African-AmericansDuring theGilded Age

Constitutional Amendments After the Civil War

13th – Prohibits Slavery 14th – Grants citizenship & “equal

protection under the law” to all citizens 15th – Grants all men the right to vote

The problem was that these provisions of the Constitution were

NOT ENFORCED

I. Political Treatment

Literacy TestsPoll Taxes

Grandfather ClausesIntimidation & Violence

Examples

Literacy TestsPoll Taxes

Grandfather ClausesIntimidation & Violence

All these limit political participation of blacks

Examples

II. Economic Treatment

Sharecropping

Domestic & Manual Jobs

III. Social Treatment

“Jim Crow” LawsBecome the norm

Lynchings

IV. Reformers in ConflictBooker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois

Tuskegee Institute

Niagara Movement

&

NAACP