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Volume I:Vinyl ProcessPiping Systems
Industrial TechnicalManual Series
F O U R T H E D I T I O N
IPEX VINYL PROCESS PIPING SYSTEMS
Xir tec 140 PVC Schedule 40 Xir tec 140 PVC Schedule 80 Corzan CPVC
www.ipexinc .com
IPEX Vinyl Process Piping Systems
Industrial Technical Manual Series
Vol. 1, 4th Edition
2006 by IPEX. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without priorwritten permission. For information contact: IPEX, Marketing,2441 Royal Windsor Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5J 4C7.
ABOUT IPEX
At IPEX, we have been manufacturing non-metallic pipe and fittings since 1951. We formulate our own compounds andmaintain strict quality control during production. Our products are made available for customers thanks to a network ofregional stocking locations throughout North America. We offer a wide variety of systems including complete lines of piping,fittings, valves and custom-fabricated items.
More importantly, we are committed to meeting our customers needs. As a leader in the plastic piping industry, IPEXcontinually develops new products, modernizes manufacturing facilities and acquires innovative process technology. In addition,our staff take pride in their work, making available to customers their extensive thermoplastic knowledge and field experience.IPEX personnel are committed to improving the safety, reliability and performance of thermoplastic materials. We are involved inseveral standards committees and are members of and/or comply with the organizations listed on this page.
For specific details about any IPEX product, contact our customer service department.
SAFETY ALERTS
Engineered thermoplastics are safe inert materials that do not pose any significant safety or environmental hazards duringhandling or installation. However, improper installation or use can result in personal injury and/or property damage. It isimportant to be aware of and recognize safety alert messages as they appear in this manual.
The types of safety alert messages are described below.
This safety alert symbol indicates important safety messages inthis manual. When you see this symbol be alert to the possibilityof personal injury and carefully read and fully understand themessage that follows.
WARNING CAUTION
Note: The use of the word NOTE signifies special instructions which areimportant but are not related to hazards.
CAUTION identifies hazards or unsafe practices thatcan result in minor personal injury or product orproperty damage if instructions, includingrecommended precautions, are not followed.
WARNING identifies hazards or unsafe practices thatcan result in severe personal injury or death ifinstructions, including recommended precautions, arenot followed.
NEVER use compressed air or gas in PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings.
NEVER test PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe and fittings with compressed air or gas, or air-over-water boosters.
ONLY use PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipe for water and approved chemicals.
i
WARNING
For the materials described in this manual, the following warning applies.
Use of compressed air or gas in PVC/CPVC/PP/PVDF pipeand fittings can result in explosive failures and cause severeinjury or death.
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Vinyl Process Piping Systems Manual
About IPEX
Safety Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i
Section One: General Information
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Material Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
- Industrial and Process Piping
- Pulp and Paper
- Food Processing
- Water and Sewage Treatment
- Irrigation
Section Two: Process and Drainage Piping Design
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Establish System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Determine Appropriate Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
A) Pressure Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
B) Temperature Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
C) Pressure/Temperature Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Water Hammer / Surge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Vacuum Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Section Three: Installation
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Handling and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Prolonged Outdoor Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Joining Methods Solvent Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Solvent Cementing Instructions for PVC and CPVC Pipe and Fittings . . . . . . . .47
Joining Methods Threading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
iii
CONTENTS
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Tools & Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Making the Pipe Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Installation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Joining Methods Flanging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Installation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Joining Methods Roll Grooved or Radius Cut Grooved (PVC only) . . . . . . . .59
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Installation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Supports and Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
General Principals of Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Supporting Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Installation of Buried Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Trench Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Trench Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Trench Bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Placing the Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Snaking the Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Resisting Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Initial Backfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Compacting the Final Backfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Site Pressure Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Hydrostatic Test Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Repairs Below Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Joint Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Repairing Thermoplastic Pipe Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Installation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Entrapped Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Ultraviolet Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Chemical Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
iv
Heat Tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Tapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Section Four: Specialty Piping Products
PVC Well Casing - ASTM F480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
PVC Exhaust System Ducting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Section Five: Specifications
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Standards Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Applicable Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
ASTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
NSF International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
CSA International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
NFPA/UL/ULC/ASTM Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Product Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Xirtec Sch. 40 & 80 PVC Industrial Pipe and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Corzan Sch. 40 & 80 CPVC Industrial Pipe and Sch. 80 CPVC Fittings . . . . . .83
PVC SDR Pressure Rated Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Drain, Waste and Vent Pipe (DWV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Fabricated Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
One-Source Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Solvent Cementing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Section Six: Appendices
Appendix A: Reference Tables and Conversion Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Appendix B: Useful Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Appendix C: Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Appendix D: Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Appendix E: Tables and Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
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CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
GEN
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OVERVIEW
SECTION ONE: GENERAL INFORMATION
This manual provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive information about vinyl piping systems produced by IPEX.Written with the needs of the engineer and contractor in mind, all aspects of PVC and CPVC thermoplastics are covered. Thisincludes material properties, specifications, system selection (design considerations, sizing, fittings, valves) and installation.
Our PVC and CPVC piping offers the unique combination of light weight, flexibility, durability and exceptional corrosionresistance. Substantial savings in both initial installation and ongoing maintenance costs are achieved through the selectionand use of these engineered materials.
Only IPEX offers Xirtec, a complete system of pipe, valves and fittings engineered and manufactured to IPEXs strict quality,performance and dimensional standards.
Xirtec (PVC) and Corzan (CPVC) high performance systems feature outstanding resistance to photodegradation, creep stressand immunity to oxidation, and are exceptionally suited for use with a wide range of acid, alcohols, salts and halogens.
7
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
GEN
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8
Lower Installation Costs
In addition to lower material costs than traditional pipingmaterials, vinyl pipe can significantly reduce labor andtransportation costs on a typical installation.
Vinyl material is light weight, non-toxic and relatively flexible.Vinyl pipe is easily handled, stored and cut and can be joinedin a variety of ways, adapting easily to any field application.Special handling or heavy equipment for installation is notrequired.
Extended Life
Once properly selected for the application and correctlyinstalled, PVC and CPVC products provide years of maintenancefree service. Our materials will not rust, pit, scale or corrode oneither interior or exterior surfaces. In fact, thermoplastic pipingsystems in a variety of demanding industrial applications haveoperated successfully for over 45 years.
Chemical Resistance
IPEX offers complete systems including pipe, fittings andvalves with outstanding resistance to a wide range ofchemicals including most acids, alcohols, alkalis, saltsolutions and halogens. PVC and CPVC are also not adverselyaffected by atmospheric conditions and are well suited foroutdoor installations. For specific applications see the IPEXChemical Resistance Guide.
Corrosion Resistance
Our thermoplastic materials are immune to damage fromnaturally corrosive soil conditions as well as electrochemicalor galvanic corrosion. This is particularly advantageous inunderground installations where galvanic reaction oftencauses damage to metal piping products. Our thermoplasticsnon-corroding properties ensure improved flow, lowermaintenance costs and longer performance life.
Abrasion Resistance
The blending of PVC and CPVC resins, lubricants, modifiersand assorted additives in todays compounds, together withmodern extrusion processes, result in a resilient pipingproduct with outstanding abrasion resistance.
PVC and CPVC are often selected as the piping material forconveyance in abrasive service. The inherent abrasionresistance of vinyl allows substantial increases in lifeexpectancy compared to other materials. In manyapplications, vinyls outperform other materials such asmetals.
For example, installation of vinyl piping rather than thestandard metal or rubber-lined steel pipe for conveyance ofmining and sand slurries resulted in significantly lessabrasion, dramatically reduced maintenance and increasedsystem life.
Improved Flow
IPEX piping has a substantially lower Roughness Factor thanmetal and other materials, and since thermoplastics do notrust, pit, scale or corrode, the interior walls remain smooth invirtually any service. This high carrying capacity may result inthe use of flatter grades or smaller diameter pipe.
Non-toxicity
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride(CPVC) are relatively inert and are suitable for use withpotable water as listed with the National SanitationFoundation (NSF) and Canadian Standards Association(CSA).
Biological Resistance
PVC and CPVC piping systems are resistant to fungi andbacterial growth, particularly those which cause corrosion inmetal piping systems.
Service Temperature
IPEX offers a variety of thermoplastic materials designed tomeet a broad range of service temperatures. PVC has arecommended maximum service temperature of 140F(60C) while CPVC has a maximum service temperature of200F (93C).
Lower Thermal Conductivity
With a dramatically lower thermal conductivity factor ascompared to metal, thermoplastic systems have less heat lossor gain, and sustain the temperature of the service with lessvariation than metal piping. As a result, pipe insulation isoften not required.
Fire Performance
PVC and CPVC are self-extinguishing materials. This meansthat they will not burn unless an external flame source isapplied, and will not support combustion once the flamesource is removed.
Extensive tests on PVC and CPVC compounds prove theiroutstanding fire performance. Check local building codes andregulations for specific requirements.
PVC
One of the outstanding characteristics of PVC is its resistanceto ignition. This is demonstrated by its flash point (ignitiontemperature) of 730F (388C), compared to 400F (204C),for woodchips (white pine).
This is an extremely important characteristic whenconsidering building code restrictions for combustible pipe.Tests performed in accordance to CAN/ULC S102.2 (The
BENEFITS
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
GEN
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Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristicsof Flooring, Floor Covering and Miscellaneous Materials),show a fuel contribution of 0 for IPEX PVC material.
CPVC
CPVC offers an even greater fire safety profile than PVC.CPVCs ignition resistance is demonstrated by its flash point(ignition temperature) of 900F (482C), with a low flamespread as well. In addition, it provides outstanding smokecharacteristics. In testing conducted in accordance toCAN/ULC S102.2, IPEX CPVC showed a flame spread of 10,and a smoke-developed classification of 25. And, like PVC,CPVC has a fuel contribution of 0. It does not however meetASTM E84.
Standards and Approvals
IPEX manufactures the widest range of thermoplastic pipingsystems available. All products are produced to the strictestinternal quality control specifications and meet or exceedapplicable regulatory standards.
IPEX will assist customers in obtaining additional productapprovals that may be required in a particular jurisdiction.
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
PVC is the most frequently specified of all thermoplasticpiping materials. It has been used successfully for over 60years. PVC is characterized by distinctive physical properties,
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
GEN
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PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
PVC is the most frequently specified of all thermoplasticpiping materials. It has been used successfully for over 60years. PVC is characterized by distinctive physical properties,and is resistant to corrosion and chemical attack by acids,alkalis, salt solutions and many other chemicals. It isattacked, however, by polar solvents such as ketones andaromatics.
Of the various types and grades of PVC used in plasticpiping, Type 1, Grade 1 PVC (Cell Classification 12454)conforming to ASTM D1784, is the most common. Themaximum service temperature for PVC is 140F (60C),under pressure. PVC for drainage applications is also capableof handling near boiling temperatures for intermittent flowconditions. With a hydrostatic design basis of 4000 psi at73F (23C) and a design stress of 2,000 psi at 73F(23C), PVC has the highest long-term hydrostatic strength ofany other major thermoplastic material used for piping.
CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
CPVC (Cell Classification 24448 and 23447) conforming toASTM D1784 has physical properties at 73F (23C) similarto those of PVC and chemical resistance similar to orgenerally better than that of PVC. The design stress of CPVCis also 2,000 psi at 73F (23C). The maximum servicetemperature is 200F (93C) under pressure with occasionalexposure to boiling water (212F, 100C). CPVC has provedto be an excellent piping material for hot corrosive liquids,hot and cold water distribution and similar applications abovethe temperature range of PVC.
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
Table 1 Physical Properties
PROPERTIES MATERIALS
PVC CPVC CPVC Standards(Standard) (High Impact)
Cell classification 12454 23447 24448
Specific gravity 1.42 1.50 1.51 ASTM D 792
Tensile strength, psi at 73F 7,000 7,500 7,320 ASTM D 638
Modulus of elasticity tensile, psi at 73F 400,000 380,000 360,000 ASTM D 638
Flexural strength, psi 14,500 11,400 13,200 ASTM D 790
Izod impact, ft.lbs./in. at 73F, notched 0.65 2.0 10.0 ASTM D 256
Compressive strength, psi 9,000 10,100 10,100 ASTM D 695
Poissons ratio 0.38 0.33 0.33
Working stress, psi at 73F 2,000 2,000 2,000
Coefficient of thermal expansion in./in./F (x 10-5) 3.0 3.8 3.4 ASTM D 696
Linear expansion, in./10F per 100' of pipe 0.36 0.44 - 0.46 0.41
Maximum operating temperature under pressure 140F (60C) 200F (93C) 200F (93C)
Deflection temperature under load, F at 66 psi 173 n/a n/a ASTM D 648
Deflection temperature under load, F at 264 psi 160 212 239 ASTM D 648
Thermal conductivity, BTU.in./hr.ft2.F 1.2 0.95 0.95 ASTM C177
Burning rate Self extinguish Self extinguish Self extinguish ASTM D 635
Burning class V-0 V-0 V-0 UL-94
Flash ignition, F 730 900 900
Limited oxygen index (%) 43 60 60 ASTM D 2863-70
Water absorption, %, (24 hrs. at 73F) 0.05 0.03 0.03 ASTM D 570
10
* The properties listed in this table represent general material properties and should be used as a guideline only.
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
GEN
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APPLICATIONS
Industrial and Process Piping
Plant Water Supply and Distribution Lines
Cooling Water Systems
Chemical and Washwater Systems for Photographic Laboratories
Acid Products Handling for Refineries, Metal Works and Plating Plants
Bleach, Dye and Acid Lines in Textile Mills
Deionized Water
Tailing and Slurry Lines in Mines, Smelters and Fertilizer Plants
Vacuum Piping
Pure Chemicals for Semiconductor & Pharmaceutical Industries
Piping in Fish Hatcheries, Aquariums, Zoological and Biological Buildings
Well Casings and Dewatering Lines
Drainage and Effluent Piping
Swimming Pool Piping
Rainwater Leaders for Buildings
Pulp and Paper
Pulp/Chemical Recovery Systems
Bleach Plant Piping Systems
Washwater Piping and Lagoon Systems
Food Processing
Brine and Seawater Distribution in Fish Plants
Brine Systems in Meat Packaging Plants
Piping for the Dairy, Canning and Beverage Industries
Water and Sewage Treatment
Alum and Ferric Chloride Handling
Chlorine Injection Systems
Piping in Lagoons and Settling Ponds
Rainwater Lines
Irrigation
Golf Courses
Greenhouses
Agriculture
Residential Turf
Commercial Turf
11
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.12
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CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROCESS
& D
RAINAGE
PIPIN
G
DESIGN
SECTION TWO: PROCESS AND DRAINAGE PIPING DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Thermoplastics are engineered materials that are suitable for a wide variety of piping assignments in both process anddrainage applications. To effectively implement the use of thermoplastics, it is considered necessary to have both a workingknowledge of piping design and an appreciation of the unique properties of thermoplastics.
This section will review the design process and consider the most important factors in designing thermoplastic piping systems.
13
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROC
ESS
& D
RAIN
AGE
PIPI
NG
DESI
GN
DESIGN PROCESS
14
Establish System Requirements
Before the proper materials can be chosen, the systemrequirements must be determined. This establishes the scopeof the project and determines design and materialspecifications. Factors to be considered may include:
1. Liquid composition
Chemical characteristics Variations in fluid chemistry
2. Process flow
Required flow rate Required pressure Changes in velocity Potential pressure drops Potential pressure surges Minimum and maximum operating temperatures
3. System Location / Environment
Above / below ground or overhead Climate (extreme heat or cold) Expected fluctuations in ambient temperature
4. Installation
Space restrictions Difficult access New or retrofit Joining of dissimilar materials
5. Budget Considerations
Material cost Installation cost Maintenance cost Life expectancy
Determine Appropriate Sizing
In addition to accounting for specific system parameters,pipe size must also be determined. To select an appropriatesize, it is essential that there is an understanding of the mostimportant physical factors affecting thermoplastic pipe,which are:
Pressure limitations Temperature limitations The pressure/temperature relationship
A) Pressure Limitations
Pressure Ratings
PVC and CPVC pipe are primarily designed to withstandinternal pressure under continuous or steady state loading.Short-term higher pressure surges can be accommodated tovarying degrees, but it is the long-term strength of thematerial that determines its performance.
In North America, PVC and CPVC pipe designed for pressureapplications must have a defined minimum hydrostaticdesign basis (HDB) of 4000 psi (27.58 MPa) as per ASTM D2837. To ensure useful long-term service (minimum of 50years) a design or safety factor is applied to provide anadequate safety margin. A design factor of 2 is usually applied.
Determining Pressure
The carrying capacity of any pipe is a function of its hoopstrength and the geometry of the pipe as defined by its wallthickness and diameter at a given temperature.
Design Stress
The largest stress present in any piping system underpressure is hoop or circumferential stress. This is thegoverning factor in determining the pressure that a section ofpipe can withstand. In calculating pressure, design stress (S)serves as the maximum hoop stress.
S = HDBf
Where:
HDB = hydrostatic design basisf = design factor (safety factor)
Example 1:
What would be the hoop stress for a hydrostatic design basisof 4000 psi?
S = 4000 S = 2000 psi2
Known: HDB = 4000, f = standard design factor
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
Wall Thickness
To classify various thicknesses of pipe, the term DR is used.This term refers to the dimension ratio. (See Table 2)
The dimension ratio can also be calculated as follows:
DR = Do/tWhere:
Do = average outside diametert = minimum wall thickness
Important points to remember about the DR classifications are:
the lower the DR number, the thicker the pipe wall and the higher the pressure rating
the pressure capacity and strength of a specific DR is constant regardless of diameter
Note: For schedule pipe, the outside diameter and wallthickness is based on conventional steel pipe dimensions.Therefore, for schedule pipe, each size of vinyl pipe has adifferent DR rating and a different pressure capability. SeeTable 2 for values.
Internal Pressure
The relationships outlined above can be described in anequation, also known as the ISO equation.
P = 2S DR-1
where:P = internal pressure, psiS = hoop stress, psiDR = dimension ratio (Do/t)
Example 2:
What would be the maximum pressure allowed for a 2-inchDR 21 pipe?
Known: S = 2000, DR = 21
P = 2(2000)(21-1)
P = 4000 20
P = 200 psi
Example 3:
What would be the maximum pressure allowed for a 2-inchSchedule 80 pipe?
Step 1: Calculate DR
Known: DR = Do/t
DR = 2.375 (from Table A-14 Dimensions, 0.218Weights and Pressure Ratings)
DR = 10.9
Step 2: Calculate the maximum pressure P
Known: S = 2000, DR = 10.9
P = 2(2000)(10.9-1)
P = 4000 9.9
P = 404 psi
Table 2 Nominal DR Classification for PVC & CPVC Schedule Pipe
Size Schedule 40 Schedule 80 DR Average Min. Wall DR Average Min. Wall
OD. Thickness OD. Thickness(in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
1/4 - - - 4.5 0.540 0.1193/8 - - - 5.4 0.675 0.1261/2 7.7 0.840 0.109 5.7 0.840 0.1473/4 9.3 1.050 0.113 6.8 1.050 0.154
1 9.9 1.315 0.133 7.3 1.315 0.179
11/4 11.8 1.660 0.141 8.7 1.660 0.191
11/2 13.1 1.900 0.145 9.5 1.900 0.200
2 15.4 2.375 0.154 10.9 2.375 0.218
21/2 14.2 2.875 0.203 10.4 2.875 0.276
3 16.2 3.500 0.216 11.7 3.500 0.300
4 19.0 4.500 0.237 13.4 4.500 0.337
5 21.6 5.563 0.258 14.8 5.563 0.375
6 23.7 6.625 0.280 15.3 6.625 0.432
8 26.8 8.625 0.322 17.3 8.625 0.500
10 29.5 10.750 0.365 18.1 10.750 0.593
12 31.4 12.750 0.406 18.6 12.750 0.687
14 32.0 14.000 0.438 18.7 14.000 0.750
16 32.0 16.000 0.500 19.0 16.000 0.843
18 32.0 18.000 0.562 19.2 18.000 0.937
20 33.7 20.000 0.593 19.4 20.000 1.031
24 34.9 24.000 0.687 19.7 24.000 1.218
PROCESS
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RAINAGE
PIPIN
G
DESIGN
15
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROC
ESS
& D
RAIN
AGE
PIPI
NG
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GN
Example 4:
A piping system consisting of 2 and 4 inch pipe must becapable of sustaining a pressure of 310 psi at ambienttemperature (73F / 23C). What schedule of pipe isnecessary?
Step 1: To calculate actual DR, refer to Table A-14Dimensions, Weights & Pressure Ratings.
Step 2: For each pipe size and schedule of pipe, firstcalculate actual DR and then the resulting P.
DR = Do/t
P = 2S DR-1
Therefore, to sustain a pressure of 310 psi, 2" Schedule 80pipe and 4" schedule 80 pipe are required.
Friction Loss through Piping
As fluid flows through a piping system, it will experiencefriction resistance between the fluid and the pipe wallresulting in a pressure loss. This pressure loss is a result offluid:
density viscosity velocity temperature type of flow smoothness of the pipe wall
Friction loss can be determined by referring to publishedtables, such as those in Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7 or it can becalculated. The most widely used equation to calculatefriction loss in pressure systems is the Hazen-Williamsequation.
Hazen-Williams Equation
where:f = friction loss (ft. of H2O/100 ft.)
Q = flow rate (gpm)
Di = pipe inside diameter (in.)
C = flow coefficient
Example 5
A PVC system has a flow rate of 4000 U.S. gallons perminute. What is the friction loss in 20" Schedule 40 pipe?
Known: Q = 4000 US gpm
C = 150 (from Table 3 Flow coefficient constants)
Di = 18.743 (from Table A-14 Dimensions, Weights & Pressure Ratings)
f = 0.2083 x 0.476 x 3.006
f = 0.3 ft. per 100 ft.
The most widely used equation to calculate friction loss foropen channel flow, such as in drainage applications is theManning formula. Please refer to the section on Drainage.
Note: conversion tip (1 psi = 2.31ft of H2O)
2" Schedule 40
2" Schedule 80
4" Schedule 40
4" Schedule 80
Dimension Ratio
DR = 2.3750.154
= 15.4
DR = 2.3750.218
= 10.9
DR = 4.5000.237
= 19.0
DR = 4.5000.337
= 13.4
Maximum Pressure
P = 2 (2000)(15.4 - 1)
= 400014.4
= 278 psi
P = 2 (2000)(10.9 - 1)
= 40009.9
= 404 psi
P = 2 (2000)(19.0 - 1)
= 4000 18.0
= 222 psi
P = 2 (2000)(13.4 - 1)
= 400012.4
= 323 psi
Table 3 Flow Coefficient Constants (C)
Type of Pipe Flow coefficient CVinyl 150Copper 140Cast iron - unlined 90 - 120Galvanized steel 110Corrugated steel pipe 60
16
f = 0.2083 x (100)1.852 x Q1.852C Di4.8655
f = 0.2083 x (100 )1.852 x (4000)1.852150 (18.743)4.8655
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
Table 4 Carrying Capacity and Friction Loss for Schedule 40 Thermoplastic Pipe
10.
002
1.13
1.16
0.50
20.
004
2.26
4.19
1.81
1.26
1.03
0.44
50.
011
5.64
22.8
89.
903.
165.
602.
421.
931.
690.
731.
100.
430.
197
0.01
67.
8942
.66
18.4
74.
4310
.44
4.52
2.70
3.14
1.36
1.55
0.81
0.35
1.13
0.38
0.16
100.
022
6.32
20.2
18.
753.
866.
082.
632.
211.
570.
681.
620.
730.
320.
980.
210.
0912
0.02
77.
5928
.33
12.2
64.
638.
533.
692.
652.
200.
951.
941.
030.
441.
460.
450.
201.
030.
190.
0815
0.03
39.
4842
.82
18.5
45.
7912
.89
5.58
3.31
3.32
1.44
2.42
1.55
0.67
1.95
0.77
0.33
1.37
0.33
0.14
200.
045
7.72
21.9
69.
514.
425.
652.
453.
232.
641.
142.
441.
170.
511.
710.
490.
211.
100.
170.
0725
0.05
69.
6533
.20
14.3
75.
528.
553.
704.
044.
001.
732.
931.
640.
712.
050.
690.
301.
320.
240.
1030
0.06
711
.58
46.5
420
.15
6.63
11.9
85.
194.
855.
602.
423.
412.
180.
942.
390.
920.
401.
550.
320.
1435
0.07
87.
7315
.94
6.90
5.66
7.45
3.23
3.90
2.79
1.21
2.73
1.18
0.51
1.77
0.41
0.18
400.
089
8.84
20.4
18.
846.
479.
544.
134.
393.
471.
503.
081.
460.
631.
990.
510.
2245
0.10
01.
150.
130.
069.
9425
.39
10.9
97.
2711
.87
5.14
4.88
4.22
1.83
3.42
1.78
0.77
2.21
0.61
0.27
500.
111
1.28
0.16
0.07
11.0
530
.86
13.3
68.
0814
.43
6.25
5.36
5.03
2.18
3.76
2.12
0.92
2.43
0.73
0.32
550.
123
1.41
0.19
0.08
8.89
17.2
17.
455.
855.
922.
564.
102.
491.
082.
650.
860.
3760
0.13
41.
530.
230.
109.
7020
.22
8.75
6.34
6.86
2.97
4.44
2.89
1.25
2.87
1.00
0.43
650.
145
1.66
0.26
0.11
10.5
123
.45
10.1
56.
837.
873.
414.
793.
321.
443.
091.
150.
5070
0.15
61.
790.
300.
131.
140.
100.
0411
.32
26.9
011
.65
7.32
8.94
3.87
5.13
3.77
1.63
3.31
1.30
0.56
750.
167
1.92
0.34
0.15
1.22
0.11
0.05
7.80
10.0
84.
365.
474.
251.
843.
531.
470.
6380
0.17
82.
050.
390.
171.
300.
130.
068.
2911
.27
4.88
5.81
4.75
2.06
3.75
1.64
0.71
900.
201
2.30
0.48
0.21
1.46
0.16
0.07
8.78
12.5
35.
436.
155.
282.
293.
971.
820.
7910
00.
223
2.56
0.59
0.25
1.62
0.19
0.08
1.12
0.08
0.03
9.27
13.8
56.
006.
495.
842.
534.
202.
020.
8712
50.
279
3.20
0.89
0.38
2.03
0.29
0.13
1.40
0.12
0.05
9.75
15.2
36.
596.
846.
422.
784.
422.
220.
9615
00.
334
3.84
1.24
0.54
2.44
0.41
0.18
1.69
0.17
0.07
8.55
9.70
4.20
5.52
3.35
1.45
175
0.39
04.
471.
650.
722.
840.
550.
241.
970.
220.
1010
.26
13.6
05.
896.
624.
702.
0320
00.
446
5.11
2.12
0.92
3.25
0.70
0.30
2.25
0.29
0.12
1.30
0.08
0.03
7.73
6.25
2.71
250
0.55
76.
393.
201.
394.
061.
060.
462.
810.
430.
191.
620.
110.
058.
838.
003.
4630
00.
668
7.67
4.49
1.94
4.87
1.49
0.64
3.37
0.61
0.26
1.94
0.16
0.07
11.0
412
.10
5.24
350
0.78
08.
955.
972.
585.
691.
980.
863.
930.
810.
352.
270.
210.
091.
440.
070.
0340
00.
891
10.2
37.
643.
316.
502.
541.
104.
491.
030.
452.
590.
270.
121.
640.
090.
0445
01.
003
7.31
3.15
1.36
5.06
1.29
0.56
2.92
0.34
0.15
1.85
0.11
0.05
1.30
0.05
0.02
500
1.11
48.
123.
831.
665.
621.
560.
683.
240.
410.
182.
050.
140.
061.
450.
060.
0260
01.
337
9.75
5.37
2.33
6.74
2.19
0.95
3.89
0.57
0.25
2.46
0.19
0.08
1.74
0.08
0.03
1.44
0.05
0.02
700
1.56
011
.37
7.15
3.09
7.87
2.92
1.26
4.54
0.76
0.33
2.87
0.25
0.11
2.02
0.11
0.05
1.67
0.07
0.03
800
1.78
28.
993.
731.
625.
180.
980.
423.
290.
320.
142.
310.
140.
061.
910.
090.
041.
470.
050.
0290
02.
005
1.30
0.03
0.01
10.1
14.
642.
015.
831.
220.
533.
700.
400.
172.
600.
170.
072.
150.
110.
051.
650.
060.
0210
002.
228
1.45
0.04
0.02
6.48
1.48
0.64
4.11
0.49
0.21
2.89
0.21
0.09
2.39
0.13
0.06
1.83
0.07
0.03
1250
2.78
51.
810.
060.
038.
102.
240.
975.
130.
740.
323.
610.
310.
142.
990.
200.
092.
290.
100.
0415
003.
342
2.17
0.08
0.04
1.75
0.05
0.02
9.72
3.14
1.36
6.16
1.03
0.45
4.34
0.44
0.19
3.59
0.28
0.12
2.75
0.15
0.06
2000
4.45
62.
890.
140.
062.
330.
080.
048.
211.
760.
765.
780.
750.
324.
780.
470.
203.
660.
250.
1125
005.
570
3.62
0.21
0.09
2.91
0.12
0.05
2.01
0.05
0.02
10.2
72.
661.
157.
231.
130.
495.
980.
710.
314.
580.
370.
1630
006.
684
4.34
0.29
0.13
3.49
0.17
0.08
2.41
0.07
0.03
8.68
1.59
0.69
7.18
1.00
0.43
5.50
0.52
0.23
3500
7.79
85.
060.
390.
174.
070.
230.
102.
810.
090.
0410
.12
2.11
0.92
8.37
1.33
0.58
6.41
0.70
0.30
4000
8.91
25.
790.
500.
224.
650.
300.
133.
220.
120.
059.
571.
710.
747.
330.
890.
3945
0010
.026
6.51
0.62
0.27
5.24
0.37
0.16
3.62
0.15
0.06
10.7
62.
120.
928.
241.
110.
4850
0011
.140
7.23
0.76
0.33
5.82
0.45
0.19
4.02
0.18
0.08
9.16
1.35
0.58
5500
12.2
547.
960.
910.
396.
400.
530.
234.
420.
220.
0910
.08
1.61
0.70
6000
13.3
688.
681.
060.
466.
980.
630.
274.
830.
250.
1165
0014
.482
9.40
1.23
0.53
7.56
0.73
0.31
5.23
0.30
0.13
7000
15.5
9610
.13
1.42
0.61
8.14
0.83
0.36
5.63
0.34
0.15
7500
16.7
108.
730.
950.
416.
030.
390.
1780
0017
.824
9.31
1.07
0.46
6.43
0.43
0.19
8500
18.9
389.
891.
190.
526.
840.
490.
2190
0020
.052
10.4
71.
330.
577.
240.
540.
2395
0021
.166
7.64
0.60
0.26
1000
022
.280
8.04
0.66
0.28
3/4
"1
"1
1/4
"1
1/2
"2
"2
1/2
"
3"
4"
5"
6"
8"
10
"
12
"
14
"
16
"1
8"
20
"
24
"
1/2
"
CA
UTI
ON
:Fl
ow v
eloc
ity
shou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d 5
fee
t pe
r se
cond
.
PROCESS
& D
RAINAGE
PIPIN
G
DESIGN
GPM
cu ft/sec
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
17
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROC
ESS
& D
RAIN
AGE
PIPI
NG
DESI
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Table 5 Carrying Capacity and Friction Loss for Schedule 80 Thermoplastic Pipe
10.
002
1.48
2.24
0.97
20.
004
2.95
8.10
3.51
1.57
1.73
0.75
0.93
0.49
0.21
50.
011
7.39
44.2
119
.14
3.92
9.47
4.10
2.33
2.67
1.16
1.30
0.64
0.28
70.
016
10.3
482
.43
35.6
95.
4917
.65
7.64
3.27
4.98
2.16
1.82
1.20
0.52
1.31
0.54
0.24
100.
022
7.84
34.1
814
.79
4.67
9.65
4.18
2.59
2.32
1.00
1.88
1.05
0.46
120.
027
9.41
47.9
020
.74
5.60
13.5
25.
853.
113.
251.
402.
251.
470.
6415
0.03
311
.76
72.4
231
.35
7.00
20.4
48.
853.
894.
912.
122.
812.
230.
961.
680.
630.
2720
0.04
59.
3334
.82
15.0
75.
198.
363.
623.
753.
801.
642.
231.
070.
471.
560.
450.
1925
0.05
611
.66
52.6
422
.79
6.49
12.6
45.
474.
695.
742.
482.
791.
630.
701.
950.
680.
2930
0.06
77.
7817
.71
7.67
5.63
8.04
3.48
3.35
2.28
0.99
2.34
0.95
0.41
1.49
0.32
0.14
350.
078
9.08
23.5
610
.20
6.57
10.7
04.
633.
913.
031.
312.
731.
260.
551.
740.
430.
1840
0.08
910
.38
30.1
713
.06
7.50
13.7
15.
934.
473.
881.
683.
121.
620.
701.
990.
540.
2445
0.10
08.
4417
.05
7.38
5.03
4.83
2.09
3.51
2.01
0.87
2.24
0.68
0.29
500.
111
1.43
0.21
0.09
9.38
20.7
28.
975.
585.
872.
543.
902.
451.
062.
490.
820.
3655
0.12
31.
570.
250.
1110
.32
24.7
210
.70
6.14
7.00
3.03
4.29
2.92
1.26
2.74
0.98
0.43
600.
134
1.71
0.30
0.13
9.70
20.2
28.
756.
708.
223.
564.
683.
431.
482.
991.
150.
5065
0.14
51.
850.
340.
1510
.51
23.4
510
.15
7.26
9.54
4.13
5.07
3.97
1.72
3.24
1.34
0.58
700.
156
2.00
0.39
0.17
11.3
226
.90
11.6
57.
8210
.94
4.74
5.46
4.56
1.97
3.49
1.54
0.66
750.
167
2.14
0.45
0.19
8.38
12.4
35.
385.
855.
182.
243.
741.
740.
7680
0.17
82.
280.
510.
221.
440.
160.
078.
9314
.01
6.06
6.23
5.84
2.53
3.99
1.97
0.85
900.
201
2.57
0.63
0.27
1.62
0.20
0.09
10.0
517
.42
7.54
7.01
7.26
3.14
4.48
2.45
1.06
100
0.22
32.
850.
760.
331.
800.
250.
1111
.17
21.1
89.
177.
798.
833.
824.
982.
971.
2912
50.
279
3.56
1.16
0.50
2.25
0.38
0.16
1.57
0.16
0.07
9.74
13.3
45.
786.
234.
491.
9515
00.
334
4.28
1.62
0.70
2.70
0.53
0.23
1.88
0.22
0.10
11.6
918
.70
8.10
7.47
6.30
2.73
175
0.39
04.
992.
160.
933.
150.
700.
302.
190.
290.
138.
728.
383.
6320
00.
446
5.70
2.76
1.19
3.60
0.90
0.39
2.51
0.37
0.16
1.43
0.10
0.04
9.97
10.7
34.
6525
00.
557
7.13
4.17
1.81
4.49
1.36
0.59
3.13
0.57
0.24
1.79
0.14
0.06
300
0.66
88.
555.
852.
535.
391.
900.
823.
760.
790.
342.
140.
200.
0935
00.
780
9.98
7.78
3.37
6.29
2.53
1.10
4.39
1.05
0.46
2.50
0.27
0.12
1.59
0.09
0.04
400
0.89
111
.41
9.96
4.31
7.19
3.24
1.40
5.02
1.35
0.58
2.86
0.34
0.15
1.81
0.11
0.05
450
1.00
38.
094.
041.
755.
641.
680.
733.
210.
430.
182.
040.
140.
061.
440.
060.
0350
01.
114
8.99
4.90
2.12
6.27
2.04
0.88
3.57
0.52
0.22
2.27
0.17
0.07
1.60
0.07
0.03
600
1.33
710
.79
6.87
2.98
7.52
2.86
1.24
4.28
0.73
0.31
2.72
0.24
0.10
1.92
0.10
0.04
1.59
0.07
0.03
700
1.56
08.
783.
811.
655.
000.
970.
423.
170.
320.
142.
240.
140.
061.
860.
090.
0480
01.
782
10.0
34.
882.
115.
711.
240.
543.
630.
410.
182.
560.
180.
082.
120.
110.
051.
620.
060.
0290
02.
005
6.43
1.54
0.67
4.08
0.51
0.22
2.88
0.22
0.09
2.39
0.14
0.06
1.82
0.07
0.03
1000
2.22
81.
590.
050.
027.
141.
870.
814.
540.
620.
273.
200.
270.
122.
650.
170.
072.
020.
090.
0412
502.
785
1.99
0.07
0.03
8.93
2.83
1.23
5.67
0.94
0.41
4.01
0.40
0.17
3.32
0.25
0.11
2.53
0.13
0.06
1500
3.34
22.
390.
100.
041.
930.
060.
0310
.71
3.97
1.72
6.80
1.32
0.57
4.81
0.57
0.24
3.98
0.36
0.15
3.03
0.18
0.08
2000
4.45
63.
190.
180.
082.
580.
100.
059.
072.
240.
976.
410.
960.
425.
310.
610.
264.
040.
310.
1425
005.
570
3.98
0.27
0.12
3.22
0.16
0.07
2.23
0.06
0.03
11.3
43.
391.
478.
011.
460.
636.
630.
920.
405.
050.
470.
2130
006.
684
4.78
0.37
0.16
3.86
0.22
0.10
2.67
0.09
0.04
9.61
2.04
0.88
7.96
1.29
0.56
6.06
0.66
0.29
3500
7.79
85.
580.
500.
214.
510.
300.
133.
120.
120.
0511
.21
2.71
1.17
9.29
1.71
0.74
7.07
0.88
0.38
4000
8.91
26.
370.
640.
285.
150.
380.
163.
560.
150.
0710
.61
2.20
0.95
8.08
1.13
0.49
4500
10.0
267.
170.
790.
345.
800.
470.
204.
010.
190.
0811
.94
2.73
1.18
9.09
1.41
0.61
5000
11.1
407.
970.
960.
426.
440.
570.
254.
450.
230.
1010
.10
1.71
0.74
5500
12.2
548.
771.
150.
507.
080.
680.
304.
900.
280.
1260
0013
.368
9.56
1.35
0.58
7.73
0.80
0.35
5.35
0.33
0.14
6500
14.4
8210
.36
1.56
0.68
8.37
0.93
0.40
5.79
0.38
0.16
7000
15.5
969.
021.
070.
466.
240.
440.
1975
0016
.710
9.66
1.21
0.52
6.68
0.49
0.21
8000
17.8
2410
.30
1.37
0.59
7.13
0.56
0.24
8500
18.9
3810
.95
1.53
0.66
7.57
0.62
0.27
9000
20.0
528.
020.
690.
3095
0021
.166
8.46
0.77
0.33
1000
022
.280
8.91
0.84
0.36
GPM
cu ft/sec
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
3/4
"1
"1
1/4
"1
1/2
"
2"
2 1
/2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
8"
10
"
12
"
14
"
16
"
18
"
20
"
24
"
1/2
"
CA
UTI
ON
:Fl
ow v
eloc
ity
shou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d 5
fee
t pe
r se
cond
.
18
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROCESS
& D
RAINAGE
PIPIN
G
DESIGN
CA
UTI
ON
:Fl
ow v
eloc
ity
shou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d 5
fee
t pe
r se
cond
.
Table 6 Carrying Capacity and Friction Loss for DR 21 Thermoplastic Pipe
10.
002
20.
004
1.88
2.68
1.16
1.08
0.70
0.30
50.
011
4.69
14.6
26.
332.
703.
811.
651.
591.
050.
457
0.01
66.
5727
.27
11.8
13.
787.
113.
082.
221.
950.
8410
0.02
29.
3852
.79
22.8
55.
4013
.77
5.96
3.17
3.78
1.63
1.87
1.04
0.45
120.
027
11.2
674
.00
32.0
36.
4819
.30
8.35
3.81
5.29
2.29
2.24
1.45
0.63
1.70
0.74
0.32
150.
033
8.10
29.1
712
.63
4.76
8.00
3.46
2.80
2.20
0.95
2.12
1.12
0.49
200.
045
10.8
049
.70
21.5
16.
3513
.63
5.90
3.73
3.75
1.62
2.83
1.91
0.83
1.80
0.64
0.28
250.
056
7.93
20.6
08.
924.
665.
662.
453.
542.
891.
252.
250.
970.
421.
530.
380.
1630
0.06
79.
5228
.88
12.5
05.
607.
943.
444.
244.
051.
752.
711.
350.
591.
840.
530.
2335
0.07
811
.10
38.4
216
.63
6.53
10.5
64.
574.
955.
382.
333.
161.
800.
782.
150.
710.
3140
0.08
97.
4613
.53
5.86
5.66
6.89
2.98
3.61
2.31
1.00
2.45
0.90
0.39
1.65
0.34
0.15
450.
100
8.40
16.8
27.
286.
368.
573.
714.
062.
871.
242.
761.
120.
491.
860.
430.
1950
0.11
19.
3320
.45
8.85
7.07
10.4
24.
514.
513.
491.
513.
071.
370.
592.
060.
520.
2355
0.12
310
.26
24.4
010
.56
7.78
12.4
35.
384.
964.
161.
803.
371.
630.
712.
270.
620.
2760
0.13
48.
4914
.60
6.32
5.41
4.89
2.12
3.68
1.91
0.83
2.48
0.73
0.32
650.
145
1.62
0.25
0.11
9.19
16.9
47.
335.
865.
672.
453.
992.
220.
962.
680.
850.
3770
0.15
61.
750.
290.
129.
9019
.43
8.41
6.31
6.50
2.81
4.29
2.55
1.10
2.89
0.97
0.42
750.
167
1.87
0.32
0.14
10.6
122
.08
9.56
6.76
7.39
3.20
4.60
2.89
1.25
3.10
1.10
0.48
800.
178
2.00
0.37
0.16
7.21
8.32
3.60
4.91
3.26
1.41
3.30
1.25
0.54
900.
201
2.25
0.46
0.20
8.12
10.3
54.
485.
524.
061.
763.
721.
550.
6710
00.
223
2.50
0.55
0.24
1.63
0.20
0.09
9.02
12.5
85.
456.
144.
932.
144.
131.
880.
8112
50.
279
3.12
0.84
0.36
2.04
0.30
0.13
11.2
719
.02
8.24
7.67
7.46
3.23
5.16
2.85
1.23
150
0.33
43.
741.
170.
512.
450.
420.
181.
730.
180.
089.
2010
.45
4.52
6.19
3.99
1.73
175
0.39
04.
371.
560.
682.
860.
560.
242.
020.
240.
1010
.74
13.9
06.
027.
235.
312.
3020
00.
446
4.99
2.00
0.86
3.27
0.71
0.31
2.31
0.30
0.13
8.26
6.80
2.94
250
0.55
76.
243.
021.
314.
091.
080.
472.
880.
460.
201.
700.
130.
0610
.32
10.2
74.
4530
00.
668
7.49
4.23
1.83
4.90
1.51
0.65
3.46
0.65
0.28
2.04
0.18
0.08
350
0.78
08.
745.
632.
445.
722.
010.
874.
030.
860.
372.
380.
240.
101.
530.
080.
0440
00.
891
9.99
7.21
3.12
6.54
2.57
1.11
4.61
1.10
0.48
2.72
0.30
0.13
1.75
0.10
0.05
450
1.00
311
.23
8.97
3.88
7.35
3.20
1.38
5.19
1.37
0.59
3.06
0.38
0.16
1.97
0.13
0.06
500
1.11
48.
173.
891.
685.
761.
660.
723.
400.
460.
202.
190.
160.
071.
550.
070.
0360
01.
337
9.80
5.45
2.36
6.92
2.33
1.01
4.08
0.64
0.28
2.62
0.22
0.10
1.87
0.10
0.04
1.55
0.06
0.03
700
1.56
011
.44
7.25
3.14
8.07
3.10
1.34
4.76
0.86
0.37
3.06
0.29
0.13
2.18
0.13
0.06
1.80
0.08
0.04
800
1.78
29.
223.
971.
725.
441.
100.
483.
500.
380.
162.
490.
160.
072.
060.
100.
051.
580.
050.
0290
02.
005
10.3
74.
942.
146.
111.
370.
593.
940.
470.
202.
800.
200.
092.
320.
130.
061.
780.
070.
0310
002.
228
1.56
0.05
0.02
6.79
1.66
0.72
4.37
0.57
0.25
3.11
0.25
0.11
2.58
0.16
0.07
1.97
0.08
0.04
1250
2.78
51.
950.
070.
038.
492.
511.
095.
470.
860.
373.
890.
370.
163.
220.
240.
102.
470.
120.
0515
003.
342
2.34
0.10
0.04
1.90
0.06
0.03
10.1
93.
521.
526.
561.
200.
524.
660.
530.
233.
870.
330.
142.
960.
170.
0820
004.
456
3.12
0.17
0.07
2.53
0.10
0.04
8.75
2.05
0.89
6.22
0.89
0.39
5.16
0.57
0.25
3.95
0.30
0.13
2500
5.57
03.
900.
250.
113.
160.
150.
072.
190.
060.
0310
.93
3.10
1.34
7.77
1.35
0.59
6.45
0.86
0.37
4.94
0.45
0.19
3000
6.68
44.
680.
350.
153.
790.
210.
092.
630.
090.
049.
331.
900.
827.
741.
200.
525.
920.
630.
2735
007.
798
5.46
0.47
0.20
4.42
0.28
0.12
3.07
0.12
0.05
10.8
82.
521.
099.
021.
600.
696.
910.
840.
3640
008.
912
6.24
0.60
0.26
5.06
0.36
0.16
3.51
0.15
0.06
10.3
12.
050.
897.
901.
070.
4645
0010
.026
7.02
0.75
0.33
5.69
0.45
0.19
3.95
0.19
0.08
8.88
1.33
0.58
5000
11.1
407.
800.
910.
406.
320.
550.
244.
390.
230.
109.
871.
620.
7055
0012
.254
8.58
1.09
0.47
6.95
0.65
0.28
4.83
0.27
0.12
10.8
61.
930.
8460
0013
.368
9.36
1.28
0.55
7.58
0.77
0.33
5.27
0.32
0.14
6500
14.4
8210
.15
1.48
0.64
8.22
0.89
0.38
5.71
0.37
0.16
7000
15.5
968.
851.
020.
446.
150.
420.
1875
0016
.710
9.48
1.16
0.50
6.58
0.48
0.21
8000
17.8
2410
.11
1.31
0.57
7.02
0.54
0.23
8500
18.9
387.
460.
600.
2690
0020
.052
7.90
0.67
0.29
9500
21.1
668.
340.
740.
3210
000
22.2
808.
780.
810.
35
GPM
cu ft/sec
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
3/4
"1
"
1 1
/4"
1 1
/2"
2"
2 1
/2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
8"
10
"
12
"1
4"
16
"
18
"
20
"
24
"
1/2
"
19
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROC
ESS
& D
RAIN
AGE
PIPI
NG
DESI
GN
Table 7 Carrying Capacity and Friction Loss for DR 26 Thermoplastic Pipe
10.
002
20.
004
50.
011
70.
016
100.
022
120.
027
1.66
0.70
0.30
150.
033
2.07
1.06
0.46
200.
045
2.76
1.80
0.78
1.73
0.58
0.25
250.
056
3.45
2.73
1.18
2.16
0.87
0.38
300.
067
4.14
3.82
1.65
2.60
1.23
0.53
1.77
0.48
0.21
350.
078
4.84
5.08
2.20
3.03
1.63
0.71
2.06
0.64
0.28
400.
089
5.53
6.51
2.82
3.46
2.09
0.90
2.35
0.82
0.35
450.
100
6.22
8.10
3.51
3.89
2.60
1.12
2.65
1.02
0.44
1.78
0.39
0.17
500.
111
6.91
9.84
4.26
4.33
3.16
1.37
2.94
1.24
0.53
1.98
0.47
0.20
550.
123
7.60
11.7
45.
084.
763.
761.
633.
241.
470.
642.
180.
560.
2460
0.13
48.
2913
.80
5.97
5.19
4.42
1.91
3.53
1.73
0.75
2.38
0.66
0.29
650.
145
8.98
16.0
06.
935.
635.
132.
223.
832.
010.
872.
580.
770.
3370
0.15
61.
670.
260.
119.
6718
.35
7.95
6.06
5.88
2.55
4.12
2.30
1.00
2.78
0.88
0.38
750.
167
1.79
0.29
0.13
10.3
620
.86
9.03
6.49
6.69
2.89
4.41
2.62
1.13
2.97
1.00
0.43
800.
178
1.91
0.33
0.14
6.92
7.54
3.26
4.71
2.95
1.28
3.17
1.13
0.49
900.
201
2.15
0.41
0.18
7.79
9.37
4.06
5.30
3.67
1.59
3.57
1.40
0.61
100
0.22
32.
390.
500.
221.
570.
180.
088.
6611
.39
4.93
5.89
4.46
1.93
3.97
1.71
0.74
125
0.27
92.
990.
750.
331.
960.
270.
1210
.82
17.2
27.
467.
366.
742.
924.
962.
581.
1215
00.
334
3.59
1.06
0.46
2.35
0.38
0.16
1.66
0.16
0.07
8.83
9.45
4.09
5.95
3.62
1.57
175
0.39
04.
191.
410.
612.
740.
500.
221.
930.
210.
0910
.30
12.5
75.
446.
944.
812.
0820
00.
446
4.79
1.80
0.78
3.13
0.64
0.28
2.21
0.27
0.12
7.93
6.16
2.67
250
0.55
75.
982.
721.
183.
920.
970.
422.
760.
420.
181.
630.
110.
059.
929.
314.
0330
00.
668
7.18
3.82
1.65
4.70
1.36
0.59
3.31
0.58
0.25
1.95
0.16
0.07
11.9
013
.06
5.65
350
0.78
08.
375.
082.
205.
481.
810.
793.
860.
770.
342.
280.
210.
0940
00.
891
9.57
6.50
2.82
6.27
2.32
1.01
4.42
0.99
0.43
2.61
0.27
0.12
1.68
0.09
0.04
450
1.00
310
.77
8.09
3.50
7.05
2.89
1.25
4.97
1.23
0.53
2.93
0.34
0.15
1.89
0.12
0.05
500
1.11
47.
843.
511.
525.
521.
500.
653.
260.
410.
182.
100.
140.
0660
01.
337
9.40
4.92
2.13
6.62
2.10
0.91
3.91
0.58
0.25
2.52
0.20
0.09
1.79
0.09
0.04
700
1.56
010
.97
6.55
2.83
7.73
2.79
1.21
4.56
0.77
0.34
2.93
0.26
0.11
2.09
0.12
0.05
1.73
0.07
0.03
800
1.78
28.
833.
581.
555.
210.
990.
433.
350.
340.
152.
380.
150.
061.
980.
090.
041.
510.
050.
0290
02.
005
9.94
4.45
1.93
5.86
1.23
0.53
3.77
0.42
0.18
2.68
0.18
0.08
2.22
0.12
0.05
1.70
0.06
0.03
1000
2.22
81.
500.
040.
0211
.04
5.41
2.34
6.51
1.50
0.65
4.19
0.51
0.22
2.98
0.22
0.10
2.47
0.14
0.06
1.89
0.07
0.03
1250
2.78
51.
870.
060.
038.
142.
260.
985.
240.
780.
343.
730.
340.
153.
090.
210.
092.
370.
110.
0515
003.
342
2.24
0.09
0.04
1.82
0.05
0.02
9.77
3.17
1.37
6.29
1.09
0.47
4.47
0.47
0.21
3.71
0.30
0.13
2.84
0.16
0.07
2000
4.45
62.
990.
150.
072.
420.
090.
048.
381.
850.
805.
960.
810.
354.
940.
510.
223.
780.
270.
1225
005.
570
3.74
0.23
0.10
3.03
0.14
0.06
2.10
0.06
0.02
10.4
82.
801.
217.
451.
220.
536.
180.
770.
344.
730.
400.
1730
006.
684
4.49
0.32
0.14
3.63
0.19
0.08
2.52
0.08
0.03
8.94
1.71
0.74
7.42
1.08
0.47
5.68
0.57
0.25
3500
7.79
85.
230.
430.
184.
240.
250.
112.
940.
100.
0510
.43
2.27
0.98
8.65
1.44
0.62
6.62
0.75
0.33
4000
8.91
25.
980.
540.
244.
850.
330.
143.
370.
130.
069.
891.
850.
807.
570.
970.
4245
0010
.026
6.73
0.68
0.29
5.45
0.41
0.18
3.79
0.17
0.07
8.52
1.20
0.52
5000
11.1
407.
480.
820.
366.
060.
490.
214.
210.
200.
099.
461.
460.
6355
0012
.254
8.23
0.98
0.43
6.66
0.59
0.25
4.63
0.24
0.10
10.4
11.
740.
7560
0013
.368
8.97
1.15
0.50
7.27
0.69
0.30
5.05
0.28
0.12
6500
14.4
829.
721.
340.
587.
870.
800.
355.
470.
330.
1470
0015
.596
10.4
71.
530.
668.
480.
920.
405.
890.
380.
1675
0016
.710
9.09
1.04
0.45
6.31
0.43
0.19
8000
17.8
249.
691.
180.
516.
730.
480.
2185
0018
.938
10.3
01.
320.
577.
150.
540.
2390
0020
.052
7.57
0.60
0.26
9500
21.1
667.
990.
670.
2910
000
22.2
808.
410.
730.
32
GPM
cu ft/sec
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
Velocity
(ft/s)
Friction Head Loss
(ft water/100ft)
Friction Pressure
(psi/100ft)
3/4
"1
"1
1/4
"
1 1
/2"
2"
2 1
/2"
3"
5"
6"
8"
10
"
12
"1
4"
16
"
18
"
20
"
24
"
1/2
"
4"
not
avai
labl
eno
tav
aila
ble
not
avai
labl
eno
tav
aila
ble
CA
UTI
ON
:Fl
ow v
eloc
ity
shou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d 5
fee
t pe
r se
cond
.
20
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROCESS
& D
RAINAGE
PIPIN
G
DESIGN
Friction Loss through Fittings
Friction head loss also occurs through fittings. To account forfriction loss through fittings, the friction loss is estimated inequivalent feet of straight pipe that would produce the samefriction loss. Values for friction loss through various fittingsare given in Table 8.
Example 6
In this example, Figure 1 shows a diagram of a simpleprocess cooling water system (P1 - P5). The system consistsof 3" Schedule 80 PVC pipe with a flow rate of 100 US gpm.What is the total system friction loss due to fittings?
Figure 1 Schematic of simple system loop
Step 1: Count the number of fittings by type as you workyour way through the system.
Step 2: Determine the fitting loss by referring to Table 8,Friction Loss through Fittings.
Step 3: Calculate the friction loss per fitting size and type,then sum for the total system loss due to fittings asper the table below.
To calculate the friction loss in psi, refer to Table 5 (CarryingCapacity and Friction Loss for Schedule 80 Pipe) todetermine the friction loss in equivalent pipe for the givenflow rate.
friction loss (psi/100 ft) x total equivalent length of pipe (psi)100
1.29 x 121.7 = 1.57 psi100
Therefore, the total friction loss due to fittings is 121.7 ft ofpipe or 1.57 psi.
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
S
90
90
90
45
45
LEGEND
Tee
90 Elbow
45 Elbowpump
Fitting
Tee
Tee
90
45
Total
Type
Run
Branch
Elbow
Elbow
Size Fittings
(in.) Tee Run Tee Branch 90 Elbow 45 Elbow
1/2 1.0 3.8 1.5 0.8
3/4 1.4 4.9 2.0 1.1
1 1.7 6.0 2.5 1.4
11/4 2.3 7.3 3.8 1.8
11/2 2.7 8.4 4.0 2.1
2 4.0 12.0 5.7 2.6
21/2 4.9 14.7 6.9 3.1
3 6.1 16.4 7.9 4.0
4 7.9 22.0 11.4 5.1
6 12.3 32.7 16.7 8.0
8 14.0 49.0 21.0 10.6
10 17.5 57.0 26.0 13.5
12 20.0 67.0 32.0 15.5
14 25.0 78.0 37.0 18.0
16 27.0 88.0 43.0 20.0
18 32.0 107.0 53.0 23.0
20 35.0 118.0 58.0 25.0
24 42.0 137.0 67.0 30.0
Table 8 Friction Loss through Fittings (Equivalent pipe length in feet)
No.
4
4
3
2
Loss
6.1
16.4
7.9
4.0
Total (ft)
24.4
65.6
23.7
8.0
121.7
3"
21
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROC
ESS
& D
RAIN
AGE
PIPI
NG
DESI
GN
22
Friction Loss through Valves
Pressure drops through valves also contribute to the overallfriction loss of fluid through a piping system. Flow ratecoefficients (Cv) are defined as the flow rate in gallons perminute (gpm) through an open valve resulting in a pressuredrop of 1 psi. Flow rate coefficients are listed in theThermoplastic Valve Manual (Volume 7 in the IPEX IndustrialTechnical Manual series) and can also be calculated usingthe following formula.
f = sg (Q/Cv)2
Where:
f = pressure drop (friction loss) across the valve (psi)
sg = specific gravity (water = 1.0)
Q = flow through the valve (gpm)
Cv = flow rate coefficient
Example 7
In this example, Figure 2 shows a diagram of a simpleprocess cooling water system. The system consists of 3"Schedule 80 PVC pipe with a flow rate of 100 US gpm.What is the total system friction loss through valves?
Figure 2 - Schematic of simple system loop with valves
Step 1: Count the number of valves by type as you workyour way through the system.
Step 2: Determine the flow rate coefficient by valve typeand size by referring to tables in valve specifications(values are given here)
Step 3: Calculate the loss per valve type and then sum forthe total system loss due to valves as per the tablebelow.
Known: Cv = 497 for 3" VK Ball Valve
Cv = 248 for 3" Butterfly Valve
Cv = 0 for TK Three Way Ball Valve
Q = 100 gpm
P5
P4
P3
P2
P1
S
90
90
90
45
45
LEGEND
Tee
90 Elbow
45 Elbow
Butterfly
Butterfly
Butterfly
Butterfly
Butterfly
3 way
3 way
Pistoncheck Ball
Ball
Valve
3 way
Ball
Valve Type
VR Piston Check
VK Ball
FK Butterfly
TK Three Way Ball
Total
No.
1
3
5
3
Loss Total (psi)
0.24
0.12
0.80
0.48
1.64
f = 1 x 100 2206
f = 0.24 psi
( )
f = 1 x 100 2248
f = 0.16 psi
( )
f = 1 x 100 2497
f = 0.04 psi
( )
f = 0.16 psi* similar to 90
elbow
The total friction loss due to valves is 1.64 psi.
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gases including air-over-water boosters.
PROCESS
& D
RAINAGE
PIPIN
G
DESIGN
Example 8
What is the Pressure Rating of 3" Schedule 40 PVC at100F?
Step 1: Determine Maximum Working Pressure for 3"Schedule 40 PVC from Appendix A, Table A14 = 260 psi
Step 2: Determine Correction Factor at 100F for PVC= 0.62
Step 3: Maximum Working Pressure x Correction Factor willgive the pressure rating at the elevated systemtemperature
260 psi x 0.62 = 161.20 psi @ 100F
23
B) Temperature Limitations
Under pressure, for IPEX Schedule 40 and 80 PVC, theaverage system operating temperature ranges from 40F(4C) to 140F (60C). For IPEX Schedule 80 CPVC, theaverage pressure system operating temperature ranges from40F (4C) to 200F (93C). For applications outside theseranges please contact IPEX representatives.
C) Pressure/Temperature Relationship
Thermoplastic material strength is sensitive to temperature.Standard PVC and CPVC pipe pressure ratings are alldetermined at an ambient temperature of 73F (23C).Generally, as the operating temperature falls below the basistemperature of 73F, there is an increase in hoop strengthand a subsequent increase in pressure rating. However, asthe operating temperature rises above the basis temperature,strength decreases. In the former, usually no consideration ismade to the design process and the incremental strength isconsidered part of the safety factor. However, compensationshould be made for operating temperatures above 73F(23C). A temperature correction factor, as shown in Table 9must be applied to reduce the pressure rating.
Note: The temperature correction factors in Table 9 onlyapply to pipe and fittings. For adjustments to valve pressureratings please consult the Thermoplastic Valve Manual(Volume 7 in the IPEX Industrial Technical Manual series) orIPEX representatives.
Table 9 Temperature Correction Factors
Operating Temperature Correction Factors
F C PVC CPVC
73 23 1.00 1.00
80 27 0.88 0.96
90 32 0.75 0.91
100 38 0.62 0.82
110 43 0.50 0.74
120 49 0.40 0.65
130 54 0.30 0.58
140 60 0.22 0.50
150 66 * 0.45
160 71 * 0.40
170 77 * 0.33
180 82 * 0.25
200 93 NR 0.20
212 100 NR *
* Recommended for intermittent drainage onlyNR Not Recommended
CAUTION: Do not use or test the products in this manual with compressed air or other gas