giusti, Andrea Riva, and MaTeo Uberti

Image Compression ßased on Visual Salieney at Individual Seales. . . . . . 157Stella X. Ya and DirnitTi A. Lisin

Fast Oeclusion Sweeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Mayank Singh, Cem Yuksel, and Donald House

An Empirieal Study of Categarieal Dataset Visualization Using aSimulated ßee Colony Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

James D. MeCaIJrey

ST: Visual Computing for Robotics

Real-Time Feature Aequisition and Integration für Vision-ßased MobileRobots ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Tho1llas Hübner and Renato Pajarola

Matehing Plmmr Features for Robot Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Baptistc ChaTmette. Erie Royer, and Fniderie Chaasse

Fast amI Aeeurate Strueture and Motion Estimation 211Johan Hedborg, Per-Erik Forssen, and Michael Felsberg

Optieal Flow Based Deteetion in Mixed Human Robot Environments. . . 223Dario Figueira, Plinio Moreno, Alexandre Bernardino,JOS(' Gaspar. and Jose Santos- Victor

Using a Virtual \Vorld to Design a Simulation Platform für Vision andRobotie Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Gm K. Gapta and Ray A. Jarvis

Feature Extraction and Matching

Aceurate amI Effieient Computation of Gabor Features in Real-TimeApplieations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

GholamTeza Amayeh, Alireza Tavakkoli. and George Bebis

Region Graph Speetra as Geometrie Global Image FeaturesQirong Ho, Weimiao Yu, and Hwee Kaan Lee

253

Table of Contents - Part [ XXXVII

Robust Harris-Laplace Detector by Scale Multiplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265Fanhuai Sh:i, Xixia Huo:ng, and Ye Duan

Spatial-Temporal Junction Extraction ami Semantic Interpretation. . . . . 275Kasper Bmegaard Simonsen. Mads Thorsted Nielsen, Fl07·Ül.ll. Pilz.Norbert KT11ger, and Nicolas Pllgeault

Cross-Correlation and Rotation Est.imation of LOCH1 :3D Veetor FieldPat.ches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Janis Fehr. lvlarco ReiseTt, and Hans Bur'khardt

Scene Categorizat.ion by Introducing Contextual Information to theVisual Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 297

.Iir1.7lzhao Qin and Nelson H.C Yung

Edge-Preserving Laplacian Pyramid .Stella X. Yu

Medical Imaging

Aut.omated Segmentation of Brain Tumors in MRI Dsing Force Dat.aCillstering Algorithrn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Musowneh Kalantari Khandani, Ruzena Bajesy, and Yaser P. Fallah

Top-Down Segmentation of Histological Images USillg a Digit.alDeforrnable Model 327

F. De Vieillevillc, I-O. Lachalld. P. Her/in, O. Lezora:1j, andB. Planco'ulainc

Clo:-;ing Curves with Riemannian Dilation: Applicat.ion t.o Segmentationin Automated Cervical Canccr Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :~37

Patrik Malm Q,ful Anders ßnJn

Lung Nodule Modeling - A Data-Drivcn Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :347Amal Famg, .Iamcs Gmha'/fl, Aly Famg, and Robcrt Falk

Concurrent CT Reconstruction ami Visllal Analy:,üs U:-;ing HybridMlllti-re:-;olution Raycasting in a Cluster Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Bieffen Frcy, Chrisluph Müller, MagnIls StrengeTt, and Thornas Ertl

Handümized Tree Ensembles for Objeet. Detcction in ComputationalPathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Thamas .I. Fuchs, Johannes Haybaeck. Peier J. Wild,AIaihias Heikenwalder, Holger Mach, Adriana Ag'uzzi, andJoachim AI. Buhmann

Human Dnclerstandahle Features for Segmcnt.ation üf Solid Texture 379Ludovic Paulhac, Pascal MakTis, .Ican-Marc Gregoire, (Jnd.Iean- Yves Ramel

XXXVIII Table oI Contents - Part I

Motion

Exploiting Mntual Call1era Vi::;ibility in JVIulti-camera MotionEstimation 0 ••••••••• 0 0 •••••••••• 0 •••••••••• 0 • • • • • • ;{!ll

ChTistian [(nT.3, Th01',sten ThormiihZen, Bodo Rosenhahn, andHans-PdeT Seidel

Oplical Flow COlllputation from an Asynchronised Multil'csolutionImagc Scqucnce ... 0 •••••••••• 0 0 ••••••••• 0 •••••••••• 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • 403

YI/s'll.kc Kamedll, Nlloyo. Ohnishi. Atsllsll'i Irniyn. and TOff/oyn Snkai

ConditiolJs for Scgmcntation of Motion with Affine FundamentalMatrix 0 •••••••••• 0 •••• " •••••••••••••••••••• , 415

Shofrizo. Nislwo Basah, Rezo Hoseinnezhod, andAZiTeza Bab- HodiashaT

Motion-Based Vicw-Invariant Articulated Motion Detcction and PoseEstimatiou Using Sparse Point Feature,.,; 0 • • • • • • • • • • .J25

8hriniva,,~ .1. Pandl'ik and StanZey T. Bin:hfidd

Robust Estimation of Camera Motion Using Optical Flow JVIodds . . . . . . 4:{5JII.7'andy Almcida, l?odrigo Minetto, Tiago A. AZrru;idll.Riclirdo da 8. Torres, and NeUC'lTrWT .1. Leite

Maximllln Likclihood Estimation Sampie Consensus with Validation ofIndividual COf!'espondenccs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 447

Liang Zhan,q. Hownan Rast,qCL'(" Demin Wang, and And7'l; Vincent

Efficient Handom Sampling for Nonrigid Feature Matching .Li:I:in Fan and Timo Pylvijnä'inen

Virtual Reality I

457

RiverLand: An Efficient Procedural Modeling System for CreatingRealistic-Lookillg Terrains 468

Soon Tee Teoh

Heal-Timc 3D Reconstruction for Occlusion-Awarc Intcractions inMixed Reality 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 480

Ale:ca'll.de(' Ladikos and Nassi,. Nlivab

AuglIlcnting Exercise Systems with Vil'tual Exercise Environment. . . . . . 490Wei X'II., Jaeheo'ft Jeong, and Jone Mulligan

Codcboük-Bascd Background Subtractiün to Genel'ate PhotorealisticAvatars in a \Valkthrough Simulator 500

Andin Park, Keech'uZ Jnng. and Takeshi KllnJta

JanusVF: Adaptive Fidllcial SelectionMaleolm Hatson and Dirk Reiners

Table of Contents - Part 1 XXXIX

511

Natural Pose Generation from a Reduced Dimension Motion CapturcData SpaC(~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 521

Reza FeT7'ydiansyah and ChaTles B. Owen

ST: Computational Bioimaging

Segmentation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Nucl(ü within 3-DNeurospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

Weimiao Yu, Hwee Knan Lee) STivats Har'ihamn, Shvctha Sankamn.Pascal Vallolton, and Sohail Ahmed

Dcconvolving Active Contours for Fl\lorc~scence Microscopy Images. . . . . 544J 0 A. Helrrmth and Ivo F. Sbalzar'ini

lrnage Registration Guided by Particle Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554EdgaT R. Anx-Santana, Daniel U. Campos-Ddgado, arulA(t'onso Alba

Curve Enlmncement Using Orientation Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564KTistian Sandber:q

Ligltting- Aware Segmentation of Microscopy Images far In VitraFertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

AlessandTO Giusti. Giorg'io Comni) Duca MaTia Gamban/ella,CTistina Magli, (md Duca GianaTOh

FHSt 3D Reconstruction of the Spine Using User-Defined Splines and aStatistical Articulated Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

Danid C. Nlonm, Jonathan ßoisveTt, Jm~qc G. ßaTbosa, andJoäo Manucl R.S. TalJaTes

Computer Graphics II

High-Qllality Rendering of Varying Isosurfaces with Cubic TrivariatcCl -ContinuOllS Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

Thornas Kalbe) Thornas Koch, (md NIichael Gocsele

Visllalizing Ares of Implicit Algcbraic Curves, Exactly and Fast. . . . . . . . 608Pavel Erneliyanenko. ETic BeTiHTich, and Afichael SagmloJJ

Fa:-;t Cube Clltting for Intcradive Volume Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620Trnuis McPhail. Powei Feng, and Joe WaTTen

A Statistical Model for Daylight Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632MaTtyn Willün7ls and William A.P. Srnith

XL Tablc of Contents Part I

Reducing Artifacts between Adjaeent Drieks in Multi-resolution VolumeRcndering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

RhadaTncs Garmona, Gabriel Rodr{gnez, and Bemd Fr6hlich

Height amI Tilt Geometrie Text ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656Vcdmna Andersen, Mathieu DesbnLn, J. And'reas Bcercntzcn, andHenrik: AanCEs

ST: 3D Mapping, Modeling and SurfaceReconstruction

Using Coplanar Circlcs to Perform Calibration-Free PlallaI' SceneAnalysis ullder a Perspective View .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

Yisong Ghcn

Parallel POiSSOll Surfaee R.eeonstruetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678Matthcw Bolitho, Michael Kazhdan, Randal Burns, andHv.gues Hoppc

3D Objeet Mapping by Illtegrating Stereo SLAM alld ObjectSegmcntation Using Edge Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690

]v[asahiro TOTnono

Photometrie Recovery of Ortho-Images Derived from Apollo 15 MetrieCall1era Irnagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

Tacmin Kim, Am V. Nefian. and Michael 1. BTOxton

3D Lunar Terrain Reeonstruetion from Apollo Images 710Michael 1. Broxton, Am V. Ncfian, Zachary Momtto, Taemin KiTn,Michael Lundy, and A lek:sandr V. Segal

Factorization of Correspondcnee and Camera Error for UneonstrainedDem;e Correspolldence Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720

Daniel Knoblauch. MauriC'io Hcss-Florcs, A[ark Duchaineau, andFalk:o Kacster

Face Processing

Natural Faeial Expression R.eeognition Using Dynamic alld StatieSehemcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

Bogdan Raducanu und Fadi Dornaika.

Faeial Shape Recovery from a Single Image with an ArbitraryDircctiollal Light Using Linearly Independent Representation . . . . . . . . . . 740

Minsik Lee and Ghong-Ho Ghoi

Locating Facial Features and Pose Estimation Using a 3D ShapeModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

A ngcla Gaunce, David Gristinacce, Ghris Taylor, and Tim Gootes

Telble of Contents - Part I XLI

A Stochastic Method for Face Image Super-Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762Jun Zhcng und Olac Fuentes

A Framework for Lang Distance Face Recognition Using Dellse- anelSparse-SLereo Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Harn Rara, Sh'ireen Elhab'ian, Asern AN, Travis Gault, l\1ike Müler,Thornas Starr, and Aly Farag

Reconstruction I

Multi-view Reconstruction of Unkllown Objects within a KnownEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

St(jan Kulm and Dorn'in'ik Hcnr-ich

Accurate Real-Time Disparity Estimation with Variational Metltods . . . . 796Sergey Kuso'/!, Thor-sten Thor-mählcn, and Hans-Peter Seidel

Real-Time Parallel Implementation of SSD Stereo Visiun Algorithm onCSX SIMD Architect1ll'e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808

Fouzhan Hossein'i, Arnir- Fijany, Saced Safari. Ryad ChcllaIi. andJean- Guy Fontame

Revisiting the PnP Problem with a GPS. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k19

Timo Pylvänäincn, Li:rin Fan, and Fincerd Lepetd

On Using Projective Relations for Calibration ami Estimation in aStrnctured-Light Scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:31

Da/fit Sin9h Dhillun a:nd Fenu Madhav Govindu

Depth from Encoded Sliding Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84:3Chris Her"mans, Yannick Francken, Tom Cuypers. andPhiJippe Bekac'l'i

ST: Deformable lVlodels: Theory and Applications

A New Aigurithm for Inverse Consistent Image Registration . . . . . . . . . . . 855Xioojing Ye and Ylmmci Chen

A 3D Active Surface Model for the Accurate Segmentatioll ofDTOsophila Schneider Cell Nuclci amI NIldeoli , 86G

Jl1mgrct Keuper, Jan Parü'.ken, Patr-ick Heun, Hans ß'urkhardt, antiOl~f Ronneberger

\Veight, Sex, anel Facird Expressions: On the l\Ianipulatioll of Attrihutesin Generative 3D Face Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87S

BTian Amberg, Pascal Paysan, and Thomas Vetter

Contrast Constraineel Local I3inary Fitting for Image Scgmentation 886Xiaujing Bai, Chvnmi.ng Li, Qa.ansen S71n, and Deshen Xia

XLI I Table uf Contcnts - Part I

Modding amI Rendering Physically-Baseel \"Ioml CombllstiOll. . . . . . . . . . 8%RodeTick M. Ricusche und Rohert R. Lewis

A Ulli(yillg Vicw of Contour Lcngth Bias Correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90GChTistiua Pavlopu'Ulull aUd Stella X. Yu

ST: Visualizatiün Enhanced Data Analysis für HealthApplicatiüns

A Novd Mcthod for Enhanecd Nccdle Localization UsingUJtl'aSollllel-Guidanee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914

Bin Donq, Eric Savitsky, and Stanley Osher

Woolz HP: A Tilcel Ou-the-Fly Seetioning Server for :~D VolumetrieAtlascs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 924

Zsolt L. Hn8z, Thornas P. Perry, Bill Hill, and RühaTd A. Balduck

Ncw Scalar .Measurcs for Diffusion- \Vcighted MRI Visualization . . . . . . . . 934Tim McGTaw, ToJ,:arn'itsn Kawa'i, lnas Yassine, and Lierong Zhu

AlltolIlatic Data-Driven Parameterization for Phase-Daseel DoneLocalization in US Using Log-Gabor Filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 944

lllwI' Hacihaliloqlu, Rafeef A bnqharbieh, A ntony Hodg8on, andTlolJCrt Rohling

Wavdet-Dased Reprcscntation of Biologieal Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955Bin Donq, Yu lvfao, lvu D. D'inov, Zhnowen Tu, Yonggang Sh'i,Yalin Wang, and A rthl/T W. Toga

Dctcdion of Ullllsual Ohjeets and Temporal Patterns in EEG VideoHc('onlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96r>

Kostud'in KOf'(ndchev, Elka Km"utchcva, Kamen Kanev,ApohnuT RodT7rj'uez AlbuTiiw, J08e Lni8 Mv,IIiz GutierTez, andFCTnundo FO,f"iTiaz ßal.w;if'()

Virtual Reality 11

DTIONE: A Flexible Framework for Distrihnted Rcndering audDisplay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 975

Afü;/w,el Repplingcr, Ale:r:undeT Lö:ffieT, Dm'itri Rubin8te'in. andPhilipp Slusullek

Effieicnt Strategies for Acceleration Structure Updates in InteractiveRay Tracing Applieations on the Cell Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 987

Mo:rUn WeieT, ThoTsten Roth, and Andn; Hinkcnjann

luteractive Assembly Guide Using Augmented Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999J1,[. Anderscn, R. Ander.~en, C. Lar8en, T.ß. Moc81und, andO. Madsen

Tahle of Cout<'lIts Part I XLIU

V- Vokano: AdLln':-i:-iing Stlldent:-i' J\lisconceptiolJs in Earth Scicllce"LeHming througlt Virtlwl I{pality Siu11l1atiOll:-i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I (J()D

HoLhe ßO/1,dTf:(/.u:r. PanI HibLe) Car-olino C,.uz-Neim,ThoT/las Parhmn, Oinzia CerIJato, Wülimrl Gallvs. ondPete Stelliny

A Franwwork for Objcct-Oriented Shal!cr DesignRoland Kuck and Gcmlrl Wesehe

1010

Ray Traced Virt1lill I{calit,v. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. lO:nChristian N.S. OdoTn, Nikhil J. Shctty, (lnd Dirk Reiners

ST: Optimization for Vision, Graphics and MedicalImaging: Theory and Applications

Stochastic Optimizatiol1 fOT" Rigid Point Set Registratioll. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104:1Chaudor l'apazo'IJ (l'IId Dm'ins n'll'o;chka

Mnlti-Iahd NInF Opblllizatioll Via a Least Square" ,~ - I (;111 lOGSGlw,.,saJI ]Iwnu/7/eh

Combillatorial Pl"I'("olldibOIlers a1l d 1\ r111t ilevd SoIver" f(n P robkllJ" iuCOllllnltC'r Vision aud Imagc Pn)('l's"illg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I()(i7

]o(lnnis Kmdis, CaT'U L. Mille,.. (lnd DU/lid Tollimo,.

Optimal \Vcights for COllvex FmwtiOlmls iu M<'dinll Tlll'\[.!;<'Se[.!;lllclltatioll .

ehris !Ilefntm}/ and (i!lossan Hanuu'nehJ (J7~)

Adaptive COlltextuaJ Ellergy Pnrmud.eriimtioll tür Aut olllated [mageSegllH'ntation " J()K~)

Josno Ruo. Gh(lS8011 Hamm·neh, and Rafi'ef Abnglw,rbieh

Approxinmted Cmvaturl' Pl'lIaH" in NOIl-rigid RC!!,istrat ion USillgPairwisl' MRF" . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 1101

nell GZod.:Ct, Niko., Kol!I,o(/u,kis, Nikos Panu/,lOs. and Nussil" Navab

Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. J J J I