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TJNDP/RAF/88/001 A TTIJ Jf^\ Terminal Report AM? J V ± \ ^ / \
African Network of Microbiological Resources Centres (MIRCENs) in Biofertilizer Production and Use
Project Findings and Recommendations
Serial N o . FMR/SC/LS/94/201 (UNDP)
United Nations Educational, United Nations Scientific and Development Cultural Organization Programme
Paris, 1994
A F R I C A
AFRICAN N E T W O R K OF M I C R O BIOLOGICAL R E S O U R C E S CENTRES (MIRCENs) IN BIOFERTILIZER PRODUCTION A N D USE
Project Findings and Recommendations
Report prepared for the Governments of Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, M a d a g a s c a r , M a l a w i , Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) acting as Executing Agency for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations Development Programme
UNDP/RAF/88/001 Terminal Report FMR/SC/LS/94/201 (UNDP) 3 January 1994
(c) UNESCO 1994
Printed in France
(i)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS
SUMMARY
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS A N D IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS
Development Problems Immediate Problems Approach and Logic of Approach Chosen Situation of Problems at the End of the Project
III. OUTPUTS PRODUCED A N D PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
Results Obtained Relevance and Efficiency of the Project Results of the Project accomplishment on its environment
IV. OBJECTIVES A C H I E V E D O R LIKELY T O BE A C H I E V E D
V. FINDINGS A N D LESSONS LEARNT
Operational Aspects Evaluation Scientific Information and its Diffusion
VI. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S A N D CONCLUSIONS
(M)
ANNEXES
A. UNESCO Consultants 13
B. Fellowships and Study Grants 14
C. Equipment 15
1. Immediate Objective 1 16 1. MIRCEN Resources Centre at the Department of Soil, Science
and Botany, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya 16
2. Microbial Resources centre at the Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de l'Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Bambey, Senegal 20
Table 1. Technical Visits highlighting emergence of African expertise as teachers and experts 28
Table 2. Improved Production and Distribution of Inoculants 29 Table 3. Linkages: Inoculant Production and Use 30 Appendix 1. Kenya Country Report 31 Appendix 2. Uganda Country Report 33 Appendix 3. Zambia Country Report 35 Appendix 4. Zimbabwe Country Report 37
2. Immediate Objective 2 39
3. Immediate Objective 3 48
4. Immediate Objective 4 54 Table 1. Research Activities 61
5. Immediate Objective 5 65
6. BIOFIX 73
7 Mak-Bio-N-Fixer 74
8. Biotechnology Manuals 75
(¡ii)
Acronyms
AABNF ABN AMCEN ASM ATAS BAC BNF CASTAFRICA
CGIAR CIAT CIMMYT CIP DANIDA FAO IBPGR ICARDA ICIPE ICRISAT ICRO ICSU IDRC IFS UTA ILRAD IPF IRRI IUMS MIRCEN OAU PRAER PUST SPAA UNCED UNDP UNEP UNESCO UNPAAERD USAID WFCC
African Association for Biological Nitrogen-Fixation
African Biosciences Network
African Ministerial Conference of the Environment
American Society for Microbiology
Advanced Technology Assessment System
Biotechnology Action Council
Biological Nitrogen-Fixation
Conference of Ministers Responsible for the Application of
Science and Technology to Development in Africa
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo
Centro Internacional de la Papa
Danish International Development Agency
Food and Agriculture Organization
International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas
International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
International Cell Research Organization
International Council of Scientific Unions
International Development Research Centre
International Foundation for Science
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases
Indicative Planning Figure
International Rice Research Institute
International Union of Microbiological Societies
African Network of Microbiological Resources Centres
Organization of African Unity
Priority Programme for African Economic Recovery
Pan African Union for Science and Technology
Special Programme of Assistance to Africa
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
. U/iited Nations Development Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations Programme of Action for African Economic
Recovery, and Development
United States Agency for International Development
World Federation for Culture Collections
(iv)
SUMMARY
Total UNDP Contribution: $ 350,529
a) Objectives (intended and achieved)
The objectives of the project (intended and achieved) were:
i) To provide a forum for scientific co-operation amongst African
scientists and to provide for their interaction with the mainstream
activities in the international scientific biotechnological communi ty .
ii) The project has contributed significantly to capacity building for
microbiological research for food production and soil fertility at the
farm and academic levels. Moreover there is a greater appreciation
and recognition of the work of African microbiologists in self-reliant
development.
b) Outputs sought and produced
The project outputs as a result of joint U N D P / U N E S C O investment in the
African biotechnological scientific communi ty are reflected in:
i) The translation of basic laboratory research findings into low-cost
high quality rural market products geared to food production.
ii) Governmental backing and financial support for the core-MIRCEN and
co-operating M I R C E N laboratories in their o w n individual countries
which are focusing on:
- capacity improvements in rural development;
- staff development through training programmes;
- transfer of n e w technologies to the d o m e s t i c industry.
iii) T h e stabilization of the African Associat ion of Biological Nitrogen-
Fixation w h i c h is, ,now accep ted as>.a- c o m p e t e n t professional society
in a n d outside Africa a n d w h o s e technical opinions are beginning to
b e felt.
(V)
c) Findings and recommendations
Findings
i) Implementation of activities for each immediate objective revealed an
endogenous competence and commitment to the advancement of
African microbiological research for food production and soil fertility.
¡i) Conduct and Organization of Conference of the African Association
for Biological Nitrogen-Fixation by African scientists for African
development revealed a technical acceptance by their international
peers in USAID , IDRC, F A O , U N E S C O , U N E P , etc.
iii) Even the least technologically and scientifically advanced countries
can reap benefits from the production and use of biofertilizer
technology.
iv) Need for continued short-term training and research fellowships e.g.
in "sandwich study programmes".
v) Microbial technology, with its environmental benefits in improving soil
fertility and by consequence food production, has taken root in a
number of the participating countries. These efforts are in need of
either catalytic continuous funding or a massive financial investment.
Recommendations
i) For the maintenance of the standing and growth of the East and West
African M I R C E N in the international scientific community, it is of
importance that a minimum of 2 0 short-term fellowships and short
study trips per a n n u m be regularly financed in the immediate future.
ii) A s most African universities and research institutions are hard-
pressed for research funds in B N F Technology consideration should
be given to university-industry interaction in this field.
iii) Support should be provided to A A B N F for its infrastructure so that in
later years it can organize a Plan of Action in co-operation with the
Pan African Union for Science and Technology (PUST), and the
U N D P / U N E S C O / I C S U "African Biosciences Network" Programme for
research and training actJvities..in Africa,through -use.of- the MJRCEfc1-
network.
(vi)
d) Lessons learnt
The lessons learnt are:
i) The project objective is still valid. The project m o m e n t u m needs to
be maintained through catalytic financial intervention. Such provision
can help make the leap from basic science research into rural market
products.
¡i) A wealth of African experience and competence in microbial
biotechnology exists which is in need of support and encouragement.
iii) An effective communication system needs to be developed to
enhance rapid exchange of scientific results within and outside the
African continent.
iv) Recognition by international bodies of local Government support to
project activities and continued catalytic support from funding
agencies.
v) Private sector involvement is necessary to translate basic science
research into n e w bioindustries.
vi) Modest catalytic intervention by U N D P can help stimulate inter U N
agency co-operation. The level of such intervention (US$50,000 p.a.)
must be meaningful to have a multiplier effect.
vii) Network approach is the best mechanism to take advantage of a
variety of options so that failures are not the rule.
viii) Training and the development of manpower is a continuing need.
ix) Use of "Biofix" produced by Nairobi M I R C E N needs to be developed
by industry.
RAF/88/001 - African Network of Microbiological Resources Centres -Biofertilizer Production and Use
TERMINAL REPORT
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The project on the African Network of Microbiological Centres (MIRCENs)
resulted from several considerations and deliberations in a number of international
fora wherein scientific and technological investments were recommended by:
- The Lagos Plan of Action (1980) which requires governments to define
realistic policy options, strategies and programming for the incorporation of
environmental considerations in development planning.
- The O A U Priority Programme for African Economic Recovery (PRAER) which
the United Nations followed up by updating the United Nations Programme
of Action for African Economic Recovery and Development (UNPAAERD,
1985).
- The U N E S C O Special Programme of Assistance to Africa (SPAA, 1985)
endorsed by the First Congress of African Scientists held in Brazzaville
(1987) and adopted at the Second Conference of Ministers Responsible for
the Application of Science and Technology to Development in Africa
(CASTAFRICA II, Arusha 1987).
- The U N E S C O Priority Africa Programme of Action which emphasizes the
absolute necessity for Africa to improve its knowledge of the continent by
the establishment and reinforcement of networks for the exchange of
scientific and technical information.
- The first African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) in
December 1985, which set out the Cairo programme for African co
operation amongst African governments in economic, technical and scientific
activities.
- The UNDP/UNESCO/ ICSU Programme on the African Biosciences Network
(ABN) - 1987-1992, which functions as a co-operative mechanism linking
bioscientists and biological institutions in suL-Saharan Africa and in common
effort aimed at improving local know-how in the applications of the
biosciences throughout the region.
2
- The 26th Session of U N E S C O ' s General Conference which has approved
basic research and education efforts on conservation of the environment for
sustainable development.
2. One such response involved direct support, albeit of a modest level in
comparison to developmental investments, from U N E S C O to the East and West
African MIRCEN networks which along with the MIRCEN at Ain-Shams University,
Cairo, Egypt were the cornerstones of activities within the framework of the Major
Regional Project for Africa and the Arab States in Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology (1981-1985).
3. Another approach is the present project, now terminated, to bring together
a number of countries in Africa which are carrying out commendable, yet
scattered, biotechnological research work that is contributing to soil fertility,
biofertilizer use and food production - fields of activity that have found an echo in
Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and development
(UNCED).
4 . With the administrative and scientific support of U N E S C O and a number of
professional scientific bodies, and, the catalytic financial support of U N D P , the
foundations of networking have been strengthened to the point of spontaneous co
operation and consultation and the implementation of a number of programme
activities.
5. Finally, this document whilst embodying the presentation and analysis of
activities implemented will also focus on the lessons learnt, conclusions and
recommendations.
II. D E V E L O P M E N T PROBLEMS A N D IMMEDIATE P R O B L E M S
Development Problems
6. The 1980s were regarded as a lost decade for Africa on account of the
following: overburdening and disintegration of productive and infrastructural
facilities; cyclic phenomena of drought and environmental degradation; insufficient
food production and distribution, devastation of human resources by endemic
diseases; and poverty.
7. A large number of these problems are being tackled through special
programmes being carried out at specialized international and national centres in
Africa e.g. ILRAD, ICIPE, IITA, etc. Nevertheless, a large number of competent
laboratories and scientists remain isolated from the mainstreams of regional and
international co-operation. Moreover, facilities for research and development to
contribute to some of the solutions are sparse and inadequate.
3
8 . A major development problem facing a n u m b e r of African countries is h o w to increase food production which is invariably limited by the availability of nitrogen fertilizer.
9 . In Africa the high capital cost of building chemical fertilizer plants prevents m a n y African countries from manufacturing the quantities required to support a higher per-acre yield of food. Furthermore, pressure on the foreign exchange earnings of these countries limit their ability to import the needed fertilizer, which results in the unenviable situation of which, due to nitrogen shortages, their export earnings diminish because they cannot realize high yields of food and cash crops. A s a result, it b e c o m e s even m o r e difficult to find the foreign exchange necessary to build fertilizer plants or to purchase ready-made fertilizers. T h u s , they find themselves in a vicious circle from which there s e e m s to be no escape.
Immediate Problems
10 . A s a result of a n u m b e r of field missions, presentation of annual M I R C E N reports to international meetings and sessions of the M I R C E N Directors' Council, and feedback from non-project consultancy services, a n u m b e r of immediate problems were identified. These are:
a) Insufficiency of skilled microbiologists and biotechnologists able to use biological resources for national and regional development.
b) A s a consequence of the above the under exploitation of microbiology and biotechnology as a developmental tool in the following areas:
- applications of biotechnology and microbiology - natural resources m a n a g e m e n t - vegetal production and protection - food and nutritional technology.
c) Outdated and inappropriate biological teaching p r o g r a m m e s and materials.
d) Difficulty in access to m o d e r n scientific information.
e) Isolation vis-à-vis the international c o m m u n i t y .
f) Lack of laboratory facilities, equipment and biochemical reagents for research p r o g r a m m e s in fundamental microbiology and the biotechnologies.
Approach and Logic of Approach Chosen
Approach chosen to solve problems identified
"The two international networks with the longest history in agricultural research are the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ICGIARj, set up in 1970, and the Microbiological Resources
4
Centres (MIRCENs), negotiations for which began in 1975. Agricultural
biotechnology is being incorporated into the CGIAR system. The following
international agricultural research centres supported by the CGIAR have
active programmes in the subject: CI AT, CIMMYT, CIP, IBPGR, /CARDA,
IRR/, ICR/SA T, UTA and ILRAD. The MIRCENs are a global network
dedicated to the collection, preservation, identification and distribution of
microbial germplasm for the microbial community, and engage in research,
information dissemination andtraining. " (Advanced Technology Assessment
System (ATAS) on Biotechnology Development. Expanding the capacity to
Produce Food, Department of Economic and Social Development, U .N .
1992, N e w York, pg. 393).
11. Consequently, the institutional framework i.e. the network approach was
chosen for delivery of possible solutions through programme tools such as:
a) Short-term courses and major African conferences organized in different countries in order to m a k e an immediate impact in the development of trained m a n p o w e r .
b) Provision of research/travel grants that help solve the routine bottlenecks encountered in local research p rog rammes .
c) Travelling seminars/workshops for purposes of exploring n e w potential course sites and expanding local research frontiers.
d) Co-operative projects that involve a regional concerted approach to the solution of regional problems identified by regional expertise.
e) Specialized consultancies to advise and monitor research progress.
f) T h e Research w a s directed to the following priority areas: improvement of the food production, plant tissue culture, B N F technology and conservation of microbial resources. The results obtained as well as the latest and older discoveries in vital areas for the African countries have been appropriately exploited as far as possible.
g) T h e Training w a s conducted through organization of courses, and workshops in the areas of priority.
h) T h e dissemination of scientific information w a s done through the provision of scientific texts and materials and through symposia and conferences allowing African scholars to share their results with one another as well as with the international scientific communi ty . Besides, these meetings contributed to breaking the isolation of African microbiologists and biotechnologists.
5
Logic of the Chosen Approach
12. Considerable experience in the network approach has already been gained, especially through the MIRCEN for East and West Africa at the University of Nairobi and at the Centre National des Recherches Agronomiques, Bambey, Senegal. These MIRCENs functioned as the anchors of the networks within the framework of UNESCO's major regional project (1981-1985) in applied microbiology and biotechnology.
13. U N E S C O ' s contribution in the provision of considerable substantive backstopping, coupled with the provision of administrative facilities and space for implementation of the project, and, to the fruitful association with the African and international scientific communities through its own channels, constitutes an undeniable cost-effective mechanism. The non-requirement of a CTA, even on a half-time basis, is evidence of the endogenous local infrastructure seeded by U N E S C O in the formative years.
Project Selection and Implementation
14. Project activities were identified through consultation between core MIRCENs of the East and West African MIRCEN networks i.e. the MIRCEN at the University of Nairobi, Kenya and the MIRCEN at the Centre National des Recherches Agricoles Bambey/Dakar, Senegal. Furthermore, requests were also obtained through UNESCO's Offices for Science and Technology in Nairobi and Dakar as well as National Commissions or UNESCO's African Member States.
15. In all cases, budgetary resources were provided either through the local U N D P Offices or through UNESCO's Field Offices.
16. Review of proposals was done in consultation with the U N D P / U N E S C O / -ICSU/African Biosciences Network (ABN), the UNESCO/Biotechnology Action Council, and professional bodies such as the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS). In all cases the grassroots approach was adopted i.e. African scientists identifying the project and implementing it.
Situation of Problems at the End of the Project
17. Several of the immediate problems at the end of the project will have been addressed. However, the long-term impact will depend to a very great extent on the availability of continued financial resources at the national and regional level.
18. The major immediate problem is that of communication facilities which is Turtner aggravated oy the inconsistencies of postal delays and losses even with local U N D P Offices.
19. The competence and capacity of African scientists has been proven from the project activity results. However, to maintain the momentum prolonged scientific and financial backstopping of a catalytic nature is necessary given that
6
contemporary efforts in Asia and Latin America have the benefit of solid local
infrastructures and presence of local competent professional societies.
2 0 . A s a result of U N D P investment, the project has:
i) Catalyzed the translation of basic laboratory research findings into
low-cost high quality rural market products geared to food production.
ii) Helped the c o r e - M I R C E N and co-operating M I R C E N laboratories in
their o w n individual countries attract and receive governmental
backing and financial support and brought about:
- capacity improvements in rural development ;
- staff development through training p r o g r a m m e s ;
- transfer of n e w technologies to the domestic industry.
III. OUTPUTS PRODUCED AND PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
2 1 . T h e objectives of the project are:
a) Reduction of overdependence on import technologies and technical
resources that have, unwittingly, led to a late emergence of local expertise
and rural technologies.
b) Mobilization of African scientists as the very agents of scientific and
technological research in the region.
c) Promotion of regional co-operative project m a n a g e m e n t by regional
scientists in consultation with the continent's scientific commun i t y e .g . the
African Association for Biological Nitrogen-Fixation.
d) T o strengthen the existing infrastructure and related facilities for the training
of m a n p o w e r from developing and the least developed of the developing
countries in participating institutions.
e) T o promote co-operation research amongs t participating institutions and
those in non-IPF and developing countries within the framework of the
already established U N E S C O M I R C E N network.
Results Obtained
22. Annexes 1-5 provide in summary form the results of the activities
implemented under each of the above-listed objectives. The results have been
formulated, to the extent possible, in accordance w'th the success criteria.
7
2 3 . The internal or external factors (to the project) having helped or impeded attainment of results are the following:
Having helped to attain
results
Having impeded the
attaining of results
INTERNAL F A C T O R S
- U N E S C O technical and
administrative support
- Voluntary involvement
of African Micro
biologists implementing
tasks despite local
difficulties e.g. shortage
of reagents, inadequate
funds
- Flexibility of U N E S C O ' s
administration
- U N E S C O ' s facilities
given to MIRCENs
through Field Offices
- Extreme communication
problems (postal and
electronic) with local and
international entities
EXTERNAL F A C T O R S
- Scientific
cooperation of IUMS,
U N E S C O ' s
Biotechnology Action
Council, MIRCEN
Council, UTA and
several non-IPF
research institutions
- Co-operation with
similar organizations
such as ICRO and IFS
- Support of African
National Commissions
for U N E S C O
- Continental
communication
- Acquisition and
maintenance of the
scientific equipments
and acquisition of
chemicals. The delay
to get these scientific
equipments (orders
and deliveries) can
sometimes be
frustrating.
8
Relevance and Efficiency of the Project
Relevance of the Project
24. The large number of requests (40 from 14 countries) for short-term
fellowships indicate the interest of young African researchers to update their
research skills within the framework of the project. Furthermore the project has
attracted ad hoc support from other organizations with similar objectives: IFS,
UTA, F A O , UNEP, IDRC, etc.
Efficiency of the Project
25. The project was a cost-effective response to the problems since:
- none of the funds were allocated to the project personnel;
- the results obtained justify a good cost-results ratio in comparison to other
initiatives e.g. a training course (2 weeks) costs about US$50,000; a full
fellowship costs about US$25,000.
26. The voluntary contribution of African microbiologists to the international
scientific community is a gain in value, reinforcing and improving the cost-
efficiency ratio.
Results of the Project accomplishment on its environment
27. One effective output of the project is the stabilization of the African
Association for Biological Nitrogen-Fixation which is now accepted as a competent
professional society in and outside Africa and whose technical opinions are
beginning to be felt.
28. Another is that the East and West African MIRCENs continue to draw
catalytic support from F A O , UNEP and international bodies such as IDRC and IFS.
IV. OBJECTIVES ACHIEVED OR LIKELY TO BE ACHIEVED
29. Analysis of the results show that the objectives have been to some extent
achieved either through U N D P or U N E S C O intervention or through joint
U N D P / U N E S C O interaction. However, the achievements which have enabled the
project to take a step forward in development could result in a two-step backward
situation if further (catalytic) funding (either from Government, U N D P , U N E S C O , .
F A O , etc.) does not continue. Areas to concentrate on are, primarily, training and
provision of short-term fellowships.
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12
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
3 1 . T h e following recommendations and conclusions are formulated after an
analysis of the project results, and consultations with the consultancy and
evaluation experts, recommendat ions of the African Association for Biological
Nitrogen-Fixation ( A A B N F ) , review of applications for short-term fellowships by
U N E S C O ' s Biotechnology Action Council (BAC) , and the Director, M I R C E N
Directors' Council.
a) For the maintenance of the standing of the East and W e s t African M I R C E N s
in the international scientific communi ty , it is of importance that a m i n i m u m
of 2 0 short-term fellowships and short study trips per a n n u m be regularly
financed in the immediate future.
b) A s productive workers n o w begin to receive invitations for scientific visits
supported from other countries, such visits should be encouraged with
support from either U N D P or through U N E S C O ' s , F A O ' s and A C C T ' s
biotechnology p rog rammes .
c) Within the framework of co-operation with international non-governmental
organizations (ICRO, W F C C , I U M S , etc.), short-term training courses should
be conducted at M I R C E N s with a view to imparting knowledge and
laboratory skills in the latest research techniques concerning B N F technology
for food production and soil fertility.
d) A s mos t African universities and research institutions are hard pressed for
research funds in B N F Technology consideration should be given to
university-industry interaction in this field.
e) Support should be provided to A A B N F for its infrastructure so that in later
years it can organize a Plan of Action in co-operation with the Pan African
Union for Science and Technology (PUST) , and the U N D P / U N E S C O / I C S U
"African Biosciences Network" P rog ramme for research and training
activities in Africa through use of the M I R C E N network.
13
ANNEX A
UNESCO Consultants
Name of Consultant
DREVON, J. J.
W O O M E R , P.
BIALY, H.
SINERIZ, F.
Country of Origin
France
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Argentina
Duration of Contract
From To
01.05.88 - 31.07.88
01.08.90 - 30.10.90
01.12.90 - 28.03.91
01.12.90 - 28.03.91
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Period From - To
Duration
(months)
Field of study Country of
origin
Name
06.90 - 07.90
-
Biological N-Fixation (France) Gabon Mr Makita, J.
10.90 - 10.90 I Biofertilizer Technology (Kenya) Senegal Mr Sougoufara, B
11.90 - 11.90 I 2 weeks Biofertilizer Technology (Egypt) Senegal Mr Sougoufara, B.
10.91 - 01.92 || ro
Aquatic Biotechnology (U.K.) Nigeria Mr Amund, 0. *
12.91 - 03.92 |
CO Plant Biotechnology (France) Burundi
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03.92 - 06.92
ro Plant Biotechnology (Australia) Nigeria Mr Akpan, I. *
04.92 - 07.92
CO Plant Biotechnology (Belgium) Sierra Leone | Ms Roberts, J. *
05.92 - 08.92 |
CO Plant Biotechnology (Belgium) Rwanda Mr Ayobangira, F X. *
09.92 - 12.92
CO Plant Biotechnology (Senegal) Madagascar Mr Fetiarison * *
10.92 - 01.93
CO Plant Biotechnology (France) Côte d'Ivoire Mr Nasser, H.
10.92 - 01.93
CO Plant Biotechnology (France) Côte d'Ivoire | Ms Kamate, K.
10.92 - 01.93
CO Plant Biotechnology (U.K.) Ethiopia | Mr Bekele, E.
11.92 - 02.93
CO Plant Biotechnology (Senegal) Mali Mr Yattara, I.I. "
11.92 - 02.93
co Aquatic Biotechnology (U.K.) Nigeria Mr Eteshola, E.
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15
ANNEX C
Equipment
Item Recipient Laboratory
1. 1000 glass freeze drying ampoules Nairobi MIRCEN
(0.5 ml. tube-type - soda glass (Diameter
(mm. 7.0 - 7.5; height (mm. 98-102)
Capacity: Drying 0.5 ml., overall 3.8 ml.
2. NifTAL - Fermentor Nairobi MIRCEN
(5 litre capacity)
3. NifTAL - Fermentor Bambey MIRCEN
(5 litre capacity)
4 . Macintosh Computer/Word Processor Bambey MIRCEN
5. Provision of Chemicals and ENSA, Co-operating MIRCEN
N-Gas Cylinders (Normal) Laboratory, Bamako, Mali
16
ANNEX 1/
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 1
- Reduction of overdependence on import technologies and technical resources that have, unwittingly, led to a late emergence of local expertise and rural technologies.
Success Criteria
- Production of high quality biofertilizer inoculants
- Active use by farmers in each of the participating countries
- Release of locally produced biofertilizer material in 2 years resulting from seed investments made by the U N D P / U N E S C O project in 1987/1988.
The achievement of this objective was carried out through support of activities of the MIRCENs at Nairobi, Kenya and Bambey/Dakar, Senegal. (Table 1).
1. MIRCEN R E S O U R C E S C E N T R E A T T H E D E P A R T M E N T O F SOIL, SCIENCE A N D B O T A N Y ,
UNIVERSITY O F NAIROBI, NAIROBI, K E N Y A .
The M IRCEN, based in the Departments of Soil Science and Botany, University of Nairobi was established in 1977 with a specific objective of exploiting the Rhizobium gene pool for the benefit of agriculture in the East African region.
1.1 The objectives of Nairobi MIRCEN include the following:
1.1.1. To collect, identify, maintain and distribute cultures of various strains of microbes, especially Rhizobium to users within the region;
1.1.2. To develop appropriate inoculant production technology and find cheap and locally available inoculant carriers that can be used in inoculant production for distribution within the region;
1.1.3. To determine conditions for inoculating legumes;
1.1.4. To assess the fate of rhizobia introduced into the natural soils;
1.1.5 To evaluate n e w legume introductions for nodulation and nitrogen fixation under different farming systems;
1.1.6 To train scientific and technical manpower required to sustain the research and advisory work in the region; and
17
1.1.7. To disseminate research findings and information on inoculant
technology to researchers and extension workers.
Among the main mandates of the Nairobi MIRCEN are the collection,
preservation, storage and distribution of authenticated microbial
materials for deployment in environmental management through the
Southern and Eastern African region (especially Kenya, Uganda,
Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and elsewhere, and to
serve as a taxonomic reference centre. This is in recognition of the
fact that without adequate cultures and necessary information,
technologists cannot harness the tremendous potential of microbes.
1.2. Culture collection, authentication and preservation and Strain
screening for symbiotic performance
1.2.1. Culture Collection
Culture collection, preservation and testing is one of the main services
provided by the MIRCEN to the region of East Africa. Since most of
the collaborating laboratories are not very well-equipped, culture
identification, testing and preservation are generally carried out in
Nairobi with emphasis on Rhizobium. Authenticated cultures are
lypholized and conserved. There are over 216 bacterial strains, the
majority of which are Rhizobium, either locally isolated or derived from
other MIRCEN collaborating laboratories: An update of the culture
collection is periodically published in the locally produced MIRCEN
catalogue of Bacterial cultures. The catalogue also shows which
cultures are used for inoculant production.
1.3. Inoculant Production and Use
1.3.1 Inoculant Production
Both local and imported Rhizobium strains are used for inoculant
production for various grain, pasture and tree legumes. The trade
name of inoculant produced by Nairobi MIRCEN is Biofix (see
Annex 6). The production and supply of Biofix have steadily increased
during the last ten years, from a production of 40 kg. in 1981 to
1500 kg. in 1990 (see also Appendix 1 of Kenya Country Report).
Sales for 1990 amounted to over 850 kg. of Biofix. Of total Biofix
produced, 4 0 % was for common bean, 2 3 % for lucerne (alfalfa),
1 4 % for soybean and 9% Desmodium. Inoculants for these four
legumes species accounted for about 8 0 % of total production. All
together inoculants were Droducad. for 19^ legume, species. In. recent
years demand for inoculants has lagged behind total production and
there is, therefore, need to expand the extention activities of the
Nairobi MIRCEN. Currently, the Nairobi MIRCEN is expanding
extension activities to overcome this failure in agrotechnology
transfer. In addition, initiating aggressive advertising and marketing
programmes is planned.
18
1.4 Research
1.4.1 In order to ensure successful use of Rhizobium inoculants, studies have been initiated to select rhizobia strains for superior compatibility and symbiotic effectiveness with targeted leguminous crop species and to determine critical components of the soil environment which influence their successful establishment in cropping systems.
Research has also been carried out (in collaboration with the International Council for Research and Agroforestry - (ICRAF) to determine factors which control nodulation and nodule activity: Sesbania. Leucaena, and Calliadra tree species targeted for improvement for agroforestry systems.
T w e n t y eight promiscuous soybean varieties developed at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, were acquired in 1 9 9 0 and are still being examined for nodulation and nitrogen fixation.
Soil characterization study involving 7 9 soil samples obtained from Western Kenya revealed the predominance of P-deficiency.
For 1 9 9 4 / 1 9 9 5 the following research projects from Kenya and Zambia have been formulated for support from potential donors:
(1) Microbiological Studies of Multipurpose Tree Improvement
(2) Establishment of Inoculant Technology for Soybeans in Kenya
(3) Improving Sustainable Rice Production in Kenya Using "Azolla"
(4) Genetic Analysis of Nitrogen Fixation (NIF) G e n e Pattern of "Phaseolus" Rhizobia and Implications to Inoculation Responsible in Agricultural Soils in Kenya
(5) The Role of L e g u m e s in Mixed Sustainable Crops, Livestock Production in East and Southern Africa (Zambia)
1.5. Dissemination of Information
1 .5 .1 . The M I R C E N publishes the M I R C E N Newsletter twice yearly, which is circulated within and outside the region.
In addition, the M I R C E N holds yearly demonstrations at the Agricultural Society of Kenya (ASK) S h o w s and the Farmers' Training College.
19
The M IRCEN also encourages exchange of scientific literature and other information within the region.
1.6. Demonstration of Benefits of Legume Inoculants Through Agriculture S h o w s
1.6.1. Demonstration to Farmers
Inoculaton of legumes with effective strains of rhizobia improves the dinitrogen-fixing ability of the legume and consequently increases protein content and yields. The Nairobi M I R C E N popularized the use of inoculants with the farmers w h o form about 8 0 % of the farming community yet cannot afford the expensive chemical fertilizers.
The Nairobi M IRCEN has a programme to educate farmers and agricultural extension officers on the merits arising from the proper use of inoculants produced by the M I R C E N in collaboration with the Kenya Seed Company . This will be achieved through continuing animal agricultural shows and demonstrations. Agricultural shows held in 1992 were at Nakuru, Kisumu, E m b u , M o m b a s a , Nyeri and Nairobi.
The seed inoculation procedure w a s explained and benefits of legume inoculants demonstrated by use of photographs and posters. Legume inoculants were sold to farmers at the cost of Ksh. 15.00 (US$0,42) per packet of 100g. Inoculation instructions in both English and Kiswahili (national language) accompanied the inoculants sold. A total of 15,000 hand-outs on the benefits of inoculants were distributed (see Table below for range of inoculants).
Inoculants distributed to farmers at the Agricultural S h o w s 1992
Type Quantity (packets)
Field beans 1420 Lucerne 142 Desmodium 89 Soybeans 55 Cow Pea 37 Leucaena 26 Garden Pea 9
1.7 Regional Collaboration
The MIRCEN has been and continues to address itself to the issue of adequate nitrogen supply through B N F . This is based on the realization that nitrogen is a major nutrient which affects crops
20
production in the region of East Africa. Countries represented in
regional meetings were i.e. Zambia, Z imbabwe, Rwanda , Uganda and
Ethiopia. Finance w a s a limiting factor, (see Tables 2 and 3 for
linkages and for production use and Appendices 1-4 for sample
country reports and Farmers Perception to Inoculant Use).
2. MICROBIAL RESOURCES CENTRE AT THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES
AGRONOMIQUES DE L'INSTITUT SENEGALAIS DE RECHERCHES AGRICOLES, BAMBEY,
SENEGAL
1.1 Introduction
Le M I R C E N de l'Afrique de l'Ouest ( M A O ) fut établi en 1983 à
l'Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA) et domicilié au
Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques (CNRA) de Bambey. En
Septembre 1991, le M A O a été transféré au laboratoire de
Microbiologie des Sols du Centre I S R A - O R S T O M de Bel-Air à Dakar.
Les objectifs immédiats du MIRCEN sont:
la constitution d'une collection de souches de microorganismes pour
l'utilisation de leur stock génétique dans le domaine agricole et
forestier en particulier;
l'organisation de stages de perfectionnement pour la maîtrise de la production d'inoculum et de la technique d'inoculation;
la création et la publication périodique d'un bulletin d'information;
la régionalisation des activités en Afrique de l'Ouest.
Depuis 1984, l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et
l'Agriculture (FAO) a assisté le MIRCEN de l'Afrique de l'Ouest dans la
constitution de la collection de Rhizobium et de mycorhizae et dans
l'organisation de cours régionaux sur les aspects pratiques de la
Fixation Biologique de l'Azote à travers le projet S E N 002 (projet
U N E P - F A O 6106-84-02).
1.2. Collection de Culture
La collection de souches de Rhizobium (600) et 20 species de
mycorrhizae a été initiée et renforcée grâce au soutien financier de la
F A O (Projet FP/CP 6106-84-02). Cette collection a été entièrement
revue et mise à jour. Une édition du catalogue.* da la-collection sera
publiée en 1993.
1.3. Programmes de recherche sur la Fixation Biologique de l'Azote (FBA)
1.3.1. FBA sur l'arachide
21
Cent quarante cinq souches de Bradvrhizobium ont été isolées à partir de variétés 73-30 et 73-33 cultivées en serre dans des pots contenant du sol prélevé dans 68 localités du Sénégal. L'étude de leur activité réductrice d'acétylène (ARA) en culture pure a permis de distinguer deux groupes: un premier groupe de 109 souches dont ' A R A est inférieure ou égale de 109 nmoles C 2 H 4 / h et un deuxième groupe de 36 souches dont T A R A est supérieure à 100 nmoles C2H4/I-1. La souche M A O 368, qui appartient au second groupe, a été ensuite sélectionnée pour son caractère très effectif sur les variétés 73-30 et 73-33. Cependant, elle n'est pas plus compétitive sur ces variétés que les souches natives de Bel Air. Toutefois, elle pourrait être réintroduite dans le sol de Siandiara, au Centre Sud du Sénégal d'où elle a été isolée, de façon à ce qu'elle soit en plus grand nombre par rapport aux autres souches natives de Bradvrhizobium, ce qui la rendrait plus compétitive.
1.3.2. FBA sur le haricot vert (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Une expérience d'inoculation du haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris), a été réalisée en serre dans des pots contenant du sol non stérile prélevé dans la zone des niayes qui est la zone de culture de cette légumineuse. L'inoculation du haricot a été effectuée avec la souche de Rhizobium M A O 355 apportée sous forme liquide (109 cellules/ml à raison de 1 ml/graine. Après 60 jours de croissance, il y a eu une augmentation significative du nombre ( + 206%) et du poids sec des nodules ( + 132%), de l'azote total ( + 80,5%) et de la fixation biologique de l'azote mesurée par l'activité spécifique réductrice d'acétylène ( + 15,9%).
Cette réponse positive du haricot à l'inoculation avec une souche de rhizobium dans un sol non stérile permet d'entreprendre dans le prochaines années des expériences au champ afin de minimiser les intrants azotés dont le lessivage a déjà entraîné un taux de nitrate particulièrement élevé dans les nappes souterraines de la zone des niayes. Simultanément, il serait également possible d'étudier la contribution de l'azote fixé par le haricot dans la nutrition azotée des plantes qui sont souvent en association avec lui (exemple du manioc) dans les exploitations agricoles de la zone des niayes.
1.3.3. FBA chez Acacia albida et Acacia seyal (étude financée par l'IAEA réf. 302-D1-SEN-6375)
La première expérience portant sur l'estimation de la FBA par Acacia albida et Acacia seyal conduite en serre au C N R A de Bambey en 1991 n'a pas été concluante. En effet, aucune trace d'azote marqué n'avait été détecté dans les échantillons que nous avions envoyés à l'Agence Internationale d'Energie Atomique de Vienne.
22
En 1992, une autre expérience avait été conduite portant sur l'estimation de l'azote fixé par Acacia raddiana. Acacia Senegal. Acacia seyal et Acacia albida cultivés dans des pots contenant 20 Kg. de sol non stérile. Il avait pu être montré que, 5 mois après transplantation dans les pots, la quantité d'azote fixé chez A . Seval est supérieure à celle mesurée chez les autres acacias: 1.75 contre 0.48 g N/plant en moyenne.
1.3.4. Vulgarisation de la FBA
Un premier essai de vulgarisation de la fixation biologique de l'azote a été tenté en collaboration avec l'organisation non gouvernementale AFRICARE. Cette tentative a porté sur des démonstrations de l'inoculation de Acacia albida avec ces souches de Rhizobium et d'endomycorhize dans quatre pépinières villageoises: à Dialacouna et Ndorong Wolof au centre-sud du Sénégal; puis à Mboufta et Santhiou Diaraf au Nord du Sénégal.
Trois mois après inoculation de jeunes plants d'Acacia albida cultivés dans des gaines en plastique, les paysans des quatre villages décrits ci-dessus ont pu constater des différences significatives entre les plants inoculés et les plants non inoculés portant sur la hauteur et le diamètre du collet. Les paysans ont ensuite transplanté tous les jeunes arbres dans deux aires très distinctes afin de pouvoir suivre leur évolution dans le temps.
1.3.5. Project U N D P - F A O
L'évaluation de ce projet expiré depuis 1988 n'a pas encore été effectuée. En 1992, le Dr F. Riveros a effectué une visite et la suite à donner à ce projet a été discutée. Ainsi, après cette visite, un projet de Programme de coopération Technique (PCT) a été soumis à la F A O . Ce projet porte sur l'inoculation de Acacia albida avec des souches de Bradvrhizobium dans les pépinières villageoises. Ce projet sera conduit dans le cadre du MIRCEN de l'Afrique de l'Ouest au Sénégal par l'Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), au Niger par l'Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN) et au Burkina Faso par l'Institut de Recherches en Biologie et Ecologie Tropicale (IRBET).
1.4. Stages de formation
í .4 .T . Stage ae courte durée
23
Troisième stage régional du MIRCEN
Le troisième stage du MIRCEN sur les aspects techniques de la FBA est en préparation. Il aura lieu à Dakar en Décembre 1993 ou au tout début de 1994.
Stage de M a d a m e Fatouma BEIDARY (Niger)
M a d a m e Fatouma Beidary, microbiologiste, était pressentie pour effectuer un stage de trois mois au laboratoire du MIRCEN à Dakar de novembre 1992 à janvier 1993. La prise en charge de M a d a m e Beidary était assurée par un contrat avec l 'UNESCO et par une aide octroyée par le MIRCEN de Queensland en Australie (Dr H . W . Doelle). M a d a m e Beidary n'a pas pu effectuer ce stage et la prise en charge était octroyée à Mademoiselle M . C . DaSylva qui a réalisé une expérience sur le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) dont les conclusions sont présentées plus haut. A l'issue de ce stage, mademoiselle DaSylva a été proposée c o m m e assistante de recherche au laboratoire du MIRCEN.
1.4.2. Stages de longue durée
Stage de Monsieur Babacar N D A O
Monsieur Babacar N D A O poursuit la préparation de sa thèse de
doctorat dont la soutenance aura lieu à l'Université de Nancy en mai
1993.
Stage de Monsieur A d a m a DIOUF
Dans le cadre de la préparation de son Diplôme d'Etudes
Appronfondies Monsieur Adama DOIUF a effectué un stage pratique
de février 1992 à janvier 1993. Le sujet de D E A de Monsieur DIOUF
était: "Evaluation de la performance symbiotique de souches de
Bradvrhizobium pour l'inoculation de l'arachide su Sénégal".
Les résultats du travail de Monsieur DIOUF, résumés plus haut lui ont permis de soutenir avec succès son D E A devant l'Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar. A l'issue de cette soutenance, Monsieur DIOUF a été pressenti pour une inscription en thèse de doctorat qui sera entièrement préparée au laboratoire du MIRCEN de Dakar.
Stage de Monsieur Tahir DIOP
Monsieur Tatfir D i O P V bénéficié d'une allocation de recherches dans le cadre du MIRCEN par un contrat U N E S C O qui lui a permis de mener des travaux sur l'écophysiologie mycorhizes à vésicules et arbuscules (MVA) d'Acacia albida dans la zone sahélienne et soudano-guinéene du Sénégal. Quelques aspects de ces travaux se sont déroulés à la station d'agronomie de l'INRA à Dijon, France.
24
a) Multiplication des souches M V A in vitro: les mycorhizes V A sont
en association avec des racines transformées de carotte ou de
tomate. Il s'agit d 'une méthode simple permettant de produire un
bon inoculum en un temps réduit.
b) Transformation génétiques de cotylédons, d'hypocotyles,
d'épicotyles et de racines d'Acacia albida effectuées à partir de
différentes souches de Agrobacterium rhizogènes.
1.5. Conférences, séminaires et ateliers
1.5.1. Conférence de l'Association Africaine pour la Fixation Biologique de
l'Azote A A B N F )
Les actes de la 4è conférence de l'AABNF ont été publiés en avril
1992.
L 'AABNF, en collaboration avec l'Institut Vétérinaire Hassan II de
Rabat (Maroc), a entrepris l'organisation en 1992 de la 5ème
Conférence qui a eu lieu à Rabat du 19 au 24 septembre 1992. Au
cours de cette conférence, le MIRCEN a présenté une communication
portant sur le sujet suivant: "Variations of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi of Acacia Albida Del rhizosphère in different areas of Senegal"
et dont les auteurs ont été DIOP T . , et G U E Y E , M .
1.5.2. Sympos ium des M I R C E N s africains
D u 3 0 novembre au 5 décembre 1992 , le M I R C E N de l'Afrique de
l'Ouest a abrité le premier symposium des M I R C E N s africains dont le
thème a été: "la Biotechnologie, une stratégie pour le développement
en Afrique". Les actes de ce symposium seront publiés par l ' U N E S C O .
1.6. Visites
En 1992 , nous avons reçu au M I R C E N la visite de deux personnalités
scientifiques: Dr R I V E R O S , F. de la F A O et le Professeur S P R E N T , J.l.
de l'Université de Dundee en Ecosse, Angleterre.
1.6.1. Visite du Dr R I V E R O S
Cette visite a été effectuée dans le cadre du projet F A O 6106 -84 -02
qui'a'expiré en 1938 . C o m p t e tenu oes résultats obtenus dans la
constitution de la collection de souches de Rhizobium et de
l'inoculation de Acacia albida en pépinière, un projet de Programme de
Coopération Technique (PCT) a été rédigé, conçu c o m m e la suite du
projet 6 1 0 6 - 8 4 - 0 2 et qui sera soumis en 1993 à la F A O . C e P C T
25
porte sur l'inoculation de Acacia albida avec des souches de Bradvrhizobium dans le pépinières villageoises.
1.6.2. Visite du Professeur SPRENT
A l'issue de sa visite le Professeur S P R E N T nous a donné son accord pour nous accueillir dans son laboratoire durant l'été 1993 pour conduire des expériences sur l'étude du mode d'infection des racines du voandzou (Voandzeia subterránea) par les souches de Bradvrhizobium. A cet effet, nous avons demandé une bourse dans le cadre des fellowships des programmes MIRCEN à l 'UNESCO.
1.7 Publications
1.7.1. Livres
Mulongoy, K., Gueye, M . and Spencer, D . S . C . 1992. Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture. IITA, Wiley-Sayce and A A B N F co-publication. John Wiley and Sons Chichester, N e w York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 488p.
Gueye, M . , DaSilva, E.J. La biotechnologie, une stratégie pour le développement en Afrique (en préparation).
1.7.2. Articles déjà parus
Gueye, M . 1992. Effect of Rhizobium and Rhizobium-Glomus inoculation and Nitrogen Fixation in Bambara Groundnut. In: Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Sustainable of Tropical Agriculture. Mulongoy, K., Gueye, M . and Spencer, D . S . C . (eds). IITA, Wiley Sayce and A A B N F co-publication. John Wiley and Sons Chichester, N e w York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, pp 283-287.
Gueye, M . 1992. Acacia albida: Nodulation by Fast and Slow-growing rhizobia. In: Faidherbia albida in the West African semi-arid tropics. Proceedings of a workshop, 22-26 April 1991, Niamey, Niger. Vandenbeldt R.J. (eds). ICRISAT, Patencheru, India and ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.
1.7.3. Articles soumis à des journaux
Diop, T . , Gueye, M . , Dreyfus, B., Plenchette, C . and Strullu D . G . 1992. Indigenous Acacia albida Del rhizosphere inoculum potentials of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different areas of Senegal.
(Article soumis à Applied and Environmental Microbiology).
26
Diop, T . , Plenchette, C , Strullu D . G . , Gueye, M . , et Dreyfus, B.
1992. L'étonnate vie symbiotique de l'arbre miracle du Sahel: Acacia
albida.
(Article soumis à La Recherche).
1.7.4 Articles en préparation
Ndoye, I., Gueye, M . , Danso, S . K . A . and Dreyfus, B. 1993.
Estimating Nitrogen Fixation in Acacia species using 1 5 N isotope
dilution technique.
Badju, S . , Vogt G . F . , Neville, P., Collona J.P. and Gueye; M . 1993.
Early Stage of Root Infection of Acacia senega! associated with
Rhizobium strain.
1.8. Regionalization
Due to preliminary inputs provided by the U N D P / U N E S C O project
regionalization is being tackled, despite the obstacles mentioned
above, by the following actions:
(i) Renforcer la coopération scientifique entre le Sénégal, le Burkina
Faso et le Niger engagés dans l'établissement du M I R C E N de
l'Afrique de l'Ouest pour des programmes Recherche/
Développement (R/D) en microbiologie, dans le domaine de la
vulgarisation de la Fixation Biologique de l'Azote chez les arbres,
particulièrement chez Acacia albida.
(M) Améliorer la capacité des instituts nationaux (Institut Sénégalais
de Recherches Agricoles, Institut de Recherches en Biologie et
Ecologie Tropicales au Burkina Faso et Institut National de
Recherches Agronomiques du Niger) à implanter des programmes
Recherche/Développement en formant les paysans à l'utilisation
en grande échelle des inoculum de Rhizobium et de mycorhizae.
(iii) Démonstration de l'utilisation des inoculums de Rhizobium et de
mvcorhize: l'inoculum produit au M I R C E N sera utilisé pour inoculer
les graines de Acacia albida dans les pépinières villageoises au
Burkina Faso (3), au Niger (3) et au Sénégal (10). Les paysans
seront initiés à cette technique durant la démonstration de
l'utilisation des inoculum de Rhizobium.
Conclusions
The West African M I R C E N lags far behind the East African M I R C E N in
regional collaboration. This is due to lack of infrastructure,
communication problems and lack of trained personnel, laboratory
27
facilities and financial support. Nevertheless, as a core M I R C E N laboratory, a valuable service is still provided to the region.
Malgré les résultats significatifs obtenus particulièrement dans les cas du soja (Glicine m a x ) , du sesbania rostrata), du voandzou (Voandzeia subterránea) et très récemment dans le cas de Acacia albida cultivé en pépinière, la technique de la Fixation Biologique de l'Azote n'est pas largement appliquée au Sénégal et l'utilisation des inoculum de Rhizobium et/ou de mycorhizae n'y est pas encore une pratique courante.
D'autre part, les instituts de recherche et de vulgarisation en Afrique de l'Ouest n'ont pas de moyens suffisants pour mettre en place des schémas de démonstration sur l'utilisation des inoculum de Rhizobium qui constituent une alternative à l'emploi des engrais chimiques trop coûteux et trop polluants.
Output
A project titled "Vulgarisation de la fixation biologique de l'azote en Afrique de l'Ouest" envisaging collaboration between the M I R C E N , l'Institut de Recherches en Biologie et Ecologie Tropicales (Burkina Faso) and l'Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques (Niger) has received preparatory support from F A O in 1993.
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Remark Date Activity Name
At J. Nehru University, New Delhi,
India
7-21 December 1989 Participate as teacher in UNESCO
workshop on "Basics of Mycorrhizae
and Their Role in Biotechnology"
Gueye, M. (Dakar MIRCEN)
Co-support from ACCT, Paris
Bambey, Senegal/ENSA, Bamako,
Mali
1989 Participate as teacher in
co-operating MIRCEN Lahbib, M.
(Senegal/Mali)
Workshop organized by Tissue
Culture for Crops Project, Colorado
State University at IAVH, Rabat,
Morocco
7 May 1 5 June,
1990 Participate in Workshop on "In vitro
Cultures" Ms Sy, M.O.
(Univ. de Dakar)
Senegal
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Rhizobium inoculant production Oruko, B.
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APBNet
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Oruko, B.
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10-16 November
1990
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Sougoufara, B.
(ORSTOM, France)
Bambey MIRCEN
Collaborative project with Nairobi
MIRCEN
October 1990 Valorisation des Systèmes
Symbiotiques Forestiers Tropicaux Soufougara, B. (ORSTOM/DAKAR
MIRCEN)
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31 Appendix 1
A l : Kenya Country Report
Facility Nairobi M I R C E N laboratory, Soil Science and Botany Departments, University of Nairobi.
Cultures Cultures include strains of Rhizobium and other bacteria, Frankiaand Mycorrhizal fungi. Culture collection, preservation and testing have been going on at the Nairobi M I R C E N since 1974. Authenticated cultures are lyophilized and conserved. There are over 216 microbial strains conserved, the majority of which are Rhizobium. A n update of our culture collection is periodically published in the ^ M I R C E N Catalogue Bacterial Cultures. Both .* 1 3
locally isolated and imported § l 2
rhizobium strains tested by the ^ -j -j . M I R C E N are being used for^- io-inoculant production for "c 9 various grain, pasture and tree — legumes. O f total inoculant o produced in 1990, 40% was £ for c o m m o n bean, 23% for ^1 lucerne (alfalfa), 14% for ° soyabean and 9% for Desmodium. All together, inoculants were produced for 19 legume species.
Carrier
Sterile filter-mud, a byproduct of sugar processing obtained locally.
Inoculant trade n a m e BIOFIX
c 3 O E <
Total production
— — — Total supply
81 7 6 5-4-3-2-1 -0 1981
*
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Year of Production
Figure 3. Inoculant production and sales by the University of Nairobi M I R C E N , 1981-1990.
Quality of inoculant
* 108 - 109 viable cells/g carrier * control accomplished by periodically taking colony plate counts of 3 packets randomly selected from a batch of 100 packets.
Slieir-life Six months
32
FARMERS PERCEPTION OF INOCULANT USE - KENYA
Region L e g u m e Likelihood of response to nodulntion
use
- Farmer aware access
Cost per ha ($ U S )
S i aya District
Beans Cowpeas Grams Groundnuts Fodder trees
±
± ± +
University of Nairobi
$1.25
South Nyanza Beans District Groundnuts
Soya beans Fodder trees
+ + + +
+ a) University of Nairobi
b) Local centres
$1.25
Trans Nzoia District
Beans Fodder crops
+ +
± + +
Kenya Seed C o . from U O N
$3.75
Central
Province
Beans Peas
Cowpeas Fodder trees eg. Leucaena
+ +
+
+ ± +
+ a) University of Nairobi
b) Agrie, show Nyeri and Nairobi
$1.25
Kisumu District
Cowpeas Beans Mungo Scsbania
+ +
University of Nairobi
$1.25
- absent; ± partly; + positive
33 Appendix 2
A 2 Uganda Country Report
Facility Makerere University Inoculant Plant
A m o u n t Present Production: 85 kg inoculum Projected future Production: 16 tons inoculum
Carrier material Non-sterile peat
Sales 85 kg in 250g packets
Principle Constraints
D u e to the problems of land ownership, it has been difficult to access peat deposits. These either belong to individual farmers or are in traditional landholdings. Farmers must be paid for the peat or if a permanent piece of land must be purchased by the ministry of Agriculture. At present, these funds are not available.
T h e Unit was established up with U S A I D funding for equipment and supplies, but without future support. Funds are required to purchase a h a m m e r mill, transport, laminar flow hood and chemicals for production. A revolving fund needs to be established for self sustainance of the laboratory. At present, funds generated by the laboratory are not returned to it.
There is great need to initiate improved quality control procedures, from the initial laboratory product to the consumer, more so because peat carrier is non-sterile. Training in quality control methodologies for all production personel is pi vi tal, and must be soon undertaken, as it is predicted that d e m a n d for inoculant will continue to rise. There is need to earmark one laboratory within the region to become responsible for quality control of all the collaborating labs of the East and Southern African M I R C E N . Training in antisera production for quality control is a first priority.
In Uganda, the bulk of the inoculum produced is for soybeans accounting for 54% of the total production while fast growing nitrogen-fixing tree inoculants account for 34%. Future emphasis is the need to produce bean inoculum and inoculum for forages whose demand is envisaged to increase rapidly in the near future especially after farmer awareness of the product. T o tackle future the marketing difficulties, there will be need to identify interested product outlets. This would ease the distribution problem as the product would go from producer to retailer, with easy to the farmers.
A s demand increases, there will be a need to commercialize production of inoculant for all legumes. In Uganda the private sector is well aware of the presence of the Rhizobium technology as it has been well advertised to the private sector. A s such commercial production is foreseen in the near future, Makerere will be too willing to assist the commercial sector in such things as quality control, while the unit itself will continue inoculant production in the near term.
34
FARMERS PERCEPTION OF INOCULANT USE - UGANDA
Region Legume Likelihood Farmer Cost per ha ($ US) of response use aware access to Modulation
Bushenyi Beans ± ± ± Makerere $3.00 District Groundnuts ± - - University
Soya beans + + ±
Mubende Beans ± ± ± Makerere $3.00 District Groundnuts ± University
Soya beans + + ±
Mpigi Beans ± ± ± Makerere $3.00 District Gnuts ± - - University
Soya beans + + ± Peas ± + ±
Kampala Beans ± + ± Makerere $3.00 Soya beans + + + University Fodder legumes + + ± Fodder trees + + +
- absent; ± partly; + positive
35 Appendix 3
A 3 : Z a m b i a Country Report
Introduction
The activities of the Soil Microbiology Laboratory are divided into two categories:
a) L e g u m e Inoculant Production b) Legume-Rhizobium Biological Nitrogen Fixation Research ( B N F )
The 1989/90 season was characterised by increased laboratory and field work, both experimental sites and number of on-farm trials increased markedly as compared to the previous season. Like the previous season collaborative work with soil chemistry section is completly essential for quantifying nitrogen derived from the atmosphere by use of the , 5 N isotope dilution method.
Integration of research and production has had a delaying effect on research activities, particularly in planting of trials as this coincides with the peak production season. This situation actually compounded by the skeleton staff in the section.
Inoculant production
W e in Zambia are blessed in that w e have abundant resources of peat deposits. At present only one deposit in the Western province of the country is the sole source of the carrier material, peat. U p o n its transportation to the inoculant plant, this is processed into rhizobial inoculant at M t . Makulu. This unit was established during the Z A M A R E project with support of U S Agency for International Development ( U S A I D ) , N i f T A L project, the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Southern Illinois at Carbondale and the University of Maryland Eastern Shore.
The peat has very low p H ranging from p H 3.5 to just about 5. This is too acidic for the strains used in the production of inoculants. The p H is adjusted by use of calcium carbonate after milling, raising the p H to about 6.4 and this gives 10% calcium carbonate in the final packaged peat. T h e packaging material is autoclavable plastic bag of thickness 0.065 millimetres giving a final weight of 250g. (Composition 210g neutralised peat, 45ml broth culture).
At M t . Makulu, the dominant inoculant produced is for soyabean (Glycine max) and small quantities of Lucerne (Medicago sativa) and Leucaena ¡eucocephaia.
Inoculant (250g) Year Soya Lucerne Lucaena
1988/89 26,000 20 15 1989/90 36,000 16 5 1990/91 52,000 35 1 5 .
T h e rapid increase in soya inoculant has been accelerated in part because of the unattractive price offered for the staple food crop, maize, more farmers are entering into soya production.
T h e distribution and marketing of inoculants is performed by the Zambia Farmers Cooperative Society and the Zambia Seed C o m p a n y . Unfortunately these distributors mainly depend on rail transport. Establishment of a better distribution network would precipitate an increase in demand.
36
TABLE I: FARMERS PERCEITION TO INOCULANT USE
FARMERS PERCEPTION OF INOCULANT USE - ZAMBIA
Region
Eastern Province
Southern Province
Central Province and Lusaka
Copperbelt Province
Northern Province
Legume Likelihood of response to nodulation
Beans Groundnuts C o w peas Soya beans
Soya beans Beans Groundnuts
Soya beans Beans Groundnuts Lima beans Peas Fodder legume (Lucerne & Desm. ) Fodder trees (Leucaena)
Soya beans Beans Cowpeas
Beans Soya beans
± ± ± +
+ ± ±
+ ± ± + +
+
+
+ + ±
+ +
use
_
--
~
+ -
-
+ ± ± + ±
+
+
+ --
-
— Farmer aware
^
--
~
+ -
-
+ ± ± + ±
+
+
+ --
-
Cost access
M t . Makulu Research Station
M t . Makulu Research Station
Mt . Makulu Research Station
Mt . Makulu Research Station
Mt . Makulu Research Station
t per ha ($ US)
$0.9
$0.9
$0.9
$0.9
$0.9
- absent; ± partly; + positive
37 Appendix 4
A 4 : Zimbabwe Country Report
T h e Soil Productivity Research Laboratory ( S . P . R . L . ) located at the Grasslands Research Station, Marondera, Z i m b a b w e w a s established in 1963.
Objective
Investigating ways of improving crop production under intensified cultivation with emphasis in sandy soils of granitic origin, covering large areas of the country. These soils have very little weatherable minerals making them poor in fertility and difficult to manage for sustained crop production.
Research
T h e laboratory conducts research on fertility and management problems that limit the productivity of these and other agricultural soils of the country, as well as collect information on changes induced by continuous cropping.
A multidisciplinary team approach is used, the team consists of soil chemists, phycists 'and soil microbiologists. During the past few years the team has greatly expanded its p rogramme of field investigations to include c o m m u n a l and other small-scale farming areas. This w o r k had previously been concentrated on commercial farms and research stations.
Collaboration with other Countries
At the request of U N E S C O , clover strain testing was conducted for I L C A , Ethiopia. W e have hosted Rhizobium scientists from M o z a m b i q u e , Malawi and Zambia on short (2-3 weeks) training visits.
T h e staff of the Soil Productivity Research Laboratory is m a d e up of several professionals with specialization in soil fertility/chemistry and crop nutrition, soil physics and soil microbiology, supported by eight technicians, 14 general hand employees and one typist/stenographer.
1. INOCULANT PRODUCTION
(a) Methods
9 5 % of inoculants are produced on solid based bagassilo (milled sugar cane stalk) m e d i u m . 2 . 5 % on agar slopes and 2 . 5 % in broth m e d i u m .
(b) Quantity and types
Total inoculant sold in 1989/90 was 99543 units soyabeans - 85 % groundnut - 10% bean - 2 % pea - 2% various pasture legumes - 1 %
38
FARMERS PERCEPTION OF INOCULANT USE - ZIMBABWE
Region L<
Mashonaland East
Mashonaland West
Mashonaland Central
Manicaland
Masvingo
Matebeleland North
cgume Likelihood of response to nodulation
Soyabean Groundnuts Cowpeas Bambara nuts Fodder legumes
Soyabean Groundnuts Cowpeas Bambara nuts Pigeon peas Beans Fodder legumes
Soyabean Bambara nuts Cowpeas Groundnuts Pigeon pea Peas Fodder legumes
Bambara nuts Cowpeas Groundnuts Beans Peas Fodder legumes
Cowpeas Groundnuts Beans Fodder legumes
Bambara nuts Groundnuts Cowpeas Fodder legumes
+ ± ± -
+
+ + ± -
+ + +
+ -
± ± + + +
-
± ± + + +
— —
+ +
—
-
-
+
use
+ + + + +
+ -
-
-
+ + +
+ -
+ + + + +
-
± ± + + +
— ~
+ +
--—
~
+
— Farmer aware
+ + + + +
+ ± ± ± ± + +
+ -
+ + + + +
-
+ + + + +
--
+ +
—
—
—
+
Pncl V^USl
access
National Research Station a) Seed coop. b) Farmers coop.
National Research Station a) Seed coop. b) Farmers coop.
a) Seed coop.
b) Farmers coop.
a) Seed coop.
b) Farmers coop.
a) Seed coop.
b) Farmers coop.
a) Seed coop.
b) Farmers coop.
t per ha <$ US)
$3.00
$2.00
$3.00
$2.00
-
$3.00
$2.00
$3.00
$2.00
$3.00
$2.00
$3.00
$2.00
Matebeleland C o w p e a South Groundnuts
Bambara nuts Fodder legumes + +
a) Seed coop. $3.00
b) Farmers coop. $2.00
39
ANNEX 2/
I M M E D I A T E O B J E C T I V E 2
Mobilization of African scientists as the very agents of scientific and
technological research in the region.
Success Criteria
- Identification of African researchers as teachers, course organizers and
consultants.
1. Title with date: Regional seminar on the " C E R E A L S O F T H E S E M I - A R I D
T R O P I C S " , Garoua, Cameroon, 1 2 - 1 6 September 1989.
Organized by: Institute of Agronomic Research of Cameroon (IRA)
Held at: Institute of Agronomic Research of Cameroon, Garoua, Cameroon.
Activity Coordinator: Director, Institute of Agronomic Research of Cameroon, Garoua, Cameroon.
Participants: 41 participants from Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, United Kingdom, Zambia.
Lecturers: 6 high-level experts from France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and U.K.
Objectives:
Topics of Lectures:
To exchange research results information on cereal sciences in the Sub-Sahara and the semi-arid tropics in Africa
Cereal crops in monoculture or intercropped Breeding and germplasm evaluation Pest and diseases of crops
Training Materials: 36 presented communications Field crop of experimental fields of maize and sorghum in the Garoua region
40
Additional sponsors: - International Foundation for Science (IFS)
- A C P - E E C Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural C o operation (CTA) - Special Programme for African Agricultural Research (SPAAR).
2 . Title with date: Regional Training Course on Q U A L I T Y A S S U R A N C E A N D
VALIDATION O F R H I Z O B I U M I N O C U L A N T S , Nairobi, Kenya, 3rd to 22nd September, 1989
Organized by: Nairobi M I R C E N , Department of Soil Science, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
Held at: Nairobi M I R C E N Center, University of Nairobi, Kabete Campus , Nairobi
Activity Coordinator: Dr J A . Keter, Department of Soil Science, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
Participants: 10 participants from Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Mali, Kenya and Tanzania
Lecturers: Professor S . O . Keya (Kenya Professor. B. Oruko (Kenya) Professor P. Salema (Tanzania) Professor Mwaura (Kenya)
Objectives: To introduce young scientists from Africa, particularly the Eastern Africa region to the importance of quality control measures on inoculant production.
Topics of Lectures: Production of legume inoculant Quality control, classification, growth Physiology and nutrition of rhizobia Intercropping of legumes and cereals
Training Materials: Written materials for all lectures and laboratory work, copies of relevant literature, handouts and transparencies. Several up-to-date manuals and textbooks from Nairobi M I R C E N Library built by UNESCO/University of Nairobi
41
Additional sponsors: - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- Microbial Resources Center for Eastern Africa, University of Nairobi, (Nairobi M I R C E N ) , Nairobi, Kenya
3. Title with date: 5th international Course on N I T R O G E N - F I X A T I O N ,
Montpellier, France, 5 June - 6 July 1990
Organized by: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
Held at: Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Symbiotes des Racines, Montpellier, France
Activity Coordinator: Professor J.J. Drevon, Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Symbiotes des Racines, INRA, Montpellier, France
Participants: 20 - from Benin, Cote-d'Ivoire, Vietnam, Madagascar, Cuba, Nepal, Gabon, Rwanda, Senegal, Morocco, Tunisia, Argentina, Canada
Lecturers: 6 high-level experts from INRA staff
Objectives: To provide an update in research skills and techniques concerning the analysis and application of B N F Technology
Topics of Lectures:
Training Materials:
Biologie de la Symbiose Biochimie de la nitrogénase Physiologie de la nutrition azotée des légumineuses Les gênes bactériens et végétaux de la fixation symbiotique Nutrition azotée d'une légumineuse Production en fermenteur Contrôle de qualité d'inoculum Mesures enzymatiques de la nutrition azotée: activités nitrogénase (réduction de l'acétylène) et nitrate reductase Application à l'analyse d'un essai d'inoculation au champ
Course lectures (handouts) Laboratory protocols (handouts) Research texts (handouts)
42
Additional sponsors: - Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- Centre International de Recherche pour l'Agriculture et le Développement (CIRAD)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( C N R S )
- Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération ( O R S T O M )
4 . Title with date: S O I L M I C R O B I O L O G Y A N D FERTILITY, Copenhagen , Denmark , 14 - 25 October, 1990
Organized by: Department of General Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Held at: Department of General Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Activity Coordinator:
Participants:
Professor Sten Struwe, Copenhagen, Denmark
22 - from Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Benin, Malawi, Mauritius, Congo, Zambia, Sierra Leone, Sweden and Slovenia
Lecturers: 6 high-level experts from the Nordic countries
Objectives: To provide the students with knowledge in soil microbiology and fertility e.g. populations of microorganisms in soil, cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus, interactions between microorganisms and plant roots, decomposition of soil organic matter and soil structure. Further the course focused on application of standard techniques for investigating different microbial processes in soil.
Topics of Lectures: Populations of microorganisms in soil Diversity and variability - in natural bacterial communities -contributions from molecular biology to the understanding of microbial population ecology The" nitrogen cycte with special empnasis on nitrification and denitrification Nitrogen budget in Swedish Agricultural systems Discussion of methods and techniques for studying nitrogen transformations Denitrifying activity in Danish forest soils, in situ and slurry measurements
43
Potentials and ecological aspects of (genetically engineered) bacteria introduced into soil The importance of phosporus in some tropical forest ecosystems, and the role of soil organisms in phosphorus cycling, with special emphasis on fungi
Training Materials: Course lectures (hand-outs) Laboratory protocols (hand-outs) Research material (hand-outs
Additional sponsors: Danish International Agency (DANIDA) M A B / U N E S C O
5. Title with date: Regional Course on B I O L O G I C A L N I T R O G E N - F I X A T I O N ,
B a m b e y , Senegal, 4 - 22 March 1991
Organized by: Bambey M I R C E N , Senegal
Held at: Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques, Bambey, Senegal
Activity Coordinator: Dr M a m a d o u Gueye, Director Bambey M I R C E N , Senegal
Participants 8 - from Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Mali, Tunisia, Senegal
Lecturers: 5 high-level experts from O R S T O M - Dakar inclusive of scientists from Senegal
Objectives: Introduce young technicians from the laboratory of soil microbiology to acquire all the technology of biological nitrogen-fixation in order to help farmers to make a better use this technology
Topics of Lectures: General Microbiology - Collect nodules and isolate Rhizobium and Frankia , - Estimate the nurriDer of Rhizobium: direct method -
counting in Petri disk; direct method - infection of test plants
- Selection of strains of Rhizobium and Frankia - Effectivity of strains - Competitivity of strains
44
Production of inoculum of Rhizobium and Frankia Quality control of an inoculum Method of inoculation
Training Materials: Course lectures (handouts) Laboratory protocols (handouts) Research texts (handouts) Field visits to Research Stations at Thienaba and Louga
Additional sponsors: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
6. Title with date: Regional Training Course O N " A P P L I C A T I O N O F R H I Z O B I U M
T E C H N O L O G Y IN L E G U M E P R O D U C T I O N , Nairobi, Kenya, 3 - 1 5 June 1991
Organized by: Nairobi M I R C E N , Nairobi, Kenya
Held at: Department of Soil Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi M I R C E N , Kenya
Activity Coordinator:
Participants:
Prof. A.J. Keter, Department of Soil Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
10 from Kenya, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe
Lecturers:
Objectives:
Topics of lectures:
6 local experts from Nairobi M I R C E N , Moi Univesity, T B S F -Kenya, Kenya Faculty, Research Institute.
To provide training on the application of Rhizobium Technology and Use by farmers
- Expanding the Use of Rhizobial Inoculants in Africa - B N F Systems in Tropical Agriculture - Legumes/Cereals as Sources of Protein - Classification of Rhizobia - Physiology and Nutrition of Rhizobia - Rhizobium inoculant Production - Legumes in Intercropping Systems - Design of Rhizobial Field Experiments - Farmers' Perception of Rhizobia
45
Training Materials:
Additional Sponsors:
Slide Show - Food legumes of the Tropics. Course lectures (hand-outs) Research texts (hand-outs)
- Rockefeller Foundation - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
7. Title with date: Training Course on C E L L A N D T I S S U E C U L T U R E A N D
B I O T E C H N O L O G Y , Ibadan, Nigeria, 1 3 - 2 4 April 1992
Organized by: IITA/UNESCO/ICRO/UNESCO Biotechnology Action Council (BAC)
Held at: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (UTA), Ibadan, Nigeria
Activity Coordinator: Professors S . Okonkwo and S . Ng , UTA, Nigeria
Participants: 10 - from Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia, Cameroon, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Uganda and Zimbabwe
Lecturers: 6 high-level international experts from UTA staff (inclusive of 2 scientists from Nigeria and Zaire)
Objectives: To provide training in the use of high-level techniques concerning cell and tissue culture, in vitro germplasm, the P C R technique, ELISA, and use of c D N A probes in diagnosis of diseases
Topics of Lectures: Embryo Rescue and Anther Culture in Plant Breeding Tissue culture in germplasm conservation Somaclonal variation and potential in agriculture Application of R F L P to crop improvement Plant-microbe interaction Use of Biofertilizers
Training Materials: Course materials - theory (lecture handouts) Laboratory protocols - (hand-outs) Research texts from specialized journals
46
Additional sponsors: - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (UTA), Nigeria - African Biosciences Network (ABN) - International Council of Scientific Unions (ICRO) - Third World Academy of Sciences ( T W A S )
8. Title with date: 6th International Course on the S Y M B I O T I C - F I X A T I O N O F
N I T R O G E N , 1 June - 3 July, 1993
Organized by: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
Held at: Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Symbiotes des Racines, Montpellier, France
Activity Coordinator: Professor J.J. Drevon, Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Symbiotes des Racines, Montpellier, France
Participants: 20 - from Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinée, Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Cuba, Indonesia, Vietnam, China, France, Slovakia, Belgium and Bulgaria.
Lecturers: 10 high-level international experts from France and Switzerland
Objectives: To provide high-level training in modern research skills and techniques concerning the analysis and application of B N F Technology tc efforts in increasing food production (increased yields of legumes).
Topics of Lectures: Nitrogen Cycle Physiology of Nitrogen-Fixation Genetics of N-fixing Organisms Mycorrhizal contributions Economic and social costs of B N F Technology
raining Materials: Course hand-outs concerning lectures and laboratory protocols Field visits
47
Additional sponsors: - Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Montpellier - Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) - Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le
Développement en Coopération ( O R S T O M ) - Centre International de Recherche pour l'Agriculture et le
Développement (CIRAD)
48
ANNEX 3/
I M M E D I A T E OBJECTIVE 3
Promotion of regional co-operative project management by regional scientists in consultation with the continent's scientific community e.g. the African Association for Biological Nitrogen-Fixation.
Success Criteria
Organization of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Conferences of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen-Fixation (AABNF) (see Appendix A ) , Dakar, Senegal, 1988, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1990 and Rabat, Morocco, 1992 .
1. Title with date: Third Conference of the African Association of Biological Nitrogen-Fixation (AABNF) on MAXIMIZING
B I O L O G I C A L N I T R O G E N - F I X A T I O N F O R A G R I C U L T U R A L A N D
F O R E S T R Y P R O D U C T I O N in Africa, December 1988, Dakar Senegal.
Organized by: West African M I R C E N , Dakar, Senegal; Ministry of Rural Development and Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA)
Held at: Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)
Activity Coordinator:
Participants:
Dr M a m a d o u Gueye, Director, West African M I R C E N
80 participants from 28 countries (Angola, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, France, Ghana, Haïti, Japan, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Netherlands, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, U.K. , U.S.A. , Senegal, Zaïre, Zimbabwe) and representatives from W A R D A , F A O , U N E S C O , ILCA, FAO/IAEA and O R S T O M .
Lecturers: 15 internationally recognized experts in the fields of soil microbiology, B N F Technology, Inoculant Production
Objectives: Utilization of B N F Technology to maximize agriculture and food production
49
Topics of Lectures: Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Grains Legumes Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Forage Legumes Biological Nitrogen Fixation on Trees Associative Nitrogen Fixation Inoculation Production and Inoculation Trials Improvement of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation through Soil Managemnt Practice Improvement of Sumbiotic Nitrogen Fixation through Plant Selection Nitrogen Economy in Intercropping and Agroforestry Systems Measurement of Nitrogen Fixation Azolla/Anabaena Association.
Training Materials: Conference Abstracts Conference Proceedings (printed). Copy already sent to U N D P / R A B Research Posters (20)
Additional sponsors: F A O , O R S T O M , IFS, U N E P , ICRAF, IUMS and the joint U N D P / U N E S C O / I C S U programme on the African Biosciences Network (ABN)
2. Title with date:
Organized by:
Fourth A A B N F Conference on B I O L O G I C A L N I T R O G E N
FIXATION A N D SUSTAINABILITY O F T R O P I C A L A G R I C U L T U R E ,
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (UTA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-29, 1990.
African Association for Bioloical Nitrogen-Fixation (AABNF)
Held at: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (UTA), Oyó Road, P M B 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
Activity Coordinator:
Participants:
Dr K. Mulongoy, Chairman, A A B N F
106 participants (inclusive of 15 females) from Ghana, Nigeria, U.S.A. , Niger, Japan, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Congo, Brazil, Cameroon, Uganda,. Canada, Austria, U.K. Côte d'Ivoire. France, Kenya. Togo, Sierra Leone, Egypt, Morocco, Belgium.
50
Lecturers: 40 internationally recognized experts in the fields of B N F Technology, B N F economics, Inoculant Commercialization, soil microbiology, biocontrol.
Objectives: - Mobilize scientists involved in the use of nitrogen-fixing systems with the goal of alleviating malnutrition and increasing food production, particularly in propical regions.
- Review management of nitrogen-fixing systems, a natural resource base, and recommend practices for an economically and ecologically viable and sustainable agriculture.
- Review trends in national and international B N F research, funding opportunities and the impact of past B N F research in agricultural development in the tropics.
- Set research strategies and recommendations that will lead to the design of systems and technologies adequate for sustained food production and increased income in the tropics, while conserving the natural resource base.
Topics of Lectures: - B N F in Tropical Agrosystems: Twenty years of B N F research in Africa
- Sustainable Agriculture: Definition and Measurement - Nitrogen-Fixing Systems - Measurement of B N F - Management of Factor Limiting B N F - Biotechnology and Modelling in B N F Research - Sustainability of Cropping Systems with B N F - Economics and Nutritional Impact of B N F Systems - Trends and Impact of International Research of B N F
Training Materials: - Conference Abstracts (40 oral papers) - Conference Programme - Research Posters (30) - Conference Proceedings (printed). Copy already sent to
U N D P / R A B
Additional sponsors: - Centre International de Recherche pour l'Agriculture et le Développement(GfR ADMIRAT, France
- French Ministry of Cooperation - Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation
(CTA), The Netherlands - Third World Academy of Science ( T W A S ) , Italy - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization ( U N E S C O ) , France
51
G T Z , Niger International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Development Research Centre (IDRC),Senegal
IFDC, Togo International Foundation for Science, Sweden International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), Ethiopia Institut National des Recherches Agricoles, France National Research Council, Brazil NifTAL MIRCEN, Hawaii, U S A U N E S C O Office for Science and Technology for Africa, (ROSTA), Kenya United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/USDA, Washington, U S A
W A R D A , Côte d'Ivoire
3 .Title with date: Fifth A A B N F Conference on ACQUISITIONS A N D P R O M I S E S O F
R E S E A R C H O N BIOLOGICAL N I T R O G E N FIXATION IN AFRICA,
Rabat, Morocco, 14-19 September 1992
Organized by: Rabat/Cairo M I R C E N at Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine
Held at: Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
Activity Coordinator:
Participants:
Dr A . Hilali, Director Rabat/Cairo M I R C E N
100 participants from Algeria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Holland, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda , Senegal, Tunisia, Uganda, U .K . U . S . A . , Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe and representatives from F A O , FAO/ IAEA; U N E S C O , U N E P and IFS.
Lecturers: Internationally recognized experts in the fields of B N F Technology, B N F Inoculant Production and Commercialization, soil microbiology, biopesticides, etc.
Objectives: Promote scientific use of biological nitrogen fixation in Africa
in increasing food production, while reducing the need for purchased fertilizer inputs.
52
Topics of Lectures: - Biological nitrogen fixation in annual legumes - Improvement of biological nitrogen fixation through plant
selection - Ecology of nitrogen fixing microorganisms - Nitrogen fixation in trees and stem nodulated legumes - Biological nitrogen fixation and soil fertility - Biological nitrogen fixation limiting factors - Inoculant production - Biological nitrogen fixation by free living microorganisms and
in Azolla-Anabaena association - Biologial nitrogen fixation in multiple cropping systems
Training Materials: - Conference Programme and Abstracts - Conference Proceedings in print - 60 Lecture Presentations - 24 Research Posters
Additional sponsors: - Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) - Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole (CTA) - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas
( ICARDA) - International Foundation for Science (IFS) - Third World Academy of Sciences ( T W A S ) , Italy - United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization ( U N E S C O ) - United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
Italy - United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV Hassan II) Société de Gestion des Terres Agricoles (SOGETA) Société Nationale de Commercialisation des Semences ( S O N A C O S )
National Supporting -Institutions:
53
Appendix A
AABNF: GOALS AND ACTIVITIES
The African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation (AABNF) w a s
founded in 1982 to promote scientific use of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in
Africa increasing food production while reducing the need for purchased
fertilizer inputs. BNF can help meet national goals of alleviating food shortages
and malnutrition with improved quality of foodstuffs, free of the pollution
hazards associated with mineral nitrogen fertilizers.
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (UTA), Ibadan, within
the I ITA/UNDP project G L O / 7 7 / 0 1 3 on "Maximizing Nitrogen Fixation by
Cowpeas and Soybeans in Farming Systems in the Humid Tropics", played a
central role in the founding of this multidisciplinary association of soil scientists,
microbiologists, agronomists, climatologists, social economists, breeders, plant
physiologists, biotechnologists, nutritionists and policymakers, among others
interested in the promotion of BNF systems in Africa. The Association organizes
regular conferences to share experience and information, evaluate what has
been done and chart a course for the efficient exploitation of B N F systems in
Africa, where the need to alleviate malnutrition and increase food production
with minimal inputs is the most acute.
The first A A B N F meeting was organized by the Nairobi Microbial Resource
Centre (MIRCEN) in July 1984 , with support primarily from U N E S C O , F A O and
U N E P and brought together about 100 participants representing 19 African
countries and 12 countries from other continents. The theme of the conference
w a s "Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Africa". The conference summarized the
major areas of research on B N F in Africa (Ssali and Kenya, 1985) and
recommended adoption of specific themes in future meetings. The second
conference of the Association was organized by the Cairo M I R C E N , Egypt with
support from U N E S C O , F A O , U N E P and IDRC, in 1986 on the "Role of Biological
Nitrogen Fixation for Development of Rural Africa". The Third Conference on
"Maximiser la Fixation Biologique de l'Azote par la Production Agricole et
Forestière en Afrique" w a s organized by the Bambey/Dakar M I R C E N in 1988 in
Senegal. The Fourth Conference on "Biological Nitrogen-Fixation and
Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture" was held in 1990 at Ibadan, Nigeria. In
1992 the Fifth Conference w a s organized by the M I R C E N Laboratory in Rabat,
Morocco on "Acquisitions and Promises of Research on Biological Nitrogen-
Fixation in Africa". The Sixth Conference'is scneauied for 1994 in Z imbabwe.
54
ANNEX 4/
I M M E D I A T E OBJECTIVE 4—
To strengthen existing infrastructure and related facilities for the training of manpower from developing and the least developed of the developing countries in participating institutions.
Success Criteria
Organization of peer-evaluated research projects (see also attached Table 1 on research activities) and training courses.
1. Title with date: A F R I C A N P L A N T B I O T E C H N O L O G Y N E T W O R K (APBNet), 1992
Organized by: - University of Burundi - U N D P / U N E S C O
Held at: Faculty of Sciences, University of Burundi, Burundi
Activity Coordinator: Professor Ndeberi, J.
Activities - Contribution to the development of an "African Society of Biotechnology"
- Co-operate with O A U s network activities on: a) Micropropagation b) Medicinal plants
- African Microbiology Network - Collaboration with Kenyan National Commission for
U N E S C O , USAID, A B N and U N E S C O in the implementation of 44 governmental African requests for symposium on "Biotechnology for Development in Africa"
- Organization of Symposium in Brazzaville, Congo on "Plant Biotechnologies and Plant Protection"
Outputs: - Establishment of APBNet
Tifie witfvoare* ftff.SC P R O G R A M M E IN B I O T E C H N O L O G Y -1990-1991 (2-year curriculum in Plant/Soil Biotechnology)
v See also Annex B, page 14
55
Organized by: Department of Molecular Biology, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Netherlands
Held at: Department of Molecular Biology, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Netherlands
Activity Coordinator: Dr R . C . Van der Bos
Participants: 1 ) Mr B. Tesfaye, Ethiopia 2) Mr A. Ribeiro, Mozambique
Lectures: In Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry, Microbiology, Techniques in Biotechnology, Organic Chemistry, Plant Virology, Microbial Genetics, Computer Science, Soil Microbiology and Industrial Microbiology
Objectives: To provide advance knowledge in Plant/Soil Biology
Outputs: Award of M . S c . Degree
3. Title with date: P R O T O P L A S T F U S I O N A N D G E N E D E V E L O P M E N T IN T H E G R O W T H
OF BANANAS, LEGUMES AND MANIOC, 1992
Organized by: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
Held at: Laboratoire de Microbiologie, C . N . R . S . , Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Activity Coordinator: Professor T.T. Trinh
Participant: M s K. Kamate, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Botanique, Université d'Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Output: Research carried out towards the preparation of a Doctoral Thesis
56
Additional sponsors: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
4. Title with date: R E G U L A T I O N O F PECTIN D E G R A D A T I O N B Y T H E PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIUM "ERWINE CHRYSANTEMl"
Organized by: Institut national des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Lyon, France
Held at: Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Microorganismes, INSA, Lyon, France
Activity Coordinator: Dr J. Robert-Baudouy
Participant: Mr. H. W . Nasser, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Output: Acquisition of specialized research skills in Phytopathology
5. Title with date: I M P A C T O F P R O T O P L A S T FUSION O N P L A N T B R E E D I N G A N D
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS AND TRANSGENIC PLANTS, 1992
Organized by: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, U.K.
Held at: Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, U .K.
Activity Coordinator: Professor Peter Shewry
Participant: Mr E. Bekele, Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Output; < ¡mpfsvarasnt'of^ graduate-* training* ïrt íñer Dépannent ut" Biology, Addis Ababa University
6. Title with date: D E V E L O P M E N T O F A L G A L BIOFERTILIZERS, 1992
57
Organized by: Institute of Food Research, Agricultural and Food Research Council, Norwich, U.K.
Held at: Institute of Food Research, Agricultural and Food Research Council, Norwich, U.K.
Activity Coordinator: Professor V.J. Morris
Participant: Mr E. Eteshola (Nigeria) c/o the Institutes for Agriculture and Applied Biology. Ben-Gurion University, Israel
Output: Research project conducted for Doctoral Thesis
Additional sponsors: Agricultural and Food Research Council, U .K.
7. Title with date: A C A C I A ALBIDA. U N E L E G U M I N E U S E A R B O R E S C E N T E A F O R T
POTENTIEL MYCORRHIZIEN ET FIXATEUR D'AZOTE, 1990/1992.
Organized by: M I R C E N Centre ISRA - O R S T O M , Dakar, Senegal
Held at: M I R C E N C E N T R I S R A - O R S T O M , Dakar, Senegal
Activity Coordinator: Dr M . Gueye
Participant: - Mr Diop, T., Institut Sénégalais de Recherches
Agronomiques, Dakar, Senegal - Mr. Ndao, B., M I R C E N , Dakar, Senegal
Output: Presentation and publication of research results in
proceedings of I F S / O R S T O M Symposium on "Plant-
Microorganisms Interactions", Dakar, Senegal, February
1992
8. Title with date: I M P R O V E M E N T O F PRODUCTIV ITY A N D G R O W T H O F T R E E S
(N ITROGEN-FIXING): " A C A C I A MARIGIUM A N D A C A C I A ALBIDA" .
Organized by: M I R C E N Centre ISRA - O R S T O M , Dakar, Senegal
58
Held at: Soil Microbiology Laboratory, O R S T O M / C N R S , Dakar, Senegal
Activity Coordinator: Prof. B. Dreyfus, Director, O R S T O M
Participant: Mr Inamoud Ibay Yattara, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Bamako, Mali
Output: Research paper (in preparation), and strengthening of collaboration between host and recipient laboratories in Senegal and Mali with O R S T O M / U N E S C O support
9. Title with date: R H I Z O B I U M - P L A N T INTERACTIONS, 1992
Organized by: O R S T O M , Dakar, Senegal
Held at: Soil Laboratory, O R S T O M , Dakar, Senegal
Activity Coordinator: Dr B. Dreyfus, Director, O R S T O M , Senegal
Participant: Mr Fetiarison, Centre National de la Recherche Apliquée au Développement Rural, Antananarivo, Madagascar
Output: Research contribution (in preparation).
10. Title with date: S T U D Y O F R O O T I N G S Y S T E M S O F P E N T A S ( R U B I A C E N E ) ,
1991/1992
Organized bv: Institut de Botanique, Liège, Belgium
Held at: Institut de Botanique, Hormonologie Fondamentale et Appliquée; Université oe Liège - Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
Activity Coordinator: Professor Thomas Gaspar
59
Participant: Mr Xavier Ayobangira, Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Butare, Rwanda
11. Title with date: PREPARATION OF BIOREAGENTS FOR U S E IN CULTURE
COLLECTIONS AND SEROLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF
MICROORGANISMS, 1992
Organized by: Laboratoire d'lmmunochimie, Oullins, France
Held at: Laboratoire d'lmmunochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon Sud, Oullins, France
Activity Coordinator: Professor G . Quash, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon Sud, Oullins, France
Participant: Mr Njayou, University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
Output: Research papers in preparation
12. Title with date: S T U D Y O F R E S I S T A N C E O F A Z O L L A (BNF ENTITY) T O I N S E C T
PESTS ELOPHILA AND CHIRONOMUS IN SEIRRA L E O N E , 1992
Organized by: Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale
Held at: Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Place Croix du Sud, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Activity Coordinator: Professor C . Van Hove,Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Place Croix du Sud, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Participant: M s J. Roberts, Crop Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Output: Research papers in preparation for publication in international scientific journals (corresponding author Professor C . Van Hove)
60
13. Title with date: PLANT TISSUE CULTURE OF FOOD AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS OF
ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
Organized by: Laboratoire de Recherches de Physiologie Végétale, Angers, France
Held at: Laboratoire de Recherches de Physiologie Végétale, Angers, France
Activity Coordinator: Professor R. Letouze, Laboratoire de Recherches de Physiologie Végétale, Angers, France
Participant: Nyabwango, Jean-Baptiste, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burundi, B.P. 2700, Burundi.
Output: Candidate after training to be appointed in charge of Horticulture Centre of APBNet programme
«o
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Remarks Investigator(s) Title pf Project Year
Published in: MIRCEN Journal of
Appl. Microbiol. & Biotechnol.,
Vol. 5: 493-504
Gitonga, N.M.
(Kenyatta University)
Widdowson, D.
(Univ. of Leicester/Univ. of
Nairobi/MIRCEN) and
Keya, S.O. (Moi University), Kenya
Interaction of Phaseolus vulgaris with
thermotolerant isolates of Rhizobium
leauminosarum from Kenyan Soils
1988/1989
Published in: MIRCEN Journal of
Appl. Microbiol. & Biotechnol. Vol
4: 365-375
Gueye, M. (MIRCEN/ISRA) and
Bordelean, M. (Canada Agriculture)
Senegal
Nitrogen Fixation in Bambara
groundnut Voandzeia subterránea (L.)
Thonàrs
1988
Published in: World Journal of
Microbiol. & Biotechnol. Vol 6:
178-186
Ms Feresu, S. and
Muzondo, M.I.
(University of Zimbabwe)
Zimbabwe
Identification of some lactic acid
bacteria from two Zimbabwean
fermented milk products
1989/1990
Work carried out at International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture,
Ibadan, Nigeria
Mulongoy, K.
Zaire
Effect of Pruning Application on
Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Ability and
Mycorrhizal infection of selected
legumes (copea, Leucaena, Gliricida)
1989
Work carried out locally Fetiarison
Laboratoire de Antananarivo,
Madagascar
Inoculation du Voandzeia subterránea 1989
In co-operation with West African
MIRCEN. Also supported by grant
from American Society for
Microbiology
Lahbib, M.
Ecole Normale Supérieure, Bamako,
Mali
Isolation, Growth and Enumeration of
Bradyrhizobium in Malian Soils
1989/1990
Hakizimana, A.
Institut des Sciences Agronomiques,
Butare, Rwanda
Growth and Survival of
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
1989/1990
Also supported by grant from
American Society for Microbiology
and FAO/IAEA Laboratory, Austria
Amara, D.
Njala University, Freetown, Sierra
Leone
Indigonous Rhizobial Population
Studios in Sierra Leone and
Assessment of Nitrogen-Fixation in
Comnion Food Legumes in Sierra
Leone and their Contribution to a
Succeeding Cereal Crop
1989/1990
In co-operation with ISRA Gueye, M. West African MIRCEN, Bambey,
Senegal
Growth of selected rhizobial species
with Acacia albida, Acacia Senegal,
Sesbapia and Voandzeia sp.
1989/1990
In co-operation with Dr Mulongoy,
IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria
Odeyemi, 0.
Obafemi-Awolowo Univ.
Ife-lfe, Nigeria
Biofertilizer Production And Use In
Nigeria 1989/1990
In co-operation with West African
MIRCEN. Also supported by grant
from American Society for
Microbiology
Kimou, A.
Dept. d'Agronomie, ENSA, Abidjan,
Côte d'Ivoire
Développement de la culture des
légumineuses vivieres en Côte d'Ivoire
- Amélioration de la production par la
fixatidn symbiotique
1989/1992
Grant from American Society for
Microbiology
Ms M. Silver
Makerere University
Kampala, Uganda
Biological Nitrogen-Fixation Studies in
Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Uganda
1989
In co-operation with project
FAO/CIAM, Ntoum, Libreville,
Gabon
Koumba-Koumba, D.
Centre d'Introcution d'Adaptation et
de Multiplication du Matériel végéral,
Libreville, Gabon
Micropropagation et Amélioration
génétique du Banania au Gabon
1990
Research still in progress for thesis.
In framework of West African
MIRCEN network
Ms. Spencer-Barreto, M
Université Cheik A. Diop, Dakar,
Senegal
Etude Experimentale du
Développement des Racines
Adventives de la tigne de Sesbania
rostrata
1990
In co-operation with International
Foundation for Science (IFS),
Sweden
Makita-Ngadi, J.
Université des Sciences et Techniques
de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
Development of Organic Fertilizer
through Bioconversion of Organic
Wastes
1990
Work carried out for doctoral thesis,
Dept. Agricultural Economics,
Egerton University, Kenya
Kahuure, K.S.M
Namibia
Use of Biofertilizers in Namibia vis-à-
vis current Food Policies and
Production Processes
1990
In co-operation with MIRCEN in
Dakar, Senegal
Traore, T.
Laboratoire de Microbiologie de Sols,
Bamako, Mali
Valorisation des potentialités
agronomique d'Azolla
1991
In framework of East African
MIRCEN network Ms. Ryder, M.R.
Soil Productivity Research Laboratory,
Marondera, Zimbabwe
Host specificy of Rhizobium strains
isolated from Ethiopian clovers
1990/1991
Published in Cahiers de Recherche
Développement, Cameroon
Tetio-Kagho, F.
Centre Universitaire de Dschang, Cameroon
Improvement of Mixed Cropping in
Traditional Farming Systems (around
Dschang) in Cameroon
1991
In co-operation with Nairobi
MIRCEN, Kenya Forest Research
Institute and Kenya Agricultural
Research Institutions
Obunga, F.
Baobab Far, Kenya
Use and Efficienty of Polymeric
Frankia inoculum in Casuarina to
improve Soil Fertility
1991/1992
In co-operation with West African MIRCEN
Ms. Beidary, F.
Institut National de Recherches
Agronomiques, Niamey, Niger
Fixation Biologique de l'azote chez
Acacia albida
1992
Project nearing completion
(impeding factor: local instability)
Okereke, G.
Biotech. Research Centre, Mnandi
Azikiwe University, Anambra, Nigeria
Rhizo.bium Inoculant Production for
Sustainable Legume Production by
Rural Farmers in Nigeria
1992
65
ANNEX 5/
I M M E D I A T E O B J E C T I V E 5
To promote co-operation research amongst participating institutions and those in non-IPF and developing countries within the framework of the already established U N E S C O M Í R C E N network.
Success Criteria
Organization of interregional M I R C E N projects in B N F (biofertilizer) technology.
1. Title with date: E F F E C T O F P R U N I N G APPLICATION O N S Y M B I O T I C N 2 FIXING
ABILITY AND MYCORRHIZAL INFECTION OF COWPEA (VlGNA UNGUICULATA), LEUCANEA (LEUCANEA LEUCOCEPHALA) AND GLIRICIDIA (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM), 1989.
Organized by: K. Mulongoy, Zaire/Nigeria
Held at: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (UTA), Ibadan, Nigeria
Activity Coordinator: K. Mulongoy, African Association for Nitrogen-Fixation (AABNF) /M IRCEN Network
Output: Research carried out for in-training of 3 lady students from Imo State University and one from an industrial plant.
2. Title with date: C O U R S REGIONAL SUR LA FIXATION SYMBIOTIQUE DE L'AZOTE,
13-25 N O V E M B E R 1989, INSTITUT A G R O N O M I Q U E ET
VÉTÉRINAIRE HASSAN II, RABAT, M O R O C C O .
Organized by: Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
Held at: Laboratoire de microbiologie du sol, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
Activity Coordinator: Dr Ali Hilali, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
66
Participants: 12 from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, Republic of Guinea, Mali and Côte d'Ivoire
Lecturers: Local experts from Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II
Objectives: To initiate young scientists and development officials of the countries of the region to techniques and necessary knowledge on symbiotic nitrogen fixation with a view to improve production of grain and forage leguminous
Topics of Lectures:
Training Materials:
Isolement et purification de la Rhizobium Identification des souches de la Rhizobium Dénombrement de Rhizobium dans le sol et dans l'inoculum Techniques d'inoculation des légumineuses Evaluation du besoin d'inoculation des légumineuses aux champs Control de qualité des inoculums Démonstration aux champs
Slide shows lecture materials
Additional sponsors: l'Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
3. Title with date: PROVISION OF TRAINING IN BNF PRACTICES AT DAKAR MIRCEN, DAKAR, SENEGAL, 1990.
Organized by: Dakar MIRCEN/lnstitut Sénégalais des Recherches Agronomiques (ISRA)
Held at: Dakar M I R C E N / I S R A
Activity Coordinator' Dr M'. Gueye, Director Wes t African M I R C E N '
Output: Specialized training to researchers from Côte d'Ivoire, Zaire, Tunisia, Egypt and Mali
67
4. Title with date: E T U D E E X P E R I M E N T A L E D E LA M O D U L A T I O N (AÉRIENNE O U SOUTERRAINE) DE DEUX C A S U A R I N A C E A E Ç_. EQUISETIFOLIA
( F O R S T E T F O R S T ) ETÇ_. CUNNINGHAMIANA MIQ. , 1990.
Organized for: H. Kodja, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles
Held at: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA) Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération ( O R S T O M ) University of Tours, Tours, France
Activity Coordinator: Professor Y. Dommergues (CNRS), Paris, France, Scientific Advisor, West African M I R C E N Professor E. Duhoux (University of Paris VII), Paris, France
Output: Reseach carried out as post-doctoral work on nodulation
5. Title with date: L E G U M I N O U S T R E E S , 1991
Organized for: M s Maria de Jesus Semedo (Cape Verde)
Held at: Instituto de Pesquisas Agronómicas/Universidad Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre M I R C E N , Brazil
Activity Coordinator: Dr J. Freiré, Director, Porto Alegre M I R C E N , Brazil
Output: Intensive 2-month theoretical and practical training provided to young researcher from Cape Verde
Additional Sponsor: Henry Doubleday Research Association, Coventry, U.K.
6. Title with date: BIOFERTILIZERS T E C H N O L O G Y W I T H SPECIAL R E F E R E N C E T O
NITROGEN-F IX ING T R E E S , C A I R O M I R C E N , 5-14 N O V E M B E R . 1SST.
Organized bv: Cairo M I R C E N , Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
68
Held at: Department of Microbiology, Cairo M I R C E N , Ain S h a m s University, Cairo, Egypt
Activity Coordinator: Professor N . I. Magdoub, Department of Microbiology, Cairo M I R C E N , Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Participants: 25 trainees from Senegal, Y e m e n , Somalia, Egypt
Lecturers: 10 lecturers from Cairo M I R C E N (Egypt), NifTAL M I R C E N (USA), I C A R D A (Syria), FAO/ IAEA Laboratory (Austria)
Objectives: To acquaint African and Arab researchers with the necessary practices for production and quality control of biofertilizers
Topics of Lectures: N e w trends in taxonomy and N-fixing organisms Field applications - Experimental design and evaluation Utilization of N2-tracer techniques for biofertilizer research Processing and quality of Rhizobium inoculants
Training Materials: Hand-outs of lectures, laboratory protocols, and slide-shows, field visits
Additional sponsors: O R S T O M , teaching materials from NifTAL M I R C E N , ICARDA, FAO/ IAEA Laboratory
7. Title with date: ESSAI D'INOCULATION AU SENEGAL DE L'ARACHIDE AVEC DES SOUCHES DE RHIZOBIUM. 1991-1992
Organized for: M s Marie-Claire Da-Sylva Université de Dakar, (Senegal)
Held at: Ecole Nationale des Cadres Ruraux Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA) Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération ( O R S T O M )
Activity Coordinator: Dr M a m a d o u Gueye, Director West African M I R C E N
69
Output: Research carried out for the award of the "Diplome d'Ingénieur des Travaux d'Agriculture" of the Ecole Nationale des Cadres Ruraux.
8. Title with date: R E S P O N S E O F CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA L. T O T W O ISOLATES
O F POLYMERIC FRANKIA M O C U L A A N D C R U S H E D N O D U L E S IN A
STRIP-MINED LIMESTRONE QUARRY, BAMBIRI, KENYA
Organized by: U N E S C O R O S T A , Nairobi and Dakar MIRCENs, O R S T O M
Held at: Bamburi North Quarry, Mombasa, Kenya
Activity Coordinator: Obunga, R. and Fiechtmeller, H., Diani Agricultural Research and Development, Mombasa, Kenya
Output: Research publication (in preparation)
9. Title with date: INOCULATION D E A C A C I A A L B I D A D A N S L E S PÉPINIÈRES
VILLAGEOISES A V E C D E S S O U C H E S D E RH1ZOBIUM E T D E
M Y C O R H I Z A E , 1992
Organized for: Oumar Toure (Burkina Faso) and Mamadou Gueye (Senegal)
Held at: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), M I R C E N
Activity Coordinator: Dr Mamadou Gueye, Director West African M I R C E N
Output: Research carried out for the preparation of a "Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies" (DEA)
Additional sponsors: A 5-L fermentor was made available by. NifTAL M I R C E N , Hawaii, USA'for the conduction of the research work.
10. Title with date: E F F E C T I V E N E S S O F T H R E E RHIZOBIUM STRAINS W I T H A N D
W I T H O U T G L O M U S M O S S E A E O N ACACIA ALBIDA (Del.). 1992
70
Organized for: B. Ndao, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, (Niger)
Held at: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)
Activity Coordinator: Dr M . Gueye, Director, West African M I R C E N in collaboration with Université de Nancy
Research work carried out as part of training to researchers in least developed countries
Output: Preparation or research thesis
Additional sponsors: O R T Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland
11. Title with date: BIOTECHNOLOGY: A STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT IN
AFRICA. Symposium of African MIRCENs, Dakar, 30-November - 5 December 1992)
Organized by: Centre of Microbial Resources, Dakar, Senegal
Held at: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles. Direction des Recherches sur les Cultures et Systèmes Pluviaux
Activity Coordinator:
Participants:
Dr M a m a d o u Gueye, Director, M I R C E N , Dakar, Senegal
60 participants from Egypt, Morocco, Sierra Leone, Senegal, France, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Algeria, Niger, Mali, Madagascar, Cameroon.
Lecturers: 10 High-level African and international lecturers in different fields of biotechnology
Objectives: Emphasis were given to those themes that are within the competence of the M I R C E N s and which have been independently identified as priority areas for commercialization of biotechnological processes and products by the newly established African Agency for Biotechnology with support from U N C E D . These are:
71
1) Commercialization of Rhizobium and mycorrhizal inoculum
2) Vaccine production 3) Plant biotechnology 4) Mushroom production - bioconversion technology
5) Economic and social inputs of commercialization of African biotechnology products.
The African M I R C E N s Symposium - a co-operative effort between the M I R C E N S located in Cairo, Dakar and Nairobi, and in collaboration with the achievements of the African Biosciences Network (ABN), and the African Association for Biological Nitrogen-Fixation (AABNF) focusses on the strategic utilization of biotechnology as the motor of development in Africa which has been recommended by the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
Topics of Lectures: - Bioconversion of organic residues to edible and nutritive
protein: an economic approach. M s N. Rasmy, Cairo M I R C E N , Egypt.
- Biofertilizers: agronomic and socio-economic considerations, K. Mulongoy, UTA, Nigeria
- Economic approach of vaccine production in Algeria, A . C . Benguedda, Institut Pasteur, Algeria
- Production and commercialization of vaccines for animal use in Côte d'Ivoire, A. Angba, Côte d'Ivoire
- Field application of biotechnology in Senegal: a case of study, F. N u w a m e , Senegal
- Improvement of animal production in Senegal: roles of artificial insemination and embryo transfer, M . Mbaye, Senegal
- Biotechnologies in the production of vaccines for veterinary use: a strategy for development in Africa, J. Sarr, Senegal
- Biotechnological applications for plant improvement, utilization of "haploides" for the selection of "cultivated-legume" species, A. Borgel, France
- Options for the selection and development of resistant strains of Azolla to Elophila africalis: a pest iimiting productivity, M s J. Roberts, Sierra Leone.
- Production of legumes inoculant Rhizobium in Kenya, M . P . Mbuvi, Nairobi M I R C E N , Kenya
- Biological Nitrogen Fixation: legume management, M a m a d o u Gueye, Dakar, Senegal
- Production of veterinary vaccines in Senegal, A . Niasse, Dakar, Senegal
- Biogas production, P. Robert, Dakar, Senegal
- Plant tissue culture - new plants, Koumba-Koumba, Libreville, Gabon
72
Outputs: Proceedings in print. To provide an input in U N E S C O ' s
"Priority Africa" Programme and O A U ' s Smposium on Biotechnology
Additional sponsors: - Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le
Développement en Coopération ( O R S T O M ) - Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)
12. Title with date: RHIZOBIA I N O C U L A N T P R O D U C T I O N IN NIGERIA, 1992
Organized by: Biotechnology Research Centre, Mnambi Azikiwe University, P M B 5025 Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Held at: Biotechnology Research Centre, Mnambi, Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Activity Coordinator: Professor G . Okereke
Output: Research work nearing completion. Research publication planned.
73
ANNEX 6/
BIOFIX (helps legumes to use nitrogen fren air)
C R O P
BATCH
USE BEFORE.
Prepared By DEP>XRTMENT5 OF SOIL SCIENCE A N D BOTANY
(MIRCEN PROJECT) FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE. KABETE CAMPUS "
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI P.O. BOX 30197 NAIROBI. KENYA
DIRECTIONS FOR IKE Useontytr» crop rnanttonedoothe packet. The content of th Is pecket Is sufficient foM5 kg of & Q seeds. Mtx fí^e content of this pçcket well wtrh seeds moistened \*frh water or sugar solution until oil seeds are uniformly coa ted a n d s o w immedlotety.
CAUTION inoculated seeds c Inoculant should not te exposed to sun;!jhf. heat or mixed with chemical fertilizers. This Inoculant supplies only nitrogen; therefor© apply all other nutriera to the sdL
M A E L E Z O Y A KUTUMIA Turnia tu kwa m m e a ulhfipendeke-zwp hapo Juu ya pakttl. Paklti h fi Inaweza kuturnika kwa m b e g u klasi cha kilo 15. Chcnganya mehanjo huu na m b e g u vtzurt k w a kutumia majl klasi, m p a k a mehanjo ukae vtzurl Juu ya klla m b e g u halaiu upande mará moja
CNYO f/'begu ztttzo chan/wa au mehanjo huu lazima zJhlfadhlwe mahoH paslpo na joto cu Jua kall. na usichanganywe na mbolea za chumvl-chumvi Mehanjo huu husaldia tu mimea na naltrogeni pekee kwa hivyo. ongeza mbolea za aina nyinglne kcrflka udongo.
STORE THIS P A C K E T IN A C O O L P L A C É UNÏEL U5£
MIT WEIGHT I0G
!î
74
C k u t e k a Inocula nu IT-, u KalijO Juza eccupa ya soda emu ne kltundu d j ) r.arcazl agatukula. Teeka.-nu ejjiko emu ne kitundu dj ) eya sjkaall (kozesa sukaall anoge rr.uKszJ. Klno kyO -k07.c ye Nkvaso
M A K - U I O - N - K I X K n
^ '
ANNEX 11 I noc ulatlng Seeds
Take clean water In on« and half «oda bottlia add on« and h.ilf tabl« spoonful of Sugar kn4 .«haV« y«ll to ilinaolv«. Tou biiv» avl« a r,tlck«r.
Juza endebe emu ne kltundu (1}) nenslgo zebljanjaaro ezlveza kilo ablrl cutaano (25) oba cklka kyenslgo eklrara.
Ddlra enslgo oziyiwe œukkalayi etukula oba ebensanl
tr.vfii^S-i.
ruka enkvanso munslgo
Tabula enslgo zltobe bulungl mu Kkwanso.
Fuka akapakltl ka Inoculaau kona kunsigo ezlrlko enkvanso
Tabula ensigo zlno bulungl zona zibe aga zljude Inoculaau
Take a deb« and hair (25kg) of clean bean seeds or any blf, sized seeds.
Eapty the seeds Into a clean basin.
4. Pour the sticker onto the seeds.
Mix the seeds well with the sticker so that is wetted.
Eapty the contents in the inoculant packets on to the wetted seeds (use right type of Inoculant).
7. Mix the seeds throughly so that each seed is uniformly coated with the Inoculant.
Ensigo zotabude mu Inoculaau zlbikeko olupapula oba olugoye zilece kvokebwa musana
•Tv-T^. •— ~ " — . - . • V ; - r 7 ^ — Cover the Inoculated seeds with paper or cloth to protect froa direct sunlight.
Ensigo zlslfflbe ecangu nutaka ellnylkide obulungi narcazzi
Sow the seeds Immediately in rr.oist well prepared field
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ANNEX 8/ Biotechnology Manuals
The following Laboratory Protocols have been sent from U N E S C O ' s
MIRCEN programme to scientists and research institutes participating in the
project:
1. The Molecular Cloning manual has been sent to 3 research institutions
and university laboratories in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia.
2. The Plant Tissue Culture manual has been sent to 30 research institutions
in Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire,
Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,
Mauritius, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Swaziland,
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
3. The Plant Molecular Biology manual has been sent to 3 research
institutions in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda.
4 . A 5-year subscription of the World Journal of Microbiology and
Biotechnology from U N E S C O ' s MIRCEN programme has been sent to the
following research institutes:
- Institut de Recherches Agronomiques, Tropicales et des Cultures
Vivrières (IRAT), Cotonou, Benin
- CTR, Kanye, Botswana
- Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Institut de la Recherche Agronomique, Yaounde, Cameroon
- CTFT, Pointe-Noire, République Populaire de Congo
- Centre Ivorien des Recherches Tech., Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ensa, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Soil Laboratory, Yundum Experimental Station, Yundum, Gambia
- Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales, Libreville, Gabon
- Crops Research Institute, Tmala, Ghana
- Department of Soil Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Agriculture Research Department, Kenya Agricultural Research
Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Agricultural Research Division, Maseru, Lesotho
- The African Regional Centre for Technology, Antananarivo,Madagascar
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Bamako, Mali
- Bunda College of Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
- Department of Microbiology, Obafrumi, Awolowo University, Ife-lfe,
Nigeria
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- Department of Microbiology, Anambra State University of Technology,
A w k a , Nigeria
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Departement des Productions Végétales, Faculté d'Agronomie, Université de Niamey, Niger
- ISAR Rubone, Butare, Rwanda - M I R C E N , ISRA O R S T O M Research Centre, Dakar, Senegal
- Faculty of Agriculture, University College of Swaziland, Luyengo,
Swaziland
- Department of Soil Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- University Dar-es-Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania - Kwanda Research Station, Kampala, Uganda - Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda - Department of Agriculture, Chilanga, Zambia
- Division de Radiobiologie Nucléaire de Kinshasa, C T R Régional d'Etudes, Kinshasa, Zaire
In addition, the above institutes also received the following volumes of
1) "Living Resources for Biotechnology", published by Cambridge University Press Vol. 1: Bacteria Vol. 2: Filamentous Fungi
2) "Biotechnology: Economic and Social Aspects", published by Cambridge University Press.
