8/3/2019 Aeration and Helm in Tho Logy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aeration-and-helm-in-tho-logy 1/4

 

Created by Qosru Iskandariah

AEREATION

Types Obligatory Aerobes Facultative Anaerobes Obligatory Anaerobes Micro-aerophilics

Characteristics -Need O2 

-Have a purely oxidativemetabolism

-Oxygen is the final hydrogen

acceptor

-Able to grow in the presence or

absence of oxygen (more vigorousduring presence of oxygen because

of higher energy yield)

-Possess 2 respiratory enzymes(aerobic & anaerobic with

fermentation)

-Absence of O2 

-Require other than oxygen forhydrogen acceptor

-Oxygen may produce poisonous

substances (superoxide & peroxide)

-Need very little amount of oxygen

-Usually prefer a higherconcentration of CO

2 

Example M. tuberculosis, pseudomonas

aeruginosa

Enterobacteria, staphylococci Clostridia, some spirochetes,

anaerobic streptococci

Campylobacter, helicobacter

8/3/2019 Aeration and Helm in Tho Logy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aeration-and-helm-in-tho-logy 2/4

 

Created by Qosru Iskandariah

 Medical helminthology 

Types Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flat worms) Phylum Nematoda (Rounded worms)

General Morphology -Dorsoventrally flattened, leaf-like or ribbon-like

-Alimentary canal is absent-No body cavity

-Most are hermaphrodites (have both male & female genital systems)

-Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, elongated, cylindrical

-Patent digestive tract-Have body cavity

-Sexes are separate (males are always smaller than females)

-Free living in soil or water-The body is covered by cuticle (smooth or various thickness or expansion)

made of scleroprotein (to resist the digestive enzymes of the host)

Body Systems of Phylum Nematoda

(General morphology of Phylum Nematoda)

Systems Morphology

Digestive -Mouth 

 Oesophagus (has chitnized lumen which identifies the nematode, may be cylindrical or“filariform

”, club shaped, double bulbed,rhabditiform and stichosome or “cellular”) Anus (female) or cloacal opening (male)

Excretory -Consists of 2 lateral longitudinal canals connected by transverse tube which opens in cervical region

Nervous -Consists of a nerve ring surrounding oesophagus where nerve trunks extend anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally

-Some posses a pair of chemoreceptor situated on minute papillae behind the anus called phasmids, others lack of it

Reproductive -Both sexes consist of a series of long tubules coiled around the intestine

#Females may lay eggs or give birth to larvae

8/3/2019 Aeration and Helm in Tho Logy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aeration-and-helm-in-tho-logy 3/4

 

Created by Qosru Iskandariah

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Trematoda (flukes) Cestoidea

Morphology -Leaf-like, pear-shaped, elongated, covered externally by cuticle

(may be smooth, spiny or tuberculated)-Posses at least 2 suckers (attachment organs on cuticle)  3 layers

of muscle fibres  bulk body consists of spongy tissue (embedded

internal organs)

Digestive: Mouth (at bottom of oral sucker) pharynx  shortoesophagus  2 long blind intestinal caeca 

Excretion: Excretory cells  excretory tubules  excretory duct 

 excretory bladder (discharges its content through a pore atposterior end of the fluke)

Nervous: Ring of nerve ganglia around pharynx

Reproductive: Most are hermaphrodites except bilharzia worms

-Flat, ribbon-like, segmented

-Variable lengths-No body cavity and alimentary canal

-Body is divided into 3 parts:

1. Head/scolex (provided with bothria or suckers for attachment with orwithout rostellum and hooks

2. Neck (region of growth)3. Proglottids or segments (differentiated into immature, mature, gravid

segments)

Digestive: Nutrients are absorbed through cuticle or tegument of segments(segments also have protective function by secreting substances that inhibitdigestive enzymes of host)

Excretion: Flame cells collecting dorsal and ventral tubules (running

lateral)

 bladder (at terminal proglottid)

Nervous: scolex/head 

Reproductive: Hermaphrodites by self fertilization in the same segmentor different segments

Life Cycle

8/3/2019 Aeration and Helm in Tho Logy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aeration-and-helm-in-tho-logy 4/4

 

Created by Qosru Iskandariah

Phylum nematoda

Class Adenophorea (Aphasmidea) Secernentea (Phasmidea)

Morphology -Devoid (absent) of phasmids and caudal papillae

-The anterior is very thin containing oesophagus (stichosome type)-Females posses a single set of genitalia

-Laid eggs are usually with polar plugs

-Provided with phasmids and caudal papillae

-Females posses a double genitalia-Laid eggs are lack of polar plugs

-Includes the most of parasitic nematode

Example -Trichuris trichiura

-Capillaria philippinensis

-Trichinella spiralis 

- Ascaris lumbricoides

-Strongyloides stercolaris

-Toxocara spp.

-Ancylostoma duodenale

-Filarial worms