African Civilizations

• Early African civilizations (the Nok and the Khoi/San)• The Yoruba Kingdoms of Ife and Benin

• The Niger River Civilizations (Ghana, Mali and Songhay Empires)

• The Kingdom of Aksum

• Great Kingdom of Zimbabwe

The Sahel

The Niger River Basin

Among earliest and most accomplished African cultures lived along the Niger: the Nok, the proto-Bantu peoples, Ghana, Mali and Songhay Empires

The Nok

• The Nok culture appeared in Nigeria around 1000 BCE and vanished around 200CE. It was among the earliest advanced African cultures

• Iron use appears in Nok

culture in Africa by 500 BCE

The Nok

• The Nok were the earliest sub-Saharan producer of life-sized terracotta figures

• Based on similarities it is supposed that the society eventually evolved into the later Yoruba community at Ife

Yoruba Kingdoms of Ife and Benin

• Ancient Yoruba city in south-western Nigeria Evidence of urbanization at the site has been discovered to date back to roughly 500 AD

Yoruba Kingdoms of Ife and Benin

• Between 700 and 900 CE. The Yoruban city of Ife began to develop

• It was a major artistic center known for its ancient and naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta sculptures. Peak of artistic expression between 1200 and 1400 CE

• Political and economic power shifted to the nearby kingdom of Benin which developed into a major empire

Ife Sculpture

Ife Sculpture

The Kingdom of Benin

• The Benin kingdom was founded by the son of an Ife king in the 13th century CE

• The kingdom reached its maximum size and artistic splendor in the 15th and 16th centuries

Bronze and Brass Sculpture of Benin

Proto-Bantu Migrations

Khoikhoi and San Cultures (Khoisan)

• The San, the people of southern Africa, spanned much of southern Africa and Kalahari

• Also referred to as Beswara, Kung, Khwe (or pejoratively Bushmen). These people were traditionally hunter-gatherers

• They are related to the traditionally pastoral Khoikhoi (Hottentots)

Empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay

• From A.D. 700 to 1600 the ancient empires of Ghana (700-1100), Mali (800-1550) and Songhay (1300-1600) controlled areas of West Africa in the Niger River Basin

Djenne and Djenne-Djeno

• Djenné-Djeno was first settled around 250 BCE and developed into a large walled urban complex by 850 CE. Djenné became a center of trade and learning

• Djenne and its sister city Timbuktu were later important destinations for merchants throughout the period

Ghana Empire (Wagadou) 700-1100CE

• With the introduction of the camel, extensive gold, ivory, and salt resources were sent to North Africa, the Middle East and Europe in exchange for manufactured goods

• Ghana grew rich from the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt

• Large urban centers developed. Expansion to gain control over trade routes increased

Mali Empire

• At its peak, the Empire incorporated an estimated 40 million people

• The acceptance of Islam by Ghana, Mali and Songhay encouraged trade throughout North Africa. It also instituted more cosmopolitan social structures, universities, and centralized state systems and military forces

• The imperial powers were located in active commercial centers like Djenne, Timbuktu and Gao

Timbuktu

• Djenne and its sister city Timbuktu were important destinations for merchants throughout the period

• Gao, Djenne and Timbuktu boasted large mosques built of specially prepared mixtures of mud

• Timbuktu became the intellectual and spiritual capital of Islam throughout Africa under Mansa Musa and had one of the first universities in the world, the University of Sankore

Mali Empire

• Oral histories included poems, songs, and accounts of past events. Oral historians, known as griots, recorded the peoples' and courts' histories

• The epic poem Sundiata chronicles the life of Sundiata Keita (ca. 1210-1260), the son of the king who defeated the Ghana king Sumanguru and founded the empire of Mali

• Sundiata

Mali Empire

• At its peak (1200-1300), the Mali Empire covered parts of present-day Mali, southern and western Mauritania and Senegal

• Written accounts of Mali were recorded by Arab travelers and scholars. The most famous travelogue is Rihlah by African-born Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)

Mali Empire

• The wealth of the Empire is illustrated by emperor Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. His entourage included thousands of soldiers and officials, 100 camels each carrying 300 pounds of gold, & over 500 maids and slaves

Songhai Empire

• The Songhai Empire, became independent and expanded under Sunni Ali. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest and most impressive African empires in history. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small Songhai state had existed since the 11th century

Great Zimbabwe

• Located between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers

• German explorer Karl Mauch found the remains of a powerful and prosperous civilization in 1871

• Estimates are that Great Zimbabwe had as many as 25,000 inhabitants. The ruins span 1,800 acres and cover a radius of over 100 miles

• German Mauch and others failed to credit Africans

Great Zimbabwe

• The word Zimbabwe literally means "stone dwelling" in the Shona language

• Construction began in the 11th century and continued for over 300 years and are some of the oldest and largest structures located in Southern Africa

• The city wall (Great Enclosure) is built of cement and stone 38 feet high and 820 feet long

Great Zimbabwe

• Evidence suggests that Great Zimbabwe also became a center for trade, with artifacts indicating that the city was part of a trade network extending as far as China. Chinese pottery shards, coins from Arabia, glass beads and other non-local items have been excavated

Kingdom of Aksum

• Axum or Aksum a city in northern Ethiopia which was the original capital of the kingdom of Aksum. A naval and trading power that ruled the region from 400 BC into the 10th century. The kingdom was also identified as Abyssinia and Ethiopia in medieval writings