After lecture cool down activity… After lecture cool down activity… Reflect on your learning todayReflect on your learning today

Answer in complete sentences.Answer in complete sentences.

33 things/facts/ideas you learned todaythings/facts/ideas you learned today

22 things/facts/ideas things/facts/ideas

that surprised you today that surprised you today

11 question, comment, concern, or query that question, comment, concern, or query that

you have about today’s lecture.you have about today’s lecture.

READREADWrite your own 3 short answer questionsWrite your own 3 short answer questions– The more detailed or specific the betterThe more detailed or specific the better– Think of questions that might be on a testThink of questions that might be on a test– Compare and ContrastCompare and Contrast– Synthesis (Create or Do something)Synthesis (Create or Do something)

Write the answers to your questionsWrite the answers to your questions– Each answer should be a paragraph in length.Each answer should be a paragraph in length.– 5-7 Sentences5-7 Sentences– A good answer has 2-3 parts to it.A good answer has 2-3 parts to it.

S.U.: Review for QuizS.U.: Review for QuizSTEP 1: (copy these STEP 1: (copy these words into your NB)words into your NB)– MonomerMonomer– PolymerPolymer– Dehydration Dehydration

SynthesisSynthesis– NucleotideNucleotide– Amino AcidAmino Acid– ProteinProtein– Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid– CarbohydrateCarbohydrate– MonosaccharideMonosaccharide

STEP 2:STEP 2:– Rate the words on the left Rate the words on the left

according to the scale below.according to the scale below.

Rating Scale:Rating Scale:– 4 = I could easily teach it to 4 = I could easily teach it to

someone else.someone else.– 3 = I think I know what it means, 3 = I think I know what it means,

but I could use a review.but I could use a review.– 2 = I have seen it or heard it 2 = I have seen it or heard it

before.before.– 1 = I have no idea what it 1 = I have no idea what it

means.means.

STARTUPSTARTUPSTEP 1:STEP 1:– Rate the words on the Rate the words on the

right according to the right according to the scale below.scale below.

Rating Scale:Rating Scale:4 = I could easily teach it to 4 = I could easily teach it to

someone else.someone else.3 = I think I know what it 3 = I think I know what it

means, but I could use a means, but I could use a review.review.

2 = I have seen it or heard it 2 = I have seen it or heard it before.before.

1 = I have no idea what it 1 = I have no idea what it means.means.

STEP 2: (copy all words STEP 2: (copy all words in your notebook)in your notebook)– Cell Cell – NucleusNucleus– Cell MembraneCell Membrane– Cell WallCell Wall– RibosomeRibosome– Endoplasmic ReticulimEndoplasmic Reticulim– Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus– MitochondriaMitochondria– ChloroplastChloroplast– LysosomeLysosome

Find your match. Find your match. 3 minutes.3 minutes.

Left Side:Left Side:

Right Side:Right Side:

Startup: Cell TheoryStartup: Cell TheoryFYI: Your test on cells, in approximately two FYI: Your test on cells, in approximately two weeks will be an in class essay. weeks will be an in class essay. This will be worth 60 pts (3 quizzes)This will be worth 60 pts (3 quizzes)Below is your prompt:Below is your prompt:Answer the following question:Answer the following question:– What is a cell?What is a cell?– Write down everything you know about cells. Be Write down everything you know about cells. Be

specific and site examples. For your stamp, you specific and site examples. For your stamp, you must be writing for at least 10 minutes today. must be writing for at least 10 minutes today. See what you can do, and from this today we will See what you can do, and from this today we will build your knowledge into an essay!build your knowledge into an essay!

Cellular Cellular BiologyBiology

What would you bring along if What would you bring along if you were set afloat in the ocean, you were set afloat in the ocean, inside a clear Plexiglas sphere inside a clear Plexiglas sphere

(10 m. in diameter)? (10 m. in diameter)?

You will be afloat for two years, You will be afloat for two years, how would you modify your how would you modify your

sphere?sphere?

II. Cell TheoryII. Cell Theory

A.A. Developed by Schleiden, Schwann Developed by Schleiden, Schwann and Virchowand Virchow

1.1. All living things are composed of cells.All living things are composed of cells.

2.2. The cell is the functional unit of life.The cell is the functional unit of life.

3.3. New cells come from division of New cells come from division of preexisting cells.preexisting cells.

III.III. MicroscopesMicroscopesA.A. Light MicroscopesLight Microscopes

1.1. AdvantagesAdvantagesa.a. Can look at living thingsCan look at living thingsb.b. See in colorSee in colorc.c. Requires simple preparationRequires simple preparationd.d. Fairly inexpensiveFairly inexpensive

III. MicroscopesIII. Microscopes

2.2. DisadvantagesDisadvantages

a.a. Specimens must be Specimens must be thin.thin.

b.b. Limited magnification Limited magnification (~2,000X)(~2,000X)

c.c. Resolution is poor on Resolution is poor on higher higher magnifications.magnifications.

B. Transmission & Scanning Electron MicroscopesB. Transmission & Scanning Electron Microscopes

1.1. AdvantagesAdvantagesa)a) Greater magnification (scanning 100,000 Greater magnification (scanning 100,000

times and transmission 200,000).times and transmission 200,000).b)b) Scanning EM will give you a three Scanning EM will give you a three

dimensional view.dimensional view.

Transmission EM Scanning EM

2. Disadvantages2. Disadvantagesa)a) Can only look at dead things.Can only look at dead things.b)b) Specimen preparation is time Specimen preparation is time

consuming and expensive.consuming and expensive.c)c) Objects appear black and white.Objects appear black and white.d)d) Very expensive to purchase.Very expensive to purchase.

What type of microscope What type of microscope took this picture?took this picture?

What kind of What kind of microscope took this microscope took this

picture?picture?

What type of microscope What type of microscope was used to take both of was used to take both of

these pictures?these pictures?

V.V. Cell SizeCell SizeA.A. Why are cells so tiny?Why are cells so tiny?

To To maximizemaximize the the surfacesurface areaarea to to volumevolume ratioratio..B.B. What is the surface area and volume of a 4 cm cube?What is the surface area and volume of a 4 cm cube?

h

w

d

Surface Area (SA) = (h) x (w) x (# of sides)

4 x 4 x 6 = cm2

Volume (V) = h x w x d

4 x4 x 4 = cm3

SA:V =

96

64

3:2

V.V. Cell SizeCell SizeC.C. What if we cut the cube into eight 2 cm cubes?What if we cut the cube into eight 2 cm cubes?

Volume 2 x 2 x 2 x 8 = cm3

Surface Area 2 x 2 x 6 x 8 = cm2

SA:VOL = cm

192

64

3:1

V.V. Cell SizeCell SizeD.D. Why does SA/Vol ratio matter so much?Why does SA/Vol ratio matter so much?

a)a) Having twice the surface area and the same Having twice the surface area and the same volume allows for a more efficient exchange volume allows for a more efficient exchange of materials.of materials. Nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide Nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide

and water.and water.

E.E. Another reason why cells are so small?Another reason why cells are so small?

a)a) Cell nucleus can only control so much Cell nucleus can only control so much cytoplasm (the materials inside the cell).cytoplasm (the materials inside the cell).

VI.VI. Classification of cellsClassification of cells

A.A. Classify cells according to their complexityClassify cells according to their complexity

1.1. Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells (Bacteria) (Bacteria)

a)a) Most ancient and simple (unicellular).Most ancient and simple (unicellular).

b)b) Do not have DNA organized in a nucleus.Do not have DNA organized in a nucleus.

c)c) Do not have any membrane bound Do not have any membrane bound organelles, but they have organelles, but they have ribosomesribosomes and and cell membranescell membranes..

VI.VI. Classification of cellsClassification of cells

2.2. Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells

a)a) Generally larger and more complex than Generally larger and more complex than prokaryotes (can be single- or multi-celled prokaryotes (can be single- or multi-celled organisms)organisms)

b)b) Most cells are in this groupMost cells are in this group

c)c) Have DNA organized into chromosomes in Have DNA organized into chromosomes in a nucleusa nucleus

d)d) Have membrane bound organellesHave membrane bound organelles

HOMEWORK:HOMEWORK:

Quiz on ThursdayQuiz on Thursday

Outline 7-3 ThursdayOutline 7-3 Thursday

Use the web and find Use the web and find pictures of organelles.pictures of organelles.

SU: Compare and Contrast SU: Compare and Contrast Eukaryotic to Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic to Prokaryotic CellsNo talking, 10 minutes, Read pages 172-173No talking, 10 minutes, Read pages 172-173

If you need a stamp, let Mr. Hagen know as he If you need a stamp, let Mr. Hagen know as he circulates and takes attendance.circulates and takes attendance.

Create a T – Chart. List characteristics of Create a T – Chart. List characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

CBCBOutline 7-3 TomorrowOutline 7-3 Tomorrow

Quiz Next Tuesday Quiz Next Tuesday – Cell Theory and Cell SizeCell Theory and Cell Size

– Eukaryotic Vs. ProkaryoticEukaryotic Vs. Prokaryotic

– OrganellesOrganelles

HW: Look up pictures on the web of HW: Look up pictures on the web of all the organelles and bring to class.all the organelles and bring to class.

ORGANELLE PROJECTORGANELLE PROJECT1 pt per description and 1 pt per picture1 pt per description and 1 pt per picture40 pts for the minimum, sky’s the limit!40 pts for the minimum, sky’s the limit!DescriptionDescription– 4-5 facts per description4-5 facts per description– If you copy the glossary, -.5 ptsIf you copy the glossary, -.5 pts– +.5 for everything you bring from the web+.5 for everything you bring from the web

PicturePicture– Detailed and in colorDetailed and in color– +1 if you bring a picture from the web.+1 if you bring a picture from the web.

SU: CST Prep - BacteriaSU: CST Prep - Bacteria

Which of the following structures Which of the following structures is is not not found in bacteria?found in bacteria?–RibosomeRibosome–CytoplasmCytoplasm–Cell membraneCell membrane–Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane

CBCBOutline 7-3 Due TODAYOutline 7-3 Due TODAY

Outline 7-4 Due on TUESDAYOutline 7-4 Due on TUESDAY

Reading quiz on 7-3 TUESDAYReading quiz on 7-3 TUESDAY

Organelle Project due in class on Organelle Project due in class on MondayMonday

House TomorrowHouse Tomorrow

ORGANELLE PROJECTORGANELLE PROJECT1 pt per description and 1 pt per picture1 pt per description and 1 pt per picture40 pts for the minimum, sky’s the limit!40 pts for the minimum, sky’s the limit!DescriptionDescription– 4-5 facts per description4-5 facts per description– If you copy the glossary, -.5 ptsIf you copy the glossary, -.5 pts– +.5 for everything you bring from the web+.5 for everything you bring from the web

PicturePicture– Detailed and in colorDetailed and in color– +1 if you bring a picture from the web.+1 if you bring a picture from the web.

SU: SU: Eukaryotic Vs ProkaryoticEukaryotic Vs Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic cells are differentiated Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic cells because from prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cellseukaryotic cells–Are much smallerAre much smaller

–Have permeable membranesHave permeable membranes

–Have a higher rate of reproductionHave a higher rate of reproduction

–Have a nucleiHave a nuclei

SU: SU: Cell MembraneCell MembraneFunctions of the cell membrane Functions of the cell membrane includeinclude–A. Protecting cellsA. Protecting cells

–B. Supporting cellsB. Supporting cells

–C. Controlling what enters and C. Controlling what enters and leaves cellsleaves cells

–D. All of the aboveD. All of the above

CBCBOrganelle Project Due TodayOrganelle Project Due Today

Outline 7-4 Due by FridayOutline 7-4 Due by Friday–Make sure outline 7-3 is due by Make sure outline 7-3 is due by

WednesdayWednesday

Quiz on Cell Organelles Quiz on Cell Organelles WednesdayWednesday

Cell Membrane Thin flexible barrier made of a lipid bilayer

that surrounds cells Lipid bilayer – 2 layers of lipids with proteins

embedded in it with CHO chains attached

1. Regulates what comes in & out of cell

2. Protection

3. support

Cell Wall Rigid layer outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & protein Found only in plant cells

1. Provides support & protection to the cell

Nucleus

Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope

Contains DNA

1. Controls all cell activities

2. DNA made here

Nucleolus

Small dense region inside the nucleus

1. Makes ribosomes

Chromatin

Granular material that consists of DNA Found in the nucleus

1. Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

Chromosome Thread like structures that contain genetic

information

1. Passes genetic information from one generation to the next

2. Units of heredity

Cytoplasm

Jellylike substance outside of nucleus but enclosed by the cell membrane

Where all organelles are found

1. Gives cell its shape

Mitochondria Peanut shaped organelle enclosed by 2

membranes (inner & outer)

1. Converts the chemical energy (sugar such as glucose) stored in food into compounds (ATP) that the cell can use for energy

2. “powerhouse”

3. “energy maker”

Golgi Complex

Stacks of membranes closely packed together

1. modify, sort, & package proteins & other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for storage in the cell or for secretion out of the cell

Ribosome

Small particles of RNA & protein Found throughout the cytoplasm 2 types – free & attached

1. Makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth (ER) Internal membrane system without

ribosomes Contains enzymes

1. Makes lipids

2. Transports materials inside cell

Smooth ER

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Internal membrane system with ribosome's attached

Surrounds the nucleus

1. Synthesis of proteins from ribosomes

Centrioles

Located near the nucleus Made of microtubules

1. Helps with cell division

Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments Made of microfilaments & microtubules

1. Help support cell

2. Maintains its shape

3. Helps materials move within the cell

Lysosome Small organelle filled with enzymes

1. Eats or breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, & proteins

2. Removes junk from cell

3. Breakdown old organelles

Chloroplast Large stacks of membranes Found only in plant cells

1. Capture energy from sunlight & converts it into chemical energy - Photosynthesis

Vacuole Storage saclike structures Found only in plant cells

1. Stores water, food, salts, Carbohydrates, proteins & wastes

Contractile vacuole Specialized vacuole

1. Pumps excess water out of cells

2. Helps maintain homeostasis

HWHWOrganelle project is lateOrganelle project is lateOld outlines are lateOld outlines are lateQuiz on Wednesday on Quiz on Wednesday on organellesorganellesOutline 7-4 due FridayOutline 7-4 due Friday

SU: SU: Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumRough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum Part of the endoplasmic reticulum is called is called roughrough because its because its surfacesurface–A. has holes for secreting proteins.A. has holes for secreting proteins.

–B. contains stacklike membranes.B. contains stacklike membranes.

–C. is covered with ribosomes.C. is covered with ribosomes.

–D. attracts proteins.D. attracts proteins.

CBCBQUIZ TOMORROWQUIZ TOMORROW

Outline 7-4 due on FridayOutline 7-4 due on Friday

Organelle Project needs to be Organelle Project needs to be turned in ASAP. Everyday late turned in ASAP. Everyday late you loose one letter grade.you loose one letter grade.

Today’s AssignmentToday’s Assignment

Create flash cards for the cell Create flash cards for the cell organelles.organelles.

Take a piece of paper and fold it Take a piece of paper and fold it in half, lengthwise, and make two in half, lengthwise, and make two more folds so you have 8 folds more folds so you have 8 folds per page.per page.

Cut each page into 8 flash cards.Cut each page into 8 flash cards.

Flash CardsFlash CardsCell MembraneCell Membrane

Cell WallCell Wall

NucleusNucleus

NucleolusNucleolus

ChromosomeChromosome

CytoplasmCytoplasm

MitochondriaMitochondria

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton (microtubule and (microtubule and microfilament)microfilament)

LysosomesLysosomes

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

RibosomeRibosome

Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

VacuoleVacuole

CentrioleCentriole

OrganelleOrganelle DescriptionDescription FunctionFunction

Cell membraneCell membrane

Cell wallCell wall

NucleusNucleus

NucleolusNucleolus

ChromatinChromatin

ChromosomeChromosome

CytoplasmCytoplasm

RibosomeRibosome

MitochondriaMitochondria

Golgi complexGolgi complex

Smooth ERSmooth ER

Rough ERRough ER

CentrioleCentriole

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

LysosomeLysosome

ChloroplastChloroplast

vacuolevacuole

SU: Review for Quiz

If you do not have flash cards from yesterday. Complete the table to the right.

CBCBOutline 7-4 Due on FridayOutline 7-4 Due on Friday

Notebook Check on Monday 10/27Notebook Check on Monday 10/27

Quiz TodayQuiz Today– 20 min Free writing on the descriptions of cell 20 min Free writing on the descriptions of cell

organelles.organelles.– 2 min with notebook only, no project, no flash 2 min with notebook only, no project, no flash

cards or anything.cards or anything.

QUIZQUIZDescribe all the parts of a Describe all the parts of a cell.cell.Size, Shape, Function, Job Size, Shape, Function, Job description in the cell.description in the cell.You may draw pictures.You may draw pictures.1pt for every fact.1pt for every fact.

HWHWOutline 7-4Outline 7-4

Organelle Project after Organelle Project after today is a C or less.today is a C or less.

NB check 3 – 80pts NB check 3 – 80pts Minimum, MondayMinimum, Monday

Below are unused or Below are unused or slides not used in class slides not used in class yet but contain very yet but contain very important information important information which could be usefulwhich could be useful

VII.VII. Eukaryotic Cell StructureEukaryotic Cell Structure How is the cell like a factory?How is the cell like a factory?Two main parts:Two main parts:A.A. NucleusNucleus

Main control center of the cellMain control center of the cell1.1. Coordinates cell’s activitiesCoordinates cell’s activities2.2. Contains cell’s DNA (chromatin) and nucleolus Contains cell’s DNA (chromatin) and nucleolus

(ribosome assembly)(ribosome assembly)3.3. Surrounded by a porous nuclear envelope Surrounded by a porous nuclear envelope

Allows materials (proteins, RNA, other Allows materials (proteins, RNA, other molecules) that act as messengers to move molecules) that act as messengers to move in and out of cellin and out of cell

NucleusNucleus

NucleolusNucleolus

Small dense region inside the nucleusSmall dense region inside the nucleus

1. Makes ribosomes1. Makes ribosomes

VII.VII. Eukaryotic Cell StructureEukaryotic Cell Structure

B.B. CytoplasmCytoplasm Area outside the nucleus that contains the Area outside the nucleus that contains the

cell organelles and where the nucleus’ cell organelles and where the nucleus’ instructions are carried outinstructions are carried out

1.1. Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum is a membranous is a membranous labyrinth (two types)labyrinth (two types)

a)a) Rough ERRough ER is covered with is covered with ribosomesribosomes Ribosomes assemble proteins Ribosomes assemble proteins

according to instructions from according to instructions from nucleus (“the boss”)nucleus (“the boss”)

VII.VII. Eukaryotic Cell StructureEukaryotic Cell Structure

b)b) Smooth ERSmooth ER has no ribosomes has no ribosomes• Contain special enzymes that synthesize Contain special enzymes that synthesize

lipids, detoxify drugs and metabolize lipids, detoxify drugs and metabolize carbohydratescarbohydrates

In which organs would we find a lot of Smooth In which organs would we find a lot of Smooth ER?ER?

2.2. Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus• Proteins made by the ER are sent here to be Proteins made by the ER are sent here to be

modified, sorted and packaged for storage in modified, sorted and packaged for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cellthe cell or secretion outside the cell

From here, proteins are “warehoused”, then From here, proteins are “warehoused”, then “shipped” to their final destinations“shipped” to their final destinations

VII.VII. Eukaryotic Cell StructureEukaryotic Cell Structure3.3. LysosomesLysosomes

• Small membrane-enclosed sac of enzymes Small membrane-enclosed sac of enzymes that digest proteins, lipids and carbs into that digest proteins, lipids and carbs into smaller molecules that can be used by the cellsmaller molecules that can be used by the cell

• Break down old organelles and pathogensBreak down old organelles and pathogens Cell’s “clean-up” crewCell’s “clean-up” crew

4.4. VacuolesVacuoles• Membrane-enclosed sac that performs diverse Membrane-enclosed sac that performs diverse

functions depending on the cell type (i.e. storage, functions depending on the cell type (i.e. storage, support, water balance)support, water balance)

Storage area for water, salt, proteins and carbsStorage area for water, salt, proteins and carbs

VII.VII. Eukaryotic Cell StructureEukaryotic Cell Structure

5.5. MitochondriaMitochondria• Enclosed by two membranesEnclosed by two membranes• Site of cellular respirationSite of cellular respiration• Convert chemical energy stored in food Convert chemical energy stored in food

into compounds the cell can use (ATP)into compounds the cell can use (ATP) Cell’s “power house” or energy sourceCell’s “power house” or energy source

VII.VII.Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell StructureStructure

6.6. ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Enclosed by two membranesEnclosed by two membranes• Site of photosynthesis Site of photosynthesis • Contain chlorophyll (green pigment)Contain chlorophyll (green pigment) Only found in what type of cell?Only found in what type of cell? Plant cell’s “power house” or energy Plant cell’s “power house” or energy

sourcesource

VII.VII. Eukaryotic Cell StructureEukaryotic Cell Structure7.7. Cell “Skin”Cell “Skin”

• Animals have cell membraneAnimals have cell membrane• Plants have cell wall Plants have cell wall ANDAND cell membrane cell membrane

VII.VII. Eukaryotic Cell StructureEukaryotic Cell Structure8.8. CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

• Network of Network of protein filamentsprotein filaments that helps that helps maintain cell shape and aid in movementmaintain cell shape and aid in movement

Protein filaments:Protein filaments: • Microfilaments are threadlike structures made Microfilaments are threadlike structures made

of actinof actin• Microtubules are hollow structures made of Microtubules are hollow structures made of

tubulins ; includes tubulins ; includes centriolescentrioles in animal cells in animal cells Cell’s support structure and transportation Cell’s support structure and transportation

systemsystem

VIII.VIII. Endosymbiotic Endosymbiotic TheoryTheory

1.1. Developed by Lynn Margulis.Developed by Lynn Margulis.2.2. Single-celled organisms engulfed another Single-celled organisms engulfed another

smaller single-celled organisms.smaller single-celled organisms.3.3. Digestion did not occur. The two organisms Digestion did not occur. The two organisms

lived symbiotically.lived symbiotically.4.4. Over millions of generations, these engulfed Over millions of generations, these engulfed

organisms became organelles.organisms became organelles.5.5. Evidence:Evidence:

a)a) Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNAown DNA

b)b) They also divide independent of the cell.They also divide independent of the cell.