AgendaAgenda

• Introduction to Ablerex• Introduction to Harmonics Distortion• Causes of Harmonics• Effects of Current Harmonics Distortion• Ablerex Solution to Harmonics• Q&A

• Founded in 1990• Headquarters: Taipei, Taiwan• More than 900 employees

Worldwide• Listed in Taiwan Stock Market• 2010 revenues: US$120million

Introduction to AblerexIntroduction to AblerexWe help the World to a cleaner & more

efficient electrical power

Company Profile:• Record breaking IPO share

price when listed in 2009• First Asian company to

research and develop Active Harmonic Filter

• Frost & Sullivan award best Global Business Development Strategy Leadership in Harmonic Filter market

Introduction to AblerexIntroduction to Ablerex

Introduction to AblerexIntroduction to Ablerex

Factory 2 & 3 – SuZhou, China

R&D Centre – KaohSiung, Taiwan

Factory 1 – Taipei, Taiwan

This presentation we will deal specifically with:

- Harmonics

- Excessive Neutral Current (3rd Harmonics, 150Hz)

Introduction to Harmonics Introduction to Harmonics DistortionDistortion

What is Harmonics?What is Harmonics?Generally, electronics equipment drawn current in a non-linear fashion. Especially equipment that utilize switch mode power supply.

These non linear current waveforms are at higher frequency and in multiples of the “fundamental” (50Hz) Frequency (eg. 5th Harmonics = 5 x 50Hz = 250Hz). These multiples waveforms will then integrated onto the fundamental and caused the fundamental waveform to become distorted.i.e. Harmonics is, Its Frequency Components≠ Fundamental

vi

2 3 t4

i s

2 3 4

i s

3 rd HarmonicFundamental

5 th Harmonic

t

-

Impedance

Current

+

Harmonics

Voltage

Utility

Non Linear Load

The source of harmonic currents:The source of harmonic currents:1) Single Phase Loads: Phase to Neutral

Normally equipment consist of Switch Mode

Power Supplies. eg.

These equipment Generate high 3rd harmonicThey contribute to ‘Neutral Currents’ in Electrical

System

Ph

N

FL

Is

• Fax Machines • Copiers

2) Single Phase Loads: Phase to Phase

eg. Welders, HID lighting Generate high 3rd harmonic which flow only in the phase

conductors.

v

L

RC

U

r

D

The source of harmonic currents:The source of harmonic currents:

3) Three-phase loads:

a) Rectifiers / Chargers

b) controlled Graetz bridges eg. VSD, UPS

These equipment generate high harmonic currents

of orders 5, 7, 11, 13, …

L1

Z

CL2

L3

e1

e2

e3

iIIs

M

Predominant harmonic spectrums for common loads

LoadLoad Type 3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th 13th

Distorted Composite Waveform

Personal ComputerSingle Phase

Office equipmentSingle Phase

Electronic LightingSingle Phase

High-bay LightingSingle Phase

Main frame computer

Three Phase

UPSThree Phase

6-pulse VFDThree Phase

12-pulse VFDThree Phase

Note: loads shown above produce smaller amounts of harmonics not specifically highlighted

Predominant Harmonics “signature” of some typical non-linear loads

Harmonics problem can be traced to 2 Harmonics problem can be traced to 2 phenomena:phenomena:

1) Current Distortions

2) Voltage Distortions

Note: Current distortions causes Voltage Distortions.

Hence, reduce Current distortions will also reduce Voltage distortions

Network Z

Ih

Vh

V I Zh h h V I Zh h h

+-Vh = Volt Harmonics Distortion

Ih = Harmonics Current feedback

Z = Impedance

Total Harmonics Distortion-CurrentTotal Harmonics Distortion-Current

To measure Current Distortion, we use “THDi” (Total Harmonics Distortions Current)

THDi is define as:

I

I I I

I

I

ITHD

hh2

23

24

2

1

2

2

1

100% 100%

THDI is a measure of the amount by which a composite Current waveform is distorted from an ideal Sine Wave

Eg. Typical 6P UPS Rectifier THDi is 30%

Effects of Current Harmonics Effects of Current Harmonics DistortionsDistortions

Distorted voltage/Current in distribution networksDecrease utility/Generator efficiencyPossible damage to capacitor banks due to resonanceOverheating to Electronics Systems causing component failureOverheating to Neutral Conductor *Overheating to Transformer*Nuisance tripping of breakers & protective relay*

* Caused by 3rd harmonics in Neutral Conductor – Very Common Problem!

33rdrd Harmonics Phenomenon – Transformer Harmonics Phenomenon – Transformer Overheating / De-ratingOverheating / De-rating

Standard DY11 transformer

c

c

c

Phase A- 50 A

Phase B- 52 A

Neutral- 81 A

Phase C- 51 A

I1+ Ih

I1+ Ih

I1+ Ih

I3To avoid overheating neutral

conductor must be 200% rated, But There is No Such Standard Transformer! Hence Transformer need to be oversized

Neutral Current circulating in the delta winding

Standard transformer

does not cancel harmonics!

3rd Harmonis current from each phase add to neutral up to 200%

Transformer De-rating for Non-Linear Transformer De-rating for Non-Linear LoadsLoads

% Transformer Capacity vs % Non-linear load

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

% Non-linear Load

% T

ran

sfo

rmer

Cap

acity

% Tx Capacity

A Transformer carrying 2/3 non-linear load needs to be doubled in size

Sources: (1) BSRIA (2) ANSI/IEEE Std C57.110

3rd Harmonics Phenomenon – Nuisance Tripping of Breaker3rd Harmonics Phenomenon – Nuisance Tripping of Breaker

Nuisance tripping can occur for several reasons:

1)Current circuit breakers being electromechanical devices, They do not sum high frequency components and therefore can trip spuriously

2)The current flowing in the circuit will be higher than expected due to the presence of harmonic currents. The trip settings may therefore be incorrect.

1) Bracing – Eg. Oversized Neutral, Oversized Breaker, K-Factor Transformer or specify

limitation of Harmonics produce by equipment

2) Blocking- Eg. Line Reactor (Choke), Isolation Transformer

3) Filtering- Eg. Passive Filter (Tunned L/C Filter)

4) Active Phase Shifting & Canceling- Eg. Active Harmoncis Filter

Common Practice and available equipment for Harmonics reductionCommon Practice and available equipment for Harmonics reduction

Advantages & Disadvantages of…. Advantages & Disadvantages of….

1) Bracing

a) Simple & Easy to apply, specify during design stage, but…

a) Oversized Neutral is good practice, but Breaker has to be oversized too. Many user specify 200% Neutral rated Breaker but

They Do not Exist!

This force manufacturer to supply double-size breaker to protect Neutral (eg. 200A for 80A) thus increasing cost!

b) K-Factor Transformer is relatively low cost and can prevent overheating problem cause by harmonics, but…

They Do Not Reduce or Eliminate Harmonics

Advantages & Disadvantages ofAdvantages & Disadvantages of….….2) Blocking

a) Line Reactor (Choke)

Mostly use in Motor Drive (VFD), relatively cheap if only 1 or few Motor Drives involved and the Drive load is low but…

Not effective enough to reduce harmonics current below the level of causing problem (THDi <5%) when many Drives are presents

b) Isolation Transformer

Easily available and use simple technology but…

They DO NOT remove 5th, 7th, 11th..harmonics. They can only block 3rd & other triple-n harmonics (9th, 15th.. ).

DIAGRAM (with reactors)

C

e1

e2

e3

MiIIs

Advantages & Disadvantages ofAdvantages & Disadvantages of….….

3) FilteringPassive Filter (Tuned L/C Filter) is the earliest Harmonics Filter use to eliminate harmonics. It is very low cost and use simple design consisting of Inductors & Capacitors, but…

They can only eliminate 1 single offending harmonics

For example, a 250Hz tuned Filter can elimiate 5th harmonics only.

Require detailed network study to identify the culprit harmonics before designing the correctly tuned filter.

May cause Resonance problem if Capacitor banks are use together in the same network.

Sensitive to Main Utility Frequency & impedance change

M

A Revolution in Solving Harmonic Distortions >>>Active Phase Shifting & Canceling Method….

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Composite

+ 180o Phase

Shifted harmonics

=Fundamental

……Utilize in EnersineUtilize in Enersine™™ Active Power Filter (APF) Active Power Filter (APF) TechnologyTechnology

-

Impedance

Current

+

Harmonics

Voltage

APF

Utility

Non Linear Load

APF Operation Principle – Step 1

Measure the harmonic current from harmonics loads via auxiliary CTs*

Is

If

APF

Ih

Ih waveform

CTs

* 2 CTs for 3W system, 3CTs for 4W system

Is

If

APF

Ih

If waveform

APF Operation Principle – Step 2

Inject the equal amount of harmonic currents in opposite phase to the load

CTs

APF Operation Principle – Step 3

The harmonic current of loads is being cancelled and a near perfect sine wave is present (View from Source).

Is

If

APF

Ih

Is waveform

Note! Enersine APF removes the cause of the problem not the effect

The Product :

Awarded with USA patent no. 6717465

Come in Various Capacity & Configurations

Wall Mount – 25A & 50A

Floor Standing – 100A, 150A & 200A

New Modular Type – 30A/module, 120A/system

2U

3U

Control Module

Power Module

The Product :

Standard unit configurations:

Shunt Connected to Loads

Parallel up to 6 units (Same Capacity)

1 2 6

The Product con’t : Modular Configurations :

(1)Vertical parallel > up to 4 x 30Amps per 1 controller (2) Horizontal Parallel > up to 8 systems with Same or

Different capacities

60A 90A 120A30A

APF Unique Features

Enersine APF offer 2 types of Control Panel

Simple LED Panel Advance LCD panel

APF Unique Features con’t

Main Menu View

Enersine

RUNNING >>>>

LOAD RATE 76%

DATE 2004-07-02

TIME 08:30:00

INFORMATION

METER

CONTROL

Advance LCD panel – only Active Filter in the market with user friendly Blue Back Light display

APF Unique Features con’t

Parameters Display Viee

LOAD_SIDE

KVA=293.01 Freq= 50.0Hz PF = 0.83

Vrs = 400 V Vst = 398 V Vtr = 400 V

THD= 0.06% THD= 0.06% THD= 0.08%

Ir = 425 A Is = 425 A It = 425 A

THD= 32.44% THD= 32.37% THD= 32.39%

In = 387 A

APF Unique Features con’t

Waveform Display View

WAVEFORM_VIEW

------------------------- -------------------------

WINDOW 1 = Ir(S) WINDOW 2 = Ir(L)

APF Unique Features con’t

Spectrum Display – Up to 31st order

SPECTRUM_VIEWVIEW= Ir(L)

H05 = 6.54%

THD = 32.44%

Freq = 50.0Hz

01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15

APF Unique Features con’t

Events Log – Up to 300 events

APF Unique Features con’t

Enersine APF allows 2 different CTs configurations to meet various site conditions:

2 - Source Sensing (Close Loop) 1 - Load Sensing (Open Loop)

CT

CTAPF o/p

APF o/p

Product Features VS BenefitsProduct Features VS BenefitsFeatures:

1. Full DSP technology

2. Global Compensation from 2nd to 51st orders

3. Selective compensation up to 12 different harmonic orders simultaneously

4. Treat Neutral current harmonics up to 3 times of Phase current harmonics

5. Able to compensate Reactive power

6. Not affected by Frequency change thus no Resonant Risk

7. No Overload risk

Benefits:

1. Dynamic performance

2. Remove harmonics almost 100%

3. Able to treat loads with specific harmonic orders more effectively

4. Neglect the needs for 200% rated Neutral, K-factor transformer,etc.

5. Improve Power factor (leading or lagging) to loads

6. Able to work with Gen set and VSD

7. Does not affect critical operation

UPS

APF

Motor

APF

Although Active Filters can be located in a variety of places, it’s best to locate as close to harmonic source as possible – For Cost effectiveness

Application Case Study Generator 800kVA Supplied UPS 300kVAusing Enersine 150A APF

To achieve: Clean Harmonics from UPS

Input Pure Sine-wave

Perfect Voltage Waveform

Stabilize Generator

Reduce Losses of Generator

Ch1(red) : Supply Voltage, THDV=17.4%Ch2(blue): Supply Current, THDI=24.5%

Application Case study con’t – When Application Case study con’t – When Enersine Enersine OffOff (Waveforms at Source)(Waveforms at Source)

Application Case study con’t – When Enersine ON (Waveforms at Source)

Ch1(red) : Supply Voltage, THDV=3.1%Ch2(blue): Supply Current, THDI=2.3%

Application Case Study Con’t - Test Application Case Study Con’t - Test ResultsResults

EnersineTHDV at Vs THD at Is Ihar at Is THD at Ir Ihar at Ir

Off 17.4% 24.5% 111A 24.5% 111A

On 3.1% 2.3% 9A 29.9% 137A

Test Result

Vs: Source Voltage, Ihar: Harmonic Current(rms)

Harmonic Attenuation Ratio = 137/9 = 15.2

Application with various brands of VFD – Without Enesine

VFD

Frequency(Hz) 30 35 40 45 50

THDi(%)

AB 84.59 75.15 58.49 46.82 40.52

ABB 89.84 82.09 73.68 60.25 51.03

Danfoss 94.63 86.41 74.52 60.98 48.12

Vacon 62.88 51.45 40.26 35.82 32.27

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

30 35 40 45 50

Frequency(Hz)

THD

i(%) AB

ABB

Danfoss

Vacon

Application with various brands VFD (motor drive) – With Enersine

VFD+APF

Frequency(Hz) 30 35 40 45 50

THDi(%)

AB 4.68 5.6 6.13 5.94 6.24

ABB 5.1 6.44 7.81 7.61 7.05

Danfoss 5.23 6.59 8.04 7.66 7.28

Vacon 4.24 5.31 5.28 5.33 5.46

0

2

4

6

8

10

30 35 40 45 50

Frequency(Hz)

TH

Di(%

) AB

ABB

Danfoss

Vacon

Sizing of Enersine APF (1)

Determine if the goal is to reduce harmonics

1) from a particular equipment (use 3W APF) such as Rectifier or VFD,

2) or to reduce the requirement for 200% rated neutrals (use 4W APF) in a electrical network.

Sizing of Enersine APF (2) – To use with 3Wire Equipment

Provide us the Data of that particular equipment:-a) Equipment Rating - KVA/kW/Horse Powerb) Max. Operating Current (if available)c) Overall Efficiencyd) Existing THDi %e) Operating Voltagef) Input Choke Rating (For VFD only)

Alternatively, for Quick selection (Budgetary purpose):-

1) For UPS = 50% of UPS capacity. Eg. 100Kva UPS use 50A APF2) For VFD with i/p Choke = 100% of VFD Horsepower. Eg. 100Hp use

100Amp APF3) For VFD without i/p Choke = 150% of VFD Horsepower. Eg 100Hp use

150Amp APF

Sizing of Enersine APF (3) – To use with 4Wire (Neutral) Electrical Network (Distribution Boards)

1). For Existing Network, We/Our Distributor

provide on site Harmonic measurement

2). For New Building/Distribution Network –

Rule of Thumb –

(i) 30% of Main Breaker Rating for multiple

IT (switch-mode Power supply) Loads

(ii) 50% of Main Breaker Rating for

combinations of IT Loads, VFD &

Electronics Lightings

90 APF

300A TPN MCCB

Enersine APF Installed Base…6 Storey New Microsoft office, S’pore

Credit Agricole New Office, S’pore

BNP New Office, S’pore

Power Seraya Habour Front Office, S’pore

Visa Call Centre, S’pore

Republic Poly Woodland campus

Pikiran Rakyat Press, Indonesia

Gramedia Indonesia

Tai Pin Hospital, M’sia

Utusan Press, M’sia

Putra Jaya Government offices, M’sia

Emerson UPS, S’pore & M’sia

TSMC FAB14, Taiwan

Chung Hwa Telecom, Taiwan

Quanhai TFT LCD Factory, Taiwan

And Many more….

For more information on this product, please contact Electrotest Ltd on 09

4482600 or email: info@electrotest.co.nz

THANK YOU,&

HAVE A GREAT DAY!