ROPE 85

ln this issue...

Liningup for Europe's summer sail

A fairwindforAlcyone

Animals on the move: who cares?

Spotlight on Luxembourg

Eurobarometer: the glass is rising

New guidelines for the Social Fund

Conflict in lreland: where Europe's interests lie

Who is makingthe bestuse of high-tech?

With the Social Fund, you'll never walk alone !

A festival of hope for Glasgow. By Roy Stemman

Communityreports

Francis Bacon: studies in flesh and blood. By Denis Thomas

Questions on the House

Letters

What'sin thepapers

EUROFORUM is inset after page 12

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Published by the Commission of theEuropean Communities, 8 Storey's Gate,LondonSuflP3AT.Tel:01-2228122Editor-in-Chief: George ScottAssociate Editor: Denis ThomasPrinted by Edwin Snell,Yeovil, Somerset

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ROPE 85

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Lining up lor Europeb sum mersar,ne ofthe biggest sporting events ofthesummer will be the first round-Europeyacht race. On 9 August, thirty contes-tants will leave the German port of

Kiel. Ahead of them will stretch a route that willtake them to ports of call in Holland, Belgium,England, France, Pornrgal and Spain.

The ideafor the race camefrom Gerard Petit-pas, who has crewed with Eric Tabarlay overthe years, and who heads the Association for thePromotion of Yachting in Europe. He says: 'Iwanted to achieve something newin transatlan-tic racing, and to show all Europeans what ex-ceptional boats the modern multi-hulls are. Inmost European countries, except France andEngland, these boats are completely unknowneven to very experienced sailors. Still, my ideagot an enthusiastic reception from the variouspublic authorities, from local councils in thetownswhichwill beports ofcall, and from clubswhich are members of the association. This has

helped us to do all the organising necessary forsuch a big event.'

A popular sight this Augustwill be 30 of Europe'sleading ocean racers on a3,000-mile bid for glory

The yacht clubs and pons of call in thevarious Community countries could only bechosen on the basis oftechnical criteria. In Ger-many the Kieler Yacht Club every year orga-nises the famous Kiel lVeek, which attractsmore than a thousand boats. In Holland,Scheveningen Marina is well-known for races

on the high seas, so it, too, was the logicalchoice. In Belgium, Ostend might have beenchosen, but in the end it has tumed out to be theGrande Rade of Zeebnryge. In England, theRoyal Torquay YachtClubhas been organisingraces since the beginning of the century. Lorient is another yachting centre with experienceof big multi-hulls. The Aporvela Club, in Por-

tugal, has also specialised in big yacht racing.Benamadena Sailing Club, in Spain, has like-wise welcomed the multi-hulls on their way tothe Antilles . So have the Toulon Regatta Socie-

ry and Porto Cervo, in the north of Sardinia,whichis the ideal place to stage the finish.

A race lasting 15 to 20 days is much easier toorganise than one involving a series of shortstages: the speed of the boats, and the skill of thecrews, can be better compared. At the start ofeach stage it begins again, which gives everyonean equal chance of proving himself, GerardPetitpas says.

He has succeeded in anractingenough publicand private sponsors to meet the race's totalbudget, which comes to 900,000 ECUs(t5,rc,000). Half is from private sources, andcompanies already sponsoring multi-hulls, suchas Elf Aquitaine, Cr6dit Agricole, British Air-ways, Apricot, have ioined in. The ports of callwill also benefit, since the arrival and the depar-ture of the boats, with their spectacular sails,will add a lively touch at the height ofthe tourist

3

EUROPE 85

Soilors like Eric Loizeou, left- one of o strong Frenccontingent - foce on eight-stoge competition,storling ol Kiel (obove)-ond ending ot Porto Cervo(right)6 month loter.

season. The European Commission, by contri-buting 45,000 ECUs (f27,000) has ensured thatthe Community's symbol, the stylised Greek'E', will be carried on the sails of all yachtstakingpart.

So, for one month, thirtyracingcraft, amongthem the five or six fastest boats in the world,with a total of some 500 crew, will sail 3,000miles round Europe. Says Alain Gabbay, skip-per of the Charles Heidsieck 'It will be morelike the Paris-Dakar car rally than a Formula Icompetition. \07e shall have to take bumps andhollows into account rather than drivingstraight across smooth, clean asphalt.' YvonFauconnier, winner of the last single-handedtransatlantic race, who will ioin Mike Birch onboard the Formule TAG, stresses the uncer-aintyof theweather.

But the race will be fair to all taking part:there are to be separate categories, graded bysize, so as to give an equal chance to t}le smallestyachts - a mere 15 meues - competing with thehigh-tech giants. Points will be awarded at each

4

stage of t}e race, enabling the competition to bere-started at the beginning ofeach new stage,

with a prospect ofone ofthe eight prizes- threeof 7,499 pcg. each (f4,400) in the general clas-sffication, and the other five for performance ineach individual stage.

The schedule is as follows:t r 9 August: Kiel - The Hague (Holland):640 milesi I 14 August: The Hague - Zeebrugge(Belgium):60milesL I 16 August: Zeebrugge - Torquay (England):265 milesLJ 19 August: Torquay -235 milesLl 23 August: Lorient -650milesl l 27 August: Lisbon - Benalmadena (Spain):335 miles. 3l August: Benalmadena-Toulon (France):660milesJ 5 September: Toulon - Porto Cervo (Italy):220miles

Lorient (France):

Lisbon (Porrugal):

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I n Greek mvthologv. Alcyonc - Halcyon inI English - was a diughter o[Acolus, master

! o, *a*-os. l ooay. ner narne graces an cx-I p..r-an,r, sea-gomg cra,. o,vcn Dy a

wind-propulsion system, flying under the flagof the Jacques Cousteau Foundation. She has

iust completed a flve-weeks voyage from LaRochelle to New York, demonstrating the feasi-bility of generating increased aerodynamic pow-er with a minimum of outside energy, by meansofa'rotor sail'.

At the same time, thanks to her aluminiumhull, she is introducing a completely new con-ception of maritime navigation.

Alcyone has been desigrred as a ship for thehigh seas with a single hull in aluminium, 31

metres long, a displacement of 75 tons at halfload, and the classic diesel motor drive in addi-tion to wind propulsion by her two light alloyrotor sails. A micro-computer controls its drivesystem in accordance both with climatic condi-tions and the captain's orders. Test trials willallow the aerodynamic performance of the rotorsails to be checked, t}re controls to be mademore precise, and eventual modifications to beplanned.

The rotor sail, which is as complex as an aero-plane wing, is in the form of a hollow cylinderdesigned to capture the energy of the wind bytwo suction areas, one on each side ofthe cylin-ders.

It is estimated that, compared with the most

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A new method of propulsionfor sea-going vessels, basedon the age-old principles ofwind and sail, is beinghelped by a EuropeanCommunity grant during itstrials this summer

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perfect sail system now known - the squaresails, known as 'Japanese sails'- the rotor sails'output in terms of propulsion is three to fourtimes greater.

The system saves between l5 and 35 per centof energy, depending on the route and thewinds. In this way, a ship of 30,000 tons equip-ped with rotor sai.ls, spending not less than 200days at sea, can effect an annual saving, at thepresent price offuel, ofsome f500,000.

Shipowners and shipyards around the worldare beginning to be seriously interested in thisnew process. The Koreans, Chinese and

Japanese already plan to introduce it in theirmerchant fleets in future. Of ships destined forbulk cargos, 90 per cent are nowadays con-structed in the 5,000-40,000 tons category. Allare suitable for adaptation to rotor sails.

After the fust peuol crisis of 1973, manycountries - fust Japan, then France, Great Bri-

tain, the US and Russia - undertook research toreintroduce sailing ships into their flects. Themain reason for this renewed interest in oldmethods has been that the proportion of thecosts ofmerchant shipping represented by ener-gy has multiplied five times, and now amountsto about half the total costs of running a ship.

This is why, along with the construction ofthe experimental boat, the Cousteau Founda-tion in May 1984 submitted a demonstrationproject for energy saving in sea uansport to theEuropean Commission. The proiect involvesinroducing a system of complementary windpropulsion, by equipping a cargo vessel withrotor sails.

The EEC has agreed to cover 40 per cent ofthe total outlay, or a little over 6 million Frenchfrancs. The project is being carried out in closecollaboration with a French company,C6g6dur-Pechiney, which is undertaking theindustrial development and commercialisationof the system.

At the beginning of 1986 a tanker of almost5,000 tons fully laden, the Commandant Henri,plying at the moment benveen the Baltic, theNorth Sea, the Gulf of Gascony and theMediterranean, will be equipped with the newpropulsion system. A two-year uial period wi-llshow the system performance in action. If thetests prove conclusive, the manufacturers hopeto begin to sell and install rotor sails throughout

Ethe world.

EUROPE 35

Animals on the move: who c;rres?ross-border transport gf enimals,whetherforbreedingpurposes orto theabattoir, remainsamatterofconqninthe European C.ommunity. Aprt from

rle cruelty tbat may be involved, ill-oeatmentqf rnimals loses traders money, because ofbruised m@t, utrnecessary deaths, or animalstress that affects meat qualiry.

In l97l the Council of Europe adopted aConvention for the Protection of Animals dur-iug Intanational Transport, with the aim ofcreating @mmon minimum provisions of restand care. C,ommunity directives in 1977 atd1981 established broad common legislationamong the Ten, but \e contents are based moreon experime than on scientific investigation.

Recendy, the Commission asked the Sand-ing Committee for Agriculftral Research(SCAR) 1s eqmine whether there are gmdphysiological, ethologicaland economicreasonsfor limiting the fi"al journey to the abanoir ofanimds for immediate slaughter, and if so to re-comrnend mavimrrm duration for su& iour-neys.

The repon, published in March, and basedon currmt research and investigation, providesa fascinating zurvey of ,nimsl psycholory andttre strcses faced in transport. But to provide anaoswer to the Commission's questiou requiresfar more detailed gound research. The Com-missiou points out that, under present financialstres, it has neither the money nor the stafftoundertake such a task.

The directive adopted in August 1977 detailsthe gBneral provisions that must apply to thetzmqrcrt of nnimals, and the special provisionsthat should apply in the use ofroad, rail, wateror air. The main concems are for vetuinaryapprowl of heahh and transport conditions.The laner must include adequate space,

'lt is not qlwoys oqueslion of cr'uelty,5ut often o tolol lock ofcomprehension thqtonidrols hovefeelings...'

appropriate segregation of species, and provi-sion of facilities for watering and feeding, andfor proper veutilatiou.

The Conveution has been signed by the tenCommunity aormtries and by eight non-EECones - Austria, C1ryrus, Fidand, Nonray,Spaiu, Sweden, Swizedand and Turkey. TheCommunity has been a contractinggarty since1979. In 1981 the Community adopted some

further amending legislation, mainly concernedwith ensuring and providing documentary evi-dmceofthe health sfftsqnimals iD transit. Itisclear, however, that the care of animals !646 2directrelation to their rralue to the owner. Race-horses and brding bulls may travel royally;

Moving cattle, hoses, sheeporpigs from one countrytoanother can cause them painand distress. The EuropeanCommission has called foran inquiry into the waywepack animals offon what is,

i, -*y cases, their last,ouney

but horses, catde, sheep, prgs and poultrybound for the abattoir, or is equiralent, couldofun tell a different story.

It is not always a question of cruelty, butoften a total Iack of omprehension that animalshave feelings, that they can be easily frightenedby stranp ramps aud bad lights, tbat youngbulls unknoqm to each otherwill fightforrank,1frx1{l enimals dislike uneven movemeut, andthat pigs, in particular, are especially subject tostress.

Animals destined for the abauoirmay uavellong iourneys. Those coming in from Fist€rnEurope are often in acondition that falls far be-low approved Community standards, and fo3vsto be slaughteredat thefrontier. Butevenwith-in the Community there are problems. Crowd-ing, often leading to dirty and frightened ani-mals ft61 may be iniurd in buffeting orfighting, can result in bruising. Bruised meatcannot be used for humao fmd. In addition,transport of animals can affect meat qualityttrrough stress-related physiological effecs pm-ducing pale, soft, exudative (PSE) and dark-cuning or dark, firm, dry (DFD) meat. PSEmeat is of normal acidity and keeping quality,but it is abnormally pale and watery, and giveslower yields in cooked and processed products.DFD meatisoflowacidity, poorkeepingquali-ty, and dark in colour.

Financial lossesifrom these largely ptevent-able disasters can !s significut. The UK Meatand Uvestock Commission found in a survey of10,0fi) pigs that over 50 per ceut ofall carcasseswere darnagpd. Some 44.4 per mt were dam-aepd bV fighting; 14 were dead; and bruisingocurrdin almost 8 percent (800) of all carcas-ses. It also found in 1979, thatin a onsignmentof fat lambs and hoggsts (yearling sheep), somel0 per cent uffered bruising damage, resultingin a value loss off, I million.

Animals suffer stress in varying degeesaccording to species. But most react badly toovercrowding, noisg, contactr lenF.rat *charrgp, humidity, lack of exercise or prolongsdstanding, even when watering andfeeding faci-lities may seem adequate. Pigs, normally theleast cared-for of enimels sa ths way to slaugh-ter, are particularly sensitive to stress, resultingin lung congestion, heart attad<$ and a generaldeterioration in their meat ralue.

The Comminee found tlat leding rnd un-

loading of arrimds often caused the worst stress.Animals tend to move slowln and impatienthandlers are apt to be heary-handtil with theirelectricgoads.

Akhough mi-ing of animal.s by species is dis-allowed under the law, the Committee foundtlatmost arrimals react unfavourably o new in-mates of the same species, and take ti-e to re-settle their rank order. This situation is partiarlady true of youug bulls, many of whom getdamaged, eveu when dehorned, ftom fight'tngand mounting. Thire can also be trouble if stal-lions or old bulls are penned near theirfemales.Pigs, particulady, lesent midng and are bestkeptseparate.

The C-ommittee onsiders that it is prderablefor the animals to assemble in lairages beforetransport, to enable themtoacclimatisetoanewenviroomentandnewdiet, afterwhichtheywillbe much more manageaUte.

Community legislation lays dovm minimrrmrules regnrding the accommodation neoexsary

'Most reoct bodlyroovercrowdirg, noise,contqcl,lemperoturechonge, huriidity, lockotexerclse, prolongedstonding' "

for each type of rnimal, and wateing, restingand feeding facilities while en rcute. Withoutfurther research the Committee could uot re-commend specific joumey periods or feedingmutines, so much depending, fs1 thg qnimgts,

on the quality oftheir transportand the kind ofmovement they have to endure.

Much sarting and stopping upseB them,making it impossible for thern to rest; changesin temperature, particularly heat, contributedto s high ollapse rate, especially among pigs.Extended iourneys, when a driver lmes his way,can lead to the discarrling of nearly a whole con-dgr-ent. Cle,rnsing is also very important,othem,ise nnimal$ pick up disease, gst scaldedwithurine, and quickly deteriorate.

TheCommittee urges that, once at their des-tination, where unloading should be carried outwith care, meat rnimals should be killed as soonas possible. Iongwaiting leadsto deterioration,asd mi-ing to fights 6ad fr6[66 damage.

Much more work needs to be done on thefeeding, watering resting, stocking rates, v€n-tilation necessities, and the stress physiology ofanimals before the Commission would be in aposition to recommend any amendments to theexistinglegislation. \flhile theCmmitteefoundthat the number sf deaths sf animals in intema-tioual transpon seemed to have decreased, re-portsoflowermeatqualitycausedby stress dur-ing transport have increased. It is a situatiouthat more thought, care and supervision ouldchange. E

7

ROPE 85

'Steel has served Lrxembourgwell. But itsfortunes are no longer assured...'

Small means beautifrrl. It can also, in Luxembourg'scase, mean influential - especially when its turn comesround, as one of the member states, to assume thePresidency of the European Community. That is a

responsibility which Luxembourg will discharge forthe next six months. To mark the occasion, we look atthe ways in which the smallest of the Ten manages tohold its own amid the economic stresses of the time

he guidebooks say so, and the advertise-ments proclaim it Luxembourg is thecentre of Europe. Now, for the secondhalfof this year, the Grand Duchy takes

its turn to preside over the EuropeanC,ommunity.

For Luxembourg, membership of the C-om-

munity is amark of the success ofits diplomaticpolicy, which, seen over centuries, is simplythat of avoiding being trampled on. But there ismore to it than ttrat. Despite its tiny size, Lux-embourg brings together many of the economicand social problems that other European states,

many with ten times its population, are havingto face.

Luxembourg was a one-product state, over-whelmingly dependent on steel. Steel served itwell. It provided the funds to satis& a high stan-dard of living, and promoted a prosperity whichwas *re basis ofan elaborate series ofchecks andbalances making up what, these days, is calledsocial harmony. But the fornrnes of the steel-makers are no longer assured. Arbed, the Lux-8

embourg steel company with interests stretch-ing across Europe and into the United States,has paid no taxes to the government of theGrand Duchy since the 1970s. On the contrary,it has been devouring funds. And fubd introuble has traditionally meant Luxembourg introuble.

the company still provides 44 percent of the Grand Duchy's exports, the eco-nomy is now more diverse. Luxembourg hasbecn restructuring in the same way as othersates with an over-reliance on taditional indus-tries. To that extent it is a model. Yet few satescan have carried through their restructuringwith quite the same degree of social phlegm

The company has slimmed down without en-forced lay-offs. Even so, the number of jobs lostis the equivalent of l0 per cent of the country'stoal labour force. Those who have left havebeen given public works jobs by the state -which is better than having people hangingaround the streets, the trade unions havepointed out. Other steel workers have taken

early retirement.The slimming process will continue until

Arbed's labour force stabilises in 1987 at aroundl2,sffi,which will be around 12-15 per cent ofthe national workforce. While this is going on,the company has been rationalising its plants,raising its productivity, and lanerly, as theEuropean economy has started to recover,boosting production- by around 20 per cent in1984.

Its financial fomrnes have improved too: lastyear, it achieved a profit for the first time sincethe stan ofthe steel crisis in the 1970s. But thiswas partly artificial: it would not have beenpossible without the infusion of state funds.Special taxes were raised to finance the steelcompany, its workers negotiated what were, ineffect, pay cuts. The result is that the state itselfis now the biggest shareholder.

As in other Community states, the sheddingof labour in one pan of the economy has set offasearch for other forms of industrial activity. Inthe earlier years of the steel crisis this was no

ROPE 85

$eat problem for the Grand Duchy: for every

iob disappearing in the steel industry, anotherwas cropping up in banking. Now that has stop-ped: the days offast expansion in banking areover. In Luxembourg's financial services sec-

tor, growtl is down from a massive 50 per cent a

year to l0 per cent, and profits have flattenedout.

Nevertheless, the financial services sector hasemerged as the biggest t.xpayer in the eco-nomy, and applications from investment fundsto set up in Luxembourg have been pouring in.The early expansion of banking rested onfinding a niche in the Euro-currency markets.Now, the stress is being placed on the provisionofservices at retail level, which is reflected in thedoubling of commission income last year overthat of 1980. However, although Luxembourgsees its role as a regulated, secure, and discreethaven for funds, it also acts as a safery valve forneighbouring countdes, handling ftrnds seek-ing a refuge from the tax systems of others. ABelgian operator, say, might place money inLuxembourg, but the Luxembourg market isnot large enough to retain all the funds flowingin; so they are recycled into the Brussels market.

The financial sector's employment roll is nowmoving towards 10,000, or about 6 per cent ofthe country's labour force. But, because it is nolonger expanding at the same rate, the Luxem-bourg government is being forced to look fornew schemes to foster employment. It runs in-vestment incentive schemes, though not withthe same lavishness as its neighbours. It con-cedes that its wages are high, but argues thatlabour costs are nonetheless lower than inFrance, Germany and Belgium in the longerrun, because of harmonious labour relations:strikes are few and far between.

One obvious choice for Lrxembourg wouldhave been to try and create a high-technologyindustry. But Europe is dotted with imitationsof Silicon Valley already. Also, high technologyenterprises do not necessarily employ manypeople. So the Lrxembourg government has

been trying to strike a balance. It certainlywants high technology; and to encourage it, in-creased write-offs on research and developmentexpenditure are permitted in the tax system, al-ways provided that the research is exploited inLuxembourg. Again, the governrnent has beenseeking to promote Luxembourg as a com-munications centre, by encouraging a satelliteproiect, so far without success.

Since the 1970s, Luxembourg has had itsown investment company which handles ap-plications to set up new enterprises. It prides it-self on its abi.lity to act quickly: if a companycomes in with worked-out plans it can be givenapproval - or not - within 24 hours. Over thelast decade or so, more tian 50 companies haveset up new business in Luxembourg, often inprocessing, and jobs have been coming onstream at the rate ofabout 500 a year. The of-flcial aim is to at least double that figure. Thegovernment has been heartened by the readi-ness of American companies like Du Pont,General Motors and fuyear to expand theirinward investment. And it is looking at Japan as

a source ofnew companies and new jobs.

'Few stqtes cqn hqvecqrried throuqh theirrestructurinqivithouile the sqfre deqreedf sociql phlegm' -

made a great point of returning to the traditionalsystem ofwage indexation, which had been sus-pended by the previous government. They wontheir way on that, in principle. But the moveturned out to be hedged in with conditions. Thebase of the indexation was changed; and no in-dexation would apply ifwage rates increased outof proportion widr those of Luxembourg's trad-ing partners.

Perhaps the key political fact of the electionresult was to bring the trade union movement,through its links with the Socialists, back to-wards the centre ofpower. Although each partyhas links with a cr:nfessional trade union move-ment, the Socialist union is by far the biggest. InLuxembourg, the trade unions have alwaysbeen, and will continue to be, a crucial influencein the affairs of the State. This is because Lux-embourg works less as a government sitting ontop of competing economic factions, and moreas a partnership.

There is a system of what are called Tripar-tites. The unions sit down with employers andgovemment, and negotiate at both national andsector level. Thus one Tripartite or another de-cides whether there will be a rise in indexedwages or not, and settles wage rates in the steeland other industrial sectors.

It looks clumsy, but labour unrest in Luxem-bourg, is rare. The emphasis is always on keep-ing the system going and making changes gra-dually. The unions make no secret of the factthat their approach is pragmatic: they wouldalways accept less to keep employment rateshieh.

The system is intimate, and probably couldonly work in a small state. But substantial re-structuring of the economy has taken placewithout a massive rise of unemployment, andthe government is now thinking more in termsofgrowth.

There is concern in some quarters that thegovernment, by trying to seek a balancebetween different levels of technology, andbetween the new and the established, is notbeing radical enough. The argument here isthat, latterly, the level oftax revenue is higherthan was expected. This, in turn, has led to a

more free-spending approach to propping upwhat already exists - steel, a somewhat sluggishbusiness sector, and t}le social security net.

This sort of criticism comes from the Liber-als, a party now regrouping and rethinking afterlosing power last year after 15 years. At the lastgeneral election, in June 1984, the ChristianSocial Parry, a centrist parry, and the Socialistsformed a new coalition. \(orking out theirprogramme was a long and complex business,because it meant the reorientation of some poli-cies towards Socialist predelictions. The coali-tion, said the new prime minister, Jacques San-

ter, was not a marriage of love but of reason.\What happened at the election was that the

Socialists picked up ground at the expense ofthe Liberals, while the Social Christians main-tained their position. In fact, the old coalitiongovernment of Social Christians and Liberalsstill held a comfortable majoriry. But, regard-less of the figures, the new shift in opinion had

1o be taken into account.However, the programme produced by the

new govemment was scarcely radical. Theemphasis was on continuiry. The Socialists had KI

The greol Arbed steelworks (opposite ond obove) hos provided Luxembourgwrth rts economrc bose rn turope.

ROPE 85

Luxem moves intothehotseat! uxembourg is too small to survive on its own. Foreign armies have

! run through it, and periodically occupied it. Once, it had an economic

! union with the states and principalities which formed Germany. ButI the two world wars changed all that, and for the last sixty years ithas been in economic union with Belgium.

The wars of this century have created frontiers which break into thenatural economic area which Luxembourg forms with Saarland, now partof Germany, and Lorraine, now part of France. In times past this was acoal and steelmaking basin.

The old infrastructure, by and large, remains intact: but is not realisedin any economic sense, because the major decisions for Saarland are madein Bonn, and those for Lorraine are made in Paris. But there is a sort ofloose consultative union called Saar-Lorr-Lux, to which regionalbusinessmen are trying to give practical substance. They are seeking toget local governments to make the sort ofmarginal investments that mightpull the region together - improving railway links, for example.

From the Luxembourg point of view, this makes sense, and not only ineconomic terms. It has to ally with somebody; and the more the better.

Its network of links, designed to enable it to inlluence its own destinyrather than be at the beck-and-call of others, starts with Belgium. TheLuxembourg and Belgian francs are held at par- the most obvious sym-bol of the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union. But the ries are strongerthan that, and have become more so recently because of the steel crisis.Arbed of Luxembourg, Sidmar-fubed's Belgian unit - and CockerillSambre of Belgium, are now tied into production-sharing andinvestrnent-specialisation agreements.

10

More widely, Luxembourg is linked, with Belgium, to the Nether-lands in Benelux an economic organisation now 41 years old. These linkswill not be extended into the monetary area, because there the Nether-lands pursues different policies. At a political level, though, Luxembourgcan take part in discussions which, from time to time, result in a cornmonBenelux line in the European Communiry.

Luxembourg is the Community's smallest state. But it is also the homeof some of its institutions- the Court of Justice, the Investment Bank, andsome of its parliamentary services. These are facilities which Luxem-bourg fights tooth and nail to keep. There is no problem about the Courtand the Bank. But where the Parliament goes is a matter of argument.

In deference to Luxembourg, the Council of Ministers holds its meet-ings in the Grand Duchy for three monrhs every year. This, allied to thepresence of the institutions, is a handy source of invisible' revenue.

The EEC gives Luxembourg a window on the wider world, and an in-fluence it would not otherwise enloy - especially over the curent half-year, when it will be in effect, the world spokesman for the Ten. Buthandling the presidency will strain resources to the utmost.

This emphasises that Ltxembourg, though minute, is an integral partof tie western world. It has abandoned the neutral policies that it soughtto follow up to 1939: the Nazi annexation saw to that. In the postwar re-construction of Europe, Luxembourg naturally threw its lot in with thestates surrounding it, in a common front against the Soviet Union. It isnow more secure than it has ever been, with a voice of influence, if usedselectively, as well. There are not many sovereigrr states of about half amillion people which could claim as much. Gl

EUROPE 35

Eurobarometerl theglass is ridtnghe latest Eurobarometer, the Commis-

sion's twice-yeady opinion poll, indudesfor the frst time reactions to the conceptof 'a people's Europe'. Among the ques-

tions put to a C.ommuaity-wide sample of fustunder 10,000 selected respondens, were tlleeon topics seen as entral to the strengthening ofthe Community's identityand public image.

The fimt of these is abolition of administra-tive checks and formalities at borders. Euro-barometerreveals that this wouldbewelomed,onaverage, by sixEuropeansin ta throughoutthe C.ommunity. But it adds that ttris broadapproval in principle should not be allowed tonask the largs differences from one country toauother. A majorityin the sixfoundermembersand in Greece are in favour; but a maiority inIreland, Denrnark and the United Kingdom,areagainst.

The replies correlate srongly with attitudestowards European rrnification. But even amonginterrriewers who were a4loizst European un-ification, a significant proportion were/or theabolition ofborder checks and formalities. Inother words, zuch a move would undoubtedlybeanimportantstepinthecreationofapeople'sEurope.

The second issue, creation of a Europeau lq'al entity, would be even more popular: overall,nine in ten of the people interviened were infrvour, and there were maiorities in all tenmembersates.

Those who did not share this majority vieweqpressed themselves as beiog on the left orfarleft of the political qpectrum. This suggpss thereport says, that a clearerexplanationis neededof the practicalities involvd, and in particularthe guarantees tlat citizes could expect to begveu.

On the introduction of the third topic, a

European currengl, nno questions were askedonthepmible creation ofaEuropean cur€ncy,aspartofasurvery on theuse ofthe ECII @urc-pean Currency UniQ already being carried outin seven member states as a supplement toEurobarometer.

The resuls show that the public reacts dif-ferendy to the idea of replacing national curren-cies by a Europeao cur€ncy and the idea ofusing national currencies and a Europeanorrrencyconcurrendy.

A third ofinterviewees, ou average, said theywere in hvour of the 6rst idea. There weremarked differences betrreen Italy, France, Bel-gim and Luembourg on the one hand, with anaiority in fivour, and Germany and the Un-ited Kingdom on the other hand, with a major-ity against. The replies wae more evenly distri-buted in the Nethedands, with slightly moreapin$t. SixEuropeansintenareinfavouroftheseond idea, with a maiority, albeit largg insp6g sases \an in others, iu all seven countriescovered by the suvry. There is a strong corrcla-tion between these replies and attinrdes torpardstheCommmity.

Generally speaking, support both for the

It's notyet a'people'sEurope' - but citizens of theTen seem to thinkwe maybegettingthere

principle of European unification and for theCommunity is slightly up on the previous snr-yey. In all probbility, lis spsd, whichemerges most dearly in countries where thefieldwork was caried out in late March andearly April, reflects the optimistic messagBs putacross by the media following the agreement onSpanish and Pomrguese accession.

This public sensitivity to evens, and howthey are reported, is particularly evident in replies to the question on the trend in understaud-ing betwem Community countries in recentmonths.

Forthefirsttime sinceautumn 1978, pitivereplies slighdy outnumbered negative ones. InFrance, for eornrFle, the permtage of thcewho consids that understanding has incleasdrose from 9 per cent in 1983 to 30 per mt inspring 1985.

General attitudes towzrds Community mem-bershipbave changed little comprdwith pre-vious surveys, except in France and Lelaodwhae they are slightly more positive.

There is a.orreJ:ation benreeo these repliesand the feeling tlat one's country has sr has as1benefited from Community membership. Insome ountries, notably France, the Nether-lands and Belgium, as well as the United King-dom, the sulryorters of Community mem-bership outnumber those who feel that theircouatry bas benefitd from membership.Analysis onfrms that the ratio betwem the nrovariables differs from ountry to country.

In the six founder-members countries, amaiority of those who consider that their coun-try has not beeofitd from membership haveequivocal or evm positive views on the Com-mudty geo€rally. Elseirhere, however, themafority of those who consider that their coun-try has not benefited also have a generally nqa-tive view of the Community.

On average, six Europeans in ten welomethe prospect of Spanish and Pomrguese acces-sion. The proportion varies somerrhat fromcountry to cormtry: most in ftvour are the Ita-lians, the Belgians, the Luemburgers and theDutch, with the Danes andtheFrench slightly

Two-lhirds of those infqvour of EuropeqnUnion believeihqt,ifthe others con'l qqree,theyshould go oh-eodqloire' q

less so. However, in four countries - the UnftedKingdom, heland, Deomark and mct of dlCrr€@ - tbffe were a relatively high number of'don't knows'. These differences can tr ex-plaind by the fact that attitudes to eolargementdepend largely on people's views on C.ommun-ity membership, and on how they expect a-largement to affect their county.

A clcer analysis of replies sheds further lighton the interaction of these different vadables.J[s main point of interest is that, eveu in acountry such as Frznce, where opposition toSpauish enry is still relativdy strong, the q4n-nens of enlargement are stillin the minority.

Questions were asked on the subiect of Europeanpoliticalunion, aboutwhidthepublic stillseem to know litde: on averagp, four inter-viewees in ten (and 2s many as 55 per mt in theUnited Kingdom) said theywee indifferent ordid not reply. Among those who did express anopinion the supporters of tbe plan outnum-berd the opponents by three to one.

The replies differed onsiderably from oun-Ey to country: in senen of the ten there is amajority in favour; only in Denmnrk is there amaiority aeginsq inthe United Kingdomthcefot' and'ag:ainsd more or less hlane out, withthose in favour very slightly in the lead.

The survey goes further, and shows that two-thirds of thoae in favour of a European Unionbelieve that, if the member states caoaot agteeon the idea, thme ountries which do agreeshould go ahead alone. Vhat is more, wenamong the oplx)nents of the plao, one in fivewould not obiect to it proeding without wait-ing for the countries which do not agree.

A county-byoutry analysis shoc/s that itis in the ountries with the highest number ofsupponersof European Union that thereisalsothe largest proportion of supporters in favour ofpressing abead without further delay. Con-versely, in Ireland, the United Kingdom, andabove all in Deomark about half of thme whoare in favour ofthe plan feel tbat it should be&oeeed if rrnenimous aglment catrnot bereached.

Generally speaking, tbe cormtries whme pr-ticipation is iudged essential if the Union is tohave any meaning are Germany and Fraoce,followed by the Unitd Kingdom'and Iuly. Inshort, it looks as thougfu the United Kingdomwill play a decisive role in the outcome, wbetherit decides to take prt in the plan or not.

As for the way democrary works, opinionsdepend on nuurrlolls variables (itrdrditrgcultual norms specific to different societies,and perceptions of the sociepolitical dimatelargsly conditioned by individual ideologies).Dissati$ction predominates to a greater or les-ser dqree in fve of the ten member countries.The Italians are the most dissati$ed, though nomorE so than in 193, when the six-montblysuveys began. The most sati$ed are the Lux-emburgers, the Daoes ard the Germans, whmelevel of sati$ction is even higher than it ms

E11

twelveyears ago.

EUROPE 35

HeaWcallsontheSocial Fundtwhowllllose outi?The Eruopean Socid Fundis one ofthe Community'smost widely acknowle@edsuccesses. From next year,applicants will face stifferodds and revised guidelines

If he European Cammission has decidedIon newguidelinesfor the European SocialIf,-a dSn. to run from 1986 to 1988.IApplications'"r" oo* * or-.-* tlat the

C,ommission has had to lay down stricts selec-tion aiteria than in the past. Britain, which has

hitberto b€nefitd from receiving nearly one-third of the Fund, is likely to face some dis-appointments.

The rise in the number of applications hasbeo phoomenal. \Fhile there were orJ,y 752applications in 1983, there are 4,785 in 1985,risingfrom the equivalent value of 3,180 millionECUs twoyears ago to4,98 millionECU today

- an increase of 57 per mt. The ESF budget,howevc, has risen only by 6 per mt, fum1,947 million ECUs in 1983 o 1,902 million in1984, and estimated 2000 million ECU in 1985(oneECU:58p).

Meanwhile, since 1980 unemploym.ent hasdoubled. It now sands at 12 per cent of the tou.lC,ommunity worldore. Those worst hit areyoungpeopleundertheageof25. Thissituationhas created calls on the ESFwhich mean-un-less the C.ouncil of Ministers w€le to advocatemore rnoney for the Fund- that less than halfthe applications can be met.

The Commission has decidd that financialaid fromthe ESFmust bediratd atlisted re-gions with the highest unemployment rates andlowest GDP per head, at thme citizens under-going basic sbifts in empolym.ent, and to train-ing schemes comprising I minimum 6f lfi)horurs training, including at least 40 hours ofgroeral instruction in new technologies. OnlyGreee is allowed easier terms. There will alsobe prdereutial ueatment accorded to vocationaltraining operations leading direcdy to fob crea-tions in small 11-t, with under 500 workers,engaged in the application of new tu:.bnologie,and to special help for long-term unemployedworkers.

To be eligible for assistance a scheine must bewholly or pardy financed by public funds, and

t2

applications to the Commission can only comethough governments. In public authorityschmes the Fund(en meetup to 50percentofthe approvedprofests. Inthe caseofprinatepro-iects the Fund may match public authority sup,pon. In listed deprived arrcas, assistnnce can riseto 55.per mt of coss. In all private schmes anapproved public body depart-ment, local authority, training b@rd), as published periodically in the Communiqy's OfficialJournal, must Bunutee the oompletion of thetrainingoperation.

From time to time the Council of Ministersdecide on cerain categories of workers whoshould reeive priority treament. Remtguidelines bave put young people under the agB

of 25 and older women of 25 and over as priori-ties for training or recruitment purposes. The198,1-85 guidelines rquired that 75 percent ofFund assistance should be devoted to theyoung, about 20 permt to thoseover25 yearsofage, and 5 per ent in respect ofspecific, pre-ferably innorated projece. Two-fifths (40 perm0 of Fund assisance h*d to be dlmtd topromoting employnent in Greece, the Frenchoveneas deparm€nB, Ireland, Northern Ire-land and the Mezzogiorno in Italy. While thegeneralprinciplesremainmuchthe ume, inthelatest guidelines the Commissionhas readiustdthepriorityareas, andgivenincreased emphasisto training in the new technologies

Help from the Fund will in future be ooncen-tratedonprojecs tofurtheremplolmentinspe-cific areas. Among these are the'absolute prior-ity' regions as defined in 1983 - Greee, theFrenctr ovemeas deparmms, Ireland, theMezzogiorno and Northern Ireland; cerainareas suffering from changes in the steel, shipbuilding, textile and fishing industries whichare designatd to boefit from the former nonquota section of the regional fund or from theECSC; and areas of high and long-term unem-plo1m.ent, dranm up by refeence trg rrnernFloy-

ment rates and gross domestic product.In the United Kingdom, these last two areas

cover C,ounty/Local Authority areas of Central,Cheshire, Cleveland, Ovryd, Cornwall, Der-byshire, Dumfries and Crallowan Durham,D1ded, Fife, Greater Manchester, Gwent,Ctwynedd, Hereford and Vorcester, High-Iands, Humberside, Isle ofVight, T ?ncashir€,Lincolnshire, Lothian, Merseyside, Mid Gla-

for theoretical instruction foming part ofapprenticeship training will apply only in theabsolute priority regions; but there will be nospecial help from the Fundtowards salarycostsfor instructors, plament experts or dsvelopm€ntagents.

WhereFundfnancesareinsufficienttocoverpriority operations, the Commission will beforced to apply reductioDs calculated in propor-tion to the financial volune of remainiug ap.plications from erch member country. This sys-tem will also apply to a surplus of non-priorityoperations.

Where rdrctions are neoessuy, preferenewill be given to schemes forming part of an inte-grated programme already assistd by two ormore C,ommunity financial ssutces (e.g. the In-tegrated Mditerranean Progranne); offeringvocational training learling directly to specificjobs in firms with under 500 employo andIinked to dwelopment of nery technologiesunder Cnmmunity programmes of Researchand Development; or which are particularly de-pendent on Fund assisune for implemeuu-tion.

The aim is to link vocational training withjobc. Priority, therefore, will be given oscheoes that offervocational trainingfor thmeunder 18 ofat least 8fi) hours duration, includ-ing work ef x minimum 200 andmsoimurn 400 hours, and offering subsuntialprospecc of employment.

The guidelines provide hdp for specid cate-gories of people who face difrculties in the jobmarket. These cover: vocational training for orrecnritment to additional iobo for women inoccuptions whe.re they are under-represented;assistance to migrant worken and their familieswith language training or language refreshercourses for those wishing.to rBturn to work intheir countries oforigin; disabled people capable of working in the open labour market, andvocational training for disabled people com-bind with a substantial adapation of workplaces; heh, in spaial circumsUns, withvocational training for instructors, trainiDg ex-perts and developmmt agents for the pmmotion of local initiatives, mainly in the absolutepriority regions but also elsewhere, to furtherthe emplolm.ent of migrant workers, women,andofthedisabled.

A smell amou1t of money can also be made

morgan, Northumbedand, Nottinghamshire, arailable for practicat raearch into iDnovatorySalop, South Glamorgan, South Yorkshire,Staffordshire, Strathdyde, Tayside, Tyne and\[ear, \7est Glamorgan, \Fest Midlands andVest Yorkshire. In addition there are thetravel-to-work-areas CITS7A) of Workington(Cumbria), Colville (t eicestemnire) and C-or-by Qrlorthamptonshire).

The Commission points out that, €xcept forthe disabled snd immigrant families, priority

Therewill be noI help for

operations, testing new to contentand methods of organisation that could pointthe way to firrther Fund assisance.

Britain is still nqotiating with the Commis-sion, under the old guidelines, over its 1985 aeplications to the Socid Fund. Though it maynot get quite as much as hoped for, the Dryrt-ment of Employm.ent does not anticipte anymaiorctranges.

lUhile it is at this stage to antici-pate the position in 1986, the Deparment notesthat the concentration on needy regions andnew tahnologies coincides with British poli-cies. The new guidelines will cemainly make theFund a more precise instrunrent, and it remainsto be seen what effect this has on the overall

E

specror nerp lorinslrucfors, experlsor ogenls'

picture.

nIvL

f$r fiU/r;,1

Face to face wittrthe America,nsbut notyet eye to eye

hotectionism and agriculhtre remain the central topics atgatherings where European and United States delegates sitgatherings where Europetdown to thrash things out.

possible conflictSoelled oul vervcleorly by bothiides'

EEGUS Relations: Conflict and Cohe-sion'hadbeen the theme for the eighthannual European-Amenican Jou:nal-ists Conference when it met in Knokke,Belgium, in April 1984. This became'[I$EEC Relations: the Searr;h for Com-mon Gmund in a Changing World Eco-nomy', when the mme event took place -14 months later-in Maashicht Nether-landsinearlyJune.

Did the modification of the theme alsodenote a change, however subtle, in therelationship between the westernworld's two most potent economic units?Or bas this remaiD€d as teuse as it wasfound to be ou the previow occasion?

The key fa@ suely, is that new problems keep cropping up incessantlnwhile ferr of the older ones disappear,and many ofthem actually weigh moreheavily now tlran they did before. hrprastical terms, this has meant thatwhile, last year, membership of Spainand Portrgal was sti[ an uneertaiapmspecq the discussion in Maashichtdeatt with the impact of such mem-bership, norr assured on future tariffshuctures atrecting the US.

Somewhat in the same vein, the dol-lat's sbengt\ its possible causes, andthe consequences forthe USandEurrope,or the world economy at large, werealrready seen as prcblems lastyear. Butthey are obviously eveD more so noltr,seeiug that (against all expectations)the US cunency has erperienced afurtherupsurge.

there was much t^llr in Knokke alsoabout the 'technolory gap', aboutEurope:s oon@rn at lagging behind the

'Areos of reol or

US and Japan iu this respecb. Hereagain, sofarfromany o}ange forthe bet-ter, conditioos have become more asute.Largoly, too, because unemployment inEurope has so plainly failed to yield to'fureahenf,, while millions of new jobshave beeu created in the US, Eumpe'seconomic and technological inferioritycomplex vira-vis the US (and indeedJapan) is Bore marked tlran ever.

Where, pe,rhaps,.the changes in therelationship are less easyto detect, is inthe twin issue ofprotectioninm and agri-cuttue. Of nresity, these remain thecentral topie, as prreoumably they havebeen at all gatherings to alate.

It was inhiguing, therefore, that thestafi of the Maashicht coufeteuce wasmarked by the juxtaposition of two de-velopments-onthe louwin some, youlose some'basis. On the positive side, itappeardthatjust then the latet oftheountless steel hassles was hopefullyappmaching a hatmonious settlement.Against that, the US Deparhent ofAgdsnltwehad announce{ the dayb+fore, its first strike under the E:port En-hancemeutProgram" I[hile $rchamwe ]

had not been altogether unexpectd itwas not likely to pour oil on houbledwatere.

Even without this tncidenf, , it right

be areue{ it is a formidable list of dif-ficulties, of opinion and appreciation,arod real or potential controverxies,whiih beset and plagues the rela-tionship. this is quite true, and it hasbeen true for many years past. Yetthmughout this conference, and not juston acount of the sonewhat euphoricmood which such occasionsmight gener-ate anong all participants, there was aclear intent on all sidesto de-emphasisethenegative.

Not that everything was sweetnssandlightby any manner ofmeans: areasof real or possible conflict were spelledout very clearly by speakers of bothside. Onbalance, however,the imprws.ion onveyed was that- politically andeconomically- more unite the US andthe Community flran separates them;and that, in all probability, fhis will remain so in the foreeeea.ble fuhre.

BY waY of ersmFle, when dealingwith the protectionim quandary, Oom-missioner Willy de Clerq noted that theUS and the EEC were both opposed to ithad both fought to hold the line againstprotectionist pres$rrea, and had com-mon problems as well. they were bothfacing the same challenge ofadaptingtosbuctural changes, and were both in theprocess of tackling these common probIems although they did not always usethesanemethods.

Onthe same topic, AmbassadorPeterMurphy, Deputy US Trade Representa-tive, emphasisetl the importance of theUS market for Europe and of the Euro-pean marketforthe US andthe Amer-ican desire to get the broadest possibleoonsensus ou the forthcoming GATIrcund- We are not making any effort todictate to countries that do not wish toparticipate. But we feel that those whichwant to should be able to,' he sai4qdding that the US had no option for sit'ting idly, and that, depite its preferencefor multilateral hade, negotiationswould engage in bilateral ones, ifneedbe.

Is Eumpe's tigh-trJi'futurre as deso-Late as it is often painted? Is Euopebeing left behind? Sigrdficantly, neithenof the two delqate from the businessworld who dealt with those questionssun€ndered to suc,h pessimim. IBMVice Fresident, Icwis Branscomb,asserted that Europe simply had notrealised its true potential in this field,andwouldbe all right once itdicl Dietervon Sanden, executive viepmident ofSiemens AG, went firther. By giviug animpressive accountofhiscompan/sper-formance end activities in tlis fiel4 heeffectively conhadicted the fatalisticviews so widesprmd in Europe. But healso made it dear that, with singlenoms and standalds existinginthe USas against a multitude in WesterqEumpe, it was there that the real chal-lenge l,ay. Progress ther',e, he argue{

JT'LY/AUGUST1985 (i)

EIIROFOB,I]M

waspart of the Eurotrmn govenrmentdrwponsibi[ty for creating the properld$h tech' climate, a task which heviewed as far moe deeisive than the set-tit g np arod ffnancing of govemmmtalrsear& qnil develolment pmgrams.'

Would such abasicallyoptimisticeva-luation be warranted also in the realm ofagricultue, which, it ould be maiu-taine4 has been the oentral element ofthe U$,EEC relationship sine the early1960s? For so protracted and deepsmtda,'l'oh of views and iaterests there canbe no quie.k solution. As Richard Lyng,

'Progress over normsis poTt of Eurorre'sre'sponsilgilityforcreolinq lhe prooerhigh-reih cliinorb'

then US Deputy Sesretary of Agricul-tune,putitinKnokke lastyear,whenre-fenring to an earlier sue,h meeting in1982: tlere we are in 1984, the US andthe EEC, still telking, still agleeingthatwe should agree, and still looking for themutually arcptable definition of whatwould be equit€ble world hade thatwould ma ke it possible.'

Somr comfort might be drawa fromthe fact that, while it was the deputieswho came to Knokke, it was the 'topmen', Agriculture Secretary Jobn R.Block and Agricultue CommissionerFhans Anddesqen, who addressed thejounalists in lVlaashich- Such an up.grading could have been a pure coinci-dence: but might it not have masked €r

certain sbift in approach and attitude?It was not as ifboth men had refrained

from forcefuI language and an aggref.sive Sance attime. Complainingaboutthe erport lossm sutrereil by U$famerssine 1980 (while community uportswent up), trfir Blck said that new USlegislation (the proposd Farm Bill)would commit the US govemment tomove againsthadepractiethatdistortand rwhict the movement of agricultu-ral pmdusts in intemational marLets,and set a deadline for doingso. llhere isno guestion that we rnean business inour ommifuent to straighten out thecondust of agricultural tmdb,'.he in-sisted.

Not to be outdone, in addition to de-fendingthe CAP as beingentir',ely com-patible with the GAII, CommissionerAndriesen countercharged that the ex.eptions made ftrom basic GAIT rulesfor primary products took place at theurging ofthe US. thee exceptions, andnotably the \raivet' granted on a tem-porary basis to the US 6eis rl.tan 30lrears ago, were still in force.

Vtlilllr de Clercqqpells out theEEC's tradeo$ectivesSpeaking at the conference ofthe Fderation ofcemanItdushy last month, Willyde Clercq, Commissioner forExternalBelationsandTlade, underlined the ba,sicphilosoplry which shouldquide the Communi{y's trade

' policy in the world tradingsystem difficult situation-

llr.e CommuniQy's primary objectiveis the presenvation and shengthening ofthe multilateral hading system,' hesaid- 1}ur second basic objetive ie tobrirg about a more coherent Europeanpresence in international affairs, by theceation of a fully-unified intenral mar-ket by 1992 and reinforcing the Com-muniQy's abifity to present and defendits intereets extemally.

fe1. e-arnple, in the field of exportprcmotion, the development of inte-grated Eumpan products, zuch as Air-bus qnd Ariane, should lead us to prom-ote these prducts as a Community,rather than as a disparate collection ofindividual cormtries. Similarly, as weprogres towards fuuly Eumlrean nomsand standards, it is logical that ourefforts to gain rmgnition for thee in

third countrie should be pureued incommon, ratherthan individually.'

But, he addd Eumpe is not justWestenr Eurcpe. 'As far as counhies ofEasternEurope areoncenred, the Com-mission will continue to see to the nor-malisation and development of our bi-lrateral relations with the member oun-tries of COMECON. We remaia opon tothe possibilitr of a renewed dialoguewith the COMECON itseE, althougbthe latter is not a shistly analogousorganisation, having no comptence for'example in externaltrade matters.'

Referring to the new Rormd of multi-lateral hade negotiations, Willy deClercq stated the Communih/s reaali-ness to take part in it, but indicated thatit ould only suoceed if there was anadequate prior international oonsensuson objectives, participation anrl timing.He also said tbat thefirrther mtior ele.ments in the success orfailure of aNewRound will be the attihrde of Japan-AlthoughJapan 1" oorp a mqior force inthe world @nomy, she remains as atrading entity poorly iategratd withother countrie: Unless the three-yearaction progranme announced by Japanachieves corsiderrably more than pre-vious measurs, then patience, both irtrEumpe and amss the Atlantic, will be-gintorunout'

Oa the firtue intemational regimefor tertiles, he said that there should bea firthen MFd but that it should be,where possible, uore liberal +han itspredecessor. And on Community-US re-lations: qWe shall almost certainly con-tinue to se mounting pmtectionistpffiure in the US, and as we sbive tosell oru bumper halrmt on dwintllingworld markets there is a risk of a seriousconflict on agliculture.'He ddded tsothsides must work hard to keep mattersundercontrol.'

Greelings forthe Presidentof Mel<icq Miguel de lo Modrid, on I 7 June.

(ii)

Willtherebevideo for EEC

conferencesby1986?Next year it will be possible tobringinto service avideoommunicationsnetwork that will not onlyenable authorities in thememberstatestocommunicatewitheachother, but will also allownetworkmeetings andonferencesbetwenrepresentativesoftheEuropean institutions andnationalgovernments.

That is the main conclusion ofa feasi-bility shrdy caried outbythe Conmi&sionofthe Eumpean Community attherequest of the Ten" the Commission isinstalling a videoconference studio at itgpremises in Brussels, snd similarstuilios are being built or are alradyavailablein allthe Communitycapitals.

In Febnrary 1984 the Mnisoers r€.sponsible for researth in the Ten in-stuucted the Conmission to study the.feasibility of a videocommrmicationspmject in the community, dwigned tofacilitate discussions between the mem-ber statss and within the Communityinstitutions.

An initial demonshation was heldinNovember 1984, using studim in Paris,London, fUnmut, Rome and theHague. Paris was used as the cenhe,suffisive videmDferenm being set upby conneeting it in turn with the othercenhes. Each videoconference las0edbalf an hour, and when it was uot indirect ommunication with Paris eachstudio was able to obserrre what wasgoiug on there during the othenvialeoconferences.

Another demonstration will be orga-nised dtuiDg the meeting of the EurupeanCouncil inMilaninJrme 1985. theten capitals will be connected to Milanbyahoadbandsatullitu link. Videocom-munications facilities will be set up inthe building where all the Council meet-ings will be hekl National delegationswill be able to use the videoonferenefacilitie wheneven they wislf in addi-tioa to the telephone or telex services.

A tribute to Mrs Ripa di Meana, wife of the Commissioner,Community Day, Expo 85, Tsukuba, Japan.

'IbwR with the baruienf - hckfieldthe boldest and most clear-sightedattempt to clear up the long-runningpmblem of fre movement betweenmember states was announed lastmonthinBrussels.

I.orcl CocJdel4 the EEC Commission-er rwponsible for the intemal market,inboduced a white paper which sets outto remove all frontier controls betweenmember states by lWz. It examines ev-ery type ofba:rrier - physical, technicaland fisaal - which hiuders the comple'tion of the ommon market in gmds andservices. Iord Cocldeld described it as

lrobably the most important thing thiscornmissiou would do during its life.time.'It give some 3(m propals foraction and a timetable for actioq.

In March tJris year, heads of govenr-meut had called for a speciffc program-me of action from the commission tocomplete the intenral market by 1992.lthe Commission is passing the batonbackto them',Iord Cocldeld said.

Britain hes wslcoPed the EuroPeanconmission's white paper on the com-pletion ofthe common market The gov-enrment says that itwelcomes commit-ment to the completion of the commonmarket and that tnuch in it accords withour osrn thinking'. It feels that fiigwould be a significant ontribution tonon-inflatibnary grcwth in Eumpe andtojobcreation

The priority areas, as seen by the UK,include freedom of capital movemenblharmonisation of indushial stanilards;int€grat€d fnansial services and liber-alisation ofinland, air andseahansport.

Some aspects of the vrhite paper, IordCoddeld said atthe launch, would cre.ate difficulties for member states. Butthese were taken fully into acount inthewhitepaper

Iord Cocldeld strgsedtbat the om-pletion of the inte.rmal market wouldestablish a foundation on which indue.hy muld impmve its competitivenes.

on European

(iii)

EIIB,OX'ORI]M

Lovrr-dourn on a The Pope's mmsage

higherbud$etto Europe

Mediurn-term prospwt"s andsound resource-management- these are the key elementsbehind the 1986 preliminarydraft budget, adopted by theCommission on 14 June, onedayaftertheEruopeanParliament adopted the 1985budget

fhe draft is different from the pre'vious ones in several respects. Firt,1986 \riU be the first year with a Com-munity of Twelve. the 1986 budget isthe first since the increases in own re.sources to 1.40 per cent VAT. 1986 isalso the frst year that the financialguiileline for the Common AgriculhrralPolicy is estabUshed. And this draft isthe new Commission'B ffi it thus r',+.

flests the Commission's work program-nrc.

In establishing the draft, the Com-mission - on a pmreal from HenniagCbristopheme,n" Vice-hresident of theCommission with responsibility for thebudget- has been guidd by a number ofobjectives. Tte budget cannot auy lon-gersimplybe an addition ofosts deriv-ins from indiyidual decisions: it shouldbe an intqrated part of a medium-termfinancial strategy. This is seen as muchmore important due to the limited re-soursavailable.

All @sts, including those relatiug totheenlarge.mentofthe CommunitywithSain and Portugal, should be coveredby the increased own resour@s. On the,predictims made, this should be a suf-fisient r€venue basis for at least 1986and 1987. As faras agricultural experd-iture goeo, the Commission maintainsthe objective that it must grow slowerfrren the CommuniQy's own resources.At tbe same time, agricultural stockssbould be reduced as far as possible (ortheir book value ilepreciated) ryithoutdepartingfromthisobjective., :

The structuml funds must be furtherdeveloped; but, at the same timq tlreprwent imbalane betweenand ommihnents should be corrwted"

In order to provide against unfonesee.able evenb, n"d to provide a bufferagainsb introduciog a supplementarybudgpt dudng the year, a contingenryresrve should be. created. These rcserves Sould covgr the uncertaintieo inconnecEon with enlarge,ment aud inorder to meet the Community's obliga-

His Holiness Pope.Iobn Paul IImade history on Monday 2X) May,when he became the fu Pope tovisit the Commission in BrusrcIs.IIe paid hibute to the work of theCommunity in building a united andjustEurope.

His Holiness was greeted bythousands of people, who tlgonged thearea near Rond Point Schumann. Hewas officially welcomedbyJacques Delors, Preaident of the Commission- firePope also met Mr Pflimlig President ofthe Eumpean Parliament, Ilr Aadxeot-ti, President of the Council, as well asother members of the Commissiq\Council, and Economic and Social Com-mittpe.

Wbtcomiusthe Pope, M. Delors spokeofthe rwponsibilities ofthe Community

to the development of free societies, tothe tbird world and to the youth ofEumpe. Healso spoke ofthependingen-largement of the Community. this, hesaid, will mark'another step along theroad to European unffication, a stepwhich validates and shengthens themesage of freedom, peace and fraterni-ty which Eumpe must pmject and sym-bolise if it is to help man 1e 6gasur€ ,,tohisdestiny.'

In Lis replR His Holines spoke oftheidentity of Cbristiu Europe. We arestill, he said,'the heirs ofthose longcen-turie in which a European sivilisationinspired by Chriganity was forued.'

He i[ushated his point with a briefoveryiew of the rcle of Christianity inEmopeanhistory.

It was because ofthis history, he said,that the EEC was established to ensurepeace and unity in Europe. But hewanred that Europe was now facing amoral and spiritual decline.

tions i" connectionwith any adverse de-velopment in the fod-aid situation.Finally, the budget must ircludeappmpriations for new policie.

the rather high increase in theyolume of the bufuet is almost entirelydue to the cost ofthe past created by thepa5rments needed to honour commit-ments entered into in previous years. Inaddition, the contlngency reserves, themsasures for de-stocking and theappropriations for the new policies,yrhich develop the Community, are in-duded in the increase. For exiriting operationq the bufuet only increases 3.2per cent in overall payments - dividedbetween 2.2 porcentincreaseinompul-sory expenditure and 7 per entin non-compulsory erpeuditure.

flre budget yi?ar 1986 will be the firstin which the UK receivw a rebate on theVAT couhibqrtions calculated accordingto the Fontainebleau meclranimo. For1986, the compensation anounts to1,4(X) million ECUg (f84O million),based on an etirnate of the 198&erporditue goinC to the UK and theVATpaid.

As the compensation is made on theCommuni{y'sreyeurc side, the effect isthat the tlK pays a lower YAT rate fhanths other member states. Germany ispartly compensated for the increase inVAT pal,rne'nts to cover the IIK com'pensation, so that only themember stats pay at the higfuwt rate. Itis +his rate which is govemed by the 1.4per cent YAT eiling, snfl if is this ratewhich is re,flect€d by the 1.35 per ent forthe 1986ilraftbudget.

If every member state paid at thesame rate, the VAT ell-up rate for 1986wouldbe 1.2{percent

Keeping fiansportpolicy on fte roadThere is no Cornmon Tlan4rortPolicy, the European Court of.Iusdce decided in Luxemboury onDTlIay.

hracaseuniqueintheCourfshistory,the judges ruled that the case broughtagainst the Council of Minist€rs twoydats ago,: for failure to ast under theterms of the Tleafy of Bome - was jus-tifiedonseveral sourds.

Alongside the Commoa AgriculfualPolicy, transport policy is the only dear-lydefined objective in the Rome Tleaty.Certain precise measure are set out inthe section of the Tleaty dealing withtransport policy, and the LuxembourgCourt desided that the Ilansport Minis-ters had faild over the past 27 ymrs, toagree to measures ensuring the freedomof national cariers to offer sen'ice inothermemberstates.

the Court put aside many of the othermntemtions put forrvard in the Parlia-ment case against the Council, zuggeshing that it is in fact np to the nationalgovemments to deeide for themselveshowbestto pmceed towards a CmmonTlansportPolicy.

the Ttansport Comnissioner, Stan-ley Clinton Davis, described the judge-mentas a lowerfirl weaponin creatingthe conditions for fas0er progreas in thetransport sector, where the Cormcil ofMinisters has Suite clearly faited tomeet its Treaty obligations'.

The Commissioner also suggetedthat further movs could be -ade by theCourt ofJustice, if theMinisters persis.tently failed to make decisions.

(iv)

EUROPE 35

conflict in lreland: where Europelsintereste.an help

Aprogramme of shrdiespart-funded by the EECcouldpoint the wayto more peaceful timesforboththe Northand the RepubJic

The degree otuses starting next autumn willconcntrate on snrdying the eqperience ofCooperatiou North since 1979, nd Europe'senperience sine \Porld \trar II. Thus, specialattention will be paid to how pea.ce and p,rosper-ity have been succesSrlly promoted in VesteruEurope flmugh programmes of social, econo-mic and cultural cooperation, despite a long his-tory of bitter onflict and warfare.

The aim of the courses - undergraduate in

'cg-operqtion Noilh is ffiHfrfl ff"Hft #ffiT.il tringmadeinsommunitrelationsthroughim-

fqkinq q ngy iniliqtiVg producecomminedandqualifiedvoungpeople The OppOfentlyi n rCsil vi n s ttr e co ntr c' ffi ffiH,fr.t*%'ffi;fl*'$ e nlt t eii"i bli-nEe d oes

* ilmmr&trffiLa5H',ffi il"suffii,"s,irrosnessits sixrh years of promoting pmcticat ompenl- There will also be open University training felqfiOnS'tion benreen North and South at.all levels courles (through correslrcndence cpurses andacrw the economic, social and culrural spec- radioandTY)tohelplrishvoluntarybodiesen-tnrm.Sinceitwassetup,ithasbeeninvolvedin gaged in reconciliatiou work. Demand for aginativeprogrammestobringpeopleonoplx>p1e1s then {) proieca in the areas ofbusiness, traind persons in this ar€a is eupected to in- site sides of the divide together. As Brendanscial sendces, sport and youth exchanges. crease, as there are already some 80 ageucies in O'Regan says: qVe're in a live conflict situationOver 2r0ff) companies and volunury bodies Ireland engaged iu reconcilhtion work where in Ireland, learning from our experience, with-have participated in the projects, and at least graduatescouldbeemployed. outpoliticalstringsattached.' E

Ior months now, the media in Dublin and

I Iondon have bem carrving soeculative

F stories about an impending break-I tmugn i" Anglolrish relations, Ieading toa solution to the strife in Northern lreland. Butaftereachreport, offcialsourein bothcapitalshasten to dampen down expecations.

After 17 yeas of political turmoil and violence inthe North, rrhich occasionaly qpilsover into the South, the view that peace is aboutto break out is not widely held.

Side by side with this high-level inter-govemmental dialqgue - which can go badly offthe rails, as happened last November at theChequers 'summit' - a remarkably effective'Track-Two Dplomacy' has been forgingahead, building up valuable ties between ordin-ary people north and south of the Irish border.

Cooperation North, a non-political organisa-tion of leading business executives and trade

have been set up in Britain aud the UnitedSates, and President Reagan has singled it outfor its work in promoting reconciliation andeconomic cooperation.

It was the peace movemenc which sprang upin Northsn Ireland rnl976r later spreading tothe South, which inspired the founding ofC,ooperation North; so it is not surprising that,this year, it is ukingan important new initiativein developing a North-South university prog-ramme in the field of 'Conflict Resolution'.

The President of Cmperation North, DrBrendan ORegan, is also Chairmanofthenewkish Peace Institute, which has been adoptedbyCooperatiouNorth, theUniversityoflJlster,and the National Institute for Higher &lucationO{trfi) in Limerick. The Peace Institute,which is basd in r imerick, is the vehiclefhough which both universities will carry outtheir joint programme in pea.ce and conflict snr-dies.

The kish Peace Institute ishopingforfund-ing from the EEC and from the Endowment forDemocracyintheUnited Sates. Itnotesthatanincreasingnumber of univenities on both sidesof the Atlantic are planning @urses in peaceeducation and conflict resolution. The quicken-ing interest of westsn govemments in the devdopnent of peae studies isalso showa by thedecision of the US Government last Septemberto spend 16 million dollars over the next twoyears to establish a National Institute of Peace'inVashington.

J[s aenadian Govemment has allocated7 million dollars over the next three years, and5 million dollars for each succeeding year for anInstitute for International Peae and Security inOttawa.

The experience of C-,ooperation North hasshorrn that the apparendy endless violence inNorthern Irclaud does not preclude progr€ss

30r0fi) people have been actively involved inworkingtogetherrinbothNorthandSouth. r!_-_ _t ^ ____r -rneEsccom;ission"i;1:e4li""*,,,." Tmd6,Uf,]On ffiffijin the work of Cooperation No$ q*rnfinancialaid,andissecondingasuffmemberas r,1r,$!{!@ E+titr :.,:#$pFits chid executive. Supporting organisations - ru&i&.r t[di$ iiff$f.,:. ,.i ih

l3

EUROPE S5

Who is makin9 lhebest useolhigh-t*h?

Io what extent have microelectronics

I U"* adopted and applied within theI Common Markeds industrial sector, andI *n"tn o"*tneeEe$tSo far as Britain, CJ€rmany and France are

onend, these questions-alongwith others-are answered in depth by a reently-publishedsnrdy analysing mott tlran 3r5fi) factories inthme three member states.*

In 1981, the Policy Studies Institute under-19qk, s maior sur:vey of the use of microelectro-nics througftout the United Kingdom, rrsing a

sample of 1100 representative ofall branches ofnanufacoring industry. Two years later theInstitute undertmk a second survey, re-

interviewing the same factories to gauge thedeveloping patt€m of changs.

On PSI's initiative, parallel studies wereundenaken also by .the VDI-Techno-lqiezeutruminBerlin, and by theBureau d'In-formatius et de Pr6visions Eonomiques inParis, pooing the *-e questions to similar &c-tory samples in each @untry. The three research orgEnisatioDs bave now pooled their re-sources in a ioint report comparing the fi"dingsof the tbree urrveys, thus providing, for the firsttime, a large-scale urezuiure of the participants'performane on a direcdy comparable basis.

The survey rev.eals that, whilst Britain lage

behind Gemany in its application of micro-chip to improve both product-performanctandproductivity, itisnottoofarbehindtocatchup - provided action is uken in time. Whilst

Industrid fims in Gemany,France and Britain arecatchingup in applying theskills neededto comlrete inthe microelectronic age

fears have been constantly expressed regarding

fob-loss and a Luddite anitude on the part ofuade unions, neither have actually presentedproblems.

Job losses so far are small, and shopflooropposition iu the IIK has been minimal. Thethree biggest obstacles to a better British per'formance are, in fact, lack of key skills, a shor-tageoffinance, and the ontinuingmnomicre-mion.

In detail, the suneys show Britain to be

slightly behind Germanv in the percentags ofwor}s u irg microelecrronics in their produc-

tion processes, and - probably more important

- firrther behind in the percentaep with applica-tions in the producns themselves. France lags

behind both. Britahmakesless useofadvancedmachine-tols and robots, appears to have few-er professional engineers with microelectronicseupertise, and sends fewer pople away fortraining. The IIK does howwer, appear to be

relatively strong in such areas as electrical en-gineering and the food industries, as well as inthe use of semi<ustom chipa.

I:ck of expertise is everyone's problem, andall tlree countries are seeking to overcome thisshoragp in different ways. In Britain, the recnriment of engineels from outside is rathermole cornmon than uainingexistingsaffwherep,rcduct-application is concerned. Tmining ex-

isting staff is more oornmon in ftctories withpro6 applications. lfith other kinds ofmicraletronics skills thepattern fu similat, butmoreevenlybalanced.

In Germany the pooition is different. Boththe establishmens with product applicationsaodthmewithproductiononesaretwiceaslike-ly to recruit their engineers from ouBide as torely on training exising staff. For techniciansand others, howwer, German factories withproduct applications bave only amarginal pre-

ferene for external recruitment, whilst those

with process applications tend to rely on train-tng.

Frane has aoother approach. Factories withproduct applications meet their neds by train-ing existing staff more @uently than byrsuiting n€ry@mers, while rcanufacturingcompanies with prccs applications rely over-whelmingly on training.

'Ooposition from thewdrkforce does noloppeorto be sploblem'

Because the introduction of microelectronicscan have an imporunt and frr-reaching effecton fob-opportrmity within an industry, it mightbe €xpst€d that frms conteoplating such

&angs would Eke good care to consult theirworldorces well in adrance. Fiffyone per mtofBritishfrnsdidtake suctrsteps. In Germanytheproportionwas 40 permt, andin Franceamere23percent.

But, whether the worldorce was onsulted ornot, opposition to the introductionofsuch nery

technologT from either the shopflor in general

or the rmions de not appear to be a problem so

fir as British frms are consned. Only seven

per cent of factories in the British sample, in-cluding sme in the printing industry, see shopfloor oppcition or union attinrdes as a serious

difficulty.Far more important to the slow rate of prog-

ress in Britain has been the continuing rem-sion. Forty-tbree per cent of British 6rms in thesuwey blame the general economic sinration fortheir slowrress in updating either proees orproductsin thisway-twice as manyasin Ger-many (20 per mt) or France (23 per cent).

*Microelectronics in Industry: An Internation-al Comparison. Policy Snrdies Insitute, 1/2

Castlelane, Lmdon SW1

t4

OPE 85

Lisbon, l2 June: Commission President Delors presides ot lhe signing of Portugol's occession, in ihe historic monostery of Geronimo.

With the SocialFund, you'llnever walk alone!These likelyJooking lads limbering upat Oldham Athletic's football ground arelookingforward to the start of the soccerseason. They are Brian Marriott andMikeMilligan, and the jumbo-sizecheque in the picture, displayed byAthletic's manager, Joe Royle, is onereasonwhy.

Mike and Brian had just signed one-year contracts with the club, and themoney- f9l0 each - will pay pan oftheir wages for the first six months.

The Greater Manchester Council andthe European Social Fund went lifty-fifty.

As far as we know, this is the first timeSocial Fund money has found its way onto a football pitch. Everyone isdelighted. Joe Royle told the localpaper, the Evening Chronicle: 'It is agreat move for the lads and the club.They are both regular members of thereserves, and have the potential to makethe first team.'They think it's magic.

ROPE 85

A fes tival ol hope lor Glas$ owI he ground I stood on during a visit to

I Gratgo* ,"st montn *", or.. a magru-

I R..ni dock, which played an imponantI role in the city's stripUulaing pa*. No*,

the 64acre site has been filled in, to form thefoundation for a huge brick-red and silverbuilding which will shortly become the SconishExhibition and Conference Centre (SECC).

C-onstruction workers busied themselveswith the last stages of the building as I was takenon a conducted tour of the complex by eventsales executive Peter Duthie. It has cost around!32 million, he told me, to erect the impressivecentre on the old Queen's Dock site, on thenorth bank of the Clyde, of which !l 1.2 millionhas come from the European Regional De-velopment Fund (ERDF).

The grant has been shared by the ScottishDevelopment Agency (SDA), Strathclyde Re-gional Council, and Glasgow District Council.Total funding for the proiect has come from thepublic and private sectors and the SDA inroughly equal amounts.

In the early days of Spring, as the buildingneared completion it was possible to appreciatethat the Centre is going to be a great attractionfor Scotland, fully iusti$ingthe EEC's financialsupport.

The main entrance is a glazed concoursewhich leads to all five halls. This spacious area

will provide shops, banks, kiosks, informationdesk and business services, as well as space forsmall exhibitions and advertising displays.

Ahead of us, as we walked through the con-course, was a seminar suite at first floor level de-signed to accommodate up to 250 people, orsmaller groups in separate rooms. On our leftwere three halls, the first of which will be usedfor conferences and concerts. Finished to a veryhigh standard, with upholstered seating, andsoundproofed, it will accommodate over 2,000

'lnsteqd of the Docksolone beinqredevelopdd,thewhole or6q will belrqnsformed'

With help from the EEC'sRegional DevelopmentFund, a prime site onClydeside is beingtransformed into an elegantconcourse and exhibitioncentre, designed to bringnew life to the city

pendently or to Iink up with each other. It canalso give equal prominence to exhibitions andconferences. Essential services run under-ground and access to water, electricity, gas, tele-phones and compressed air is easily gainedthrough manholes sited every 7.5 metres.

Outside, there is parking for 3,500 cars as

well as a covered walkway for passengers usingGlasgow's Finnieston Railway Station. TheClydeside Expressway road runs alongside thesite and Glasgow Airport is just 15 minutesaway. You could even arrive by boat: the exhibi-tion complex hopes to have its own mooringsbefore too long.

The only thing missing, when one refers tothe original plans for the site, is a hotel. Accom-modation is reasonably plentiful in the area -there are 7,000 bedrooms within an hour of thecentre - and there has been understandable

pressure from existing hotels who are anxious tofill their rooms rather than see a new hotel takethe business. But I was assured that Glasgowwill have a Scottish Exhibition Centre Hotel,alongside the Centre, before too long.

The SECC replaces the Kelvin Hall as Glas-gow's major exhibition venue, and will also becompeting with otler complexes, including theBirmingham National Exhibition Centre in itsbid for international recognition. The NEC isfive times bigger; but Glasgow's rates are halfthose of Birmingham, Olympia and EarlsCourt. What is more, it is certainly big enoughto cope with the demands ofmost big events, in-cluding 30,000 visitors a day to major exhibi-tions and 10,000 to a pop concert.

Very shortly, the doors will open and thepublic will be able to see how the money fromEurope and other sources has been spent. Thefirst public event is on 7 September, when theScottish National Orchestra gives an inauguralconcert.

The following day a trade exhibition opens,to be followed in October by the first maf or pub-lic exhibition, Modern Homes.

This huge development is destined to have aconsiderable impact on the Scottish economy:visitors will want to make the most of a visit toScodand and to become tourists while they arethere. But it is only one of a number of projectswhich are being planned to refuvenate the cityand improve its image abroad.

people. Adioining it is HaIl2, ideal for small ex-hibitions or as a back-up area or banquetingroom. The first three halls together can seat upto 2,500 people for conferences, but can also beadapted as an arena for sponing activities.

On the right of the concourse are Halls 4 and5, which will be used for major exhibitions orlarge audience events such as athletics, boxingand tennis matches, as well as football and bas-ketball.

The advantage of creating a project like thisfrom scratch is that its designers have becn ableto build in an impressive element of flexibi.liry,allowing the five halls either to function inde-

16

Opposite, how it will

"f ]:H : $; i3!?::H:::tlllt$ff 's l1i_g g,y _ex

p e os r h ela*rd, tbrmerly tt.,. p.i.,..r'o-.til'i:,jffi, il: gorden festivol will"*.uuuto.r.oued

in to startworkonadramatic CfeOtg 1,000 iObS OVeftransformation which willmassive garden restivar, ,*H1",ff.T:#:?J o period of fiire yeo rs'Liverptxrl venture last year which received anEEC grant.

Originally, Glasgow hoped it would beselected to stage the UK's tlLird garden festivalin 1989 - Stoke-on-Trent will have the second,emulating Liverpool's next vear. But the datehas been brought forward to 1988 to coincidewith the centenary of the Jubilee Exhibition andwith the 50th anniversary ofthe great exhibitionof 1938. Glasgow also expects that the gardenfestival will generate around !100 million of in-vestment as well as crearing 1,000 jobs over a

five-year period.The cost of the venture to its hosts, the SDA,

will be some f 12 million; but as much as !60million could be injected irto the city's eco-nomy from visitors.

An impxlrlant part of the 1'esrival blue-print isa bridgc link across thc Clydc to the exhibitioncentre, as wcll as a walkway on thc south bank.These devclopments would translrrrm the riverentrance to the city. Announcing thc decision tostage a garden I'estival in Glasgow, ScottishOfhce Minister AII:rr Stewart rcferrcd to thebenefits:

'A garden festival brings public interest andpublic benefit to thc otherwise dull job of re-covering derelict land, and the revenue it gener-ates I think fully justified the effort involved. In-stead of Princes Dock being redeveloped slow-ly, and in isolation from neighbouring land, thewhole surrounding area will be transformed.'The river front will be opened up, unsightlyland and buildings removed, and a substantialnew population will be brought back to the in-

ner city.' Laing Homes own the buik of thcPrinccs Dock site, and they agreed to a dealwhereby sevcn other sites in the ciry will be re-leased to them, to carry on their planned housebuilding programme, in order to leave the dockland free for the festival.

\fflhen the festival finishes, 45 acres of im-proved land in the Govan area will be retained inpublic ownership, and the rest wi-ll be returnedto Laing or further private housing develop-ment.

The value of that privatc housing, at PrincesDock and the other sites, is likcly to be huge - inthe region of f75 million.

Glasgow's garden festival will bc staged overa five-month pcriod, from April to Septembcr1988. The Rivcr Ciyde will form an integral partof thc activities, with visiring ships and crali ofmany types, as well as watcr-bascd spnrtscvcnts. The festival site itself will also contain 17

acrcs ofwater.Horticulture, of coursc, will be the major

theme of the fesrival; but it wiil also introduce a

range of major and perrnanent attractions forthe people of Glasgow and their visitors, includ-

'The whole project isqeqred towords[iving Glosgow q newidentity'

i

rng a planctarium and amusement parks. It iscxpcctcd, bascd on Livcrpool's experience, thatover .1 million pcoplc will visit the festival.Across the river the SECC, will stagc a fivc-month programme of conferences, exhibitions,sporting events and concerts, as well as horti-cultural exhibitions and a variety of entertain-ments.

-fhese rwo major projects will uansform theciry centre area ofGlasgow by 1988. But I disco-vered there are other plans which dm to makean even greater and long-term contribution toGlasgow's regeneration: a City Centre Project.It will be led by Sir Norman Macfarlane, a lead-ing Scots businessman. The plan is to have a

number of task-forces, each with considerablerepresentation form the private sector, which isbeing asked to provide funding of between f 100and f200 million.

It is too soon for thcse grandiosc plans to bediscussed publicly; but they have been put to200 businessmen, bankers and industrialists inSeotland and reecivcd a positivc response.

If thc City Ccntrc Proicct achieves all it setsout to, it will be an enonnous undcrtaking. Ahighlight I was told, is the transporting of a

Victorian 'Greek'church by Alexandcr Thom-son to Buchanan Street, to act as a focal point,creating something of neo-classical Fifth Ave-nuc for the city.

'I'he whole project is geared towards givingGlasgow a ncw identiry. Together with the ex-hibition centre and garden festival, it will surelyconlirm its catchy slogan: 'Glasgow's Miles Bet-ter'.

As well as the 111.2 million ol'EEC moneythat has gone into the SECC, it is inevitable thatGlasgow's other imaginative projects wi-ll alsobeneflt from European grant aid in the years to

ROY STEA{MAN

17

to a written question from a Dutch rc be respecred by thoce countries

MEP, Giisbert de Vries, who had ex- which have put the necessary legisla-plessed clocern about continued tion through their national parlia-pressure from Arab countries to dis- ments. So far Briain, Ireland and thecourags European traders from tmd- Netherlands have neither signed noringwithlsrael. ratified the agreement. Belgium,

He also voiced misgivings about Germany, Luxembourg and Greece

the absence ofany clauseforbidding havesigned, but so farhavefailed todiscrimination in the recent agree- rati&it.ment bfween the Community and*',ffiffi"im:operatethree High-techtypes of boycott ageinst [56s1, says a- I E

*ffifrr"JH#d'#; eoucatlollSecondly, they operate an idirect -E- ^ E- -: -lboycott by ooit"rioe * *:":* tO Dndge

ffi;ffi,mnffif thegap

EUROPE

boycott will uot be allowed to tradewith the Arab country in question.

Inaddition, severalArabcountriesconsisteotly require e.mployees offoreign companies working there toproduce a cenificate to prove they arenotJewish.

Fair play fornau pai/ $rls()f the ten member states, onlythree have introduced legislation tocompty with an htemationalagreenent designed to protect'aupait' girls fitm eEploitation andunfahwortingorlivingconditions.

The seven other governmentshave norr been asked to fall into line,it has been revealed in a reply to aquestion from a Dutch MEP.

Any 'au yair' girl working inFrance, Italy or Denmark can bring alegal case ag"inst her hosts ifthey failto feed her, make her work sevendays a week or every Sunday, or ifthey deny her pocket-money orenoughfree time to followalanguagecourse.

Those are the main provisions ofthe international agreemeot on con-ditions for au pair employm.ent, setup within the framework of theCouncil of Europe, which e.mbracesall the non-communist countries inEurope.

However, the agteement only has

ters on the basis of a complaintbrought by the European Parliamentwith the backing of the EuropeanCommission.

Transport Commissioner StanleyClinton Davis welcomed the ruling,saying it would be a powerfirl weaponin creating the conditions for fasterprogress in the transport sector,where the Council of Ministen hadclearly failed to meet its Treatyobligations.

The ruling, though a moral victoryforthe Parliament, doesnot go asfaras the assembly would have liked. Inparticular, the Court reiected a

Dutch proposal that thelaid down in the Treaty should betranslated into a Community direc-tive forcing mmber states to allowcompletefreedomtoprovideservicesin the road transport sector im-mediately.

That would, in effect, have trans-ferred the power to pass legislationfrom the Council of Ministers to theParliament.

Instead, as a Commission legalofficial explained, the Court calledfor the ministers to settle the detailsto allow road hauliers to operatefree-ly tbroughout the Community within'a reasonsble period'. TransportMinisters of the mernber states havenow agrced new working hours forlorrydrivers.

Who's to pay

Court rules for Eurc-TU?

against the Arts and culture ministers in all tenmember states are agr€ed thatmore needsto be done toencourage their TY stations atrdflm iadustries to cooperate otrproductioas of new material,particularly documentaries. Sofar,hovever, they have not been ableto agree onhor it could be done.

Although there is a gpod deal ofsuppon for Commission proposal toprovide initial finance fora loanfundfor transitional TV co-productions,television stations in three memberstates- Channel4 in Britain, Anten-ne 2 in France and RAI in Ialy-havealready put forward alternative

Ten

Soccer law ison the bal$Folloring advice from theCommissiotr, European footbdlclubs have ofrered to relax therestrictions on the number offorefup players allowed to playinaleagueteam.

According to the Commission, therestrictions do not square with Com-munity laws, which stipulate thatcitizens of one member sate shouldnotsufferfromdiscriminationiftheyseek work in another.

The football association previous-ly argued that abolition ofthe restric-tions would threaten the quality ofnational teams. The Commission re-jected that argument, because play-ers can be recalled atany time to playin a national side, evenwhentheyareplaying professionally for a club inanothercountry.

As a result, the national footballassociations have agreed to finaliseplans which will relax the rcstrictionson foreign players for the 198G87season, with a view ofphasing themout dtogether at a later date.

It is to be hoped that the footballassociations will also be able to inEo-duce new mqsures or seek tougherlegBl instruments to counter footballviolence.

Fallingfoulof the ArahhoyeottThe qrecial relaions which theC.onmunity has establishd withsone Arab countriee forbid thelatter to discrimiaate egainst

lewish citizens of the Community,or "grir"t EEC companies rhic'htrade with Israel.IYhere otherArab countries are concerned,however, the Treaty ofRomestipulates that the C,ommissionnay only take action if any suchdiscdmination has'srb6taotial'efrects in the C,ommunity.

The C,ommission gave this sum-mary of the situation in a recent reply

Social Afrairs Commissioner PeterSdterlandinsists ttrat a re-thinkonhigher education and trainingpoliciesisvital ifEumpe is to keeppace with the USA and Japan inindustrial innovation.

ln a further attempt to bridge thetechnological gap, the Commission isworking on the launch of its owuCommunity noganne for Educa-tion and Training for Technologies(COMET D, which Sutherland sees

as an essential complement to thenumerous Communities-sponsoredindustrial R&D policyinitiatives.

The Programmes o..11tri21 eim, hetold the European Parliament'sYouth and E<lucation Comminee,will be to 'respond to the perceivedlack of skilled human lesourcesrequired by Europeaa industry toimprove its technological base'.

Akhough the Community de-pends for is sunival on rhe produc-tion of quality gpods and servicessfufu x high added-value, the Com-missioner said, itwas disturbing thatthe Ten's educational participationrates werc only about the same as

thce ofnewly-industrialising coun-tries.

On the other hand, as many as @per cent ofyoung Americans and 30per cent ofyoung Japnese, are inhigher education, he said.

The member states of theEuropean Community rerecondemned on 22 May by theEumpean Court of tustice forfailing to make adeqpate progresgtowards a commotr ttalsportpolicy, ae celled fon under theTreatyofRome.

It was the 6rst time in the bisoryof the C,ommunity that the Court hadruld acainst the Council of Minis-

plans, which would obviate the needfor Communitv funding: TV stationswould simply be required to earmarkfor co-productions a minimum per-centage of their collective 8 billionECUs annual budget for new pro-ductions.

At the same time the Germangovernment put dorward a com-plementary plan to establish a clear-ing house to help coordinate differentcompanies' co-production ideas.

'I-he substantial interest in theoverall aims means that the debate iscertain lu eonlinue. There isgrowingconcern that without co-produc-tions, European tclcvision may beunable to supply cnough qualitymaterial for planncd satcllite andcable 'I'V networks. If the,"- couldsave funtls on doeumentaries. il ulsargued, they would be able to spendmore on drama productions.

In an immediate move to alleviatethe suffering in Bangladesh causedby the recent cyclone which swepttidal waves over the highlypopulated lowJying islands oftheGanges delta, the Commissionagreed an initial emergency aidpackage worth 500,000r ECUs(f300,000).

The emergency aid provided bythe Community was earmarkedchiefly for medical supplies, blanketsand survival rations. It will be distri'buted through the Red Cross and'Medecins sans F-rontidres'. Morc aid

should be forthcoming when thclonger-term needs oI lhc sur\iv()r:have been established.rt ECU: E 0.58IEIR 0.71

According to the latestEurobarometer and average of6lper cent ofthe persons interviewedin the European Community are infavour ofSpain and Portugaljoining the Community. Less thentwo out often are against, and theremaining two have not formed anopinion.

The countries most strongly infavour are Italy, Belgium, Luxem-bourg and the Netherlands. -fhose

least in favour - where, nevertheless,the positive replies largely predomin-ate - are Denmark and France.

A new five-year cooperationagreement between China and theEuropean Community couldsignificantly boost trade in bothdirections, and pave the way formore European companies toparticipate in China's economicexpansion plans.

Signed in the tenth annir,crsarrvyear of relations between the tw{-)

partncr\. the tradc anJ eerrnr)miecooperation agreemcnt was hcraldedbv External Relution. C,rrnmissionerWill-v De Clercq as 'an inslrumentwhich will provide a broader andmore solid base for the developmentand diversffication of our coopera-tion, and will give it a new impulsc.

He said in Brussels that he hopedthe new agreement would boost tradevolume, which although now ex-pand.ing rapidly still only account 1brabout I per cent of the Community'stotal external trade volume.

However, both the Commissiunerand visiting Chinese Economic Rela-tions and Foreign Trade MinisterZheng'l-uobin stressed that the pat-tern ofluturc relations would be de-lcrmincJ largely by privatc initia-rives-

'l hirty ugrftmcnts alreadv cristbctwccn China und EEC cumpanics.worth about $800 million. TheChinese minister added that Euro-pean businesses had recently chalkcdup some 'considerable victories' incompetitive tenders.

Although the member countries ofthe European Community(excluding Greece and Ireland)already recycle nearly halfofthe22.2 million tonnes of paper theyuse, a further 3.8 million tonnescould be reclaimed, according to arecent enquiry carried out for theEuropean Commission by outsidespecialists.

The aurhors ofthe rcpurt cslimatcthat 22.2.million tonnes of suitablcpaper is available lbr recycling eachyear in the eight countries covered bythe studl, (certain types of paper,such as photographic paper, alumi-nium foil, adhesive strips and parch-ment, cannot be re-cycled).

At present 4 per cent of thatamount is recycled. However, ratesof success in retrieving recyclable

Pope John-Poul wilh Commission President Delors on his visil to Brussels on 20 Moy.

l9

paper vary considerably from oneaountrytoanolher. TheNetherlandsheads the league, with a 7l per cetrtreryclingrate. Thereport claims thatt[e renowned t]rift of the Dutch is toa large degree responsible fs1 rhisachievement.

In other Europea.n countries therecycling performance has been lessspectacular, reaching 53 per cent inGermanyr 49 per cent in Francer 4Tper cetrt in Belgium and Luxe.m-bourg, z16 per cent in the UnitedKingdom, 41 per cent in Denmarkand 39 per centin Italy.

writing paper, and othe.rprintedmaterial, andpackagingEaper, since these present the least tech-nical problems. Although there is anelement of ecological concern intrying to preserre Europe's forests,most recycling is carried out by in-dustry in order to cut costs.

The study claims that around 15per cent of recyclable paper inEumpe is not reclaimed, simply be-cause the would not becost<ffective. Nonetheless, that stillleaves around 3.8 million tonnes ofrccydable material which so far hasnot been touched. The bulk ofthis isaccounted for by households andofrces.

At industrial level, including theprinting, processing aud distributionsectors, tle rate of recycling is veryhigh . The reporr says that 75 per centof pckaging pper used in the com-mercial sector is recyded, while inmanufacnrring industry the level is56 per cent. However, on averageonly 18 per cent ofhousehold wasteyaper is recycled, except in theNetherlands where the level reaches59per cent.

The report concludes that there isstill a wealth of economic potential tobe had from all the newspapers andmagezjnes which we read and thenthrowaway.

Keepingdeath off thercads ofEurcpeMore *tan 40r0lX) people die eachyearinroad accidents in theComnunity. But measures takea totackle thie serious pmblem differwidelyfrom one menberstate toanother, according to the lat6tComnission figures.

Eurostat, the Commuaity's statis-tical ofrce, reckons that road acci-dents were for 451700deaths in the EEC countries in 1982,the last year for which completefgures are available.

The study points out that themember states do not evetr agree onwhat constitutes a fatal road acci-dent. In most of the.m, rhis wouldcover any death caused by iniuries

irformation campaigns in all themember states distinguished by aoornmon logo: Among fts mein&emes of the campaip would be thesaGty of children on the road, thedangers ofdrunken driving, the useof seat belts, speed limits, and theproblenrs faced by cyclists and

Other ideas under considerationfor 1986 include research and train-ing programmes and the establish-ment of a data bank ofroad safety su-tistics. Twospecialconferences-onein Paris in June, and one in Amster-.la- in September - and seminanhave also been lined up fornext year.

Britain or Greece, &ivers carr get motorcycliss. Public interest couldawaywithspeedsupto62.5mph. also be stimulated by offering com-

A public information campaign petitions desiped specially for chil-throughout the Ten, and other dreoordriversrandbyadvertisingatmovestoincreasegreaterawareness exhibitions, particularly car andofthe road accident problern, is plan- motorcycle shows.ned for 1986, promoied as part of The Commission has alreadyEuropeanRoadSafetyYear. establishedcontactwitlicompanies

The main gim is to focus public and public bodies which would beopinion on the main problems, and prepared to sponsor this pan of theto reduce the nurnber of accidents campaign.

if possible. The Com- At legislative level the C,ommis-mission's latest estimates point to sionalsoplanstomarkthelgS6cam-50100 road deaths in the EEC coun- paign by a special effon to bring intriesinl984rwhilethenumberofin- new rules on tecbnical and safetyfuries was probably in the region of Community-wide standards (MoT1.5 million - a serious deterioration tests) for tourist coaches, corlmoncomparcdwithpreviousyears. standards for driving tests, and the

If the Commission's plans are fol- introduaion of tougher safety stan-lowed, there would be coordinated dardsforlorries.

fromaroadaccidentwithinthepre-Ernrrrneedtoimplementlonger-termmea-

ffJffiff;HTtuffi r a mlnc: sUIl ilffi;:.l'ffift:ti#H,ffJs*im;HHxffi*,*f: ameedfor ffi#trJ#ffiffifigures show that there has

tr"ffi#Ti*#tffolLffi massive a;d f.ifftr;ff$3lir;mm;:the Community as a whole. h 1977 t in findini enough of the rigbt v;etyl'67 million people were killed or FoodaiddonatedbytheEuropeaa ofseedsintheareasconcerneA.theseriolsly iniured in road accideas; Comnunityandothercountries situation is still being watched verybutby1982thatfigurehadfallento norseemslikelytobeadequateto closely, despite some apparent im-1.56 million. cover immediate needs in the provements in the short ierm.

In Greece, however, serious acci- &ought-strickmareasofAftica,dents have risen steadily, even l)evelopnentC-ot

*Hffi"ffimffirtr mxH"xm,ffi#m,' Could we getalso been apparent to a lesser extent MauretaniaandSudan. I-H; ;";;;;,3;:mi*j",#rsm"g closer toil"*ilTtrffiY,"',tr*t$# hsHH#H#ffgm East Europe?member states. For erample, less se- guirements of I .2-l .42 million ton-rious accidents occur in the Nether- nes. In Mauretania and the two land- The European Community shouldlandstl'anlneighbouringBelgium, locked Sahel countries, the supply boostitsehoftstoestablishclocereven though the population is one- situationissimilrrbuttheCommis- linkswiththecountriesofEastemand-a-half times larger, Likewise, sioner warned th"t.*y problems no-p", tr""propo."ainarecentFrance stands above Italy in theacci- have persisted. rep"rt drawn up for ttu Europeandentleaguereventhoughltalyhasa ID particular, these countries, pirliament.considerably larger poprrlation. The transpon networls are often unable Such ties would help overoomeincidenceofseriousaccidentsinGer- to deal with the quantities of food psychological ana iaeoifocaf o[a-'n, aqyisalsomuchhigherthanitisin

-aow leing delivered, and in Sudan cles whid still penist f"fr;t;;theUnitedKingdom. the sheer size of the country is a from yalta, thi repon ctii-", and

The gradual decline in serious firther obcacle to distribution. As a could thus L an fip"rt "t

,6;accidents has been hdped by the in- result, M. Natali stressed the Com- wards recouciliation at a time whenrroduction aud enforcement o{qfd missiont plans to mode.rnise the the two sgperpowers are embarkinglimits, according to the C,ommission. country's railway, and the imporunt oo a new siage of tneir disarmameniHowever, no uniform marimrrm role which aircraft can play, particu- negotiations.speedhasyetbeenintroducedforrhe larlyduringthewetseason. lmong the mrin ganfida6 coun_Commlnity as a whole. The motor- - He also pointed out that the need tries wo:uld be Romania, whichwaylimitinlrelandissetat55mph, forsomediversificationoffoodaidis already has atr agreement *t U.whileattheoppositeendofthescale now becoming apparent - enough Comniunity oo 6"d. l" i"a*t AfGermanyimposesnolimitwhatsoev- cereals are now availabt, but other products; *d Huogary, *hi"h br.er. On ordinary roads, the highest essential foods are still in severely itre"ay iropor.O

" uri" ar.-*tspeed allowed is 50 mph in $e short supply, as are medical supplies witn Oe Coinnunity, and ihi"h has

Ne_therlands and Denmark (gnd also also in some areas. a more liberal ;;.y tb*- .*yin Italy for *mell cars). In Gemany, TheC-ommissionerunderlinedthe otherEastbloccounuies

Studiesrnflesh andblood

! s lir.ureis lllreon lhc grcrrlcst livrrt*;..tintcr.I ,r. \1,,r lJ\,\\lt.\.. rllltrtrrt rrl tltt l tlr' ( r:rl

I l.:rr. l.uliuru.: I lru t.uu .1tr1111.11,,11 ,rl ;1

I r..,,,r,1 r'ctr'():l)cclivc crhil.itron ltt tlte l rtrchis lirst rvir: jn l 9(rl gii,:s tltc l.Ltl.lii rt cltattccto judge lirr thcnrselvcs.

'(irclttness' is nol .t lcnll i() tl:c lrghtlY tlllltists- \\'e lu'e t(rt) uscLl trr hceling i1 epplic.l 111

cphenrcr:t1 pcrlirrnrcrs such ls contcdt.urs.\nilrl\t)l( ll,,1 l\,lr \l\ll \. \\'ltur u t t r te . l (..1 1\ ll\ i\concerncd. it inrplics morc than t ignes:.. nrorethan impact. and much morrr th.ln thc randon'tnoveltr- of succcss. Bacon r'.i r big paurter: hispicturcs rclr- irervilv on thr-ir scalc. llc ,1o,'.s

n-rake rrr rmpact : his nrain plu p()sc. hc tlcchrcs.is to crctrtc shock. r\nd rts lirr srtccess. hc is

lr-nong the nrost clgcrl\ eolleetctl pltintcrs of to-drn'. cr xr-urrtnd inq unclrcatt.tttl r,1 l.ricc:.

lJLrt thcre ilre !lurllilics in l:iaerrrt's uork thutlili it e1.orc tltese nttur.lunc icicls o1 uihicrcnrcnl. ( )nc is lhc nlrtrrrc ol hi: irnaqen : it :lt.tkcstts inlo lt rceogltition rt1 oLlf ott Il ()f!,iItia ILuIlllu)

itr'. orrr'1lcsh lurtl blootl.'l hc lthcr i: lhc nre.tns

hv uhich lJlcon convcvs tltcsc inrltgcs \trlughlll'onr the elurvar irtto lltc rcicr:cs ol ottr nrintls:his Paint. 1Itc rtretlit[r. \t'cnr\ I().l(l(lress rrs ilr iLs

or.r'n lighl. 'l'hc cllcet e.tn I-c rliscortrcrtirrg. It i:its il the arlist rrcrc n()t :() Ilu(lr lt erelLtot .ts tltcluqenl (il s()nrc Itul ill.urierl. inr olutit.trr' 1i rt-cc.

'l his is not lrs liurcilirl as it nt.tv souhd. I;orBlctur clclrbe rlrlclv scts ()ut to nlilkc his p1in1 i11

thc *rrrl<.. lirllrnving his .rn.l lrcrhrtpr ils - utr-corrscious lr rll.

Ilc rloes not likc the storv talkrng kruder thanthc paint. rrs hc futs it: cvcn in hrs portrrits. thcpign-rent ovcrridcs the likcncss u hr[- :curchou'revcahng rt amrd livid contorlions and knots ttlcolour. He looks at hus u-ork n'ith a harsh. un-lbrgivine cve : somc painting.. nou hutging in

a

fiii, .-

i:-riu&;

,.w

i\,

5

Above, left: Self-porlroii. Above: Oedipusond the Sphinx, ofter Ingres, '983

Rigl-r:Study Ior Bullliqht, 1969 Al orc ['onr p, rol'collections.

llLnrous collcclions. lie dcclltrcs. rlirl Irol '\\'ork'.(irutlgrnglr', ls in his ill)pei:irulee t,n I l'\"s.\orrtlr lJarlr S/rrnl [rst Inrutlh. hc ri ill iintl nrcritin sonrc mirrginll l)asslrgc. uhile rcjee ting thcrcsl o[ thc picttrlc. lrtlturllr. sruttc pltinling:.strrlo(l $,i1h one idelt itt tttirtcl. hete sotttcltitttcnr-letl up as corntrlctclv clillcrcnl oticr tnue lt 1,,

thc satisllction ol lhe artisl. rilro is thctt ltblc tovieu' ther.n with tlic clctechnrent ol lt sltrutqcrdropPillg iu to his ou'n gllle rr'.

IIc lirrs crciltccl. or urtcrttcred. lt rrorld irr

u'hicli rvc can iclcnt ilr'. in rr strtrtling u ur . utrs cl

comc aspccts ol lhc hurnlur c()n!liti()n. Il is rrol

conilirrlablc. or rcassltrtng. or cnnobling. or re-

n-rotcl'"' bcauti{irl. Bacon likcs 1o sl hc is o}rti-mistic. hut optirnistic about nothrng. So. il rl'carc honcst with ourselvcs. arc tnanr- o1 us, lfu jor

artists have alwavs forccd us to irtcc uncomiirt-able truths. Docs that include Bacon? I thinli it

I)L\15 l H().\1.\\

l,

21

EUROPE S5

Andrew Pearce, Uaited Kingdom:Dc it serve the interests of theCommunity for Spanish-ownedffshing troats to be registered in Bri-

in aad lreland, thereby enablingthem to fish in Community watersrand should not this practice be cor-tailed?Answa by Frans Andriessen onbehalf of the Commission:The laws relating to the regisuationsf fishing vessels have not bee[harmonised at Community level; it isup to each member state to deter-mine ttrg conditions goveming theregisnation of vessels from non-member countries.

Under the national legislation orr-rendy in force in the United King-dom, no ftfuisfu fishing vessel mayoperate within British fishing 1616unless at least tbreequarters of itscrew mmbers are British citizens ornationals of another m€rnber state. Asimibr ftffi l1p bars from Irish rra-ters atry British vessels that are notauthorized under British law to oper-ate in British waters and places simi-lar restrictions on vessels regiscreOinlrelad.

Ilans.Ge,rt Poetering, Gernany:A German and a French family,when visiting each other, have foundthat the redued rail fares for largefamilies offered h both lfest Ger-many and France are Irot always con-ceded on a reciprocal basis. When hewished to return home, a boy from a

'large' German family, despite hold-ing the relwant card, was refrrsed thereduced fare by a French ticketofrce. According to a German travelagency thce reductions can orly beguaranteed if tickets for both out-ward and retun travelare purchasedinGermanv.

C,ould the Commission state whstefforts it is making to ensure thatEutually rccopisea reduced railfares are available even when ticketsare purcbased in the other countryconcernd?Ansryer by Staoley Clinton Davison behalf of the Gommissiotr:The &rereductionsgiven by the rail-ways to chil&en from large fnmiliesare what are knonm as'social' reduc-tions; thery are required of the rail-ways, which arefnancially compen-sated for them by thegovernment ofthe state where the farnily resides.They apply only to theponion of theiourney falling within the nationalterritory. As a result, a child from alarge family residing in the FederalRepublic of Gemany gets a rcduc-tion only in German territory and achild from a large family living inFrance only in French territory.

The Commissionand the memberstates' governments have, since1982, Lreen esmining possible waysof harmonising the various forms ofsocial reduction for large familieswith a vier to extending them to in-

ternational jouraeys within the Com-munity.

It may be pointed out in this con-nection tlat a nunb€r of railways inEurope are planning, for commecialrreason$, to institute Smil]/ fares.lfhse memben of the sane familyare travelling together (at least Oreepersons, includingoneadult, andaotmore then eight persons) the firstperson would pay the full fare and theremainder would travel at half fare.

Horst Seefeld, Germany:Vill the Commission state from wbatdate, and in which member states ofthe Community, ECUdenominatedEumpean travellers' cheques are tobe issuedand accepted?Aaswer by Jacqpes Delors onbehalf of the C,ommission:According to the Commission's in-formation, nro organisations are cur-rently planning to issue ECU-denominated travellen cheques. Thefrst is a group of French banks,which, in association with AmericanExpress, have set up the Soci6t6 duChtque de Voyage en ECU. Thesecond is a group ofbanks from nineEuropea.n countries, knorm as theEuro Travellers Cheque lnternation-

real needs whicl the development ofthe private ECU is meeting and ithopes that this initiative will befavourably received in all memberstates.

Jacques Yernier, France:Under the French finance laws for1985, VAT is to be levied at the rateof 18.6 per cent on income from auto-matic machines and games (pinball,video games, table football, jukebores, pool, ac). It seems that thisdecision was taken in compliancewith Community -* fo. t -harmonisation. These VAT pay-metrts will now come on top of ex-isting ures, i.e. commercial tar,state tax and business t"-, whichalready place a heavy burden on theolrratos'income.

Can the Commission say whetherthe retention of tie state tax and thecommunal tax is in conformity withthe C,ommunity measures for tar har-monisation?Ansrer by Lord C,ocldeld onbehalf of the Comnission:The maintenance by Frane of enter-teinments tar and state te- on auto-matic amusement nechines After theintroduction of VAT has been the

Schools but induding pensions (forall institutions). These figures areprovisional.

More detailed and defnitivefigures will shortly appear in the re-venue and €xpenditure account.

Hemmo Muntingh, Nethertands:Is the Commission awareofthelarge-scale slaughter ofbirds duriDg theirspring migration in Grre? h it pre-pared to draw the attention of theGreek government to its obligationsunder the Directive on the Conserya-tion of Birds? And is it prepared toascertain what measures the GreekGovernment has in Act taken tobring its national legislation into linewith the Directive on the Conserm-tionofBirds?Ansrer by Stanley Clinton Davison behalf ofthe C,ommission:The C,ommission is aware of thesituation descdbd by the Honour-able Member. It has ddivired areasoned opinion under Article 169of the Treaty, as Greece has notbrought its legislation into line withDirective 79lM on Bird Couserva-tion.

Dieter Rogalla, Gernaoy:Does the Commission have sufrcientstaff? And has it enzured that allCommunity institutioas use a uni-'form recruitment policy and sdec-tion procedure? Is this an economicalmethod?AnswerbyHenningChrbtophenetr on behalf of theCommission:The Commission is dhon of stafr.This is because nery tasls alB ootr-suntly being added to its existingre-sponsibilities and workload rmderthe Treaties and C-ommunity legisla-tion, as a resuk ofnew priorities andCommunity decisions. It uies to putispreseot resources to the best possi-ble use; and, to rhis end, it is en-couraging rarious internal menege-mentmeasules.

However, the overall increase inthe Community's worklmd, andatt€mpe to solve the Commuoiqyrspresent problems at Crmmunitylevel, mean that intsDal redeploy-meotis Dotenough.

On recruitment policy, the Com-mission had held ioint competitions(entrance emminations) with Parlia-ment, the Court of Auditors and theEconomic and Social Committee.They were for rypists speaking ya-rious languages. Others are beingpreparcd, ahead ofSpanish and Por-tuguese accession, for posts wherespeciflc staf requirements are thesame.

Sioce no appropriateexistunderthe StafRegulations, theadminisuatiye manggment of theseevents is rdativdy complex. Howey-er, this 61*r.a*, is still less ex-pensive thrn when each institutionholds a sryrarc eqmination.

QUSSflONSIN THE HOUSE

al group, which is planning to issueECU travellers' cheques in associa-tionwithThomasCmk.

This should mean that ECUtravellers cheques will acnrally beavailable before the end of 1985 .

Itisplannedto sellECU travellers'chequesinall thememberstates, atdalso in many other Eurq>ean coun-tries. However, it should normallybe possible for them to be used in amuch larger number of countries.

Although the increasing use ofcredit cards and Eurocheques hasreduced the importance oftravellers'cheques as a mea$i of payment, theCommission regards the issue ofECljdenominated travellers' che-ques as a further illustration ofthe

subject of a complaint, which rs nowbeing looked at in accordance withthe established procedures.

George C,ryer, United Kingdom:!7hat was the cost in 1984 of runningthe C.ommission, including all salar-ies, reots, ofrce equipment purchaseand hire, heating, eDtertainment,travel and other related osts?AnswerbyHenningChdstoetersen on behalf of theC,ommissiol:The toul of nrnning costs amountedin 1984 to 598.9 million ECUs(f419.4 million), which representsthe toality of part Itr A of the 1984budget without snrdies, publica-tions, subventions and European

22

ROPE 85

HRH the Princess of Woles visits 336 Brixton Rood, o new centre forthe disobled port-fundedby the Europeon Commission, on l2 June.

1efifrersCornhgto terms

I particularly enfoyed the May issue of runopss5, and I was interested in the letter fromVivian Thomas of Bristol, with which I hadconsiderable sl,rnpathy. I did find when I was

in Brussels, that the vocabu.larly was a realbarrier to understanding.

This subject is of special interest to myorganisation, ERICA (European Research IntoConsumer Affairs), and I wonder if you wouldconsider publishing a very brief glossary, forthe less informed reader, of the most usedterms (such as those mentioned by yourcorrespendent), which ERICA would be veryhappy to prepare.

Your readers could cut it out and keep it forreference, using it when the terms occur, eitherin Europe 85 or elsewhere. I think they mightwell be grateftl.

Eirlys RobertsERICA, Lloyds Square, LondonWCl

! Ve have taken up Eirlys Roberts' offer, andlook forward to publishing the glossary in a

future issue.

'Outdated'language

I was interested to read Sarah Foot's article(May issue) on the subject of 'high-tech in theclassroom'. Anicles that look at developmentin education on a Community-wide basis aremost welcome. I was, however, surprised anddisturbed by the references to the computerlanguages BASIC (stodgy and esoteric) andLOGO (often daunting).

The reason BASIC is not used by informedteachers is that it is inaccessible from anintellectual point of view to many children, canlead to the development ofpoor, unstrucnredprogramming techniques, and hence sloppythinking, and that it is very outdated.

Far from being daunting, LOGO is actuallydesigned to be accessible to children: they necdto know very little about the language to makeinteresting things happen. The nature of thelanguage also encourages structured thought.Furthermore, LOGO is extensible, a child canadd his own new commands to the language,using his own words (in whatever language helikes). Indeed, itwould bepossible to redefineall the commands for a LOGO implementationwritten in English in any other languagedesired. This would be easy even for a novice.

Persons interested in LOGO as a computerlanguage for leaming should contact: BLUG(British LOGO UserGroup), London NewTechnology Network, 86-100 St Pancras \Vay,LondonNlI71 9ES.

KenBrownEditor,'LOGOS', Litchfield, Staffs

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West Bowlinq open workshop, o pilot troininq scheme in Brodford which wos set up with helpfrom EEC orJntl. hos been odsureh of funds f"rom Brodford Council. owino to its sui:cess inhelping to"ploce'iobless young people. ln the picture: Shonoz Shoh,'Derek"Worth ond MorkCornwell, with instruclor Roy Whetlock, on the printing course.

EUROPE SS

Government negligence andincompetence is directly responsiblefor the imminent destruction of anintemationally-recognised wildlifesirc on rhe island of Islay, in theInner Hebrides, the Royal Societyfor the Protection ofBirds saidyesterday.

Duich Mm, famous for its winterflock of the declining Greenlandwhite-ftonted gome, could bedestroyed at any time because theSouish Secretary, Mr GeorgpYounger, has granted permissionfora local distillery, Scottish MaltDistillers, to digpeat, in spite ofstrong obiections from its ownadviser, the Nature C-onservancyCouncil Q.[CC), the RSPB, andother conservation bodies.

The European Commission haswdtten at least twice to theGovernnent asking it to safeguardthesite, whid should be speciallyprotected under the'EEC directiveon the conservation of wild birds.

-Guardian

Sloug[ Colege has wou a f,l@,O{X)contract to train 19 teachers fromZimbabwe.

The six months' training anddevelopm.ent programme is beingfunded by the EEC andis thelargestsingle contractundertaken by thecollege.

Euro-MP Baroness Elles attendeda reception at Slowh College onFriday to see how the TrainingTechnology Division was runningthecourse.

Mr Francis Burley, a seniorlecturer, said that he was able to winthecontract bydesipinga oourse tosuit the needs ofthe snrdents

-Slough Observer

Britainis not goingto withdrawfrom Europe. Iabour is not going towithdraw from Europe. tabour isnot going to fight the next electionby campaigning to withdraw fromEurope.

-DailyMirror

The Rome Treaty already requiresmaiority voting for most normalcouncil business, so it would notneedto go to nationalfor approval. But because no EECgovernment is yet ready to let itselfbe outvoted on even rdatively trivialEatters, the Treatyisignored and annnnimity rule prevails.

C,onvinced ttrat you cannotlegislate good behaviour, anotiergroup ofEuropeans is proposing aseries ofpractical small steps. Thisgroup is led by the British, whoreach for the cold tap wheo they heartalk of building a united Europe.

-Economist

President Fraogois Mittsrand ofFrance and Bettino Craxi, Italy'shime Minister, yesterdayarnounced four bilateral ag€exrentsiacluding a relaxation ofbordercontrols betweer the two countries.

At the end oftwo days oftalks inFlorene which Sig Craxi describdas'extremely conclusiver' the twoleaders agreed on the Iiberalisationby October offrontier crossingprocedures between France andIuly.

This is to be achieved by adoptingmeasures which guamntee freerpassage and at the same timeincrease ctrecls on those attemptingto eoterFrance through Ialyfori[eSBIpurposes.

-TheTimes

The European Comnission'sproposals to redue the noise madeby motor-cycles is welcomed in aHouse oflords report today.

Pointing out that noise frommotor-cycle engines causeswidespread annoyance andnumerous complaints, the Lords'European Communities Grmmitteesaid standards for new maclitreswould take more 1qn l0 years toaffect all motor-cycles.

The comrnitteebelieves the singlemost effective measure would be tocontrol the sale ofreplacementer&aust systems, and recommendsinvestigating the possibility ofestablishingnoisetraps, onrhelinesofradar traps.

-DailyTelegraph

British farmers areto share inamulti-billion pounds C,ommonMarket aidprogramrne designed toincrease efficiency and create ayounger farming comnunity.

The programme is worth aboutf,3.2 billion in tie next fiYe years,and represents a massive boost forthe poorer farming areas, in Vales,Northern Ireland, Scotland and theNorthEast.

Among the measures is one forencouraging youDg farmers to set upin business, with the EECcontributing towards grants medeby national govemnents.

But perhaps the most sigpificartaspect is that itwil focus onimproving effciency and quality,instead of building food mountains.

-ReadingEveningPost

Grent looks set to beneflt frommassive Comrnon Marka loanswhich could bring 3,5(D new iobs tothe steeland coal producingareas ofSouth!7ales.

The EEC have announced f,70million worth of loans for Britainunder their European Coal and SteelCommunities scheme.

And EEC ofrcials in Cardiff arecorfident that about halfthis cashcould end up zupponiag industriesinVales.

The loans will go to new orexisting smgll and medium-sizedbusinesses, but as the scales oftheseare worked out on internationallevels, no Velsh company is toolarge to take advantage of them.

-South\Fhles Argus

BEUCandtheEuropea.nEnvironmental Bureau @EB) haveurged the Council to insist tbat dlcars, withoutdistinctionbetrreenthe categories, shouldrun'clear' by1990 at thelatest, and this isnotatallunrealistic.

Failing catalytic converten,which are expensive, cerhinEuropean manufacturers are in factcapable of marketing a lean bumengine with a trro.way catalyticcouverter for cars oflow and averagscylinder capacity within four to 0veyears. As for the Japanese, it seemsthat they are ready and waiting.

-BEUCNews

The ollapce of the De Lorean carplaot and the clocure ofa Courtauldsfactory has meant rhat f 13.6 millionin Common Market grants ear-marked forNorthern Ireland has$6sa lost 1s mainlnnd f,ritai1.

The amount in EEC RegiomlFund grants wus split more or lessevenly between the two proiects atBelfast and Londonderry - but whenthey failed it was recovered in mid-1983 by the Brussels Commission.

Briain did not lqe the money,but Northem Ireland did, the RevIan Paisley, LJlster DemocraticUnionist leada, said laa nigbt.

-BefastTelegraph

Essex has had a pt on rhe back froma top EEC ofrcid for the way it baspursued contacts fu Brussels.

Thepraise came from LordCocldeld, the newly appointedBritish Commissioner to theEuropean Economic Comdudty,during a visit by Fsstx CrurtyCouncil chairman CIIr Ron\Pilliams.

Mr Villiams was in Brussels withounty ChidExecutive Mr RobertAdcock to press for more EECmoney for Essex proiects. He said:'The delegation wentto build onontacts we have already esablishedand topress the casefor applicationsunder consideration.'

-Fss*Chronide

A stoclpile of tobacco rmassed byEEC farmers in Greece and Iulyweighs nore thr. 12.375 tonnes andcmt f,17 million to store last yearalone, angry EuoMPs revealedyesterday. Sheffeld's Bob Cryerstomed:'This moaey is going tosupport one oftie most dangcfousproducts knoum to mankind. t isanother reason for mding thecommoa agricultural policy.' AnEEC ofrcial insisted: Tobaccostocks are not a problem.'

-Star

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