Age of ExplorationChapters 14 and 15

Cycle of Conquest and Colonization

Explorers

Conquistadores

Missionaries

Permanent Settlers

Official European Colony

How did people see the world before

1492?

What were the motives for European

Exploration God, Gold, and Glory!

1. Crusades

2. Renaissance

3. Reformation

4. New monarchs

5. Scientific Revolution

6. Fame and fortune

What technology was needed to complete

explorations? Better maps

Compass

Astrolabe

The Printing Press

Gunpowder

European Explorers

Prince Henry the Navigator- Portugal

European Explorers

Prince Henry the Navigator- Portugal

School for Navigation- 1418

Sailed down the west coast of Africa

14 expeditions over 12 years

Went to Cape Bojador

Other Portuguese Explorers

Bartolommeo Dias- 1487

Vasco da Gama- 1498

Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque

Dias and da Gama

Bartholomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488

Vasco da Gama went around Africa and went to the Indian Ocean. He lost half his ships on the way home from getting Asian spices

Explorers from Spain

Christopher Columbus

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Ferdinand Magellan

Christopher Columbus

1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Italian sailor from Genoa, convinced Spanish monarchs to finance his trip to India

Columbus thought that he arrived in Asia when he arrived in America

Issues with Columbus’ findings

Spain and Portugal claimed the islands that Columbus had explored on

Pope Alexander VI established the Line of Demarcation- divided the non-European world into two zones. Spain could explore and trade west of the line while Portugal could trade east.

2 years later with the Treaty of Tordesillas- the two nations agreed to move the line

Christopher Columbus’ Four

Voyages

Bartholomew de Las Casas

Went with Columbus on his second voyage

Criticized Columbus for the way he treated the Native Americans

Ferdinand Magellan and the First

Circumnavigation of the World

Atlantic ExplorationsLooking for “El

Dorado”

Age of Conquest

Hernando Cortes: Conquered Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas

Why were they successful? Used armor, hordes, and powerful weapons

that the Native Americans did not have

Spanish found allies among Native American groups who hated being ruled by the Aztecs and Incas

Diseases brought by Europeans killed millions of native peoples

Cortez vs. Montezuma II

Aztecs

Pizarro vs. Atahualpa

Incas

The Old Imperialism

The Spanish Empire: Conquered Aztec, Incan, and Mayan lands

in Central and South America

Had to compete with Portugal resulting in the Treaty of Tordesillas

Spanish set up the Encomienda System

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Native Indians and Black Slaves

Battle for North America

After Spain came to North America, other European powers came as well including: Dutch, English, and French.

They were looking for the Northwest Passage to Asia

French settled in Canada in 1600- originally named it New France. Had trading posts from Quebec to Louisiana

Battle for North America

English established their first permanent colony in North America in 1607.

English came for profit, to own their own land, seeking religious freedom

English monarch had control over the 13 colonies but each of the colonies had a self-government

Battle for North America

Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands clashed over territory

British defeated the French in the French and Indian War

France had to give up Canada to England

Triangular Trade and Mercantilism

Mercantilism is an economic system of Imperialism

Goal: nations sought a self-sufficient economy

Strategy created a favorable balance of trade where one country exported far more than it imported

Colonies exist to benefit the mother country

Triangular Trade

Involved Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Europeans came to view enslaved Africans as the most valuable African trade good

Europe began buying large numbers of Africans to satisfy the labor shortage on American plantations.

The Slave Trade

Developed as Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans

Between the 16th century and 19th century- about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Slave ships

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange”v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes

v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine

v Cocoa v Pineapple

v Cassava v POTATO

v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE

v Syphilis

v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice

v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley

v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats

v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE

v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpox

v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria

v Diptheria v Whooping Cough

vSlaves

v Trinkets

v Liquor

v GUNS

Overall impact of European Expansion

Slavery in the New World

Creation of Empires- Golden Age of Spain

Influx of gold and silver into Europe “Price Revolution”

New products introduced across the continents Columbian Exchange

Deepened rivalries between countries in Europe over their New World and Asian colonies