African Civil Wars in 1990sAfrican Civil Wars in 1990s

Sierra Leone as an exampleSierra Leone as an example

Timeline of key events: Before Timeline of key events: Before British colonizationBritish colonization

14621462-Sierra Leone got its name -Sierra Leone got its name when a Portuguese explorer sailed when a Portuguese explorer sailed down the coast of West Africa. down the coast of West Africa.

17871787 - British abolitionists and - British abolitionists and philanthropists establish a philanthropists establish a settlement in Freetown for settlement in Freetown for repatriated and rescued slaves. repatriated and rescued slaves.

1792-18081792-1808 - Freetown settlement - Freetown settlement becomes crown colony. becomes crown colony.

Timeline of key events: British Timeline of key events: British Colonization (1808-1961)Colonization (1808-1961)

18961896 - Britain sets up a protectorate over - Britain sets up a protectorate over the Freetown hinterland. the Freetown hinterland.

1898- 1898- Hut Tax WarHut Tax War 19511951-The first election, SLPP won . -The first election, SLPP won . 19541954 - Sir Milton Margai, leader of the - Sir Milton Margai, leader of the

Sierra Leone People's Party, appointed chief Sierra Leone People's Party, appointed chief minister. minister.

19601960- Sir Milton Margai led the Sierra Leone - Sir Milton Margai led the Sierra Leone delegation at the constitutional conferences delegation at the constitutional conferences that were held with British Colonial that were held with British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod in London. Secretary Iain Macleod in London.

Ethnic problems during British Ethnic problems during British colonizationcolonization

Creoles: Free slaves Creoles: Free slaves from many places from many places who were educated who were educated by British missionsby British missions

Indigenous: 18 ethnic Indigenous: 18 ethnic groups, eg. Mendes groups, eg. Mendes (South and East) (South and East) Temnes (North)Temnes (North)

British SubjectsBritish Subjects British Protected British Protected personspersons

ChristianChristian MuslimMuslim

Privileged to pariah Privileged to pariah groupgroup

Mendes-SLPPMendes-SLPP

Temne-APCTemne-APC

Timeline of key events: Post- Timeline of key events: Post- Independence (1961-1991)-1Independence (1961-1991)-1

19611961 - Sierra Leone becomes - Sierra Leone becomes independent. independent.

19671967 - Military coup - Military coup ––SergeantSergeant’’s revolt--s revolt--deposes Premier Siaka Stevens' deposes Premier Siaka Stevens' government. government.

19681968 - Siaka Stevens returns to power at - Siaka Stevens returns to power at the head of a civilian government the head of a civilian government following another military coup. following another military coup.

19711971 - Sierra Leone declared a republic, - Sierra Leone declared a republic, Stevens becomes executive president. Stevens becomes executive president.

Timeline of key events: Post- Timeline of key events: Post- Independence (1961-1991)-2Independence (1961-1991)-2

19781978 - New constitution proclaims - New constitution proclaims Sierra Leone a one-party state with Sierra Leone a one-party state with the A P C as the sole legal party. the A P C as the sole legal party. 1978-1985 patron-client politics1978-1985 patron-client politics

19851985 - Major-General Joseph Saidu - Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh becomes president following Momoh becomes president following Stevens's retirement. Stevens's retirement.

19871987 - Momoh declares state of - Momoh declares state of economic emergency.economic emergency.

Timeline of key events: Coups Timeline of key events: Coups and Civil War (1991-2001) -1and Civil War (1991-2001) -1

19911991 - Start of civil war. Former army - Start of civil war. Former army corporal Foday Sankoh and his corporal Foday Sankoh and his Revolutionary United Front (RUF) begin Revolutionary United Front (RUF) begin campaign against President Momoh, campaign against President Momoh, capturing towns on border with Liberia.capturing towns on border with Liberia.

19921992 - President Joseph Momoh ousted - President Joseph Momoh ousted in military coup led by Captain Valentine in military coup led by Captain Valentine Strasser. Under international pressure, Strasser. Under international pressure, Strasser announces plans for the first Strasser announces plans for the first multi-party elections since 1967. multi-party elections since 1967.

Timeline of key events: Coups Timeline of key events: Coups and Civil War (1991-2001)-2and Civil War (1991-2001)-2

19961996 - Ahmad Tejan Kabbah elected - Ahmad Tejan Kabbah elected president in February, signs peace accord president in February, signs peace accord with Sankoh's rebels in November. with Sankoh's rebels in November.

19971997 - Peace deal unravels. President - Peace deal unravels. President Kabbah deposed by army in May. Kabbah Kabbah deposed by army in May. Kabbah flees to Guinea to mobilize international flees to Guinea to mobilize international support. support.

20012001 May - Disarmament of rebels begins, May - Disarmament of rebels begins, and British-trained Sierra Leone army and British-trained Sierra Leone army starts deploying in rebel-held areas. starts deploying in rebel-held areas.

International InterventionInternational Intervention UN projectsUN projects

UNOMSILUNOMSIL (1998-1999)- monitor the military (1998-1999)- monitor the military and security situation in Sierra Leone, as well as and security situation in Sierra Leone, as well as the disarmament and demobilization of former the disarmament and demobilization of former combatants. combatants.

UNHCHR-Humanitarian helpUNHCHR-Humanitarian help FAO and UNWFP-Food aid that meet emergency FAO and UNWFP-Food aid that meet emergency

needs needs and support economic & social development and support economic & social development

ECOMOG & NigeriaECOMOG & Nigeria LiberiaLiberia——Charles TaylorCharles Taylor MercenaryMercenary

Sandline (UK)Sandline (UK)——supplies "logistical support", supplies "logistical support", including rifles and intelligence, to Kabbah including rifles and intelligence, to Kabbah allies. allies.

Executive OutcomesExecutive Outcomes——(SA) hired by Strasser to (SA) hired by Strasser to repel the RUF and reconquer rutile mines repel the RUF and reconquer rutile mines

ReferencesReferences

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1065898.stm

http://www.sierra-leone.org/ http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/un

omsil/Unomsil.htm 嚴震生，「九○年代獅子山的衝突及內戰：國內嚴震生，「九○年代獅子山的衝突及內戰：國內因素及國際介入」，因素及國際介入」，問題與研究問題與研究（台北），第三（台北），第三十八卷第十二期（十八卷第十二期（ 1999-121999-12），頁），頁   29-5329-53。。