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AgEng 2007 Soil Protection and Cultivation
Systematic approaches of soil mechanical stress induction: impact assessment and implications for energy efficiency enhancement in agricultural engineering
M. Sc. agr. Stephan Denker, University of Applied Sciences SüdwestfalenProf. Dr. Ludwig Volk, University of Applied Sciences SüdwestfalenProf. Dr. Wolfgang Lücke, Georg-August-University of Göttingen
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Field traffic: impact on soils
• Increase of:- Soil bulk density- Penetration resistance
• Decrease of:- Aeration- Water conductivity- Total pore volume- Root penetrability
• Alteration of:- Functionality of pore system
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Field traffic: impact parameters
Effect of field traffic is depended upon different parameters:• Soil parameters (water content, soil type, organic substance, load bearing capacity)• Chassis parameters (wheel load, type of tire, tire inflation pressure)• Wheeling intensity (number of passes, speed of travel, wheel slip)
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Field traffic: energy aspects
Wheeling is a process of elastic and plastic deformation of soil and rubber:• Tire is being deformed elastically• Soil underneath and before the tire is being deformed elastically and/or plastically• Rut depth is the visible result of plastic soil deformation• Rolling, deformation and flexing processes require energy
Direction of travel
Flexing zone
Rutdepth
Bulldozing
Soil compaction
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Project: aims
Project’s aims:• Simulation of field traffic and investigation of its impact on soil• Quantification of the stability of arable soils against mechanical stresses by different methods• Evaluation of the feasability of these methods of detecting soil compaction on a field scale• Deduction of implications for practical agriculture and decision makers
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Project: partners
Project partners:Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel (CAU)• Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Physics• Institute of GeophysicsGeorg-August-University Göttingen• Institute of Agricultural Engineering
Geophysics: ground penetrating radar (GPR) and EM38
Soil physics: displacement and stress state transducer systems (DTS, SST)
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Sensor-fitted load frame (SFL)
Simulating field traffic: • Tire mounted: 650/75 R 32• Wheel loads of 3.3, 6.3 and 7.5 Mg• High and low tire inflation pressure applied at each wheel load, ranging from 50 to 350 kPa• Velocity of 1.4 m s-1
• Total of five wheeling incidents over the project’s duration
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Vertical penetration resistance
Penetration resistance:Soil’s resistance against
penetration by sensor [MPa]
Penetration resistance [Mpa]
Soi
l dep
th [c
m]
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Soest Horizontal Penetrometer (SHP)
• Data from 3 sensors is obtained simultaneously • Working depth up to 50cm• Prismatic sensor heads for the detection of compacted soil layers• Measurement instrumentation completely outside of soil and protected• For data resolution reasons operating speed chosen to be 0.3 m s-1
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Experimental design: sites
• Experimental sites:- Kiel (luvisol derived from sandy loam)- Soest (luvisol derived from loess)
• Tillage systems used:- Conservation tillage (cs.)- Conventional tillage (cv.)
• Project duration 2 ½ years• Wheeling in spring and fall under moist soil conditions with 6 variants• Set-up of experimental plots in block-design with 3 repetitions
Kiel
Soest
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Experimental design: variants
Wheel load (WL)Tire inflation pressure A
Tire inflation pressure B
WL1: 3.3 Mg 50 kPa 160 kPa
WL2: 6.3 Mg 160 kPa 250 kPa
WL3: 7.5 Mg 250 kPa 350 kPa
w h e e l i n g
m a r k i n g l i f t i n g
m e a s u r i n g
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Experimental design: field plot
• 2 wheeling incidents annually perpendicularly to main tillage direction• VP measurement before and after each wheeling incident• SHP measurements once annually in main tillage direction• Simultaneous measurements from soil physics and geophysics department of CAU
SHP lanes2006
SHP lanes2008
SHP lanes2007
Spring 2006Fall 2006Spring 2007Fall 2007Spring 2008
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Vertical penetration resistance
Analysis of vertical penetration resistance prior to first wheeling:• Vertical penetrometer (VP) reveals differences between the tillage systems used (cs, cv) for both experimental sites• Differences between the experimental sites themselves (Kiel, Soest) due to different soil texture, stone and water content
Ap
Ap
ApAp
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Vertical penetration resistance
2006, overall average
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Soest Horizontal Penetrometer Data
SHP shows different grades of penetration resistancedepending on:- Working depth- Tillage system- Experimental site
Kiel, cv.
Kiel, cs.
Soest, cv.
Soest, cs.
2006, overall average
Thursday, 08 November 2007
VP versus SHP: comparison of data
SHP data shows:- Lower penetration resistances
measured in the horizontal direction
- Generally a good compliance with VP-Data
Soest, cv.Soest, cs.Kiel, cs.
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,00
10
20
30
40
50
Penetration resistance [Mpa]
Soil
dept
h [c
m]
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Rolling resistance measurement
A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
Rol
ling
resi
stan
ce [k
N]
Tillage systemcs. tillagecv. tillage
Tillagesystem
Tire inflationpressure
50 kPa3.3 Mg
160 kPa3.3 Mg
160 kPa6.3 Mg
250 kPa6.3 Mg
250 kPa7.5 Mg
350 kPa7.5 Mg
Soest, fall of 2006
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Rut depth as a result of wheeling
Ks A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
-12,0
-10,0
-8,0
-6,0
-4,0
-2,0
0,0
Rut
dep
th [c
m]
Tillage systemcs. tillagecv. tillage
• Both factors tire inflation pressure and wheel load are affecting the depth of the ruts• The higher the wheel loads the stronger the effect of the tillage system used
∆ Tire inflationpressure∆ Wheel
load
50 kPa3.3 Mg
160 kPa3.3 Mg
160 kPa6.3 Mg
250 kPa6.3 Mg
250 kPa7.5 Mg
350 kPa7.5 Mg
Soest, fall of 2006
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Ruth depth versus rolling resistance
Ks A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
Rut
dep
th [c
m]
Tillage systemcv. tillagecs. tillage
A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
Rol
ling
resi
stan
ce [k
N]
Tillage systemcs. tillagecv. tillage
50 kPa3.3 Mg
160 kPa3.3 Mg
160 kPa6.3 Mg
250 kPa6.3 Mg
250 kPa7.5 Mg
350 kPa7.5 Mg
50 kPa3.3 Mg
160 kPa3.3 Mg
160 kPa6.3 Mg
250 kPa6.3 Mg
250 kPa7.5 Mg
350 kPa7.5 Mg
Soest, Fall of 2006
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Presentation’s outline
• Introduction - Different aspects of field traffic- Project aims and project partners
• Ag Eng approaches on stress induction and impact assessment- Simulating field traffic- Impact assessment by vertical and horizontal penetrometry- Experimental design
• First year’s results• Conclusion and outlook
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Conclusions
• Experimental sites are of good conditions in terms of the project’s aims• Promising experimental design has been found for investigating the impact of the factors related to mechanical stress• Good compliance found between vertical and horizontal penetration resistances• Rolling resistance and rut depth found to be influenced by bothwheel load and tire inflation pressure• In terms of energy demand and soil deformation the tillage system becomes more important at higher wheel loads
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Outlook
• Further data analysis with increasing number of passes• Increase in data-resolution of VP and SHP down to the single variants• Closer investigation of relation between vertical and horizontal penetration resistance• Consolidation of Ag Eng data with data from the Institutes of Soil Physics and Geophysics
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Acknowledgements
Thank you very much for your attention!
This project is being financially supported by the
Federal Ministery of Food, Agriculture and Consumer
Protection (BMELV) via the Federal Agency for
Agriculture and Food (BLE)
Thursday, 08 November 2007
Announcement
Please visit part of the project’s equipment in
Hall 16, A 03 Stand of: University of Applied Sciences Südwestfalen
Hall 11, Pavillion CWorld Soil and Tillage Show