Agric Investment Benchmark (West and Central Africa).pdf

7/29/2019 Agric Investment Benchmark (West and Central Africa).pdf

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BENCHMARKING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

INVESTMENT AND CAPACITY INDICATORSIN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA

pannng, prorty settng, montorng, and evauaton. They aso

provde normaton to governments and others nvoved n

the pubc debate on the state o agrcutura R&D at natona,

regona, and nternatona eves.

Ths bre assesses trends n nvestments and human

resource capacty n pubc agrcutura R&D n 15 o the 22

member countres o the West and Centra Arcan Counc or

Agrcutura Research and Deveopment (CORAF/WECARD;

hereater reerred to as CORAF): Benn, Burkna Faso, Repubc

o Congo, Cte dIvore, Gabon, The Gamba, Ghana, Gunea,

Ma, Maurtana, Nger, Ngera, Senega, Serra Leone, and Togo

Unortunatey, data or Cameroon, Cape Verde, the Centra Arca

Repubc, Chad, the Democratc Repubc o Congo, Gunea-

Bssau, and Lbera, were unavaabe.1 The anayss draws rom

a set o country notes prepared by the Agrcutura Scence and

Technoogy Indcators (ASTI) ntatve o the Internatona Food

Pocy Research Insttute (IFPRI) and natona partners, usng

comprehensve datasets derved rom prmary surveys conducte

durng 200910.2 These datasets have been nked wth exstng

nvestment and human resources datasets.3 Ths bre ocuses on

benchmarkng ASTIs varous ndcators across CORAF countres

and, as such, compements n-depth country notes pubshed by

ASTI and ts coaborators durng 201011, aong wth a report

on agrcutura R&D nvestment and capacty trends or SSA as a

whoe (Bentema and Stads 2011a).

LONG-TERM INVESTMENTAND CAPACITY TRENDS

Ater a decade o stagnaton durng the 1990s, nvestments and

human resource capacty n pubc agrcutura R&D n SSA grew

by more than 20 percent durng 200108. Most o ths growth,

however, occurred n ony a handu o countres and was argey

the resut o ncreased government commtments to augment

ncommensuratey ow saary eves and to rehabtate negected

nrastructure, oten ater years o undernvestment. In contrast,

many other countres contnued to ace undamenta capacty an

nvestment chaenges. For some, natona nvestment eves have

aen so ow as to eave them dangerousy dependent on oten

voate, externa undng sources (Bentema and Stads 2011a).

INTRODUCTION

Extensve emprca evdence demonstrates that agrcutura

research and deveopment (R&D) nvestments have greaty

contrbuted to economc growth, agrcutura deveopment,

and poverty reducton n deveopng regons over the past vedecades (Word Bank 2007; IAASTD 2008). Gven mportant

chaenges, such as rapd popuaton growth, adaptaton to

cmate change, water scarcty, and the voatty o prces n goba

markets, pocymakers are ncreasngy recognzng the vaue o

greater nvestment n agrcutura R&D as an essenta eement n

ncreasng agrcutura productvty n Sub-Saharan Arca (SSA).

The 2003 Maputo Decaraton drected a member

countres o the Arcan Unon (AU) to ncrease agrcutura

nvestments to at east 10 percent o ther natona budgets. To

gauge progress toward ths target, the Comprehensve Arca

Agrcuture Deveopment Programme (CAADP) under the AUs

New Partnershp or Arcas Deveopment (NEPAD) agreed to

montor agrcutura expendtures, settng a 6-percent yeary

target or growth n agrcutura gross domestc product (AgGDP)

n countres where agrcuture pays a domnant economc roe.

One o CAADPs our oundatona pars ocuses on ncreasng

nvestments n agrcutura research, extenson, educaton,

and tranng as a means o promotng growth n agrcutura

productvty (NEPADCAADP 2010). Moreover, NEPADs Arcan

Mnstera Counc on Scence and Technoogy (AMCOST)

estabshed and adopted a Consodated Pan o Acton or

deveopng regona scence and technoogy (S&T). Ths pan

cas or substanta ncreases n natona R&D budgets, wth eachcountry takng concrete measures to aocate at east 1 percent o

ts gross domestc product (GDP) to R&D (NEPAD 2006).

Quanttatve data are essenta to measurng, montorng,

and benchmarkng the nputs, outputs, and perormance o

agrcutura S&T systems at natona and regona eves and

to assess progress toward the successu mpementaton o

CAADP and AMCOST targets reated to S&T. R&D ndcators are an

ndspensabe too when assessng the contrbuton o agrcutura

S&T to agrcutura growth and, more generay, to economc

growth. They assst research managers and pocymakers

n ormuatng pocy and makng decsons about strategc

Gert-Jan Stads Note June 20


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growth rates n other angophone countres such as The Gamb

Ngera, and Serra Leone were aso above the 3.1 percent per

year average or the 15 CORAF countres combned. In contrast,

spendng n many o the regons rancophone natons e,

n some cases severey. In Gunea, or nstance, agrcuturaR&D expendtures e by 7.5 percent per year durng 200108.

Burkna Faso, Gabon, Ma, Maurtana, Senega, and Togo aso

experenced decnng spendng eves o 2 to 3 percent per

year durng ths perod. Postve yeary spendng growth n the

Repubc o Congo and Nger durng 200108 oowed a decad

o severe negatve growth wth the resut that both countres

actuay nvested ess n agrcutura R&D n 2008 than they dd

the eary 1990s. The arge luctuatons n annua spendng grow

over tme are ndcatve o a hgh dependency on undng rom

donors and deveopment banks. For nstance, the competon o

arge projects n Gunea and Nger unded through Word Bank

oans punged agrcutura research n these countres nto a

severe nanca crss.

Yeary growth n agrcutura research staing eves oow

a very smar trend n the CORAF countres compared wth

countres n the rest o the contnent. Compared wth growth n

agrcutura research spendng, annua agrcutura R&D capact

growth was ess varabe across countres. Gabon, Ngera, and

Serra Leone recorded the hghest annua growth n R&D capac

durng 200108, at 8.2, 5.9, and 3.8 percent, respectvey. Gabon

empoyed an ncreasng number o agrcutura researchers

over ths tmerame, but the resources needed to carry out the

In 2008, the 15 CORAF countres or whch data were avaabe

spent cose to $700 mon 2005 purchasng power party (PPP)

doars on pubc agrcutura R&D and empoyed more than 4,000

u-tme equvaent (FTE) researchers, accountng or 38 percent

o tota SSA spendng and 35 percent o the regons tota researchcapacty (see Box 1 or an expanaton o PPPs and FTEs). Absoute

eves o pubc agrcutura R&D spendng and staing vared

consderaby across CORAF countres (Tabe 1). In 2008, Ngera,

Ghana, and Cte dIvore nvested $404 mon, $95 mon, and

$43 mon n agrcutura R&D, respectvey, whereas Gabon and

The Gamba spent just $2 mon and $3 mon, respectvey, a

measured n nlaton-adjusted PPP doars. The 2008 dstrbuton

o research staf by country oowed a smar pattern, wth Ngera

empoyng more than 2,000 FTE researchers, and Ghana more

than 500. In contrast, Gabon, Maurtana, Nger, The Gamba, the

Repubc o Congo, Serra Leone, and Togo each empoyed ewer

than 100 FTEs that year.

Consderabe dferences were reported not ony n absoute

nvestment eves across CORAF countres, but aso n the

magntude o growth over tme. Generay speakng, voatty

n year-to-year agrcutura R&D nvestment eves was more

extreme n West and Centra Arca than n other parts o the

contnent, partcuary n the 1990s, but aso snce the turn o the

mennum. Expendture eves n Ghana rapdy acceerated ater

2000, averagng doube-dgt growth o 12.4 percent per year

or the 200108 perod, whch relected a pocy to mprove the

equty o staf saary eves o agrcutura research staf. Yeary

Box 1Measurng agrcultural R&D resources

The concept o purchasng power party (PPP) prces

Comparng R&D data s a hghy compex process due to mportant dferences n prce eves across countres. The argestcomponents o a countrys agrcutura R&D expendtures are staf saares and oca operatng costs, as opposed to captanvestments, whch are traded nternatonay. As exampes, the wages o a ed aborer or ab assstant at a research actyare much ower n Nger than n any European country, and ocay made oice urnture n Serra Leone s consderabycheaper than a smar set o urnture bought n the Unted States.

Standard market exchange rates are the ogca choce or conversons when measurng nanca lows across countres;however, they are ar rom perect currency converters or comparng economc data. At present, the preerred conversonmethod or cacuatng the reatve sze o economes or other economc data, such as agrcutura R&D spendng, s thepurchasng power party (PPP) ndex. PPPs measure the reatve purchasng power o currences across countres byemnatng natona dferences n prcng eves or a wde range o goods and servces. They are aso used to convertcurrent GDP prces n ndvdua countres to a common currency. In addton, PPPs are reatvey stabe over tme, whereasexchange rates luctuate consderaby (or exampe, the luctuatons n the US doareuro rates o recent years).

The concept o ull-tme equvalent (FTE) researchers

ASTI bases ts cacuatons o human resource and nanca data on u-tme equvaent staing, or FTEs, whch take ntoaccount the proporton o tme researchers spend on R&D actvtes. Unversty staf members, or exampe, spend the buk

o ther tme on nonresearch-reated actvtessuch as teachng, admnstraton, and student supervsonwhch need tobe excuded rom research-reated resource cacuatons. As a resut, our acuty members estmated to spend 25 percent other tme on research woud ndvduay represent 0.25 FTEs and coectvey be counted as 1 FTE.

Sources: Bentema and Stads (2008, 2011b orthcomng) and ASTIs webste (www.ast.cgar.org/methodoogy).


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Table 1Publc agrcultural R&D spendng and stang, 19912008

1A. R&D spendng

Country

Total 2005 PPP dollars (mon) Annual growth rate (%)

199195 19962000 200105 2008 199196 19962001 200108

Benn 14.1 12.6 15.2 21.6 -1.6 1.0 6.2

Burkna Faso 30.3 21.0 25.4 19.4 -14.6 3.7 -3.1

Congo, Repubc o 8.9 4.7 3.8 4.6 -15.8 -9.6 3.7

Cte d'Ivore 49.1 47.8 40.4 42.6 -9.6 0.6 2.6

Gabon 2.4 2.5 2.2 1.6 -6.7 4.2 -2.3

Gamba, The 5.0 3.2 2.4 2.5 -14.2 -7.5 6.8

Ghana 34.2 39.3 48.6 95.4 1.6 2.7 12.4

Gunea 9.6 9.7 5.6 4.0 -6.3 0.9 -7.5

Ma 25.1 26.8 29.7 24.7 1.0 7.1 -2.8

Maurtana na na 11.8 6.4 na na -1.9

Nger 14.0 16.2 5.6 6.2 5.0 -31.9 3.0

Ngera 109.5 140.8 280.3 403.9 -6.3 24.9 3.2

Senega 37.6 29.6 25.4 25.4 -1.8 -6.4 -2.0

Serra Leone na na 4.0 5.9 na na 9.3Togo 10.1 8.4 8.5 8.7 -6.9 4.1 -1.6

Subtota (15) 356.5 369.1 509.0 672.9 -5.2 9.7 3.1

SSA total 45 1,257.7 1,247.3 1,486.5 1,727.0 -1.3 3.6 2.4

1B. R&D stang

Country

Total number o researchers FTE Annual growth rate (%)

199195 19962000 200105 2008 199196 19962001 200108

Benn 107.6 114.4 111.1 115.4 1.0 1.9 -0.2

Burkna Faso 175.3 192.9 237.3 239.9 0.6 4.9 1.4Congo, Repubc o 109.8 123.5 104.2 93.8 3.1 -0.2 -2.5

Cte d'Ivore 216.3 169.9 118.5 122.6 -4.1 -8.5 -0.1

Gabon 25.5 35.5 41.5 61.4 7.2 4.0 8.2

Gamba, The 33.2 41.3 40.9 37.7 -0.6 3.4 -1.8

Ghana 387.2 456.6 464.5 537.1 6.3 0.6 2.5

Gunea 219.4 235.3 217.6 229.2 1.6 -0.4 0.3

Ma 244.5 238.5 292.2 312.7 -0.4 -0.7 -0.7

Maurtana na na 65.8 73.7 na na 3.1

Nger 100.8 112.6 100.4 93.4 3.5 -1.8 -1.9

Ngera 1,083.2 1,201.5 1,438.7 2,062.0 1.1 4.0 5.9

Senega 195.6 165.7 147.1 141.1 -1.8 -4.9 0.5

Serra Leone na na 48.1 66.6 na na 3.8

Togo 90.1 88.2 81.2 62.7 -2.4 1.6 -4.0

Subtota (15) 3,074.7 3,261.3 3,509.1 4,249.1 1.0 1.3 2.9

SSA total 45 9,001.5 9,369.5 10,404.2 12,102.5 1.2 1.2 2.8

Sources: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data, severa secondary resources, and Bentema and Stads 2011a. (For more normaton, see ndvdua ASTI

Country Notes avaabe at www.ast.cgar.org.)

Notes: Cacuatons are based on ve-year averages, wth the excepton o 2008. See the ndvdua ASTI Country Notes or agency and coverage. Data or Maurtana and Serra

Leone or 19912000 (spendng and staing) were not avaabe, so extrapoatons were made to ncude these two countres n the subtotas or subregona spendng and staina ndcates data s not avaabe.


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ogca Research Center (CENAREST) was severey underunded

durng ths tme, relectng the governments ack o ocus on

agrcutura R&D. In addton, Gabons mdde-ncome status

hnders ts abty to attract donor undng or agrcutura R&D.

The Gamba. Pubc agrcutura R&D nvestments n The Gamba

have oowed an erratc pattern n recent years, argey due to

sgncant luctuatons n government and donor undng. The

country empoyed ony two PhD-quaed agrcutura researche

n 2008, ustratng that a key chaenge to efectve agrcutura

R&D s the serous ack o we-traned scentsts.

Ghana. Agrcutura R&D spendng n Ghana more than doubed

durng 200008, argey as a resut o rsng saary costs at agenc

under the Counc or Scentc and Industra Research (CSIR) and

hgher spendng eves at the Cocoa Research Insttute o Ghana

(CRIG) due to a boost n cocoa producton. Agrcutura research

staing aso grew steady throughout ths perod, abet at a muc

sower rate than expendtures.

Gunea. Durng 200008, agrcutura R&D staing eves n Gune

remaned reatvey stabe. Agrcutura R&D expendtures de-

creased sgncanty, however, due to cuts n both government

and donor undng. The countrys voate potca cmate has

hndered the deveopment o agrcutura R&D and contnues to

deter nvestment by oregn donors.

Mal. Agrcutura R&D n Ma s argey dependent on donor und

ng and deveopment bank oans. Ths dependence, combned

wth ony modest eves o government undng, ed to consder-

abe yeary luctuatons n both research expendtures and resear

capacty durng 200108. A number o donor-supported tranng

programs were cruca to growth n the number o PhD-quaed

researchers, but an agng poo o senor scentsts remans a majo

area o concern.

Maurtana.Tota agrcutura R&D spendng luctuated durng

200108. The Insttute o Oceanographc Research and Fsheres

(IMROP) s the prncpa agrcutura R&D agency, accountng or

cose to ha o a agrcutura R&D expendtures and capacty.

Ongong ack o both undng and we-quaed scentsts at the

Natona Agrcutura Research and Deveopment Center (CNRAD

and the Natona Lvestock and Veternary Research Center

(CNERV) serousy mts the quaty o research and consequenty

ts mpact on the countrys crop and vestock sectors.

Nger. Agrcutura R&D spendng e by 80 percent n 2008

compared wth eves n 1998the na year o the Word Bank

oannanced Natona Agrcutura Research Project (PNRA)anthe countrys agrcutura research system has aced nanca crs

ever snce. Human capacty aso decreased rom the md-1990s,

and an extended pubc-sector recrutment reeze has sgncant

ncreased the average age o agrcutura researchers empoyed a

government agences.

Ngera. Agrcutura R&D spendng n Ngera doubed durng

200008, argey because o saary ncreases, together wth sub-

stanta nvestments n the much-needed rehabtaton o resear

nrastructure and equpment. The hgher educaton sector pays

an ncreasngy mportant roe n Ngeran agrcutura R&D. Tota

research were both extremey ow and erratc. In Togo and the

Repubc o Congo, growth n the tota number o agrcutura

research staf e durng 200108, at 4.0 and 2.5 percent per

year, respectvey, mosty due to the nonrepacement o retrng

scentsts. Socopotca turmo and cv unrest s relected n the

severey negatve growth rates n agrcutura research capacty

n Serra Leone durng 199195 and n Cte dIvore durng

19962000.

Recent key trends by countryAs evdenced above, the ndvdua CORAF countres reported

wdey dferng trends n ther agrcutura R&D capacty and

nvestments. These trends are brely hghghted beow.

Benn. Agrcutura R&D spendng n Benn graduay ncreased

over tme, relectng hgher eves o government undng and

greater nvovement n agrcutura R&D by the hgher educa-

ton sector. Despte the recent ncrease n government undng,

agrcutura research n Benn remans argey dependent on donor

support. Capacty at the Natona Agrcutura Research Insttute

o Benn (INRAB), the countrys man agrcutura R&D agency, has

aen snce 2000 due to the Insttutes nabty to compete wththe hgher saares ofered by unverstes and nternatona organ-

zatons.

Burkna Faso. Agrcutura R&D expendtures n Burkna Faso have

been hghy unstabe due to sgncant luctuatons n donor und-

ng. Foowng the cosure o arge Word Bank-unded projects, the

Envronment and Agrcutura Research Insttute (INERA) and the

Apped Scence and Technoogy Research Insttute (IRSAT) expe-

renced nanca crses, serousy dsruptng ther operatons and

preventng the recrutment o researchers. As a resut, a dspro-

portonate share o INERAs research staf are nearng retrement

age, whch poses a rea threat to the countrys agrcutura research

deveopment.

Republc o Congo. Notwthstandng a sght mprovement n re-

cent years, agrcutura R&D spendng n Congo remans ar beow

the eves recorded beore the cv wars o the 1990s, and donors

pay ony a modest roe n undng the countrys agrcutura R&D.

Congo aso aces severe capacty chaenges. Natona agrcutura

research capacty began to a rom the year 2000 due to the re-

trement o arge numbers o researchers at the centers under the

Genera Deegaton o Scentc and Technca Research (DGRST).

In addton, a urther 60 percent o DGRSTs current research staf s

schedued to retre by 2016.

Cte dIvore. Agrcutura R&D expendtures contracted around

the turn o the mennum but remaned reatvey stabe dur-

ng 200208, athough socopotca turmo negatvey afected

agrcutura R&D nvestments n the countrys centra, northern,

and western zones. The Natona Center or Agrcutura Research

(CNRA) s the countrys man agrcutura R&D agency, and ts

research s many unded by the prvate sector through the Inter-

Proessona Fund or Agrcutura Research and Extenson (FIRCA).

Gabon. Agrcutura R&D spendng luctuated sgncanty durng

200008, but research staing eves graduay ncreased. Research

carred out by the nsttutes o the Natona Scentc and Techno-


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been among the owest n SSA, relectng that agrcutura R&D s

ow prorty to the natona government. In Nger, the competon

o the Word Bankunded PNRA ed to a severe decne n overa

spendng eves and caused the 2008 ntensty rato to pummet t

just 0.17 percent. In contrast, nvestment n pubc agrcutura R&

n Ghana more than doubed durng 200108, outpacng AgGDP

growth; as a resut, the countrys ntensty ncreased rom 0.53

percent n 2001 to 0.90 percent n 2008. Athough tota spendng

n Ngera aso ncreased substantay, the countrys ntensty rat

remaned reatvey ow, at 0.42 n 2008. Overa, ntensty ratosn West and Centra Arca are ower than n other parts o the

contnent. In 2008, the ntensty ratos or just 4 o the 15 CORAF

sampe countresthe Repubc o Congo, Ghana, Maurtana, an

Senegaexceeded the SSA average o 0.61.

Fundng sources. Fundng or Arcan agrcutura R&D s derved

rom a varety o sources, ncudng natona governments; donor

deveopment banks, and (sub)regona organzatons; producer o

ganzatons; the prvate sector; and nternay generated revenue

A arge degree o varaton n undng sources exsts across the

varous agrcutura research agences (Fgure 2). Fundng sources

can aso change substantay over tme, so Fgure 2 ony shows t

average dstrbuton or the 200108 perod. Durng ths tme, the

natona government unded the buk o agrcutura R&D actv-

tes o the NARIs n Ngera (98 percent), SLARI n Serra Leone (93

percent), and INRAN n Nger (81 percent).

In contrast, the man agrcutura R&D agences n Benn, Bur

na Faso, Gunea, and Ma are hghy dependent on externa und

ng. Benns agrcutura R&D has been nanced argey through

deveopment ad rom Denmark and Germany. French support h

tradtonay payed a bg roe n agrcutura R&D n Gunea, and

research n Burkna Faso and Ma have receved substanta und

ng through a number o successve Word Bank oans and grants

Donor and deveopment bank undng s typcay short term andad hoc, whereas the outputs o agrcutura research can take a d

cade or more to materaze. The competon o some o these ar

donor and deveopment bankunded projects oten precptate

severe nanca crses, wth the resut that much o the progress

agrcutura R&D capacty has grown rapdy n recent years,

ncreasng to over 2,000 FTEs n 2008. However, the composton

o research staing has shted toward more junor (BSc-quaed)

researchers as opposed to those quaed to the MSc or PhD eves.

Senegal. Overa, pubc agrcutura R&D expendtures have aen

snce the 1990s due to reduced government and donor undng.

Despte arge nvestments n research capacty n recent years,

both the Senegaese Agrcutura Research Insttute (ISRA) and the

Food Technoogy Insttute (ITA) reported sgncant decnes n

PhD-quaed staing eves snce 2004. In addton, the agng pooo we-quaed researchers, many o whom w retre n the next

decade, s a major area o concern.

Serra Leone. Agrcutura R&D spendng more than doubed

between 2001 and 2009 n response to eforts to reconstruct

the countrys agrcutura R&D system ater a decade o cv war.

However, undng eves are st ow and erratc, hnderng deve-

opment. The Serra Leone Agrcutura Research Insttute (SLARI)

was estabshed n 2007, but as o 2009 ony two o SLARIs eght

centers were operatona.

Togo. Agrcutura R&D spendng n Togo, whch s argey nanced

by the natona government, has luctuated sgncanty n recentyears, and capacty eves have oowed a negatve trend, many

due to the nonrepacement o retrng researchers at the Togo-

ese Agrcutura Research Insttute (ITRA). On a postve note, the

country s n the process o mprovng capacty eves, gven that a

number o young researchers have recenty been recruted and are

currenty recevng tranng.

BENCHMARKING KEYINVESTMENT INDICATORS

Spendng ntensty. Anayzng absoute eves o research expen-

dtures expans ony so much. Another way o assessng pubcagrcutura R&D nvestments s to measure tota pubc agrcutura

R&D spendng as a percentage o AgGDP (Fgure 1). Ths rea-

tve measure ndcates the ntensty o nvestment n agrcutura

research, not just the absoute eve o

spendng. In 2008, just one CORAF country

recorded an ntensty rato that met or ex-

ceeded NEPADs natona R&D nvestment

target o at east 1 percent o GDP: Maur-

tana (1.16). It shoud be noted, however,

that athough ntensty ratos provde

useu nsghts nto reatve nvestment and

capacty eves across countres, they do

not account or the pocy and nsttutona

envronment wthn whch agrcutura

research occurs nor the broader sze and

structure o a countrys agrcutura sector

and economy. For exampe, rather than

hgh eves o agrcutura R&D nvest-

ment, Maurtanas hgh ntensty rato

actuay relects the reatvey sma sze

o the countrys crop sector (gven ts ard

cmate). On the other hand, Gabons n-

tensty rato (0.20 n 2008) has consstenty

AgriculturalR

&Dspending

asashareofAgGDP(%)

1991 2008

NEPADs

1% target

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Benin

Burkin

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Cong

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publ

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Gabo

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Gambi

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Ghan

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Mali

Mau

ritan

ia

Nige

r

Nige

ria

Sene

gal

Sierra

Leon

e

Togo

SSAto

tal

nana

Sources: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data and severa secondary resources

(see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes). AgGDP data are rom Word Bank 2010.

Notes: See Tabe 1; na ndcates that data were not avaabe.

Fgure 1Intensty o agrcultural R&D spendng by country, 1991 and 2008


6/12

made was eroded n the absence o vabe

mechansms to sustan the gans acheved.

Athough data were ony avaabe un-

t the year 2008, the share o donors and

deveopment banks n overa agrcutura

R&D undng n West and Centra Arca

s beeved to have rsen agan n more

recent years, and s expected to ncrease

urther wth the aunch o szabe Word

Bank projects wth R&D components nnumerous countres as part o the West

Arca Agrcutura Productvty Program

(WAAPP). WAAPPs overa objectve s to

generate and dssemnate mproved ag-

rcutura technooges n areas that agn

wth partcpatng country and regona

prortes. Launched n 2007, the rst phase

o WAAPP ocused on three prorty areas

o agrcutura R&D n three countres:

Ghana was gven responsbty or roots

and tubers, Senega or cereas, and Ma

or rce. In each country, WAAPP conssts o a research and a reha-btaton component, aong wth a compettve und. Pannng or

the second phase o the project (WAAPP-II) was aunched n 2009

and entaed a urther seven countres. As o md-2011, WAAPP-

II had aready been aunched n Burkna Faso, Cte dIvore, and

Ngera, and was soon to be aunched n Benn, The Gamba, Nger,

and Togo.

Income generated through the sae o goods and servces

accounts or a arge share o tota undng or the man agrcutura

R&D agences n Benn, Nger, and Togo. These unds are prmary

derved rom the provson o servces, such as aboratory anayses

and testng on phytosantary products, suppemented by the saeo seed and pant and anma products. CNRA n Cte dIvore s

a unque case, n that the second Natona Agrcutura Servces

Support Project (PNASA II)aunched n 1998 and admnstered

by the Word Bankstpuated that CNRA be structured as a

pubcprvate entty, wth 40 percent o ts undng contrbuted by

the government and 60 percent derved rom the prvate sector.

To ths end, the Inter-Proessona Fund or Agrcutura Research

and Extenson (FIRCA) was estabshed n 2002. FIRCA rees on

nanca contrbutons rom the government and rom the coun-

trys producers, who pay membershp subscrpton dues through

commodty-specc producer organzatons. At east 75 percent

o the subscrpton ees rased through agrcutura productonn a gven subsector are aocated to programs servng the needs

o that subsector. The remanng unds are aocated to programs

desgned to serve producton sectors (mosty ood crops) unabe

to rase suicent undng through ther own subscrpton ees. De-

spte the orgna stpuaton that the Ivoran government provde

40 percent o CNRAs yeary budget, to date, government contrbu-

tons have represented a very mted share (15 percent n 2008).

Cost-category shares. The aocaton o research budgets across

saares, operatng costs, and capta nvestments afects the e-

cency o agrcutura R&D, and the breakdown o category across

West and Centra Arcan countres reveas a great dea o dversty.6

In 2008, the CSIR nsttutes n Ghana aocated the hghest share other tota spendng to saares (83 percent) eavng tte undng

or operatng expendtures or capta nvestment (Fgure 3). In co

trast, the prncpa agrcutura R&D agences n Burkna Faso, the

Repubc o Congo, and Ma spent more than ha o ther budge

on operatng and program costs, and the NARIs n Ngera nveste

cose to ha o ther tota spendng n capta mprovements.

Tme-seres data ndcate that the rapd ncrease n Ghanaan

agrcutura R&D spendng snce the turn o the mennum was

drven amost entrey by ncreased saary expendture at CSIR

rather than expanded research actvtes or greater nvestment

n equpment or nrastructure. Ths unprecedented ncrease n

expendture on saares, however, needs to be understood n thecontext o years o underundng, durng whch saary eves be-

came ncreasngy ncommensurate and uncompettve. The arg

ncrease n the reatve share o capta nvestments n Ngera du

ng 200108, on the other hand, relects ncreased commtment

undng agrcutura R&D on the part o the natona government

Nevertheess, despte ths remarkabe ncrease n nvestment,

undng eves n Ngera reman beow those requred to restore

actes to earer eves and to sustan the countrys agrcutura

research needs.

BENCHMARKING KEY HUMAN CAPACITYINDICATORS

Intensty o research stang. Another method o comparng

agrcutura research systems across countres s to gauge

researcher numbers aganst tota popuaton or economcay

actve agrcutura popuaton. In 2008, SSA as a whoe empoyed

70 FTE researchers per mon armers, a rato that has remaned

reatvey stabe or two decades (Fgure 4). A arge degree o

varaton exsted across West and Centra Arcan countres when

ookng at the tota number o agrcutura research staf per

mon agrcutura abor orce. In 2008, Gabons rato o 325 was

one o the hghest n Arca, ndcatng that the countrys research

Sharesoffunding(%)

Government Donors, development banks, and SROs

0

20

40

60

80

100

Benin

INRA

B

Burkin

aFaso

INER

A

Cte

d'Iv

oire

CNRA

TheG

ambi

a

NARI G

uine

a

IRAG

Mali

IER

Mau

ritania

CNERV

&CN

RADA

Nige

r

INRA

NNi

geria

NARI

s(9)

Sene

gal

ISRA

Sierra

Leon

e

SLARI T

ogo

ITRA

Own income, other

Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).

Notes: Own ncome ncudes the sae o goods and servces and contract research perormed or pubc andprvate agences. Fundng shares or some agences luctuated over tme (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).SROs ndcates subregona organzatons. Fgures n parentheses ndcate the number o agences ncuded.

Fundng sources or the Repubc o Congo, Gabon, and Ghana were not avaabe.

Fgure 2Relatve shares o undng sources or the man agrcultural R&D agences,200108 average


7/127

capacty s hgh compared wth the sze

o ts agrcutura sector. Ratos n the

neghborng Repubc o Congo and n

Ngera, at 192 and 168 respectvey, were

aso we above the SSA average. Both

the ratos or Gabon and Ngera have

sgncanty ncreased n recent years du

to a rapd rse n agrcutura researcher

numbers, whe the rato or the Repubc

o Congo has decned somewhat due toreductons n the number o researchers.

In contrast, n 2008 countres ke Burkna

Faso, Cte dIvore, Nger, and Senega

empoyed 40 FTE researchers or ewer

or every mon armers. The ratos n

these our countres have aen rapdy

snce the eary 1990s as a resut o hrng

reezes, staf retrement, and the oss o

quaed researchers to the prvate secto

or agences abroad.

Degree dstrbuton. Overa, agrcutura

researchers n West and Centra Arca are

more hghy quaed than ther coeagu

n other parts o SSA. In 2008, more than

ha the FTE researchers empoyed n

Burkna Faso, Cte dIvore, and Senega

were traned to the PhD eve, as were

more than 40 percent o the scentsts em

poyed n Benn and the Repubc o Cong

(Fgure 5). The hgh shares o scentsts

wth doctorate degrees resut n arge pa

rom 1990s (and earer) tranng program

unded by batera donors or throughWord Banknanced projects.

Agrcutura researchers n The Gam-

ba, Gunea, and Serra Leone, on the oth

hand, are the east quaed n West Arc

In Gunea, just 38 percent o researchers

were traned to the postgraduate (PhD o

MSc) eve n 2008, and 18 percent hed

PhD degrees. These ow shares can be

attrbuted to the countrys potca soa-

ton unt the md-1980s and the act that

natona unverstes do not ofer PhD-ev

educaton n agrcutura and veternaryscences. The stuaton n Serra Leone s

smar. The cv war n the 1990s soated

the country and caused many we-trane

scentsts to move abroad. Gven that Se

Leones unverstes currenty ofer no MS

or PhD tranng n agrcutura scences,

scentsts need to be traned esewhere,

whch s expensve. The Gamba reay su

ers rom a crtca mass o PhD-quaed

scentsts. Between 2003 and 2009, NARI

ost 7 PhD-quaed researchers, eavng

naNumberofFTEresearchersper

millionagriculturallaborforce

1991 2008

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Benin

Burkin

aFaso

Cong

o,Re

publ

icof

Cte

d'Iv

oireGabon

Gambi

a,The

Ghana

Guinea Mali

Mau

ritania Ni

gerNi

geria

Sene

gal

Sierra

Leone To

go

SSAav

erage

na

Sources: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data and severa secondary resources (seendvdua ASTI Country Notes); Economcay actve agrcutura popuaton data (here abeed as agrcuturaabor orce) are rom FAO 2009.

Note: na ndcates that data were not avaabe.

Fgure 4Intensty o agrcultural researchers by country, 1991 and 2008

Salaries Operating costs Capital expenditures

0 20 40 60 80 100

Togo - ITRA

Sierra Leone - SLARI

Senegal - ISRA

Nigeria - NARIs (12)

Niger - INRAN

Mali - IER

Guinea - IRAG

Ghana - CSIR (9)

The Gambia - NARI

Gabon - CENAREST (3)

Cte d'Ivoire - CNRA

Congo, Rep. - DGRST (10)

Burkina Faso - INERA

Benin - INRAB

Cost category shares (%)


Notes: Fgures n parentheses ndcate the number o agences ncuded. Cost category data or

Maurtana were not avaabe; data or Ma span the 200508 perod; data or Ngera excude threenatona agrcutura research nsttutes (NARIs); and data or Ghana excude the O Pam ResearchInsttute (OPRI).

Fgure 3Share o cost categores n total spendng o the man agrcultural R&D

agences, 200108 average


8/12

It s remarkabe that many West and Centra Arcan countres

have mantaned reatvey arge poos o we-quaed researche

despte recent osses n human and nanca resource capactes.

In many countres, an agng poo o scentstsmany o whom w

approach retrement wthn the next decades a major concern

Gven the prevaence o ong-term recrutment reezes, many cou

tres ack the mdde-eve staf needed to take on senor roes as

oder scentsts retre and to tran and mentor junor researchers. F

exampe, n the Repubc o Congo the average age o researchers

whch aready exceeds 50 years, s ncreasng rapdy. An estmated 175 permanent

DGRST empoyees are schedued to retre

between 2010 and 2016; ths represents

60 percent o the Deegatons current

capacty, and hence presents a sgncant

chaenge. The combnaton o hrng

restrctons and agng researchers are aso

afectng agrcutura R&D n countres ke

Benn, Cameroon, Ma, Nger, and Senega

Another phenomenon that s mane

ng tse n a arge number o countres s

the departure o agrcutura researchersrom government agences to unverstes

wthn the same country. In countres ke

Benn, the Repubc o Congo, Ghana, and

Senega, unverstes ofer better saares

and benets than government agen-

ces, makng unverstes more attractve

empoyers or agrcutura scentsts. The

Arcan and Maagasy Counc or Hgher

Educaton (CAMES) ams to harmonze

unversty dpomas and enhance recogn

ton o these dpomas across ts ranco-

phone member states. Some argue that

countres shoud use CAMES casscaton

as a benchmarkng too or harmonzng t

saares o agrcutura scentsts and curb-

ng the exodus o agrcutura researchers

the hgher educaton sector.

Unversty-qualied research support. A

number o CORAF countres empoy sup-

port staf (techncans, research assstants

and aboratory assstants) wth BSc, MSc,

and occasonay PhD quacatons, who

are not oicay cassed as researchers.

Senega, or nstance, the mnmum requ

ment or a researcher s an MSc degree, so

the 105 BSc-quaed scentsts empoyed

ISRA are a cassed as techncans (Fgur

6). Ma, as another exampe, empoyed a

comparatvey arge number o techncan

wth MSc degrees. Gven proper tranng

and promotona opportuntes, these we

quaed techncans present an extreme

vauabe resource or the uture deveop-

ment o agrcutura R&D n the regon.8

the Insttute wth ony two. Many o the Insttutes researchers are

reatvey nexperenced and not we-traned, whch negatvey

mpacts the quaty and deveopment o research, as we as the

countrys abty to attract externa undng.

Snce 2001, the composton o agrcutura research staf n

Ngera has shted toward junor scentsts quaed to the BSc

eve ony. Athough researcher numbers ncreased across a

degree eves, the number o BSc-quaed researchers ncreased

aster (doubng between 2001 and 2008).

BSc MSc PhD

0 20 40 60 80 100

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

20082001

Shares of FTE researchers (%)

Benin

Burkina Faso

Ghana

Gambia, The

Gabon

Cte d'Ivoire

Congo, Republic of

Niger

Mauritania

Mali

Guinea

Togo

Senegal

Nigeria

Sierra Leone

na


Notes: Fgure excude support staf hodng unversty degrees, but who are not cassed as researchers(see Fgure 6). na ndcates that data were not avaabe.

Fgure 5Dstrbuton o agrcultural researchers by degree qualicaton, 2001 and 2008

BSc-qualied research support staf PhD- and MSc-qualied research support staf Researchers

0 20 40 60 80 100

Togo ITRA

Sierra Leone SLARI

Senegal ISRA

Nigeria NARIs (14)

Niger INRAN

Mauritania CNERV

Mali IERGhana

The Gambia NARI

Gabon CENAREST (3)

Cte d'Ivoire CNRA

Burkina Faso INERA

Benin INRAB

Shares o FTE university-qualied

researchers and research support staf (%)


Fgure 6Dstrbuton o agrcultural researchers and unversty-qualied research

support staf, 2008


9/129

Shares o emale research staf. Femae scentsts contnue to be

underrepresented n Arcan agrcutura research. Women provde

dferent nsghts and perspectves that can enabe research agen-

ces to more uy address the unque and pressng chaenges aced

by Arcan armersthe majorty o whom are emae. SSAs overa

share o emae agrcutura research staf ncreased rom 18 percent

n 2000 to 22 percent n 2008 (Fgure 7). A CORAF countres or

whch tme-seres data were avaabe reported an ncrease n ther

shares o emae scentsts n agrcutura R&D, whch s certany

encouragng. Nevertheess, just two West and Centra Arcan coun-tresGabon (24 percent) and Ngera (23 percent)exceeded the

SSA average; average shares n the subregons remanng countres

e we beow ths eve. The share o emae scentsts was partcu-

ary ow n Gunea (3 percent), Maurtana (5 percent), and Serra

Leone (5 percent). Notaby, rapdy ncreas-

ng shares o emae agrcutura researchers

were recorded n Burkna Faso, the Repubc

o Congo, The Gamba, and Ma.

BENCHMARKING OTHERKEY AGRICULTURAL R&D

INDICATORS

Insttutonal dstrbuton. The nsttutona

structure o agrcutura research dfers

wdey across countres.5 The majorty o

West and Centra Arcan countres have a

snge natona agrcutura research agency

that accounts or the buk o agrcutura

R&D capacty and nvestments. Exampes

ncude INRAN n Nger, IRAG n Gunea,

and NARI n The Gamba. In most o the

smaer West and Centra Arcan countres,

agrcutura research s undertaken by a

natona agrcutura research nsttute and

a handu o other government agen-

ces and unversty acutes. Serra Leone,

Nger, and Togo operate ony three, sx, and

seven agrcutura R&D agences, respec-

tvey. In contrast, 88 Ngeran agences

were dented as carryng out agrcutura

R&D, three-quarters o whch were hgher

educaton agences. In some countres, an

umbrea organzaton ke Ghanas CSIR or

the Repubc o Congos DGRST oversees

and coordnates the R&D actvtes o a arge

number o commodty or thematc centers,

whereas n a country ke Maurtana, the na-

tona crop, vestock, and sheres research

agences operate ndependenty o each

other wthout a coordnatng body.

Overa, the government sector st

domnates agrcutura research n West

and Centra Arca, but ts reatve share has

decned over tme. In most countres n the

subregon, the hgher educaton sector s

payng an ncreasngy mportant roe. In

Shareoffem

alesintotal

researche

rsta(%)

2001 2008

0

5

25

Benin

BurkinaFaso

Congo,Re

publicof

Cte

d'Iv

oire

Gabo

n

Gambi

a,Th

e

Ghana

Guinea

Mali

Mauritania

Niger

Nigeria

Senegal

Sierra

Leone

Togo

SSAaverage

nananana

20

15

10

na



Fgure 7Share o emale research staf, 2001 and 2008

Benn, or nstance, the hgher educaton sector accounted or 40

percent o agrcutura researchers n 2008, up rom 26 percent n

1991 (Fgure 8). And n Ngera, the hgher educaton sectors sha

ncreased rom 30 to 41 percent durng the same perod. In most

other countres, the hgher educaton sector pays a more modes

roe n agrcutura R&D. Despte the hgh and ncreasng number

o hgher educaton agences conductng agrcutura research n

a number o countres, the ndvdua capacty o most o them s

very sma (n terms o FTE researcher numbers). Whe the amoun

o tme spent on research by acuty staf has graduay rsen overthe years, t st represented ess than 25 percent n 2008.

In contrast to some East and Southern Arcan countres whe

nonprot agences (mosty producer organzatons or commodt

boards) are arge contrbutors to research on tea, cofee, cotton,

Government Higher education Nonprot

0 20 40 60 80 100

20081991

20081991

20081991

20081991

20081991

20081991

2008

1991

20081991

20081991

20081991

20081991

20081991

20081991

20081991

20081991

Shares of FTE researchers (%)

Benin

Burkina Faso

Ghana

Gambia, The

Gabon

Cte d'Ivoire

Congo, Republic of

Niger

Mauritania

Mali

Guinea

Togo

Senegal

Nigeria

Sierra Leonena

na

Fgure 8Dstrbuton o agrcultural researchers by nsttutonal category, 1991 and 200




10/1210

sugar, and tobacco, the roe o the nonprot sector n agrcutura

R&D n West and Centra Arca s neggbe. Most o ths sectors

research s carred out by sma NGOs n countres ke Benn and

Togo, prmary ocusng on socoeconomc topcs connected wth

agrcuture.

Ltte normaton coud be accessed on capacty or expen-

dture trends n agrcutura R&D n the prvate sector. Most prvate

or-prot companes st outsource ther research to government

agences or unverstes, or they mport technooges rom abroad.

Ony a mted number o prvate companes operate ther own re-search programs, and the companes that do so oten empoy ony

a handu o researchers. Despte the mted overa nvovement o

the prvate sector n agrcutura R&D, the prvate sector n Senega,

or exampe, pays an nnovatve roe n some o the countrys key

export areas. Whe the government sector domnates the R&D re-

ated to ood crops, companes ke SENCHIM, SUNEOR, SODEFITEX,

and SPIA are major nnovators n the groundnut and cotton sectors,

Senegas prncpa export crops. In act, these companes pay a

more cruca roe than the pubc- sector agences when t comes to

reeasng new varetes or provdng hgh-quaty soutons to crop

dseases. The hortcutura and sheres sectors have aso proved to

be hghy nnovatve n recent years. Innovatons n ood processng,storage, and packagng have enabed many Senegaese products to

meet Europes strct quaty and hygene standards, thereby boost-

ng Senegas exports. In addton, an ncreasng numbers o prvate-

sector nnovatons are beng patented or otherwse protected (both

ocay and abroad) (Stads and Sne 2011).

Research allocaton by subsector.The aocaton o resources

among varous nes o research s a sgncant pocy decson, so

detaed normaton was coected on the aocaton o FTE re-

searchers across specc commodty areas. Large dferences were

observed across countres relectng varyng natura endowments

and research prortes (Fgure 9). More than ha o agrcutura

researchers n Cte dIvore, The Gamba, Ghana, Serra Leone, and

Togo conducted crop research. In contrast, crop research payed a

reatvey mnor roe n Burkna Faso and Maurtana, where roughy

SharesofFTErese

archers(%)

Crops Livestock Forestry Fisheries Natural resources Other

0

20

40

60

80

100

Benin

Burkin

aFaso

Cong

o,Re

publ

icof

Cte

d'Iv

oire

Gabo

n

TheG

ambi

a

Ghan

a

Guin

ea

Mali

Mau

ritania

Nige

r

Nige

ria

Sene

gal

Sierra

Leon

e

Togo

Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTICountry Notes).

Fgure 9Dstrbuton o agrcultural researchers by majorsubsector, 2008

a quarter o a agrcutura scentsts ocus on crop-reated ssues.

Smar varaton was reported across countres or vestock re-

search, rangng rom just 3 percent o FTEs n Gabon to 23 percen

n Ngera. Fsheres research domnates n Maurtana (55 percent

whch s unsurprsng gven the countrys ard cmate. Forestry an

natura resources research show smar varatons across countre

Crop research allocaton. In 2008, the major crops beng re-

searched n ASTIs 15-country sampe were rce (11 percent), cassa

(9 percent), maze (7 percent), vegetabes (6 percent), and o pam

(5 percent) (Tabe 2). Once agan, mportant dferences n the oco commodty research exst across countres. In 2006, researcher

n the regons tropca countres ocused more on bananas, cofee

and o pam, whereas those n the Sahe ocused more on ground

nuts, sorghum, and met.

Table 2Crop researchers by major crop tem, 2008

Country Major crop tems

BennCassava (18%), cotton (14%) o pam (11%), yam(11%), rce (10%), bananas (9%), vegetabes (7%)

Burkna FasoRce (26%), sorghum (26%), maze (19%), met(10%), vegetabes (10%)

Congo,Repubc o

Cassava (31%), vegetabes (14%), yam (8%), bananasand pantans (7%), maze (7%), groundnuts (5%),other ruts (5%)

Cte d'IvoreRce (9%), vegetabes (8%), cotton (8%), cocoa (8%),o pam (7%), bananas (5%)

Gabon Bananas (36%), sugarcane (5%), o pam (5%)

Gamba, TheGroundnuts (24%), met (17%), rce (14%), maze(8%), ruts (8%), cassava (7%)

Ghana Cocoa (11%), cassava (11%), maze (10%), rce(9%),vegetabes (7%), o pam (5%), potatoes (5%),yam (5%)

GuneaSorghum (26%), potatoes (13%), cofee (8%), opam (8%), maze (7%), ornamentas (6%)

MaRce (31%), cotton (17%), vegetabes (11%), met(10%), potatoes (8%), sorghum (7%), ruts (5%)

MaurtanaRce (33%), vegetabes (22%), ruts (15%), sorghum(13%)

Nger Groundnuts (26%), met (15%), sorghum (13%)

Ngera Cassava (10 %), maz e (6%), o pam (6%)

SenegaRce (20%), met (14%), vegetabes (10%), maze(9%), bananas (8%), cassava (7%), sorghum (7%),groundnuts (7%)

Serra Leone Rce (30%), cassava (29%), sorghum (8%)

TogoMaze (18%), cotton (14%), rce (14%), sorghum (12%)yam (9%), cassava (9%), cocoa (7%), cofee (6%)

CORAF totaRce (11%), cassava (9%), maze (7%), vegetabes(6%), o pam (5%)

Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see

ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).

Note: Major crop tems are dened as those on whch at east 5 percent o acountrys crop researchers ocused.


11/12

CONCLUSION

Tota pubc agrcutura R&D spendng n West and Centra Arca

ncreased ater a perod o stagnaton spannng most o the

1990s. Just two countres, Ghana and Ngera, were responsbe

or most o ths nvestment growth, whch was argey the

resut o ncreased government commtments to mprove

ncommensuratey ow scentst saary eves and to rehabtate

negected nrastructure ater years o undernvestment. The

majorty o the subregons rancophone countres, on the other

hand, reported ether decnng or extremey voate trends n

ther annua agrcutura R&D spendng eves. Natona nvestment

eves n countres ke Gabon, Gunea, and Nger have aen so

ow that the mpact o agrcutura R&D on rura deveopment and

poverty reducton n these countres s questonabe.

Lke R&D nvestments, tota agrcutura R&D capacty n West

and Centra Arca has aso ncreased snce the turn o the menn-

um, but sgncant growth n R&D capacty n Ngera overshadowed

decnes n countres ke the Repubc o Congo, Nger, and Togo. In

addton, most o the new recruts n Ngera were junor scentsts

wth ony BSc-degree quacatons, wth the resut that the average

eves o degree quacatons o agrcutura research staf detero-rated durng 200108. A arge number o countres aso reported

proonged recrutment reezes combned wth the retrement and

departure o senor staf, mted tranng opportuntes, and an over-

a agng poo o researchers. Nevertheess, on average, West and

Centra Arcan agrcutura researchers are st more hghy quaed

than ther coeagues n other parts o the contnent.

Many countres n SSA, partcuary the rancophone countres

n West and Centra Arca, contnue to be hghy dependent on

unstabe nlows o donor undng and deveopment bank oans.

In many nstances the competon o arge donor-nanced proj-

ects precptated severe nanca crses n these countres, qucky

erodng many o the gans acheved. The ong-term nature oagrcutura R&D hghghts the need or stabe ong-term undng

to ensure that advances n natona agrcutura research systems

can be sustaned and but upon. Hopeuy WAAPP and other new

projects n the regon w be abe to address some o these ssues

so that undng eves can be stabzed ong term.

Budng on the strategc recommendatons o varous

hghy nluenta reports and meetngs, and takng nto account

the varous nvestment and capacty chaenges outned n ths

report, the oowng key pocy areas must be addressed. Natona

governments must counteract decades o undernvestment by

provdng hgher and more stabe eves o undng to pubc

agrcutura R&D and by creatng a more enabng envronment

or prvate-sector R&D. They w need to denty ong-term

natona R&D prortes and desgn reevant research programs

accordngy, whe donor undng needs to be better agned wth

these prortes. In addton, governments (and donors) must

urgenty address human capacty chaenges n agrcutura R&D.

Investment n agrcutura hgher educaton needs to be enhanced

to ncrease the number and sze o PhD and MSc programs and

to mprove the currcua o exstng programs. Fnay, gven that

many sma countres ack the requred crtca mass to produce

and access reevant, hgh-quaty research outputs, agrcutura

R&D must be maxmzed at the (sub)regona eve.11

NOTES1 ASTI pans to transorm the program rom an ad hoc data coecton

ntatve to a sustanabe system o up-to-date data compaton and

anayss, ncudng the nsttutonazaton o actvtes at the natona

eve. Ths w ncude a geographca expanson o benchmark

countres, such as Cameroon and DR Congo, whch have not been

covered n prevous survey rounds.

2A tota o 32 Sub-Saharan Arcan countres were ncuded n the surve

round; combned, they contrbuted more than 90 percent o the

regons agrcutura gross domestc product (AgGDP).

3 These trends have been pubshed n a seres o ASTI Country Notes,

sted n the reerence secton and avaabe at http://www.ast.cgar.o

pubcatons/ssa. Underyng datasets can be downoaded va ASTIs

Data Too at http://www.ast.cgar.org/data.

4 See Bentema and Stads 2011a and Echeverra and Bentema 2009 or

an overvew o dferent undng sources and mechansms.

5 For agency drectores, pease see ASTIs ndvdua country pages

avaabe at .

REFERENCES

Bentema, N. M., and G. J. Stads. 2008. Measuring Agricultural

Research Investments: A Revised Global Picture. ASTI Back-ground Note. Washngton, DC: Internatona Food Pocy

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________. 2011a.African Agricultural R&D in the New Millennium:

Progress for Some, Challenges for Many. IFPRI Food Pocy

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________. 2011b.ASTI ToolkitMonitoring Agricultural R&D

Capacity and Investment Indicators: A Practitioners Guide to

ASTIs Methodologies & Data Collection Standards. Washngto

DC: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute. (Forthcom-

ng)Echeverra, R. G., and N. M. Bentema. 2009. Mobilizing Financial

Resources for Agricultural Research in Developing Countries:

Trends and Mechanisms. Rome: Goba Forum on Agrcutura

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FAO (Food and Agrcuture Organzaton o the Unted Natons).

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Word Bank. 2007. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for

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12/12

IFPRI-ROME

Agrcutura Scence and Technoogy Indcators (ASTI) ntatve

c/o ESA, Food and Agrcuture Organzaton (FAO)

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy

Telephone: +39.06.570.53192 / 56334 Skype: ifpriromeoffice

Fax: +39.06.570.55522 Email: [email protected]

www.ast.cgar.org

Copyrght 2011 Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and the West and Centra Arcan Counc or Agrcutura Research and Deveopment. Sectons o ths report may

be reproduced without the express permission of, but with acknowledgement to IFPRI and CORAF/WECARD. For permission to republish, contact [email protected].

Ths bre has been pre pared as an o utput or the A STI ntat ve and has not be en peer rev ewed. Any op nons state d heren are tho se o the autho rs and do not ne cessary re lect the p oces o ropnons o IFPRI or CORAF/WECARD.

ASTI compes, anayzes, and pubshes data on nsttutona deveopments, nvestments, and human resources n agrcutura R&D n ow- and mdde-ncome countres.The ASTI ntat ve s managed by the Internatona Food Poc y Research Insttute (IFPRI) and nvoves coaboratve aances w th many natona and regona R&D agence

as we as nternatona nsttutons. The ntatve s wdey recognzed as the most authortatve source o normaton on the support or and structure o agrcutura R&Dwordwde.

IFPRI s one o 15 agrcutura research centers that receve ther prncpa undng rom governments, prvate oundatons, and nternatona and regona organzatons,most o whch are members o the Consutatve Group on Internatona Agrcutura Research (www.cgar.org).

CORAF/WECARD s a non-potca organzaton o the Natona Agrcutura Research Systems o 23 countres n West and Centra Arca. It ams at ncreasng the eicencyo agrcutura research n the regon so as to actate economc growth, ood securty and export compettveness through productve and sustanabe agrcuture.

CORAF/WECARD

BP 48 Dakar, Senega

Teephone: +221.33.869.96.18

Fax: +221.33.869.96.31 Email: [email protected]

www.cora.org

Acknowledgements

Ths pubcaton was deveoped wth undng rom the B & Menda Gates Foundaton and addtona support rom the InternatonaFood Pocy Research Insttute. The author thanks the country coaborators and the 181 agrcutura research agences that

partcpated n the natona survey rounds; wthout ther commtment, the pubcaton woud not have been possbe. The author as

thanks Katheen Faherty and Mchae Rahja or ther exceent hep n preparng ths report.

________. 2010. World Development Indicators. Washngton, DC.

Accessed November 2010. .

ASTI COUNTRY NOTES (201011)Faherty, K., G. Ayooa, J. Ogbodo, and N. Bentema. 2010. Nigeria. ASTI

Country Note. Washngton, DC, and Abuja: Internatona Food Pocy

Research Insttute, Agrcutura Research Counc o Ngera, and Farm

and Inrastructure Foundaton.

Faherty, K., G. O. Essegbey, and R. Asare. 2010. Ghana. ASTI Country Note.Washngton, DC, and Accra: Internatona Food Pocy Research

Insttute and Counc or Scentc and Industra Research.

Stads, G. J. and S. Doumba. 2010. Cte dIvoire. ASTI Country Note.

Washngton, DC, and Abdjan: Internatona Food Pocy Research

Insttute and Natona Agrcutura Research Insttute.

Stads, G. J., and J. Hnv. 2010. Benin. ASTI Country Note. Washngton, DC,

and Cotonou: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and Benn

Natona Agrcutura Research Insttute.

Stads, G. J., and K. Labare. 2010. Togo. ASTI Country Note. Washngton, DC,

and Lom: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and Togoese

Agrcutura Research Insttute.

Stads, G. J., and A. Maga. 2011. Mali. ASTI Country Note. Washngton, DC,and Bamako: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and Rura

Economy Insttute.

Stads, G. J., and F. Manneh. 2010. The Gambia. ASTI Country Note. Washng-

ton, DC, and Brkama, The Gamba: Internatona Food Pocy

Research Insttute and Natona Agrcutura Research Insttute.

Stads, G. J., and J. Momoh. 2010. Sierra Leone. ASTI Country Note. Washn

ton, DC, and Freetown: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute

and Serra Leone Agrcutura Research Insttute.

Stads, G. J. and P. Obang-Angwe. 2011. Gabon. ASTI Country Note.

Washngton, DC, and Lbreve: Internatona Food Pocy Research

Insttute and Agrcuture and Forestry Research Insttute.

Stads, G. J., and S. Sawadogo-Kabor. 2010. Burkina Faso. ASTI Country

Note. Washngton, DC, and Ouagadougou: Internatona Food Po

Research Insttute and Envronment and Agrcutura Research

Insttute.Stads, G. J., and L. Sne. 2010. Senegal. ASTI Country Note. Washngton,

DC, and Dakar: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and

Senegaese Agrcutura Research Insttute.

Stads, G. J., G. Ban, and A. Itoua-Ngaporo. 2010. Republic of Congo. AST

Country Note. Washngton, DC, and Brazzave: Internatona Food

Pocy Research Insttute and Genera Deegaton o Scentc and

Technca Research.

Stads, G. J., F. Bavogu, and S. Dawara. 2010. Guinea. ASTI Country Not

Washngton, DC, and Conakry: Internatona Food Pocy Research

Insttute and Gunean Insttute or Agrcutura Research.

Stads, G. J., S. Guye, and M. L. Da. 2010. Mauritania. ASTI Country Note.

Washngton, DC, and Nouakchott: Internatona Food Pocy Resear

Insttute and Natona Lvestock and Veternary Research Center.

Stads, G. J., M. Issouou, and A. Maam Massou. 2010. Niger. ASTI Country

Note. Washngton, DC, and Namey: Internatona Food Pocy Resear

Insttute and Nger Natona Insttute o Agrcutura Research.

Documents

Agric Investment Benchmark (West and Central Africa).pdf