Afro Indian Relations

7/29/2019 Afro Indian Relations

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Legal Restrictions on Afro-Indian Relations in Colonial MexicoAuthor(s): Edgar F. LoveReviewed work(s):Source: The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Apr., 1970), pp. 131-139Published by: Association for the Study of African American Life and History, Inc.Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716446 .

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LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON AFRO-INDIANRELATIONS IN COLONIAL MEXICOThe SpanishofficialsncolonialMexico formulated plandesignedto keep theIndians separatedfrom heSpaniards,Negroes,and otherethnic roups. The king, n instructionsssued toHernanCortes,June26, 1523, orderedtheconquistador o have Indians live in theirownvillages.' In 1599, similarnstructions eregiven o thepresidentendoidoresoftheAudiencia ofNew Spain.2 IftheSpanishhadbeentotallysuccessfuln achieving heirgoal, the ndigenous opulationwould havebeen reducedto residingn special pueblos and reducciones. Indianswould have been excludedfromiving n thecities, he atterbeingre-servedforthegentede razon- theSpanish. FernandoBenitez, n hisrecent tudy fthe ndiansofMexico,suggests hatThe Spaniards nd their escendants hecreoles stablishedn principlea true partheid, rigid ineof demarcation hat eparated hem romthe Indians. They (the Indians) livedin their wn isolateddwellingsand pueblos, nd theSpanish ived solated n their ities.3The intent f theSpanishwas undoubtedlyo maintain hecitiesas "white islands," but this objectivewas not realized. The notedGerman cientist aron Alexanderde Humboldt, or xample, stimatedthat n 1793 therewere25,603 Indiansliving n Mexico City,11,584in thecityof Queretaro, nd 4,695 in Valladolid.4 Althoughndianswere able to reside n thecities, he vastmajority fthe ndigeneswereconcentratedn thepueblosand reducciones,nd numerous estrictionswere enactedto limit the contactof the Indian withtheNegro andSpanishpopulation.The Spanishwere especiallyfearful f Negro rebellions nd the

possibility hatIndians and Negroes,who together utnumbered heSpanish,might oin incommon ause against hecolonialpower. Vice-royLuis de Velasco, n a letterwritteno theking,May4, 1553, advisedthemonarch hat heNegroesof New Spaindesired tobuytheiribertywith the lives of theirmasters."5Viceroysbecamealarmed s theywitnessedmanyNegroesmarry-ingand livingwith ndian women. The offspringsfsuchunionswereviewed as disturbinglements mongtheIndian population. ViceroyEnriquez consideredthe zambos (childrenof Indian-Negro ouples)

as one of themajorcauses of Indian unrest. He informed heking:6... it appears,Our Majesty, hatthe time s comingwhenthesepeoplewillhave becomemasters f the ndians, nasmuch s theywerebornamong hem nd theirmaidens, nd are menwhodareto die as well asanySpaniard n the world. But f the ndiansbecome orruptnd oinwith hem, do not knowwho willbe in theposition o resist hem. Itis evident hatthismischief illtakeplace in severalyears.The threat fAfro-Indian ebellion ed byzambosdidnotbecomea reality uring he colonialperiod. NegroesofMexico,however,werenotpassive ndividualswhoacceptedtheyokeofservitudewithout ro-test. Negrorevolts ccurredn 1537, 1546, 1570, 1608, 1609, 1611,1612, and 1670. In view of thefrequentndianrebellions nd insur-131


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132 JOURNALOF NEGRO HISTORYrections nd the rebelliousness f theNegro,Spanishcolonial officialswereconstantlyoncernedwithproblems f security.

Spanishofficials elieved that theNegrohad a bad effect n theIndian population. Felipe II asserted that Negroes,mulattoesandmestizostaught he Indians their bad customs and vices "and otherfaultswhichcan corrupt nd pervert he benefice hatwe, in an orderlymanner, eek forhis salvation nd tranquility."7As a corollary o thisview,theSpanishassumed that he ndiancouldeasilybe influencedytheNegro and that ndian women wereespecially usceptible o theirinfluence.The prevailingpanishviewwas that he ndian womanwasa "flaccidpersonand easilymisguided ytheNegroman."8The colonial officialswere also concernedabout the impactofIndian customs,beliefs,and religionson people of African descent.From the Spanishpoint of view both groupswere naturales,no sinmotivo,whowere nfluencedysuperstitionnd other rrationalactors.Religiousauthorities,orexample,believed thatboth the Indian andtheNegro was easily temptedby the devil. Br. Hernando Ruiz deAlarcon,who made a detailedreport othe nquisition egardingndiansuperstitions,ccused the Indians of havinga "pact with the devil."9

Since bothgroupshad similar ustoms ndbeliefs,heSpanish nstitutedsternmeasures esigned oretard heprocessofacculturation.One of the schemesemployedto limitAfro-Indian ontactswasthatof forbidding egroesfrom iving n Indian villages. Numerousdecreeswere ssued n an attempto carry utthispolicy. As early s1563, thekingdeclaredthatNegroes and mulattoesmustbe barredfrom iving n Indian villages.10 Corregidores nd alcaldes mayoreswere orderedto punishand expel Negroesfrom heirvillages." Theroyaldecree,however, tipulated hat hildren fNegro-Indian oupleswere not to be separatedfromtheirparents.'2 NegroesmarriedtoIndiansand their hildrenwerepermittedolive nIndianpueblos. Ontheotherhand,mulattoeswhobought and in Indianvillages,notwith-standingheprohibitiongainst uchpurchases,weredeniedtheright fliving n thesepueblos.l3 These decreesand otherswerenot imited oNegroes. Spaniards and mestizoswere also barred from ivinginIndianvillages.14The ineffectivenessf theSpanishexpulsionpolicycan in partbe

illustrated y the frequent rdersto colonial officials o complywithand enforce hisroyalpolicy. ViceroyRodrigoPacheco y Osorio in1626 warnedtheofficialsfChalco to enforce heprohibitiongainstNegroes,mulattoes,nd mestizos iving n Indian pueblos.15 In 1654thealcaldesmayores fAcapulco,Chilapa,andTixtlaweregiven rdersto enforce heReal Auto de la Real Audienciaregarding egroesandspecificallyrdered o expelNegroes,mulattoes,hinos, nd sambhigosfromthe Indian pueblos in theirdistricts.l6 n later years, similarorderswere ssuedto theJuezde la CuentaPersonalofthecityoflosAngeles (Puebla),'7 the alcalde mayorof Leon,'8 and theGobernadorCapitanGeneralofYucatan,19 he Spanishauthoritieslso solicited heaid of the church n enforcinghe expulsionof Negroesfrom ndianvillages. The bishopof Sonora,forexample,on December 15, 1784,issued an edictbanningpersonsof Africandescentfromresidingn


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MEXICANRESTRICTIONSONAFRO-INDIANRELATIONS 133Indianpueblos,and theking n a ConsultaCircularof1784, demandedthatthebishop'sorderbe enforced y secular authorities.20

The Spanishattemptedo restrict ommercial ntercourseetweenNegroes and Indians. In a royaldecree of 1541, the kingofficiallyforbidNegroesfrom rading r having any typeof business relationswith ndians.21 The royalorder pecificallytipulatedhatNegroesnothave any"trade, ommerce, r communication" ith ndians. A num-ber of measureswere later enactedto enforce heprohibitiongainstNegro-Indian ommercial ontacts. Certain fieldsof commercewereexclusively esignatedforIndians and denied to Negroes,mulattoes,Spaniards nd mestizos. The above groupswere barredfrom ngagingin thesellingof chickens, ruits,nd vegetables.22ViceroyLope Diazdel Armendariz rderedthe justiciasof Mexico Citynot to interferewith or obstruct heright f Indians to engage n thesellingof fruitsand vegetables.23Occasionallyexceptionswere made to theserestric-tionsand special licensegranted o a fewNegroes and othersto selltheforbiddenommodities.24A number f bold and audaciousNegroesdeliberately efied heSpanish aw regardingommercial elationswith he ndians. A groupof Negroes established n extortion acket,called recontoneria, ndextorted ood,vegetables, nd otherproducefrom he ndians and soldtheseproducts o thepeople of Mexico City.25The multitude f Spanishrestrictionsn Negroes includedmanyprohibitions n dress. Negroes were prohibitedfromwearingsilkclothes and mantillas dorned withgold or silver. Certainstylesofdresswerereserved orthegentede razon. Negro,mulatto, nd mes-tizo women,except thosemarried o Indians,were not permitted owear Indian clothing.26The prohibitiongainstdressing ike Indianswas partiallydesignedto cope withthe problemof the vagabundos.Mulatto and mestizovagabundos,masquerading s Indians in Indianvillages,werefrequentlyble to elude theSpanishauthorities.The fol-lowing edula,issuedby Phillip I, is illustrativefthisproblem:27It has beenreportedome that here relargenumbers f mestizosndmulattos n thoseprovinces nd they ncrease veryday and are in-clinedto evil..... becausethey re the sonsof Indianwomen, s soonas they ommit crime, hey ressup as Indians ndhide outwith heirmother's elativesnd cannotbe found.

The presenceoflargenumbers f Indiansin the cities ofMexicocreated seriousproblems or theSpanishofficials. Aftermeetingwithfailure n their ttemptokeep the ndians outofthecities, heSpanishinstituted policyof segregatinghe urbanIndians fromoher ethnicgroupsofthecities. In Mexico City,forexample, barrier la traza)was establishedto achieve this racial separation. Angel Rosenblatasserts hat heracialseparation olicy n thecitieswas never igorouslyenforced.28Vicente Riva Palacio, noted commentator n Mexicancolonial life, n discussing he ineffectivenessf the traza in MexicoCitypointed ut29By the end of the seventeenthenturyhe traza,whichseparated heSpanish f thecityfrom he ndigenousopulation, ad faded,notonlybecauseSpaniardshad built houses n thatpartof thecitydesignatedforIndians,but also for the reason that rich mestizos,who did notconsider hemselvesubject o thatprovision, uilt houses outsideof


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134 JOURNAL F NEGROHISTORYthetraza, nd in whatever lace suited hembest. Furthermore,n thehousesof theSpaniards herewere argepatiosor yards n which ivedlarge numbers of Indians. ... it cannot be doubted that Indians livedin the center f thecity,n theyards f the homesof therich, nd theseparation f the Indianshad failed.Officiallyhe Indians werenotsupposedto live in thecities. In1672, for instance,the king warned the presidente nd oidores ofMexicoCitythat he ndians shouldnot ive"mixedwith heSpaniards,mestizos, nd mulattoes," nd ordered the officialso concentrateheIndians of Mexico City in Tlaltelolco,a barrio near Mexico City.30Indians, however, id not stayout ofMexico City. On May 8, 1792,theIndiansof Mexico City, s a resultof a shortage fmaize,burnedthepalace ofViceroy Gaspar de Sandoval,forcingheviceroy o takerefugen thegardens ftheconvent fSt. Francis. Following hisriot,theviceroy rdered he ndians togo live n their wnbarrios.31The pattern fracialsegregationnthecities ncluded heexclusionofNegroesand Indiansfromhospitals stablished orwhites. In 1540a special royalhospitalwas foundedforthe Indians of Mexico City.Negroes,however,were not admitted o thishospital. The king, n acedilla of November4, 1568, noted thatthe mulattoes fMexico City

werenotadmitted o anyofthehospitals fthecity, nd,as a result fa requestfrom hechurch, ranted special icensefor hebuilding f ahospital or hisgroup.32One leading authority n racial problems n colonial SpanishAmerica,maintains hat n Mexico thepolicyof racial segregationlsoappliedto church ttendance. This expert,AngelRosenblat,observesthat"during heepochofHumboldt hewhites ttended hecathedral,the Negroes the hermitage f San Maurico, and the pardos Altagra-cia . . 33 Therewere, however,no legal or religious estrictionsnchurchattendance. The Negroes,Spaniards,and pardos (persons ofAfro-Indian escent) were not limited o attendinghe church isted.The parishionersf the church f Santa Veracruz, ocated in the heartof Mexico City, ncludedmembers f all ethnic roups. Notwithstand-ingthefact thatcolonial officials arred the formation fNegro asso-ciations, hepriests f Santa Veracruz were able to persuadethekingto let themestablish cofradia (religiousconfederation) mong theNegroes,mulattoes,morenos,and otherpersonsof African descentwho wereparishionersf this hurch.34

The colonial officials ereparticularlyerturbedboutthe tenden-cy of Negromento marry r live with ndian women. Legallytherewereno laws limitingndians to marrywithin pecific thnicgroups.In a cedula, issued on February5, 1515, thekingannounced hat n-dianswere free omarrywhomeverheywish." 5 As theNegroslavepopulation ncreased, he colonial officialsttemptedo imposebarriersagainstAfro-Indianntermarriagesnd tried nvariouswaysto preventNegromen fromhaving ndian concubines.The Spanish governmentriedto encourageNegroes to marrywithin heir wn racialgroups. Negroes,however,werenotspecificallyforbidden y law frommarrying on-Negroes. In 1527, forexample,thekingdeclared as official olicythat"in so faras possible, Negromen shouldmarryNegrowomen,"36Because of thefactthat heSpan-


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MEXICANRESTRICTIONSONAFRO-INDIANRELATIONS 135ish brought o Mexico threetimes as many Negromale slaves as fe-malesitwouldhave beendifficulto limit heNegromale slave tomar-rying emaleslaves. As a consequence, heNegromale slave soughthismatefrom mongtheIndianmaidens.The Negromale had an extremelymportantnd practicalreasonforseeking n Indian brideor having exual relationswith ndian wo-men. Accordingto the ancientcode of Alfonso theWise, "childrenbornofa freemother nd a fatherwhois a slave are freebecause theyalwaysfollow he condition f themother,s aforesaid." 7SinceIndianwomenwere consideredfreesubjects,their hildren, egardless f thestatus fthefather, ere also free. The Negromale slavebytaking nIndianwifeor concubinewas in effectircumventingheclass stratifica-tionofcolonialsociety o theextent f slightlymprovinghe ot ofhisoffspring.As thenumber f children orn to Afro-Indianouplesincreased,thecolonialofficialsn Mexico sought ogetthekingto revoke hepro-visionsof the ancient ode. ViceroyMartinEnriquez, n a letterwrit-tento thekingon January , 1574,warned he monarch f thedangerscaused bythezambopopulation, nd recommended hat heroyalsov-ereigndiscourage ndianwomen fromhaving exualrelationswithNe-groes by declaring hatanychildren esultingrom uchunions be de-claredslaves.38 The viceroy's rgumentwas based on the assumptionthat heNegroesmarriedndianssolelyfor hepurposeofensuringhattheir hildrenwould be bornfree, nd that ndianwomen, ftheyknewthat heyweregiving irth o slavechildren,would be reluctanto haverelationswithNegromen.Althoughmanychurch eaderswerefavorablynclined owardEn-riquez'srecommendation,heCouncil of the ndiesrefused o enactthesuggestedegislation. Gonzalo AguirreBeltran, eadingMexican au-thorityn theNegroofMexico,maintainshat he Councilof the ndiescould not accept theviceroy'srecommendationecause "this attemptto revoketheprinciple f vientreibre (freedom f thewomb) of theIndian women mplied retrogressiono profoundhat hemetropolitangovernmentarednotcarrytout."39The NegroofMexico,in his attempt o escape from hechainsofservitude, oughtto securehis freedomby marryingndian women.Negroes were aware of provisionsof the code of Alfonsothe Wisewhichmade it possibleforhimto changehis legal status. Partida V,tituloXXII, leyV, of thecode stipulated:40Whena slavemarries freewoman, ndhis master s awareof it andoffers o opposition,he slave becomesfreeforthisreason. We decreethat hesamerule shallapplywhere female lave marries freeman.We also decree that, where a master marries his slave, she for thisreason becomes free.The kingsoon became aware of the fact thatNegroes n variouspartsofthe ndies wereusingthe consent f theirmasters ormarryingIndiansas a meansofgaining reedom. Negroes,whowith heconsentoftheirmastersmarried reewomenof other thnic roups lso claimedfree tatus. In 1526 KingCarlos,departing rom hecode ofAlfonsotheWise,issueda Real Provisionn whichhe statedthatNegroslaveswouldnotgain theirfreedom hroughmarriage.41


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136 JOURNAL F NEGROHISTORYDespitetheaforementionedecree,Negroescontinued opersuadetheir masters to recognizefreedombased on marriage. Bartolome

Zarate,regidor fMexicoCity, enta petitiono thekingdescribinghesituation nd asked the kingto take remedialaction. The king n acedula issued on thesubject, aid in partthat'2.... Bartolomede Zarate,resident nd regidor f Mexico City,hasreportedo me thatNegroslaves,who travel romyonder laces,soonlive in concubinage, aving oncubinagewith ndiannatives ndNegrowomen,nside ndoutside hehomesoftheirmasters,nd that hemas-tersof suchslaves, n order o freethemfrom heir ins,marry hem,and so married,hesaid slaves,withoutnyother ause,are said to befree ... and begsme thatyou (Councilof the ndies) shoulddeclare,nevertheless,hatpersonswhopossessNegroslavesand marry hem oIndiansof the land, that theycannot be freedby them,nor claimliberty.The recommendationfZarate was acceptedbytheCounciloftheIndies. A cedula was issued on July10, 1538, stating hatNegroslaves,who with the consentof theirmasters,married ndian womendid notgainfreedoms a result f suchmariages.43ViceroyMendozawas ordered o enforcehis edula inNew Spain. Threeyearsafterheissuanceofthedecree, heCabildo ofMexicoCity,June10, 1541, pro-

mulgated nother ecreeannouncinghat Negroslaves,althoughmar-riedto Indians,do notgaintheir reedom."" The actionof theCoun-cil of theIndies and the Cabildo represented rejection fIndian cus-tomsand theancientSpanish aw on marriage. Dr. Gonzalo AguirreBeltran, n expressing is opinionon the above cedula,stated:45The importance f thepreviousrevocations mostevidentwhenwesee thatthe Negro slave generallyived in concubinagewith Indianwomen. On theotherhand,according o Nahuatl law, themarriageof slaves was synonymous ith iberation, ence theroyalcedula notonlyrevoked normof Spanish aw, but also theestablished ahuatlright.The stepstakenby theking,Council of the Indies,theCabildo,and theviceroydid notsuccessfullyetard hetendency fNegroestoseek Indian wivesor concubines. Colonial authoritiesought he aidof spiritual uthoritiesn dealingwith Afro-Indian elations. An ex-tremelynterestingonsulta del Consejo de Indias, August 1, 1781,urgedthepriests fMexico to advise the ndiansabout thebad habitsof Negroes, and to tryto persuadeIndians not to marryNegroes.46The Consulta furtheruggested hatthepriests houldpointout to theIndians that f theydid marryNegroes,neither heyor their hildrencould hope to obtain honorable officen the republic,because suchoffices ereto be heldonlybypure ndians.Although heSpanishcould notsuccessfully reventNegroesfromhaving ndianconcubines, heroyalgovernmentouldand didenactse-verepenal laws designedto discourageNegroesfromhavingrelationswith ndianwomen. n a cedula of 1551, whichwas reissued n 1589,theSpanishdecreedthatno freeNegroman orwomancouldbe served

byan Indian.47 he justificationitedforthis aw was based on theas-sertion that t is knownthatmanyNegromen have Indian mistressesand treat hembadlyandoppressively.."48Negroslavesfoundguiltyfdisobeyinghis aw wouldbe givenone hundred ublic ashings orfirstoffensend more severepunishment or the second. If the offender


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MEXICAN ESTRICTIONSNAFRO-INDIANELATIONS 137was a freeNegro,he would be subject o one hundredashings orfirstoffense nd banishment rom hekingdomffoundguilty n a secondoccasion. Under thisdecree,owners of male or femaleslaves whopermittedhemto have Indian males or women,could be finedonehundred esos forpermittinghedefiance fthe aw.

Sons of Afro-Indianouples frequentlyttemptedo avoid payingtribute o theSpanishgovernmentyalleging hat heywerenot ndiansor that heir atherswerenotsubjectto thetribute. In 1572 and 1573reales cedulas wereissueddealingwiththeabove typesof allegations.Underthedecreeof 1572, thekingdeclaredthat49If there s doubtwhether ons of freeNegroesor slaves married oIndians reexemptedrom aying hepersonal ribute,othwithstandingit is allegedthat hey re not ndiansnor resemblehem,hat hese reobligated o pay tribute s Indians and theAudienciarule on thisassoon as possible.The cedula of 1572 simplyprovided: "We declarethatthe sonsof freeor slaveNegroes,resultingrommarriages o Indians,mustpaytributeike the other ndians,eventhough hey laimthatthey re notIndians,northattheir athers aid tribute."0One of theprimary ims of thelegal restrictionsn Afro-Indianrelationswas to preventor retardacculturation etween these twogroups. The Spaniardsbelieved hatunlesschecked, he ndians wouldadopt many of the bad practicesof the Negroes,and thatNegroeswould ikewise ccepttheundesirablendianpractices nd customs. Itwas felt hat heSpanishpopulationwouldalso be affectedythis rend.On the otherhand,cultural actors ended o aid theacculturationro-cess betweenNegroesand Indians. Dr. Gonzalo AguirreBeltran ncommentingn thistendency, ointsout59The indigenewere classifieds naturales,withoutmotive. His culture

kepthimsubmergedn nature. For theNegro,and also the Indian,man and nature, umanand cosmicevents, acts nd symbols, onsti-tuted n indubitableoalescence. Theredidnotexist clearseparationbetween hemetaphysicalnd physical, etween ivine nd thehuman,betweenifeand death, n thecontrary, continuumnd a mutualde-pendence nd reciprocal mongman and thephenomenalworld,bothdeterminingsychic orceswhichproduce causality fmagicaldispo-sition nd concepts f time, pace, ife, nd theworld f mystic ature.The multitude f legal restrictionsn Afro-Indianrelations ncolonialMexico did notsuccessfullyrevent requentontactsbetweenIndiansand personsof African escent. It is estimatedhatduring hecolonial periodmore than200,000 African laves were broughtntoMexico.52 As a consequence of interracialmarriagesand conjugalrelations,heNegrohas to a largeextent een absorbed ntotheMexi-can population. Relativelyfew Negroes did not become involved nthisprocessofmiscegenation. EdgarF. LoveEl CaminoCollege1 Spain, InspeccionGeneralEmigracion, isposiciones omplementariaselas Leyesde Indias (3 vols.,Madrid,1830), vol. I, p. 2.2 Vasco de Puga,comp.,Prouisiones,edulasinstruccionese Su Magestadordenanzas e difuntos audienciapara la buenaexpedicion e los negociosyadministracione justicia gouernacione NuenaEspana,parael buen ratamien-


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138 JOURNALOF NEGRO HISTORYto y conseruacion e los Indios desde el ano de 1525 hasta estepresente e 63,lib.VI, tit. II, leyXXI. (Hereinafteritedas Recop. de Indias).3Los Indios de Mexico (Mexico, 1967), p. 16.

4Alexanderde Humboldt, oliticalHistory n theKingdom fNew Spain,trans. yJohnBlack (London,1822), vol. I, p. 254.5 Cartas de Indias (Madrid,1877), p. 264.6Cartasde Indias,p. 300.7Recopilacion e leyesde los reynos e las Indias (4thed.,Madrid,1791),lib. VI, tit. II, leyXXI (Hereinafteritedas Recop. de Indias).8Cartasde Indias,p. 299.9Letter o theInquisition, eptember 3, 1624,MS in ArchivoGeneral dela Nacion (hereinafterited s AGN), Mexico, nquision, ol. 303,exp.19,f.78.10Recop. de Indias, ib. VI, tit. II, leyXXI; lib. VI, tit. X, leyXIV; lib.VI, tit. V, ley I. See also Cedulario ndiano,recopiladopor Diego Encinas,reproduccionacsimil e la ed. unica de 1596 (Madrid,1945), vol. 4, p. 341;Coleccionde documenotosneditos elativ'osl descubriniento,onquista organ-izacionde las antiquasposeisones xpanoles e Americay Oceania .. (42 vols.,Madrid,1864-84),vol. 18,p. 136,andAGN, Ordenanzas,omo V, f.68,no. 71.11Recop.de Indias, ib.VI, tit. II, leyXVII.12Recop.de Indias, ib.VI, tit. II, leyXXI.13Recop.de Indias, ib.VI, tit. II, leyXXII.14A detailedaccountof thisproblem s given n NormanF. Martin, os

vagabundos n Nueva Espana,sigloXVI (Mexico, 1957).15AGN, Ordenanzas,omo I, f. 53v,no. 5. Threeyears arlier heviceroyhad issuedsimilar rders o colonialofficialsf New Spain (AGN, Ordenanzas,tomo I, f. 44, no. 42).16AGN, Reales Cedulas (duplicados),vol. 23, exp. 58, f. 175, April 28,1654.17AGN, Reales Cedulas (duplicados),vol. 5, exp.758,f. 186,May 19, 1607.18AGN, Real Cedulas (duplicados),vol. 20, exp. 111,f. 69.19RichardKonetzke, olleccionde documentosara la historia e la forma-cion social de hispanoamerica,493-1810 Madrid, 1962), vol. III, pt. I, pp.70-71.20Ibid,vol. II, pt.2,pp.591-593.21Recop.de Indias, ib.VI, tit.X, leyXV.22AGN, Reales Cedulas (duplicados),vol. 3 exp.24, f. 12,October , 1587.This cedula was issuedto enjoincompliancewithan earlierordenanzaon thissubject.23AGN, Ordenanzas,omo I, F. 318,no. 361.24A typical xceptionwas the icensegranted o FranciscoCamacho,a Ne-gro,to sell fruitn theplaza. (AGN, Reales Cedulas (duplicados),vol. 35, exp.f. 273,August18, 1664).

25Carlos FredericoGuillot,Negro rebeldesy NegrosCimarronesBuenosAires, 961),p. 128.26AGN, Ordenanzas,omo , f. 75, no. 75, July 1, 1582. The punishmentforviolatinghisodenanzawas one hundredashings.27 Collecion de documentos para la historia ..., vol. I, pp. 436-437.28 a poblacion ndigenay el mestizaje n America BuenosAires,1954),vol. I, p. 147.29Mexicoa traves e lossiglos Barcelona,1888-1889), ol.V, p. 665.30Cedula in AGN, Reales Cedulas (duplicados), vol. 30, exp. 22, f. 27,July 0, 1672.31Agustin e Vetancourt, eatromexicano.Descripcion revede los suces-sos exemplares istoricos,oliticos,militares relgiososde Nuevo mundocci-dentalde las Indias (Madrid,1960), vol. II, p. 225.32 Cedula in Colecction e documentosara la historia, ol. I, p, 435,33Rosenblat. p. cit.,yol, I, p. 137,


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MEXICANRESTRICTIONSONAFRO-INDIANRELATIONS 13934Parroquiade la Sta. Veracruz, igerosapunteshistoricos e la Parroquiade la Santa Veracruzde Mexico (Mexico, 1926), pp. 31-32. The licensewasissuedon December15, 1790 (AGN, Reales Cedulas (originales), ol. 147,exp.202, f. 363).35Colecciones de decoumentos ineditos ..., second series (Madrid, 1885-1932), vol. IX, p. 52.36Recop.de Indias, ib.VII, tit.V, leyV.37Las sietepartidas, ranslationnd notesbySamuel ParsonScott Chicagoand New York, 1931), fourth artida, it.XXI, ley I, p. 977.38Cartasde Indias,p. 300.39La poblacionnegrade Mexico, 1519-1810:Esttudiotnohistorica exico(Mexico, 1946) p. 262.40 Las sietepartidas, . 982.41Coleccionde documentosneditos e ultranmar,ol. IX, pp. 239-242.42Ibid,vol.X, p. 430.43Ibid,vol.X,p. 431.44Actasde Cabildo Mexico, 1959),vol. V, p. 245.45 La poblacionde negra, . 257.46Coleccionde documentosara la historia,ol. III, pt.2, p. 477.47Recop. de Indias, ib.VII, tit.V, leyVII.48Ibid.49Recop.de Indias, ib.VII, tit.V, ley I.60Ibid, ib.VI, tit.V, leyVIII.61Medicinay magia: El procesode aculturacionn la estructuraolonial(Mexico, 1963), pp. 76-77. Otherclassical studies f Indianpractices nd be-liefs an be foundnJacinto e la Serna,PedroPonce,Pedrode Feria,HernandoRuiz de Alarcon,Pedro Sanchezde Aguilar, ndGonzalode Balsalobre,Tratadode las idolatrias upersticiones,ioses,ritos,hechicerias otras costumbresen-tiliciasde las razas aborigenes e Mexico (Mexico, 1953), vols.X andXX.62Gonzalo AguirreBeltran,Cuijla, esbozo etnograficoe un pueblonegro(Mexico,1958), p. 8.

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Afro Indian Relations