Advances in Biological Research 8 (3): 127-130, 2014ISSN 1992-006© IDOSI Publications, 2014DOI: 10.5829/idosi.abr.2014.8.3.82412

Corresponding Author: Shubham Verma, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, G. B. Nagar, U.P. India.

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Aging- Causes and Prevention – A Review

Shubham Verma, Nitin Kumar, Rishabha Malviya, Rupesh Dudhe and Pramod Kumar Sharma

Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, G. B. Nagar, U.P. India

Abstract: Aging is a process in which continuous failure of maintenance and repair mechanism occurs whichare very important for cellular homeostasis. Antioxidants and growth hormone regulators are used to decreasethe process of longevity or abnormal aging. Protandim and nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2) are used as super antioxidantto minimise the oxidative stress in the body. Some aging syndromes are also there in which age of personincreases three times of its original age such as progeria. Progeria occurs due to gene changes in the body andthis disease does not have any cure and a person with this disease having a life of only 13-14 years.

Key words: Growth Hormones Insulin Growth Factor-1 Progeria Protandim Reactive Oxygen Species Nuclear Factor-2

INTRODUCTION related change that decreases the number of native cells

Now-a-days everyone wants to look younger and concept that includes physical changes to our bodies,attractive always, it is not possible to block our age but psychological changes to our minds and social attributesyou can decrease the process of aging. Aging can also be through adult life [5].recognised by the visual aspects of the body. Most of thepeoples are bothered about one common affair called age. Symptoms That Transpire with Aging Are CategorisedAging occurs continuously without our approbation. As:Aging is an intricate process characterised by the gradualfailure of maintenance and repair pathways important for Physical Aging: There are certain symptoms of Physicalhomeostasis of cell which results in progressive accretion aging which are as followsof unwanted macromolecules and organelles. Theaccretion of these unwanted macromolecules and Decrease in Physical strength, endurance andorganelles has harmful effects on cellular homeostasis and flexibility.cause hindrance with activity of functional molecules Decline in the body organs.which tends to subsequent dysfunction [1,2]. Slower reflexes.

There are certain changes that are pernicious, Decline in the senses.gradual and thus far irrevocable. Aging damage occur tomolecule to cell and to organs. The molecular damage Psychological Aging: DEMENTIA is the major symptomassociated with aging may increasingly perturb normal of Psychological aging in which sudden memory andhomeostasis and increase the susceptibility to disease behavioural changes occurs. and disability.

Symptoms of Aging: Aging changes are frequently by the doctor and the over the counter drugs.related with an increase in eventuality of mortality, but E- Emotions especially depression, have a majorthis is not necessarily the case i.e., greying of hairs is a impact on memory but the persons suffering fromsymptom of aging but this does not increase eventuality DEMENTIA do not complain about their memoryof mortality [3]. T cell populations having the most age problems.

and accumulation of sensitized cells [4]. Aging is a

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D- Drugs Confusion between the drugs prescribed

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M- Medical problems, lack of fluid in the body Symptoms of Progeria: Typical symptoms of progeria are(dehydration) and lack of oxygen to the brain(hypoxia) can commonly cause confusion anddisorientation.E- Eyes, ears and environmental changes also mayaffect behavior.N- Nutritional deficiencyT- Trauma or a head injury from any type of accident,including a fall or a brain tumor, can cause confusionand disorientation.I- Infection, pneumonia or urinary tract infection, ahigh fever, or syphilis can cause dementia.A- Alcoholism, whether a recent or long-standingproblem, can cause temporary confusion anddisorientation or permanent brain damage.

Social Aging: The symptoms of social aging are loss,Grief and Bereavement [6,7].

The gradual decline in functional ability and musclestrength is related to normal aging processes [8]. The rateof aging varies from individual to individual and the ageof different organ system is different in same person.

Causes of Aging:

Intrinsic Aging: This type of aging is caused by theinternal defects in the human body system. Some timethere is some hormonal changes in the body and sometime there is unwanted changes in the genes of humanthat will cause aging [9].

Aging Due To Gene: A point mutation in the gene causesaging syndromes like PROGERIA and WERNERSSYNDROME. PROGERIA (Hutchinson Gilford progeriasyndrome) is extremely rare genetic disease. The firstsymptoms manifest in infants and neonates. Cause ofprogeria is identified by a point mutation at position 1824of lamin A (LMNA) gene.

growth insufficiency, wrinkled skin, loss of eye sight, hairloss, cardiovascular diseases etc. the earliest symptomsmay include a localised scleroderma like skin condition, adistinctive appearance i.e., small face, pinched nose andshallow, recessed jaw are all characteristics of progeria[10].

Treatment: There is only a drug which focuses onreducing complications and i.e., farnesyl tranferaseinhibitor called lanofarnib which is able to improve thecardiovascular health and increase their weight gain butthere is no treatments have been proven effective tosymptoms of progeria.

Aging Due To Hormonal Change: Growth hormone (GH)and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays a vital role innormal growth and development in humans [11]. Normalrelease of growth hormone in body is essential for agingprocess but excess release of growth hormone andconcomitant increase in circulating IGF-1 levels by GHproducing adenoma causes in abnormal growth i.e., tissueovergrowth, metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes andhypertension [12,13].

From this flow chart it is cleared that as growthhormone increases, insulin growth factor and cellularsenescence also increases due to this anti oxidant enzymeand insulin sensitivity of the body decreases. Thus theseare the main cause for the aging process of the body [14].

Fig. 1: Possible involvement of ROS-induced cellularsenescence in the regulation of lifespan.

Extrinsic Aging: This type of aging is mainly caused bythe external environmental conditions. Most commonlyultraviolet rays are responsible for the extrinsic agingwhich results in cell damage and formation of freeradicals.

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Aging Due To Ultra Violet Rays & Photo oxidation: Ultra CONCLUSIONviolet rays mostly produces free radicals in the body thatsometimes causes aberrant side reactions resulting in cell As we have reviewed that the aging is thedamage and thus causes the mutation and affect the process of progressive failure of functioning of parts incell cycle and causes symptoms of aging like the body which is important for cellular haemostasis.atherosclerosis. Due to this our appearance also decreases, as we aged

It may also involve in Parkinsonism disease & our body functioning decreases. There is one deadlyAlzheimer disease. UV commences a number of cellular syndrome of the aging which occurs due toresponses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) mutation in 1824 position of LMNA gene, theproduction within upper layer of the skin and syndrome named as PROGERIA. Aging due to photomiddle layer of the skin i.e., epidermal and dermal cells. oxidation is treated by using antioxidants. Now protandimThe free radical theory of aging suggests that aging is used for the treatment of photo oxidation as a super antiresults from the accretion of the oxidative damage over oxidant and nuclear factor-2 (NrF-2) also used as supertime, which persuade to cellular dysfunction and oxidant & it is the master regulator of the body’s agingorganism death. The epidermis becomes shrivel compared process.to sun protected areas on the same individual. There aresome structural alterations found in the epidermis cell due ACKNOWLEDGEMENTto ultraviolet rays which particularly corrode thebiochemical properties of the skin. A cutaneous aging Authors are highly thankful to Department ofwas found by the comparative studies between photo Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences,exposed and photo protected areas in same individual Galgotias University, Greater Noida India for providing[15, 16]. library facility during literature survey.

Treatment: Use of the antioxidant is the most successful interest.treatment. Now-a-days Protandim & nuclear factor 2(NrF2) are used as super antioxidant. Protandim is REFERENCESpatented dietary supplement that has five herbs withantioxidant properties and increase body’s natural 1. Gelino, S. and M. Hansen, 2012. Autophagy- Anantioxidant protection by inducing two protective Emerging Anti Aging Mechanism. J Clin Exp Pathol.,enzymes i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD) & catalase 84: 1-12.(CAT). 2. Rajawat, Y.S. and I. Bossis, 2008. Autophagy in and

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Conflict of Interest: Authors have no conflict of

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