Afield guide to the Cretaceous and Cenozoic fossil decapod ...redciencia.cu/geobiblio/paper/2010_Donovan_Cretaceous and Cenoz… · 651; new 1:50,000 (metric edition) topo-graphic

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Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 46, No. 1, 39-53, 2010Copyright 2010 College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez

Introduction

Of all the Antillean islands, none has a fossil record that is so celebrated and well known as that of Jamaica (Wright and Robinson, 1993), and no other island has yielded fossil decapod crustaceans from such a broad stratigraphic range and from so many localities. Two periods of activ-ity can be recognized during which fossil decapod crustaceans have been collected from Jamaica. In the 1920s, two collectors, Drs D. Woolacott and, principally, Charles T. Trechmann collected specimens from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene which were described by Thomas H. Withers of the British Museum (Natural History). All were published with locality and strati-graphic information, but without locality maps. Since the late 1980s, fieldwork has largely concentrated on the Neogene of the island. The first new paper on Jamaican fos-sil decapods, published over 65 years after the last paper on the subject by Withers, was by Morris (1993), who described spec-imens supplied by the present author, but subsequent descriptions have been made by four principal collectors and their associ-ates, namely Joe Collins, Roger Portell, the late Hal Dixon and Donovan. These were published with grid references and, in later

papers, GPS readings, and inclusion of (or reference to) detailed locality maps.

The purpose of the present communica-tion is to provide a guide to the fossil locali-ties in Jamaica that have produced decapod crustaceans. As such, it will be an essen-tial guide to any collectors without previ-ous experience of the Jamaican rock record and will provide an accessible survey of what is known currently. Locality maps are provided, where possible, for the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene localities of Woolacott and Trechmann as documented by Withers (1922, 1924, 1927), as well as for sites discov-ered more recently; data available for the latter is invariably more precise. Only sites that have yielded indeterminate remains or taxa without adequate site data are not con-sidered herein (for example, Morris, 1993, p. 120, 123). See Donovan et al. (2003) and Collins et al. (2009c) for stratigraphic sur-veys of the Jamaican fossil decapods.

Grid references used herein refer to the 1:50,000 topographic (metric edition) maps, which can be obtained from Edward Stanford Ltd., 12/14 Long Acres, London, WC2E 9LP, England. 1:50,000 geological maps (provisional series) may be obtained from the Geological Survey Depart ment, Hope Gardens, Kingston 6, Jamaica. Of the

A field guide to the Cretaceous and Cenozoic fossil decapod crustacean localities of Jamaica

Stephen K. Donovan *

Department of Geology, Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit – Naturalis, Postbus 9517, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

*Corresponding author; [email protected]

ABSTRACT. — Jamaica has a rich invertebrate fossil record. The principal localities for fossil decapod crusta-ceans are Upper Cretaceous (two sites), Paleocene (one site), Eocene (four sites), Miocene (one site), Pliocene (one site) and Pleistocene (six sites); there are no Oligocene localities. Few taxa and specimens are known from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene, but this is interpreted, in part, as collection failure. Neogene localities have produced much more diverse faunas, but the only site to yield moderately common and diverse carapace remains is Lower Miocene.

KEYWORDS. — Jamaica , Decapoda , fossil crabs , Cretaceous , Cenozoic , stratigraphy.

40 S. K. DONOVAN

many guides to Jamaican geology available, Robinson (1994) provides a reasonably up-to-date account, which can be supplemented by the specialist references referred to herein. For a map of the Cre taceous inliers, see Donovan and Bowen (1989, text- fig. 1 ).

Two general maps of Jamaica are pro-vided, separating geographic data to avoid

confusion. Figure 1 illustrates the distribu-tion of parishes within Jamaica, where par-ishes are analogous to American states or British counties. Figure 2 shows the distribu-tion of decapod-bearing localities within the island and can easily be used in conjunction with Figure 1 . The stratigraphic position of the each locality in Figure 2 is indicated by

Fig . 1. Modern parish map of Jamaica (redrawn after Higman, 1988, fig. 1.2). These parishes are further grouped together as three counties, Middlesex (including the parishes of Manchester, St Ann, Clarendon, St Catherine and St Mary) in the center of the island, Cornwall to the west and Surrey in the east. Coastline stippled.

Fig . 2. Locality map. Outline map of Jamaica with parish boundaries (dashed lines; compare with Fig. 1 ) and decapod crustacean localities ( ). Locality numbers explained in text. Scale and orientation identical to Figure 1 .

41JAMAICAN FOSSIL DECAPOD CRUSTACEAN LOCALITIES

the prefix (see below), for example, Eo1 is Eocene Locality 1.

Materials and Methods

The data used in the present study is, at worst, still reasonably good. The four locali-ties referred to by Withers - two Cretaceous (K1 and K2) and two Eocene (Eo1 and Eo2) - were published with sufficient information to define the general area from which speci-mens were collected ( Fig. 2 ). All are inland exposures, which in Jamaica suggests that road cuts, railroad cuttings, hillsides and river exposures are the most likely sites for collecting. However, all of the speci-mens described by Withers were provided by other collectors; locality maps and mea-sured sections were not published with the descriptions, presumably because they weren’t available. More recent collections (all other localities discussed herein) were made with reference to modern topographic maps and, in some instances, measured sec-tions; global positioning systems (GPS) have been used to confirm some locality data.

Results

Cretaceous – Locality K1

Locality. — “From grey calcareous shale in the bed of the Río Minho a little to the west of Trout Hall, Chapelton, [parish of Clarendon, central] Jamaica. The shale is several feet thick, and one band of it, about 3 feet [c. 0.9 m] in thickness, is crowded with Rudistae [=the extinct rudist bivalves], forming a Rudist-bank. The crab remains were obtained from this bank” (Woolacott in Withers, 1922, p. 535). This part of the Río Minho ( Figs 2 , 3A ) in the Central Inlier is well known for its rich fossil remains, including rudists, scleractinian corals, act-aeonellid gastropods and oysters (Woolacott in Withers, 1922, p. 535-536). Presumably, Woolacott’s site was close to stop 3 of Mitchell (2002).

Horizon. — Guinea Corn Formation, Central Inlier. Upper Cretaceous, upper Campanian(?) to lower Maastrichtian (Robinson, 1994, fig. 6.4; Mitchell 2003, p. 613-614).

Decapod fauna. — Type locality of Carci-neretes woolacotti Withers, 1922; type mater ial

includes both carapaces and chelae. Withers (1924, p. 91) and Morris (1993, p. 120) also recorded this species from the same for-mation at Logie Green, 8 km west of Trout Hall, parish of Clarendon, and in the river valley below Catadupa, parish of St James ( Fig. 3B , west of the railway), presumably close to K2. The imprecision of this locality data would make relocation of these hori-zons difficult, at best.

Fig . 3. Outline maps of principal localities for Upper Cretaceous decapod crustaceans of Jamaica. (A) Area of Locality K1. About 1 km west of the Trout Hall road junction, the main road to Frankfield (B4) permits easy access to the bed of the Río Minho (Mitchell, 2002). (B) Area of Locality K2. Trechmann (1922, fig. 3 ) showed the section on the railway to be Yellow Lime stone Group (Eocene) near Cambridge and Cretaceous towards Catadupa. Key: solid lines = principal roads; trellised lines = disused railways; stippled lines = main rivers. The north arrow and scale bar apply to both maps.

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Cretaceous – Locality K2

Locality. — “. . . shales with Roudaireia , Trigonia , etc., about 40 feet [c. 12 m] below Rudist Limestone; railway line between Cambridge and Catadupa, Great River Valley, [parish of St James,] West Central Jamaica” (Withers, 1927, p. 178) ( Figs 2 , 3B ). Trechmann (1922, fig. 3 ) published a section along this railroad (now disused); see also Trechmann (1927, p. 28-29).

Horizon. — Veniella Shale (Morris, 1993, p. 120), Marchmont Inlier. Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian (Chubb in Zans et al., 1963, p. 13).

Decapod fauna. — Type locality of Creta-coranina trechmanni (Withers, 1927); the unique holotype is a carapace retaining some limb fragments.

Paleocene – Locality Pa1

Locality. — Fellowship, parish of Portland, northeast Jamaica (approximate NGR 071 651; new 1:50,000 (metric edition) topo-graphic sheet 14, ‘Port Antonio’) ( Figs 2 , 4 ). Steep cliffs immediately upstream of the bridge. Body fossils are concentrated in thin shell lags on the soles of turbidite sand-stones and are best seen in fallen slabs. See Donovan et al. (1990, pp. 56-57).

Horizon. — Richmond Formation, ‘Moore Town shales’ of Jiang and Robinson (1987, p. 42-44). Lower Paleocene, Danian (NP1).

Decapod fauna. — Trechmannius circularis Collins and Donovan, 2007. Only known from the holotype, a carapace.

Eocene – Locality Eo1

Locality. — “Spring Mount, [parish of St James,] 6 miles S. E. of Montego Bay, [western] Jamaica” (Withers, 1924, p. 84) ( Figs 2 , 5A ). Trechmann (1923, p. 341) referred to Spring Mount as “The best fos-sil collecting locality I met with is that near Spring Mount on the mountain slope . . .” A measured section identified a “Yellow argil-laceous nodular limestone, numerous fos-sils” that is 40 feet [c. 12 m] in thickness and the only bed to yield crab claws.

Horizon. — “Eocene, Lutetian[?], Yellow Limestone ( Cerithium giganteum and Velates schmiedeliana bed)” (Withers, 1924, p. 84).

Chapelton Formation, Yellow Limestone Group. Upper Lower to lower Middle Eocene (Robinson, 1994, fig. 6.5). The giant cerith referred to by Withers is almost certainly Campanile trevorjacksoni Portell and Donovan, 2008.

Decapod fauna. — Type locality of ‘ Callian-assa ’ trechmanni Withers, 1924, and ‘ Callian-assa ’ subplana Withers, 1924, both known only from chelae. Limb fragments of Xant-hilites ? rathbunae Withers, 1924, and Varuna ? sp. are also known from this site.


Locality. — “Glasgow, [parish of West-moreland,] about 8 miles S. of Lucea, [west-ern] Jamaica” (Withers, 1924, p. 86) ( Figs 2 , 5B ). Trechmann (1923, p. 343) noted crab

Fig . 4. Outline map of the Fellowship area, south of Port Antonio, parish of Portland, showing the position of Locality Pa1 (*) on the banks of the Río Grande (slightly modified after Donovan et al., 1990, fig. 3 ). Look for macrofossils on the soles of sandstone beds in the float, where they are preserved as shell lags. This fauna remains undescribed apart from decapods (Collins and Donovan, 2007) and echinoids (Donovan and Veltkamp, 1992).


claws from a “Yellow nodular argillaceous limestone” of 40 feet [c. 12 m] thickness at the bottom of his measured section. See Donovan (2010).

Horizon. — “Eocene, Lutetian[?], Yellow Limestone ( Cerithium giganteum and Velates schmiedeliana bed)” (Withers, 1924, p. 86). Yellow Limestone Group. Upper Lower to lower Middle Eocene (Robinson, 1994, fig. 6.5). Glasgow is close to the border with the parish of Hanover to the north and the outcrop of the Yellow Limestone Group is in this border region (McFarlane, 1977).

Decapod fauna. — Type locality of ‘ Callian-assa ’ gigantea Withers, 1924, Callinectes jamaicensis Withers, 1924, both preserved as chelae, and carapace material of Xanthilites ? rathbunae Withers, 1924. Hepatiscus bartho-lomaeensis (Rathbun, 1919) is also known from this site (Morris, 1993, p. 122).


Locality. — Pimento Hill, Beecher Town, parish of St Ann (NGR 378 904; 1:50,000 new series (metric edition), sheet 4, “St Ann’s Bay-Ocho Rios”). Although previously mapped as the Miocene Montpelier For-mation (Henry and McFarlane 1978), the echinoid fauna indicates an undoubted Eocene age (Donovan et al., 1989) ( Figs 2 , 6 ). Collecting from the soil and from dry stone walls on the hillside of Pimento Hill was encouraged by the former owner, the late Mr. W. F. Schickler; visitors should seek per-mission to enter the grounds from the pres-ent owner.

Horizon. — Swanswick Formation, White Limestone Group. Upper Middle to lower Upper Eocene (Mitchell, 2004, fig. 8 ); this locality is considered upper Middle Eocene (R. M. Wright in Donovan and Gordon, 1989, p. 53).

Decapod fauna. — “ Callianassa ” sp. of Collins and Donovan (2007) (left fixed finger), and a second, indeterminate and very incom-plete taxon (Morris, 1993, p. 123).

Eocene - Locality Eo4

Locality. — Crab Hill, Port Antonio, parish of Portland, northeastern Jamaica. This is presumed to be the hill above Crab Point,

Fig . 5. (A) Area around Spring Mount, parish of St James (Locality Eo1). This area is mountainous without major rivers, but with minor streams and their valleys. The Chapelton Formation, Yellow Limestone Group, outcrops in the more western third of the map (McFarlane 1977). (B) Area around Glasgow, parish of Westmoreland (Locality Eo2). Chapelton Formation, Yellow Limestone Group, exposed to the north and west of Glasgow (McFarlane, 1977). (C) Area around Port Antonio, parish of Portland (Locality Eo4). Crab Point is marked on the 1:50,000 topographic map; it is presumed that Trechmann’s Crab Hill is above it. Key: solid lines = principal roads; trellised lines = disused railways; coastline stippled. The north arrow and scale bar apply to all maps.

44 S. K. DONOVAN

to the west of the town (approximate NGR 063 705; Jamaica 1:50,000 (metric edi-tion) topographic sheet 14, ‘Port Antonio) ( Figs 2 , 5C ).

Horizon. — McFarlane (1977) showed the limestones in this area to belong to the Gibraltar – Bonny Gate Formation of the White Limestone Group, that is, part of the Mont-pelier Formation as revised by Mitchell (2004, p. 27). Upper Middle or Upper Eocene.

Decapod fauna. — Type locality of Ocalina haldixoni Collins and Donovan, 2007. Only known from the holotype, a carapace.

Oligocene

Remarks. — The Jamaican Oligocene has, surprisingly, failed to yield remains of decapods or, indeed, any fossil crusta-ceans. Surprisingly, because the M.Sc. research of the late Hal Dixon in the early to mid 1990s on the Upper Oligocene

White Limestone Group (ex-Browns Town Formation; Mitchell, 2004) of the area around Browns Town, parish of St Ann, north central Jamaica, yielded fossil remains of many groups hitherto unknown from the Oligocene of the island. This list included ophiuroids, asteroids, a comatulid crinoid, a bryozoan and a sirenian (Dixon et al., 1994, 1999). Decapods are known from broadly similar limestone lithofacies elsewhere in the Antilles, particularly from the Upper Oligocene Antigua Formation of Antigua (Collins and Donovan, 1995, 2002), so their absence in Jamaica is not easily explained.

Miocene

Locality Mi1

Locality. — Informally named Duncans Quarry, about midway between the towns of Duncans and Falmouth, parish of Trelawny,

Fig . 6. Geological map of the Beecher Town area, parish of St Ann (modified after Donovan et al., 1989, fig. 1 ; redrawn after Henry and McFarlane, 1978). The Eocene fossil locality (*) is Eo3. It was incorrectly mapped as Miocene Montpelier Formation; it is undoubtedly Eocene Swanswick Formation, based on several lines of evi-dence (Donovan and Gordon, 1989). There is no rock outcrop per se, but fossils weather out in the soil.


north central Jamaica (approximate NGR 887 020; new 1:50,000 (metric edition) topo-graphic sheet 3, ‘Falmouth-Browns Town’) ( Figs 2 , 7 ). This site is now greatly reduced in area because of encroachment of the main A1 north coast road as part of the Highway 2000 Project. Well preserved body fossils, includ-ing echinoids (Donovan et al., 2005), nau-tiloids (Portell et al., 2004) and carapaces of decapod crustaceans, are best seen in fallen slabs of reefal limestone preserved as slide blocks within deeper water chalks and lime-stones (Portell and Collins, 2004, p. 111).

Horizon. — Montpelier Formation, White Limestone Group (Mitchell, 2004). Lower Miocene.

Decapod fauna. — (After Portell and Collins, 2004; specimens preserved as mol-dic carapaces.) Kromtitis spinulata Portell and Collins, 2004; Dynomene variabilis Portell and Collins, 2004; Duncania jamai-censis Portell and Collins, 2004; Teleophrys acornis Portell and Collins, 2004; Mithrax dono vani Portell and Collins, 2004; Mithrax unguis Portell and Collins, 2004; Daira vul-garis Portell and Collins, 2004; Pseudo-achelous schindleri Portell and Collins, 2004; Lophopano peus corallinus Portell and Collins, 2004; Lophopanopeus toomeyorum Portell and Collins, 2004; Micropanope pulcher-rima Portell and Collins, 2004; Panopeus nanus Portell and Collins, 2004; Trapezia prisca Portell and Collins, 2004; Actaeops frontalis Portell and Collins, 2004; Chlorodiella

occidentalis Portell and Collins, 2004; Lepto-dius granulatus Portell and Collins, 2004.

Pliocene

Locality Pl1

Locality. — On the minor road to the dis-used Bowden Wharf, east side of Port Morant Harbour, parish of St Thomas, southeast Jamaica (Donovan and Pickerill, 1998). The Bowden shell bed is (generally poorly) exposed on the inland side of the road just before the junction with the road to Old Pera, marked by the disused shop on the seaward side (NGR 225 377; new 1:50,000 (metric edition) topographic sheet 19, ‘Morant Bay’) ( Figs 2 , 8 ).

Horizon. — Bowden shell bed, Bowden Formation, Lower Coastal Group (Pickerill et al., 1998). Upper Pliocene.

Decapod fauna. — (After Collins and Portell, 1998; one correction after Collins et al., 2009c; mainly limb fragments.) ‘ Callianassa ’ sp.; Ctenocheles sp.; Petrochirus sp. cf. bahamensis (Herbst, 1791); Paguristes sp.; Calappa sp. aff. C. springeri Rathbun, 1931; Hepatus sp.; Persephona sp. aff. P. punc-tata punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); aff. Hyas sp.; Mithrax sp.; Pitho sp.; aff. Chlorilia sp.; aff. Rochinia sp.; Platylambrus sp.; Mesorhoea aff. sexspinosa Stimpson, 1871; aff. Cancer sp.; Callinectes aff. sapidus Rathbun, 1896; aff. Ovalipes sp.; Portunus sp.; Tetraxanthus sp.; Eurytium aff. limosum (Say, 1818); Eriphia

Fig . 7. Outline map of the Duncans to Falmouth area, parish of Trelawny, coast of north central Jamaica (after Donovan, 1995, fig. 1.2). Key: filled circle = Miocene chalk quarry (Locality Mi1); coast stippled; solid lines = main roads. Access is easy from the main north coast road. Collect from allochthonous boulders of coral-rich rock.

46 S. K. DONOVAN

sp.; Eurypanopeus sp.; Micropanope sp. aff. M. nuttingi (Rathbun, 1898); Micropanope sp. aff. M. spinipes A. Milne-Edwards, 1880; Neopanope sp.; Panopeus sp. aff. P. herbstii H. Milne Edwards, 1834; Pilumnus sp. aff. P. pannosus Rathbun, 1896; Pilumnus sp. aff. P. spinossimus Rathbun, 1898.

Remarks. — The fauna consists almost entirely of dactyli and fixed fingers, hence all taxa are imperfectly known and left in open nomenclature. This locality has also yielded one stomatopod and three species of barnacle (Collins and Portell, 1998).

The coeval Hopegate Formation, a well lithified raised reef exposed near the coast in north central Jamaica, has yielded a deca-pod fauna that is awaiting description by R. W. Portell (Collins et al., 2009c).

Pleistocene

Locality Qu1

Locality. — The holotype of Euphylax fortis-pinosus Collins et al., 2001, came from the top 2 m of unit 0 of Donovan et al. (1994, fig. 2 ) (NGR 601 766; new 1:50,000 (metric edition) topographic sheet 19, ‘Morant Bay’) ( Figs 2 , 8 ). This forms part of the coastal exposure to the north of the track down to the beach.

Horizon. — Old Pera beds, Manchioneal Formation, Upper Coastal Group (Robinson, 1967). Lower Pleistocene. The Old Pera beds are a siliciclastic unit deposited under storm conditions.

Decapod fauna. — Euphylax fortispinosus Collins et al., 2001. Only known from

Fig . 8. Simplified geological map of the eastern coast of Port Morant Harbour, parish of St Thomas, southeast Jamaica (modified after Donovan and Pickerill, 1998, fig. 1 ). Key to localities: Pl1 = Bowden shell bed; Qu1 = Old Pera beds; Qu3 = Port Morant Formation. Locality Pl1, located shortly before the road junction, tends to be over-grown, but highly fossiliferous cobbles at the roadside will indicate the correct position; collect by bulk sampling. For Qu1, take the track to the coast and turn northwards, collecting from the cliff face. Qu3 is a rapidly eroding site and specimens can be collected by hand or with the aid of a small chisel or knife.


the holotype, a half carapace preserving attached appendages.

Locality Qu2

Locality. — East side of Rio Bueno Harbour, parish of St Ann (NGR 023 023; new 1:50,000 (metric edition) topographic sheet 3, ‘Falmouth-Browns Town’) ( Figs 2 , 9 ). This site exposes a friable raised reef lithofacies that is easily collected by bulk sampling and rests unconformably on the well lith-ified Hopegate Formation.

Horizon. — Falmouth Formation, Upper Coastal Group (Donovan and Gordon, 1989). Upper Pleistocene.

Decapod fauna. — (After Morris, 1993; che-lae and rare carapaces.) ‘ Callianassa ’ sp.; Petrochirus sp.; Petrolisthes sp.; Albunea sp.; Calappa sp. cf. C. gallus (Herbst, 1803); Uhlias sp. cf. U. limbatus Stimpson, 1871; Mithraculus sp. cf. M. forceps A. Milne-Edwards, 1875; Mithrax sp. cf. M. carib-baeus Rathbun, 1920; Mithrax spinosissimus Lamarck, 1818; Pachygrapsus sp.; Uca sp.; Eurypanopeus abbreviatus (Stimpson, 1860); Micropanope sp. cf. M. polita Rathbun, 1893; Micropanope sp. cf. M. spinipes A. Milne-Edwards, 1880; Panopeus herbstii H. Milne Edwards, 1834; Phymodius sp. cf. P. macula-tus (Stimpson, 1860).

Remarks. — The fauna consists mainly of dactyli and fixed fingers, hence most taxa are

imperfectly known and left in open nomen-clature. Attempts to find a fauna of special-ized coral-inhabiting species in the raised reef of the Pleistocene Falmouth Formation at east Río Bueno Harbour have been unsuc-cessful (Donovan and Collins, 1997).

Locality Qu3

Locality. — Southeast side of Port Morant Harbour, south of Old Pera, parish of St Thomas, southeast Jamaica (NGR 221 354 to 222 354; new 1:50,000 (metric edi-tion) topographic sheet 19, ‘Morant Bay’) ( Figs 2 , 8 ). Fossil crustaceans (decapods and barnacles) are found in pebble con-glomerates and shell-rich horizons in unit 10 of Donovan et al. (1994, fig. 2 ).

Horizon. — Port Morant Formation, Upper Coastal Group. Upper Pleistocene. Mitchell et al. (2000) obtained electron spin reso-nance measurements from corals in the Port Morant Formation at this site that indi-cate deposition was during latest Oxygen Isotope Stage 6 to, probably, earliest Oxygen Isotope Stage 5e, that is, last interglacial.

Decapod fauna. — (After Collins et al., 1997; Collins and Donovan, 1998; chelae and rare carapaces.) Neocallichirus peraensis Collins et al., 1997; Glypturus acanthochirus Stimpson, 1866; Petrochirus bahamensis (Herbst, 1791); Raninoides louisianensis Rathbun, 1933; Calappa springeri Rathbun, 1931; Hepatus

Fig . 9. Locality Qu2 in the Upper Pleistocene Falmouth Formation at east Río Bueno Harbour, parish of St Ann, north central Jamaica (slightly modified after Donovan and Gordon, 1989, fig. 1B ). Drive west on the main north coast highway from Discovery Bay. Shortly before the headland on the east side of Río Bueno Harbour, turn right and then keep bearing left. Park at the end of the road which fronts a short row of cottages. Walk through the trees along the cliff top and descend by the path to the beach (Donovan et al., 1995, p. 16). The cliffs are abundantly fos-siliferous; collect by bulk sampling of the poorly lithified interstitial sediment within the coral framework.

48 S. K. DONOVAN

praecox Collins et al., 1997; Persephona punc-tata punctata (Linné, 1758); Mithrax his-pidus (Herbst, 1790); Mithrax verrucosus H. Milne Edwards, 1832; Pitho anisodon (von Martèns, 1872); Callinectes sp. cf. C. toxodes Ordway, 1863; Eurypanopeus sp. cf. E. depres-sus (Smith, 1869); Eurytium sp. cf. E. limo-sum (Say, 1818); Eriphia gonagra xaymacaensis Collins and Donovan, 1998; Hexapanopeus sp. cf. H. caribbaeus (Stimpson, 1871); Nanoplax sp. cf. N. xanthiformis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1880); Panopeus sp. cf. P. herbstii H. Milne Edwards, 1834; Panopeus rugosus A. Milne-Edwards, 1880; Pilumnus sp. cf. P. sayi Rathbun, 1897; Mithrax sp.; Carpilius corallinus Herbst, 1783; Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825.

Locality Qu4

Locality. — Coastal section on the south-west side of Port Morant Bay, parish of St Thomas, southeast Jamaica ( Figs 2 , 10 ), approximately between grid references 588 763 and 587 765, Jamaican 1:50,000 topo-graphic sheet 19 “Morant Bay”, metric (new)

edition. See Collins et al. (2009a) for more detail of individual sites on this coast.

Horizon. — Upper Pleistocene Port Morant Formation (last interglacial), Upper Coastal Group.

Decapod fauna. — (After Collins et al., 2009a; chelae and rare carapaces.) Lepidophthal-musjamaicense ? (Schmitt, 1935); Neocallichirus peraensis Collins et al., 1997; Petrochirus bahamensis (Herbst, 1791); Paguristes sp. cf. P. lymanni A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1893; Hepatus praecox Collins et al., 1997; Persephona sp.; Mithrax acuticornis Stimpson, 1870; Mithrax verrucosus H. Milne Edwards, 1832; Mithraculus forceps A. Milne-Edwards, 1875; aff. Hyas sp.; Portunus vocans (A. Milne-Edwards, 1878); Achelous sebae (H. Milne Edwards 1834); Actaea sp. cf. A. bifrons Rathbun, 1898; Actaea acantha (H. Milne Edwards, 1834); Micropanope sp. aff. M. truncatiformis Rathbun, 1898; Carpilius corallinus Herbst, 1783.

Locality Qu5

Locality. — North side of bay at Christmas River, parish of Portland, eastern Jamaica (NGR 257 565; new 1:50,000 (metric edition) topographic sheet 14, ‘Port Antonio’) ( Figs 2 , 11 ).

Horizon. — Lithified, lateritic fissure fill in Lower Pleistocene limestones (Manchioneal Formation). Probably less than 100,000 years old by comparison with similar deposits (MacPhee et al., 1989).

Decapod fauna. — Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 (see Donovan and Dixon, 1998), moveable finger of the left claw.

Locality Qu6

Locality. — The Red Hills Road Cave is exposed on the south side of the Red Hills Road, parish of St Andrew, Jamaica, about 3.3 km west from the lookout between mile-posts 9 and 10 ( Figs 2 , 12 ) (NGR 643 573; new 1:50,000 (metric edition) topographic sheet 13, ‘The Blue Mountains’). The cave is flask-shaped and exposed in vertical section, with a narrow opening at the apex (figured by Donovan et al. 1995, fig. 7 ). It was presum-ably exposed when the road was built.

Horizon. — The cave was dissolved into mid Cenozoic limestones of the White

Fig . 10. Sample sites (Locality Qu4) on the western coastline of Port Morant Harbour, parish of St Thomas, southeast Jamaica (redrawn after Collins et al., 2009a, fig. 1 ). The main south coast road (A4) is indicated and the track leading to the sample sites is shown as a dashed line. Coastline stippled. Specimens can be col-lected by using a hammer and small chisel.


Fig . 11. Outline map of the area around Manchioneal, parish of Portland, eastern Jamaica (modified after Donovan, 1995, fig. 1.1). For simplicity, the only water-course shown is the Christmas River (CR), other lines indicating principal roads. Key: · = Locality Qu5, exposed on the north side of Christmas River Bay. It is a fissure fill near beach level, whose red terra rosa con-trasts with the enclosing white Pleistocene limestone of the Manchioneal Formation.

Limestone Group, and is partially infilled with dripstones, fallen limestone boulders and siliciclastic sediment. The latter was probably derived from the terra rossa soils

that are prevalent in this area. The age of this deposit is about 30,000 years old (McFarlane and Blake, 2005; Paul and Donovan, 2006, p. 110).

Decapod fauna. — Sesarma sp. cf. S. primige-nium Collins, Mitchell and Donovan, 2009b, free fingers only. The type locality of S. prim-igenium at the Western Cement Company, near Maggoty, parish of St Elizabeth (Collins et al., 2009b, figs 1 , 2 ), has been quar-ried away. Other arthropods known from Locality Qu6 include millipedes (Donovan and Veltkamp, 1994), isopods, ostracodes and pupae of dipterans(?).

Discussion

The locality data presented herein will enable the visitor to Jamaica to find, at the least, the general area of all of the major deca-pod crustacean localities on the island, and to access the principal references concerning their systematics and stratigraphy. Certain patterns of distribution are discernable, sup-ported by evidence gained by over 180 years of paleontological endeavor on the island.

Diversity appears greatest at certain of the Neogene sites. The rarity of decapods from Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene sites may be real, but in at least some instances it has been compounded by collection failure. At the two Paleogene localities collected

Fig . 12. Position of the Upper Pleistocene Red Hills Road Cave (*) (Locality Qu6), on the south side of the Red Hills road near Diamond, parish of St Andrew, near Kingston, Jamaica (modified after Donovan and Gordon, 1989, fig. 1A ). This site is not obvious from a car window and it is best discovered on foot (see Donovan et al., 1995, fig. 7 ). The cave was largely quarried away during road construction and resembles a section through a beer bottle. Collect by bulk sampling.

50 S. K. DONOVAN

by the author (Pa1, Eo3), decapods were certainly rare. Beecher Town (Eo3) yielded many hundreds of articulated echinoid tests over a period of about ten years, whereas only rare decapod limb fragments were rec-ognized (Collins and Donovan, 2007). At Fellowship (Pa1), both echinoids (as disar-ticulated plates; Donovan and Veltkamp, 1992) and decapods (one carapace) were rare, preserved on the bases of sandstones as transported shell lags. Experience sug-gests that the Cretaceous (K1, K2) and the other White Limestone Group (Eo4) locali-ties will yield only rare specimens. Probably the best Paleogene unit for prospecting are the more shallow water, open marine for-mations of the Yellow Limestone Group (such as, but not exclusively, Eo1 and Eo2). The Yellow Limestone Group can be highly fossiliferous and fossils are easy to collect from many localities. It is speculated that Trechmann, an expert on benthic molluscs, would have concentrated on his own col-lecting at Glasgow (Eo2) and Spring Mount (Eo1), and the other fossils that he subse-quently sent to specialists for description, including the decapods, may only represent the most obvious taxa.

Unlike any Cretaceous or Paleogene site so far discovered, some of the richer Neogene localities permit collection using micropal-eontological techniques of bulk sampling in the field, and washing through nests of sieves and picking of residues in the labora-tory. This is particularly true of the Bowden shell bed (Pl1) and the Falmouth Formation at east Río Bueno (Qu2). Although the two localities in the Port Morant Formation on either side of Port Morant Harbour (Qu3, Qu4) are not particularly conducive to bulk sampling, these rocks are being actively eroded and ample specimens are commonly exposed for the observant collector.

Probably of greatest interest to collectors is Duncans quarry (Mi1), being the only site to yield (relatively) common and diverse mol-dic carapace material (Portell and Collins, 2004). These have only been collected from one lithofacies, the allochthonous blocks of reef-derived corals, and the fauna includes coral specialists. Unfortunately, this is the one site to have recently been altered by adjacent major road works.

Acknowledgments. — Joe S. H. Collins (The Natural History Museum, London) and Roger W. Portell (Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville) are thanked for their perceptive comments on an earlier incarnation of this paper. The constructive remarks of two reviewers, Gérard Breton (Le Havre, France) and Professor Rodney M. Feldmann (Kent State University, Ohio), are gratefully acknowledged.

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