AED 101: Introduction to Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles

Transitioning Americans to widespread use of advanced electric drive vehicles

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Objectives• History of electric vehicles• Types of advanced electric drive vehicles• Why you should consider purchasing an advanced

electric drive vehicle

History of Electric Vehicles (EVs)

• Some of the first automobiles were battery powered

• As early as 1832, there were many experiments with electric carriages using rudimentary batteries

History of Electric Vehicles• The first gasoline-electric hybrid was

created by Ferdinand Porsche in 1899• Early EVs did not require a starter motor

and thus did not have to be started with a hand crank

• They were quiet and relatively trouble-free• Their primary limitation was range

because the batteries of the day could not hold enough energy to go more than about 25 miles

Ferdinand Porsche

History of Electric Vehicles• Electric cars were the dominant

form of motorized transportation up until 1908 when they began to be outpaced by gasoline cars produced by Henry Ford

• Due to the invention of the electric starter and abundant supply of cheap fuel (gasoline), electric drive cars (including hybrids) disappeared by the late 1930s

Henry Ford

Current Electric Vehicles• Vehicles using gasoline internal combustion engines

(ICEs) won out over the more expensive or less convenient alternatives

• Today, and in the coming years, due to increasing environmental concerns, electric drive technologies will likely replace the ICE and gasoline for vehicle propulsion

Current Electric Vehicles• There are four types of advanced electric drive

vehicles:– Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)– Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)– Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)– Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)– Extended range electric vehicles (EREVs)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles• Use an onboard power source,

typically a small gasoline engine, to provide power directly to the drive wheels and to a generator that recharges the vehicle’s onboard battery packs

• Capture energy through regenerative braking to help charge the batteries

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

• The battery pack sends power to an electric motor that can drive the vehicle at low speeds or assist the engine on demand for accelerating, passing, or climbing hills

• Most HEVs currently use nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery packs

Hybrid Electric Vehicles• HEVs have been

commercially available in the U.S. since 1999 when Honda introduced the Insight, a small two-passenger coupe that achieved 60 miles per gallon on the highway

Hybrid Electric Vehicles• Today, there are dozens of production hybrid models

to choose from and more are on the way. They’re available in all body styles from family cars, SUVs, and pickups to sports cars and even racing machines.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles• One of the most

successful HEVs on the market today is the Toyota Prius

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles• Can be charged from the electric grid when

the vehicle is parked• Have a larger energy storage battery pack

than standard hybrids• Run at normal speeds on battery power

alone until the charge is depleted – when this happens, the gasoline engine kicks in, and the car operates like a conventional hybrid

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles• A plug-in battery pack is

usually a lithium-ion formulation, which carries more energy at a much lighter weight

• Electric-only operation can last up to 40 miles, boosting fuel economy

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles• An example

includes the Toyota Prius Plug-in

Battery Electric Vehicles• Run on 100 percent

electricity• Use an electric motor

powered by lithium-ion batteries

Battery Electric Vehicles• Battery pack stores energy obtained from the utility

grid• Range varies depending on the vehicle but averages

about 100 miles per charge• Charging can take place at home or at public charging

stations

Battery Electric Vehicles

Battery Electric Vehicles• An example is the

Nissan LEAF

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles• Use fuel cells, which

directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and heat as the only by-products

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles• Hydrogen fuels are not only pollution-free at the tail

pipe but also highly efficient and capable of high fuel economy

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles• Hydrogen fuel is compressed

and stored on board the vehicle in tanks

• Hydrogen fueling stations are concentrated in California and select areas for the time being, but more are planned

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles• An example is

the Honda FCX Clarity

Extended Range Electric Vehicles• Operate in two ways – in

EV mode and extended range mode

• Motor/generators (MGs) in the transmission use the stored energy from the high-voltage battery in EV mode

Extended Range Electric Vehicles• When the battery is depleted, the vehicle

switches to extended range mode• The ICE operates the generator to supply energy

to the battery• The battery may be charged daily to enjoy the full

benefits of a fully electric vehicle

Extended Range Electric Vehicles• An example is the

Chevy Volt, the first production vehicle to use the EREV technology

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important

Oil Consumption• In 2008, the U.S. consumed 19.5

million barrels of oil per day• The U.S. is the largest consumer of oil• The U.S. has only 5 percent of the

world’s population• Less than half of U.S. petroleum is

produced domestically

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important

Pollution• Internal combustion engines

produce harmful emissions• Petroleum is a nonrenewable

resource; once it’s gone, it’s gone forever

• Electricity is a good replacement for petroleum products

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important

• The U.S. faces two critical challenges:– reducing our dependence on petroleum– decreasing greenhouse gas emissions

• These priorities are most challenging in the transportation sector, which accounts for two-thirds of our petroleum consumption and a third of our greenhouse gas emissions

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important

• Advanced electric drive vehicles play a key role in conquering these challenges and make our world cleaner for future generations

• The driving public needs to be aware that cleaner transportation options do exist, and they must be willing to consider them in their purchasing decisions

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important

• Carmakers are becoming more committed to pursuing clean alternatives to petroleum, to developing advanced energy saving technologies, and to making them affordable for the average driver

Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important

• Auto manufacturers’ efforts to develop cleaner transportation options and to deliver advanced technology vehicles to dealer showrooms are beginning to pay off

What’s Next• Government mandates require that by 2025, U.S.

automakers develop cars and trucks that achieve a fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallon

• This program will:– Save consumers $1.7 trillion at the pump– Save 12 billion barrels of oil– Eliminate 6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide pollution

What’s Next• As advanced electric

drive vehicles grow in acceptance among consumers, jobs will be created

• The U.S. will achieve real-world carbon dioxide reductions and fuel economy improvements

Contact InformationNational Alternative Fuels Training Consortium

Ridgeview Business Park1100 Frederick Lane

Morgantown, WV 26508(304) 293-7882naftc.wvu.edu