Aeronautical Operational Communication Single Focus Workshop 25 March 2010 Peter Lemme

AeronauticalOperational Communication

Single Focus Workshop25 March 2010

Peter Lemme

Single Focus Workshop 25 March 2010 Operational Communication Peter Lemme 2

Agenda – wrt “aero operational comms”

• What is it?• How has it evolved?• What are its key characteristics?• How is it regulated?• How does a new radio system get approved for it?• Where is it headed (my guess)?


DISCLAIMER• The information presented is believed to be up-to-date

and accurate as it applies to air transport– I make mistakes

• The purpose is educational, and should not be the relied on for any other purpose– This is not a formal consultation

• The presenter is not a current and active participant in many of the regulatory processes described– Changes and mis-understanding are possible

• The presenter has relied on publicly available data– May be ignorant of key system attributes




safety and regularity aeronautical mobile route (R) services aeronautical mobile satellite route (R) services

other purposes aeronautical mobile off-route (OR) services aeronautical mobile satellite off-route (OR) services


Aeronautical Mobile Satellite (Route) Service - AMS(R)SAeronautical Mobile (Route) Service – AM(R)S

• Air Traffic Services– Governing traffic management

• Aeronautical Operational Control– Established between airplane and its operator– Information regarding status of flight– Promoting efficient and timely service


Aeronautical Communication Safety Spectrum

• AM(R)S ONLY2.850 – 22.000 MHz

117.975 – 137.000 MHz

Note 132-137 MHz may be shared with AM(OR)S

• AMS(R)S ONLY1544-1545, 1645.5-1646.5 MHz

• AMS(R)S (SHARED, PRIORITY)1545-1555, 1646.5-1656.5 MHz

1555-1559, 1656.5-1660.5 MHz (US ONLY)


Priority

Route Service Communications are categorized1. Urgent / Distress

2. Flight Safety

3. Meteorological

4. Flight Regularity

• Higher priority communication must get preferred treatment over lower communication

– Concerns over congestion– More demanding performance assurance


Urgent / Distress - ATS

• Generally Voice ONLY– No time to “retry”

• Imminent collision – airspace violation

• Airplane emergency


Flight SafetyATS

• Clearance– Taxi– Departure– ATC– Downstream

• Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)

• Significant weather• Traffic information• Automatic Dependent

Surveillance (ADS)

AOC• Flight plan uplink• Load sheet• Electronic Library• Notice to airmen


Meteorological - AOC

• Weather reports – Textual

• METAR• TAF

– Graphical• Advisory• Strategic• Supplementary to onboard weather radar


Flight RegularityATS

• Flight update– Sequence / slots– Flow management– De-icing

AOC• Flight status• Maintenance• Out-Off-On-In• log book

Cabin, Technical, Flight

• Fuel• Gate and connecting

flight status• Engine reports


How has it evolved?

ATSHF voice

VHF voiceARINC 623 ACARS

Inmarsat VoiceVHF/Inmarsat FANS 1/A

ATNIridium FANS 1/AIridium Voice (?)

AOC HF voice

VHF voiceVHF ACARS

Inmarsat ACARSInmarsat Voice

HF ACARSIridium Voice

Iridium ACARS


Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting SystemACARS - VHF

• Character-based messaging protocol – established in 1978 – aircraft movement messages (OOOI)– Hundreds of message formats and applications

• Legacy VHF 25 kHz channel 2.4 kbps simplex

• ACARS over AVLC (AOA) 25 kHz channel31.5 kbps simplex


Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting SystemACARS (other than VHF)

• Inmarsat Classic (P, R, T): 0.3 – 10.5 kbps duplex

DO-215A, DO-210D, DO-270, ICAO SARPS

• HF Data3 kHz channel

0.3 – 1.8 kbps simplex

DO-265, DO-277


Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting SystemACARS - Emerging

• Iridium SBDup to 15 kbits per message

DO-262

• Iridium RUDICS2.4 kbps duplex circuit

• Inmarsat SBBUp to 432 kbps


Character-Oriented ATS Applicaions

• ARINC 623 ACARS Messages• Departure Clearance

ED-85A

• ATISED-89A

• Oceanic ClearanceED-106A, Shanwick, Gandor

• Terminal Weather Information for Pilots


Future Air Navigation SystemFANS 1/A

• Started in 1983, first certificated in June 1995• ACARS application

Encapsulated bit oriented message Embedded with 32-bit CRCAirways Facilities Notification (AFN)ARINC 622, DO-258A, ED-100ADO-306, ED-122

• Controller-Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC)DO-219

• Automatic Dependant Surveillance (ADS)DO-212


Aeronautical Telecommunications NetworkATN

• Initiative begun in 1980’s– OSI 7 layer architecture

• Connectionless network protocol• Inter-domain routing protocol

– Mobility routing– Accounting– Security

• ARINC 623 and FANS 1/A ACARS ATS applications slowed deployment

FANS 1/A – ATN Interoperability Standard DO-305, ED-154• 2001 operational

– ATN Build 1 DO-280B / ED-110B, DO-290 / ED0129– VDL-Mode 2 DO-281, ED-92A– Inmarsat, HF, Mode S


ATN Applications

• ICAO Doc 9705 defines ATN as applications and internetwork

• CPDLC protected mode (PM)

• ADS

• FIS

• Context Management (CM)

• ICAO Doc 9880 revised standard


ATN over IP

• ICAO Doc 9896 specifies ATN operation over the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS)– Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)– Mobile IP (MIP)– IPsec and IKEv2 security


Broadcast Data Link• Automatic Dependant Surveillance

– Mode S Extended Squitter (ES)DO-260A

• Flight Information Service (FIS)– VDL Mode 2

DO-267A

• Traffic Information Service (TIS)– Advisory ONLY– Mode S ES

DO-286A, DO-260A


AMS(R)S VOICE• Pilot to Controller direct voice capability

– HF Voice usually has intermediate radio operator• Integrated audio controls

– Simultaneous, multi-crew support– Audio panel– Headphone, speaker, microphone, oxygen mask– Cockpit voice recorder

• Integrated control and display– MCDU– EICAS comm messages

• ICAO 24 bit telephone number• ATC short codes

DO-231


International Telecommunication Union - ITU• Created in 1932

– International Telegraph Union– International Radio Telegraph Union

• August 1947, the United Nations recognized the ITU – specialized agency in the field of telecommunications

– other specialized agencies, such as ICAO, would not be barred from any kind of work touching upon aeronautical telecommunications including standardization activities.


International Telecommunication Union - ITU• Agreements made are accorded treaty status

– full mandatory force • without any possibility for variation

– Scope– Substance

• except by agreement at a further conference.

• Treaty requirements are exercised through the Radio Regulations– For the regulation of the radio frequency spectrum,– World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC)

• held every two to three years. 1995 – 1997 – 2000 – 2003 - 2007WRC-12 23 Jan – 17 Feb 2012 Geneva, Switzerland


International Telecommunication Union - ITU

• All aspects of telecommunications – Line– Radio transmission – 9 kHz to 275 GHz– allocated to user services in response to their recognized demands

• Standards– Systems– Technical parameters– Procedures


International Civil Aviation OrganizationICAO

• United Nations specialized agency with recognized competence in matters related to aviation safety

• Under Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, – ICAO is empowered to adopt and amend international SARPs in

all aviation matters including aeronautical communications systems and air navigation aids.

– the highest practicable degree of uniformity is seen as essential to facilitate and improve the safety of air navigation.

• System characteristics are laid down in Annex 10 to the ICAO Convention

• Interoperability of systems on a global basis demands that frequency allocations be available worldwide and, preferably, also exclusive.


ICAO input to ITU• ITU is the recognized international body for the regulation and use

of the radio frequency spectrum for aviation– ITU Radio Regulations– ITU-R Recommendations

• ICAO coordinates the aeronautical input to ITU discussions on radio frequency spectrum matters.

• ICAO participates at meetings of the ITU-R study groupscommon system technical standardsmaximum levels of tolerable interferencemeasures to control and resolve interference incidentsfrequency planning criteriathe preparation of frequency plansdistress and safety procedures.

• ICAO is accorded observer status at relevant ITU WRCs • National regulation by national telecommunication authorities.


ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)

• Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation– Aeronautical Telecommunications

Volume II – Communication ProceduresVolume III – part 1 Digital Data Communication SystemsVolume III – part 2 Voice Communication SystemsVolume V - Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization

• SARPS• Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)• Guidance material on aeronautical communication,

navigation and surveillance systems



Performance Assurance

• Means of compliance may not require precedence or pre-emption– Required Communication Performance (RCP)

• Simultaneous use of a radio for AMS(R)S and non-safety application (administrative or public communication) is permitted as long as performance is compliant and can be assured

Regulate the performance, not the design


RCP

• Priority categorization allows consistency in performance assurance and thus predictable safety margin– As applied to tandem communications

networks

• Suitability is based on the message– Some messages have RCP beyond what a

given radio service can provide




RCP 400 AMS(R)S Voice


AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)

• Preferred voice and packet data

• Preferred multi-channel

• ITU frequency allocated for AMS(R)S

• Electro-Magnetic Compatible with other airplane equipment to support safety and regularity


AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)(continued)

• Communication transmitted in priority order– No delay from lower priority communication– Voice is higher priority than data

• Loss of comm announced within 30 seconds of detection

• Aircraft maneuvering +20 to -5 deg pitch25 deg roll


AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)(continued)

• Means to prevent message tampering

• Protection against denial-of-service

• Protection against degraded performance or reduced capacity due to external attack

• Means to prevent unauthorized access– Spoofing, phantom controller

• ICAO 24 bit aircraft address


AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)Packet Data Service Performance

• Constituent mobile sub-network of the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN)– May also support non-ATN data functions

• Connection establishment less than 70 seconds


AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)Packet Data Service Performance

• Air to ground transit delay limit (128 octets)– 23 seconds for flight safety– 28 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity

• Ground to air transit delay limit (128 octets)– 12 seconds for flight safety– 28 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity

• Air to ground data transfer (128 octets, 95th percentile)– 40 seconds for flight safety– 60 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity

• Ground to air data transfer (128 octets, 95th percentile)– 15 seconds for flight safety– 30 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity


AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)Voice Performance

• Air to ground call initiation (95th percentile)– 20 seconds to terrestrial network interface

• Ground to air call initiation (95th percentile)– 20 seconds from terrestrial network interface

• 485 msec max latency• Less than 1% of call blockage

– Assuming all lower priority calls dropped– Erlang analysis (network sizing)


ICAO NGSS Acceptability Criteria (1999)(beyond SARPS)

• Provide service on non-discriminatory basis• Commit to six years from initial operational capability for

AMS(R)S– Three years notice to cease service– Existing levels of service maintained while new services can be

added• Service provider, satellite operator, and avionics supplier

active participant in ICAO and RTCA/EUROCAE standards development

• Disclosure of system implementation including failure modes and effects

• Declared, near-global coverage


RTCA, Inc.

• Not-for-profit corporation

• FAA federal advisory committee

• Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS)

• Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS)

• Guidance Documents


EUROCAE• Recognized by:

– European Commission• Prepare European “norms”

– European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)• Technical documents regarding aviation safety

ETSO

– FAA• Collaborator with RTCA, SAE, ARINC in developing aviation

standards

– ICAO• Participant in study and standardization groups



Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)Meteorological (MET)

• RTCA SC-206 / EUROCAE WG-76DO-308

• Performance based communication requirement - RCP• Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)• AIS

– Nav data– Charts– Instrument procedure– Terrain and obstacle data

• MET– Immediate, near-term, planning decision making

• Flight safety and advisory data


Standards for Air Traffic Data Communication Services

• RTCA SC-214 / EUROCAE WG 78– NextGen (US)– Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR)

• CPDLC• ADS-C• Safety and Performance Standard for Advanced ATS

Data CommunicationDO-290

• Interoperability Standard for Data Communication– Via ATN– Via ARINC 623– Via a mix of ATN and FANS 1/A– Via IP


Inmarsat AMS(R)S• RTCA SC-222• As applicable to DO-210D, DO-262A, DO-

270A– Harmonize with update ICAO AMS(R)S

SARPS adopted Feb 2007– Harmonize with the FCC sanctioned

agreement between Inmarsat and MSV– Add provision for AMS(R)S using Swift

Broadband


AMS(R)S Next Generation Satellite Services and Equipment

• RTCA SC-215 (dormant)

• MOPS for Avionics that support Next-Generation Satellite Systems (NGSS)

DO-262A and Iridium normative appendix

• MASPS for the AMS(R)S as Used in Aeronautical Data Links

DO-270 Iridium System Specific Attachment


Informal South Pacific ATS Co-ordinating Group (ISPACG) FANS Interoperability Team

• Report from FAA Performance-based Operations Aviation Rulemaking committee (PARC) evaluation of FANS 1/A ACARS messaging using Iridium SBD (FOI)– RCP 240 for comm (30/30 separation)– Surveillance type 180– Testing underway, perfomance comparable to

Inmarsat– Iridium SBD 5.2 upgrade should improve performance

(April 2010)


Dispatch Relief

• Dual HF voice is mandated– SatCom Voice for one HF channel

• Pilot to radio operator• RCP 400


FAA AC120-70A Operational Authorization for use of Data Link Communication System

• Design approval (AC 20-140)• Part 121 flightcrew qualification• Training• MMEL / MEL• Differences• Maintenance• Procedures and good practices• Event reporting


FAA AC 20-140 Guidelines for Design Approval of Aircraft Data Communications Systems


New Radio Systems

• Aircell (849-851, 894-895 MHz) FCC commercial Air-Ground Radiotelephone Service

• 802.11– ISM 2.4-2.5 GHz– ISM 5.725-5.875 GHz

• 802.16 (licensed/unlicensed 2 – 66 GHZ)

• Cellular (GSM)


New Satellite Radio Systems• L band

– Inmarsat SBB • capable of AMS(R)S bands• In-process MOPS, MASPS, SARPS

– Iridium • MOPS, MASPS, SARPS adopted• AMSS, secondary• ITU AMS(R)S designation

– unable to confirm per footnote 5.367

• Ku band (secondary AMSS)– Row 44– Panasonic– Viasat Yonder– ARINC Skylink


Where are we headed?next five years – my guess

• Iridium approved for FANS 1/A, ACARS, voice

• Inmarsat SBB AMS(R)S approval• AMS(R)S voice = one HF radio• ATN applications support

– Native Inmarsat classic, to be confirmed SBB– Iridium ATN support over IP

• Other public IP networks near-term Route designation not likely– Supplementary service

• Can’t ignore technology if it truly can benefit• Can’t ignore safety and approving regulatory basis

– No dispatch relief