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7/26/2019 Aggression PSYA3
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Aggression PSYA3
7/26/2019 Aggression PSYA3
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Social Psychological theories of
aggression (8+16) AO1
Social Learning Theory according to the eha!io"rist a##roach to
aggression$ li%e any other eha!io"r$ is learnt
This #ro#oses that aggression is learnt thro"gh i&itation
According to the eha!io"rist a##roach$ eha!io"r is reinforced (re'arded)
is &ore li%ely to e re#eated
f an indi!id"al sees aggressi!e eha!io"r eing reinforced 'hen another#erson (the &odel) dis#lay it (!icario"s reinforce&ent) the indi!id"al is
&oti!ated to re#rod"ce eha!io"r to otain the sa&e re'ards
and"ra arg"es that learning aggressi!e eha!io"r occ"rs in * states
Attention$ ,etention$ ,e#rod"ction and -oti!ation (A,--)
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Social Psychological theories of
aggression (8+16) AO1
.eindi!id"ation refers to the loss of #ersonal identity and #ersonal
res#onsiility 'hen 'e are$ for e/ale$ one of a cro'd or 'earing a
&as%
This conce#t can e "sed to e/#lain aggressi!e eha!io"r eca"se
'hen deindi!id"ated indi!id"als feel less constrained y the nor&s of
social eha!io"r$ and feel ale to eha!e in an anti0social 'ay
Peo#le feel #art of the cro'd and #erha#s not identifiale eg in a
&o li%e d"ring the 212 riots
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Social Psychological theories of
aggression (8+16) AO243
SLT e/#lains inconsistencies in aggressi!e eha!io"r eg a #erson eing
aggressi!e at ho&e "t s"&issi!e at 'or% according to SLT$ learnt that
aggressi!e eha!io"r is only a##ro#riate in certain sit"ations
SLT does not acco"nt for iological e/#lanations of aggression
deter&inistic
and"ra 66 children 'atched fil& of ad"lt &odel eha!ing aggressi!ely
to oo doll in 3 conditions neither re'arded or #"nished$ re'arded or
#"nished if re'arded 5 &ost aggressi!e$ #"nish&ent 5 least aggressi!e
SLT relies on and"ras e/#eri&ent ho'e!er oo dolls do not retaliate
'hen hit 'hich raises 7"estions ao"t 'hat the st"dy tells "s ao"t
i&itation of aggression
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Social Psychological theories of
aggression (8+16) AO243
i&ardo 'anted to in!estigate r"tality re#orted a&ongst A&erican
#rison g"ards ,ecreated #rison and recr"ited #artici#ants to #lay
role of #risoners and g"ards Anony&ity of each gro"# &ade it easier
for g"ards to eha!e r"tally to'ards and deh"&anise #risoners
9thical iss"es #rotection fro& har&
The eha!io"r oser!ed in i&ardos st"dy &ay ha!e een a res"lt of
the #artici#ants confor&ing to their roles rather than a res"lt of a los
s of self identity
A &eta0analysis of 6 st"dies of deindi!id"ation concl"des that there
is ins"fficient s"##ort for deindi!id"ation clai&s
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Social Psychological theories of
aggression (8+16) AO243
.eindi!id"ation can increase #rosocial eha!io"r S#i!ey et al fo"nd
deindi!id"ation co"ld lead to either #rosocial or antisocial eha!io"r$
de#ending on sit"ational factors
;hen #rosocial en!iron&ental c"es 'ere #resent (eg #rosocial
&odel)$ deindi!id"ated #artici#ants #erfor&ed &ore altr"istic acts
and less antisocial acts
,eal 'orld a##lication &an analysed 21 s"icide lea#s in
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nstit"tional Aggression (8+16) AO1
ortation &odel r'in and @ressey
o This theory states that indi!id"als 'ho enter #rison 'ith #artic"lar
characteristics are &ore li%ely to engage in !iolence than those
'ho do not #ossess these characteristics0 !iolence is not a #rod"ct
of the instit"tion itself$ "t of the characteristics of those 'ithin
the instit"tion
o Yo"nger in&ates are tho"ght to find ad?"sting to #rison life &ore
diffic"lt$ and so are &ore li%ely toengage in !iolence than others Ada&s (1=81) clai&s that yo"nger i
n&ates are &ore li%ely to !ie'
!iolence as an a##ro#riate 'ay of sol!ing conflicts
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nstit"tional Aggression (8+16) AO1
.e#ri!ation &odel
o This theory ac%no'ledges that 'hilst in&ates &ay enter #rison 'ith
characteristics that &ay e &ore s"ited to !iolence$ it is the #rison
en!iron&ent that ca"ses stress and fr"stration$ 'hich in t"rn
leads to !iolence
o arrer and Steffens&eir (1=86) #ro#ose that !iolent eha!io"r in in&ates
is a
res#onse to the B#role&s of ad?"st&ent #osed y the de#ri!ations of irison&entC
o Sy%es (1=D8) identified so&e of these B#role&sC$ for e/ale$ loss of
heterose/"al relationshi#s
o The #role& of
de#ri!ation is #artic"larly co&&on in o!ercro'ded #risons'here the condi
tions lead to e/acerated tensions et'een in&ates and staff
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nstit"tional Aggression (8+16) AO243
o -c@or%le et al (1==D) state the iortation &odel fails to e/#lain ho' to
&anage !iolent offenders4red"ce #rison !iolenceo According to the indi!id"ation &odel$ &e&ers of !iolent gangs #rior to
irison&ent 'ill sho' higher le!els of !iolence in #rison$ as they 'ill
iortant characteristics of their gang &e&ershi#
o'e!er$ .eLisi et al (2*) fo"nd that in 8 &ales in&ates$ gang &e&ershi#
#rior to irison&ent had no effect on !iolent cond"ct
o The &ain st"dy of the de#ri!ation &odel fails to s"##ort its &ain ass"tions
-c@or%le et al(1==D) fo"nd no e!idence to s"##ort a correlation et'een !iolence and as#ects
of the #rison
en!iron&ent in a sale of 3>1
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Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO1
Lo' le!els of serotonin and high le!els of do#a&ine ha!e eenassociated 'ith aggression in ani&als and h"&ans
Serotonin tho"ght to red"ce aggression y inhiiting res#onses to
e&otional sti&"li that &ight other'ise lead to an aggressi!e res#onse
Lo' le!els of serotonin in rain ha!e een associated 'ith increased
s"sce#tiility to i"lsi!e eha!io"r$ aggression and e!en !iolent
s"icide So&e dr"gs are tho"ght to alter serotonin le!els and this increase
aggressi!e eha!io"r
-ann et al fo"nd de#lete serotonin de/fenfl"ra&ine in &ales 'as
associated 'ith aggression and hostility scores
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Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO1
igh le!els of do#a&ine and aggressi!e eha!io"r is not as 'ell
estalished as serotonin$ there is so&e e!idence to s"ggest that a lin%e/ists
ncreases in do#a&ine acti!ity !ia the "se of aheta&ines ha!e also
een associated 'ith increases in aggressi!e eha!io"r
Anti#sychotics 'hich red"ce do#a&ine acti!ity in rain ha!e een
sho'n to red"ce aggressi!e eha!io"r in !iolent delin7"ents
-ale se/ hor&one testosterone tho"ght to infl"ence aggression fro&
yo"ng ad"lthood on'ards d"e t action on rain areas controlling
aggression
;agner et al castrated &ale &ice fo"nd &ice 'ere less aggressi!e$
&ore aggressi!e if in?ected in aggression
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Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO243
Lin%s et'een iological &echanis&s s"ch as serotonin andtestosterone estalished in non0h"&an ani&als
This isnt to deny s"ch lin%s e/ist "t rather that the cole/ity of
h"&an social eha!io"r &eans iological on its o'n is ins"fficient to
e/#lain all as#ects of aggressi!e and !iolent eha!io"r
f lo' le!els of serotonin are associated 'ith lo' i"lse control and
aggressi!e eha!io"r$ dr"gs that clinically raise serotonin le!elssho"ld #rod"ce conc"rrent lo'ering in aggression
ond estalished this is e/actly 'hat ha##ens in st"dies of
antide#ressant dr"gs that ele!ate serotonin le!els
S"ch dr"gs to dent to red"ce irritaility and i"lse aggression
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Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO243
Altho"gh research is fairly inconcl"si!e ao"t the cas"al role of do#a&inein aggression$ recent research s"ggests its infl"ence &ight e as a
conse7"ence instead
@o"##is and Fennedy fo"nd that in &ice$ a re'ard #ath'ay in rain
eco&es engaged in res#onse to aggressi!e e!ent and do#a&ine is in!ol!ed
as #ositi!e reinforce in #ath'ay
S"ggests indi!id"als intentionally see% o"t an aggressi!e enco"nter solelyeca"se they e/#erience a re'arding sensation o"t of it
;agner et al ani&al st"dy not generalisale
-ost st"dies concerned 'ith testosterone and aggression in!ol!ed &ale
#artici#ants$ does it also increase aggression in fe&alesG Hender ias
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Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO243
,esearch s"ggests testosterone and aggression is higher in fe&alethan &ale sales (Archer et al)
I"rther st"dy sho'ed that 'o&en 'ith higher testosterone had higher
occ"#ational stat"s$ as a res"lt of eing &ore asserti!eG
9isenegger et al fo"nd testosterone co"ld &a%e 'o&en act Jnicer
rather than &ore aggressi!ely$ de#ending on sit"ation
S"##orts the idea that rather than directly increasing aggression$testosterone #ro&otes stat"s0see%ing eha!io"r of 'hich aggression
is one ty#e
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Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO1
-onoKygotic (-) t'ins share all of their genes 'hilst diKygotic (.)
share only D
n t'in st"dies researchers coare the degree of si&ilarity for a
#artic"lar trait (eg aggression) et'een - t'ins to the si&ilarity
et'een sets of . t'ins
f - &ore ali%e in ter&s of aggressi!e eha!io"r then this sho"ld e
d"e to genes rather than en!iron&ent
@occaro et al "sed t'in ad"lt #airs and fo"nd nearly D of the
!ariance in direct aggressi!e eha!io"r co"ld e d"e to genetic
factors
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Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO1
Ado#tion st"dies f a #ositi!e correlation is fo"nd et'een aggressi!e
eha!io"r and ado#ted st"dies and aggressi!e eha!io"r elongs to
iological #arents$ a genetic effect is ilied
A st"dy of o!er 1*$ ado#tions in .en&ar% fo"nd that a significant
n"&er of ado#ted oys 'ith cri&inal con!ictions had iological
#arents (es#ecially fathers) 'ith cri&inal con!ictions This #ro!ides
e!idence for a genetic effect Altho"gh no indi!id"al gene for aggression has een identified in
h"&ans$ a gene res#onsile for #rod"cing a #rotein called -AOA has
een associated 'ith aggressi!e eha!io"r
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Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO1
-AOA reg"lates &etaolis& of serotonin in the rain and lo' le!els of
serotonin are associated 'ith i"lsi!e and aggressi!e eha!io"r
."tch fa&ily fo"nd that &any of its &ale &e&ers eha!ed !iolently
and aggressi!ely -any had een in!ol!ed in serio"s cri&es s"ch as
ra#e and arson These &en 'ere fo"nd to ha!e anor&ally lo' le!els
of -AOA
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Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO243
-ore than one gene "s"ally contri"tes to a gi!en eha!io"r
As 'ell as genetic factors there are &any non0genetic factors ie
en!iron&ental infl"ences on the &anifestation of aggressi!e
eha!io"r
These infl"ences &ay interact 'ith each other Henetic factors &ay
affect en!iron&ental factors that ha!e an infl"ence and !ice !ersa
-any of the re#orted st"dies of aggression relied on either #arental or
self re#orts of aggression social desiraility ias
;e ignore free 'ill #lays in eha!io"r idea that gene for aggression
changes ideas of legal and &oral res#onsiility
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Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO243
-iles and @arey &eta0analysis &ode of assess&ent 'as fo"nd to e asignificant &oderator of aggressi!e eha!io"r in the 2* st"dies that
&ade "# their analysis
They fo"nd that genetic factors e/#lained a large #ro#ortion of the
!ariance in aggressi!e eha!io"r in st"dies that had #arental of self0
re#orts
Those that had &ade "se of oser!ational ratings sho'ed significantlyless genetic contri"tion and greater en!iron&ental infl"ence
Ioc"ses on nat"re not n"rt"re deter&inistic
The t'in st"dies ne!er fo"nd a 1 concordance rate s"ggesting
other factors also infl"ence the t'ins not ?"st genes
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Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO243
deally$ t'in st"dies sho"ld e/a&ine #airs of - t'ins raised inse#arate en!iron&ents to eli&inate the infl"ence of en!iron&ental
factors
o'e!er$ diffic"lt to find large n"&er of - t'ins raised in different
en!iron&ents
-ost st"dies only consider &ales eing s"sce#tile in sho'ing
aggressi!e eha!io"r
"tton et al st"died 2D8 t'in #airs aged 11 to 18 and fo"nd that
inheritance of antisocial aggressi!e eha!io"r 'as higher for fe&ales
than &ales
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9!ol"tionary 9/#lanation(8+16) AO1
"ss s"ggests that &ales ha!e a n"&er of strategies that ha!e
e!ol!ed s#ecifically for the #"r#ose of %ee#ing a &ate
These incl"de$ restricting their #artners a"tono&y and negati!e
ind"ce&ents in the for& of !iolence or threats of !iolence to #re!ent
her fro& straying
Se/"al ?ealo"sy is the #ri&ary ca"se of !iolence against 'o&en$ those
'ho are #ercei!ed y their #artner to e threatening infidelity are&ore at ris% of !iolence than those 'ho are not
Ior e/ale st"dies ha!e sho'n that &a?ority cases$ 'o&en cite
e/tre&e ?ealo"sy on the #art of their h"sands as %ey ca"se of
!iolence is directed to'ards the&
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9!ol"tionary 9/#lanations (8+16) AO1
Se/"al infidelity y a 'o&an &ay so&eti&es lead to #regnancy
Iro& the #ers#ecti!e of her long ter& &ade$ if the child is orn$ he
ris%s in!esting in the offs#ring of another &ale and conse7"ently
lo'ering his o'n re#rod"cti!e s"ccess
;hen a 'o&an eco&es #regnant 'ith another &ans child$ the
f"nction of !iolence directed to'ards her &ay e to ter&inate
#regnancy
Th"s$ eli&inating the #otential offs#ring of a ri!al and lea!ing her
free to ear offs#ring for hi&
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9!ol"tionary 9/#lanations (8+16)
AO243
Shac%elford et al "sed s"r!ey ðod to test e!ol"tionary #sychology
#redictions concerning &ate retention strategies
They "sed *61 &en and D6 'o&en in
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9!ol"tionary 9/#lanations (8+16)
AO243
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9!ol"tionary 9/#lanations (8+16)
AO243
"rch and Hall"# fo"nd fre7"ency of !iolent acts to'ards #regnant
&ate 'ere do"led than those 'ho 'ere not #regnant$ 'ith se/"al
?ealo"sy characterising &en 'ho 'ere !iolent to'ards #regnant
#artners
ro'nridge et al fo"nd 'o&en a"sed 'hile #regnant 'ere &ore
li%ely to e carrying child of anothers &an than her c"rrent &ates
Eicarag"an st"dy fo"nd half of sale of #regnant 'o&en 'ere#hysically a"sed and s"ffered &ost lo's to sto&ach area
9!ol"tionary cannot e/#lain 'hy #eo#le react in different 'ays 'hen
sa&e #role&
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Hro"# .is#lay (8+16) AO1
SPORTS: ;ilson clai&s that /eno#hoia has een doc"&ented in
!irt"ally e!ery gro"# of ani&als dis#laying higher for&s of social
organisation Eat"ral selection$ it a##ears$ has fa!o"red those genes
that ca"sed h"&an eings to e altr"istic to'ard &e&ers of their
o'n gro"# "t intolerant of o"tsiders
Podalin et al fo"nd e!idence of /eno#hoic tendencies in their
analysis of the gro"# dis#lays of talian footall cro'ds n 1=8s$/eno#hoic #olitical organisations s"ch as the Eorthern leag"e led to
gro'th of e/tre&e right 'ing &o!e&ents characterised y racist
chants and o#enly anti se&antic anners
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Hro"# .is#lay (8+16) AO1
WARFARE: .is#lays of aggressi!eness y indi!id"al 'arriors 'o"ld also
lead #eers to res#ect the& &ore and so strengthen the ond et'een
other &ales in gro"#
As coo#eration et'een &ales is iortant to indi!id"al stat"s in
gro"#$ fleeing fro& attle 'o"ld &a%e indi!id"al a##ear as co'ard
th"s losing res#ect of their #eers
According to this #ers#ecti!e dis#lays of aggressi!eness and ra!ery inattle &eans indi!id"als are &ore li%ely to share enefits 'ith those
associated 'ith stat"s 'hich 'o"ld increase re#rod"cti!e fitness
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Hro"# .is#lay (8+16) AO243
The idea that co&&itting acts of heroic ra!ery is a fe&ale &ate#reference can e seen in real life$
as &any 'o&en choose to &ate 'ith ra!e &en Si&ilarly$ footall organisatio
ns ha!e recognised the
role that /eno#hoia #lays in footall cro'd !iolence and ha!e
introd"ced caaigns to red"ce its iact ie BFic% ,acis& O"t of
IootallC
There is a clear gender ias in e!ol"tionary research into s#ortscro'd !iolence$ as all of the st"dies ha!e e/a&ined &ale s"?ects
The e!ol"tionary a##roach ignores the infl"ence of free 'ill and
c"lt"re on o"r eha!io"r 9!ol"tionary theories state that if a
characteristic is ada#ti!e$ it 'ill e dis#layed y all h"&an eings$
ho'e!er$ aggression is not "ni!ersal
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Hro"# .is#lays (8+16) AO243
9!ol"tionary ideas rely on analysing e!ents after they ha!e ha##enedto see 'hether or not they
'ere ada#ti!e This co"ld lead to ias$ as researchers &ay ha!e alrea
dy estalished 'hat they 'ere
loo%ing for to test their ideas efore analysing e!ents
.eter&inistic as it s"ggests that gro"# dis#lay of aggression are dri!en
y o"t genes and ser!e sole #"r#ose of s"r!i!al and enhancingre#rod"cti!e s"ccess
This e/#lanation is #ost0hoc$ ased on e!ents that ha!e already
#assed and a##lying astract conce#ts retros#ecti!ely$ 'hich cannot
e scientifically tested