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AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE
State of North Carolina__ ANNUAL REPORTx. 1954..
Period covered 1951' toW 1. 19“_ (Menth (Menth)
Name of projectmmmm -m ennui I”? In ten amCovering work done by_1m_z‘J§£.1
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Date submitted: gag/6' é ‘ , 19 QTWSigned: 57/0, 2A @4414Proj ec't' Leader
Date Approved: , , 19 .3 Signed:, State Director of Exthork
Date Approved: j , 19 . Signed:Director of Ext. WorkU‘SaDept. of Agriculture
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OCTOBER. 1944 CLUB SERIES N0. 48
4-H BABY BEEF PRODUCIION
To Meet Wartime Needs
ByL. I. CASE, In Charge Animal Husbandry Extension
AndH. M. STAMEY, Animal Husbandry Extension Specialist
4-H BABY BEEF PRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF BEEF PRODUCTIONMore beef of good quality is needed for our
armed forces, our allies, the liberated peoples a?Jour civilian population. Four—H Club members cdo much to provide this need by fattening steercalves, thus getting them ready at year or moreearlier than they would normally reach the mar-ket. Each steer fed out by our boys and girls willprovide at least enough meat to feed a fighter forone year.
In order to encourage this work the War De-partment will award a certificate to each 4-H Clubmember who feeds a beef calf, or other meat‘l 'animal, with the intent that it go to help feed ourmen in the army.
THE KIND OF CALF TO FEEDFeed home grown calves as far as possible.
Next best are good and choice calves purchasednear home at commercial prices. When practicaleach club member should have two calves becausetwo fed together do better than one. Ordinarilycalves purchased for feeding should be 7 or 8months old and weigh 400 to 500 pounds. The c3"should be 12 to 15 months old at show time. emay be a purebred or high grade of any of thethree leading beef breeds or a cross of two ofthese breeds.
FEEDINGIt is not advisable to start a Baby Beef Project
unless enough home grown feeds are in sight tofinish the job. During the emergency, good and- \choice steers should be fed to a good finish. It isnot practical to carry them beyond a good finishbecause it takes too much grain. This means asomewhat shorter feeding period, or a smallerpercentage of concentrates as compared withroughages. It will take about 35 bushels of corn
(
or its equivalent for an experienced feeder tofatten a calf to a good finish when intelligent useof pasture and hay is made. In order to be on thesafe side the average club member should have40 bushels of corn on hand for each steer he feeds.If a good job of feeding is done this should result
an average daily gain of 2 pounds or better, orUOO to 400 pounds for a six months feeding period.When possible start calves on feed before wean-ing. Take the calves off milk in any form at 500pounds.
SUGGESTED RATIONStart calves on 2 or 3 pounds per day of the
following mixture:*Corn (shelled or coarselyl cracked) ........... 4 parts by weightOats (rolled or whole) . . .2 parts by weightProtein Meal .......... 1 part by weightHay .................. At willPasture ........ until the latter part of the
feeding periodIncrease gradually the amount of feed and the
proportion of corn so at the end of six weeks thesteer will be getting about all he will clean up ofthe following:
*Corn (shelled or coarselycracked) ........... 8 parts by weight
Oats (rolled or whole) . .2 parts by weightProtein Meal ........... 1 part by weight*Barley may replace half the corn. It should be
rolled or coarsely ground.
ALTERNATE RATIONWhen oats are not home grown or cannot be
bought at a reasonable price start calves on the[ ‘jollowing mixture:
Corn and c’ob meal(coarsely ground) . . .5 parts by weight
Protein Meal ...........1 part by weightHay .................. At willPasture ........ until the latter part of the
feeding period
Increase the amount of corn and cob mealgradually until at the end of six weeks the steerwill be getting about all he will clean up of thefollowing:
Corn and cob meal(coarsely ground) . . .10 parts by weight
Protein Meal .......... 1 part by weigh
Utilize Pastures: Gains can be materiallycheapened by the use of permanent pastures orannual grazing crops. In the fall show areas it isgood management to keep the calves in a darkenedstall during the day and turn them out on a smallarea of good pasture at night. In the spring showareas calves should have access to small plots of ‘good temporary grazing crops until the latter " 'part of the feeding period. Calves will not makesatisfactory gains unless they are confined tosmall areas of pasture and given all the grainthey will clean up twice each day.
FEEDING POINTERS1. Keep clean, fresh water, loose salt and
good, bright hay before the calves at alltimes.
2. Feed grain at regular hours.3. Increase feed gradually.4. Avoid sudden changes in both kind and
amount of feed.5. Feed boxes should be on, or reasonably close
to the ground. They should be kept clean.6. Feed twice a day unless calf is not far
enough along in which case give three feeds; 3a day during the latter part of the feeding~period.
7. If the calf goes off feed, cut the grain downor entirely out for a feed or two. Then feeda small amount, gradually increasing ituntil the animal is back on full feed.
CARE AND MANAGEMENT
1. Dehorn and castrate calves at an early age.2. Halter break calves early. Use a rope halter
like the one shown here to teach the calvesto lead and stand properly when they areyoung. This is very important, becausecattle that are nervous and wild do not
respond to feedin a normal man-ner. Calves can-not be shownproperly if theyare not trained.To halter break awild calf, tie himup for a few daysand brush himgently. Then, leadhim each day. Acalf should neverbe allowed to getloose when break-ing him to lead.
3. Baby beeves should have access to a shed,barn or shelter of some kind at all times. Itshould be dry and free from drafts in coldweather and darkened to reduce worry fromflies in summer. A clean, dry bed is neces-sary for calves to do their best. Removewet bedding and manure daily.
4. Control lice and other external parasites.5. Wash and curl a few times before the show.
RECORDSA neat, accurate record must be presented at
the show. The calf will not be considered a 4-HClub entry without the record book. Be sure torecord the initial weight (weight when calf isput on feed), and cost, or value. Also keep a com-
plete record of weights and values of all feeds.If scales are handy weigh and record the weightof each calf every 28 days. This will show gainsin comparison with other 4-H Club calves. UseBaby Beef Record Book.
WHAT BABY BEEF WORK ACCOMPLISHE.1. A Baby Beef Club member learns judging,
feeding, care and management of beefcattle.
2. It is a valuable forerunner to the successfulhandling of a breeding herd.
3. It offers a good opportunity for profit wherefeeding is done according to recommended. ,practices.
4. It is patriotic.
NORTH CAROLINASTATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERINGOF THEUNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINAANDU. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CO-OPERATINGN. C. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICEI. O. SCHAUB. DIRECTORSTATE COLLEGE STATIONRALEIGHDISTRIBUTED IN FURTHERANCE OF THE ACTS OF CONGRESS OFMAY 8 AND JUNE 30. 1914
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORKIN
I NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS EXTENSION sERVICEAGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERINGUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE COOPERATINGNORTH CAROLINA COUNTIES AND STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
STATE COLLEGE STATION. RALEIGH. N. C.
FEEDING AND FITTING BEEF CATTLE FOR SHOW OR SALE
‘ The exhibition of cattle at fairs and shows is of value to the breeder as ameans of advertising and for comparing his animals with those of other breeders.However, if these advantages are to be gained the cattle must be presented in goodcondition and no details overlooked in seeing that they make the best possibleappearance.
Selecting the Show Herd
In feeding and fitting beef animals for the show or sale ring, the first,and a very important thing, is the selection of the animals to be fitted. Thereis no use wasting feed and time on offetype animals that will never make a favor~able appearance no matter how fat and well trained they may become,
The ideal beef animal is one that is thick, blocky and reasonably close tothe ground with sufficient scale for age. He should be straight in his top, bottomand side lines, carry an even width from end to end, and be close in the coupling.
The head should be nicely proportioned, broad between the eyes and short fromeyes to muzzle with sufficient width of muzzle to indicate good feeding qualities,The head should be typical of the breed represented and show marked sex characterwisticsa The neck should be short and thick, clean in the throat and neatly joinedto head and shoulders, ‘ A
The shoulders should be in proportion to the rest of the body, neither toowide nor too narrow, and smoothly blended into the body. The chest should be wideand full and the heart girth broad and deep, giVing sufficient room for the vitalorgans thus indicating a good constitution. The crops should be full, the ribswidely sprung, the loin thick and wide and hips not prominent but neatly laid in,The rump should carry out straight, wide and full and the tail head smooth andlevel with the back line, The thighs or rounds should be wide, deep and full, andthe twist deep, The legs should be straight and set squarely at the four cornersof the body, and the flanks, both fore and.rear, should be deep and full.
The animal should show evidence of good quality as indicated by a pliablehide, a soft silky coat of hair, neatness in the bone and smoothness in the fleshcovering. In temperament the animal should be reasonably quiet and docile, yetwith enough life and style to give him an attractive carriage,
The prOSpectiVe show animal should be smoothly and thickly muscled, especiallyin the regions of the most valuable cuts, loin, ribs and quarters. He should alsobe carrying sufficient fat to make it possible to put him in show condition withinthe time available,
Uniformity of animals to be shown is of considerable importance. In so far aspossible the Various individuals in the show herd should be of uniform type, confor~mation, and color. This point is particularly valuable in the herd and group classe
~2—d.
Feeding
No matter how good a beef animal is as an individual he will not show toadvantage unless he is in top condition. It is, therefore, of utmost importancethat cattle be started early enough to assure a good finish at fair or sale time.
Animals intended for show should be started on a small amount of concentratefeed which should be gradually increased until they are getting all they will cleanup.
Feed twice a day unless cattle are not far enough along in which case givethree feeds a day which.will induce greater total consumption.
After cattle are on full feed give what they will clean up within an hour ateach feeding. Any left over feed should be removed from the box. Should an animalgo off feed for any reason, cut the amount down considerably, then, after he isagain normal, gradually increase to the full amount.
Regularity of feeding is probably of as much importance as the ration itself.If six, twelve and six are selected as feeding hours, feed on the dot each time.
Changes in the kind of feed should be made gradually. For instance if cornif being fed and it is decided to replace part or all of the corn with barley, cutdown the one and add the other a little at a time rather than abruptly.
Variety in the ration is desirable. Three or four kinds of feed are betterthan one or two. The addition of some out up roasting ears or some sweetening bymeans of black strap molasses, will usually cause animals to eat nwre.
The texture of the ration should be kept coarse. Coarsely cracked corn ispreferable to corn that is finely ground; rolled, or whole cats are better thanfinely ground; coarse, flaky bran is better than fine, or bran containing middlings.Some good herdsmen add cut hay or the finely cut stalks of green corn to the con~centrate feed to coarsen it.
Suggested Rations For Sale or Show Cattle
The rations given below only indicate the proportions of the Various feedsto be fed. In starting an animal, feed only a small amount, 2 to 4 pOunds depend~ing on the size, then gradually increase it until he is on full feed, or in otherwords getting all he will eat. ‘
(1) (2) (3).Corn ..... 10 lbs. Barley ....... 8 lbs. Corn ......... 10 lbs.Oats ..... 5 " Oats ......... 5 " Oats ......... A "Bran ..... 3 " Bran ......... 2 " Protein meal.. 2 "Protein Meal 2 " molasses Feed 5 " molasses Feed 4 "
Barley is preferred to corn by many good feeders as they claim it tends toput on a smoother finish. Some replace part of the corn with it the latter partof the feeding period. Barley should be rolled, coarsely ground, cooked or soaked.
Protein meal refers to cotton seed meal, soybean meal, peanut meal or linseedmeal. The first three named are generally cheaper than linseed meal and, thereforemore commonly fed. Linseed meal is often used by good feeders during the latterpart of the feeding period as it usually produces a glossy coat of hair and athrifty appearance.
...3..
Instead of using a commercial sweet feed the same result can be accomplishedby using a small amount of black strap molasses diluted with an equal amount ofwater and mixing this thoroughly with the grain. USe only enough to moisten andsweeten each feed just before it is fed. If this moist feed sets long it will sour
When an individual has an abnormal appetite for hay and fails to eat enoughgrain, the amount of hay should be limited. ‘An animal that has a tendency to bepaunchy should have his hay allowance cut down.
General Care and management
After warm.weather sets in cattle being fitted for show should be kept in adarkened barn during the day time. This prevents the hair from'being sun burnedand lessens the annoyance from flies and other insect pests. Openings in the barnare often covered with a single thickness of burlap which helps to keep out light,yet allows ventilation. The cattle should be turned out at night for exercise andthen too the cool night air will promote hair growth.
Cattle that are being fed in the winter time should not be houSed too closely.They need protection from severe cold and eSpecially stormy weather. Plenty offresh air in pleasant weather, however, will add to their well being and stimulatethe growth of a good coat of hair which will greatly improve their appearance atshow or sale time.
A certain amount of exercise is necessary for the well being of the cattle.Young animals usually take enough of their own accord but in the case of olderanimals it is sometimes necessary to lead them from one quarter mile to a halfmile each day.
A liberal supply of bedding should be supplied both winter and summer. Thismakes the animals more comfortable, keeps them clean, saves feed and preservesthe manure. “
Fresh water and salt should be accessible at all times.
It may be advisable to keep a mineral mixture in addition to salt before thecattle, especially when no legume hay is fed. One of the following mineralmixtures should prove satisfactory.
(1) (2)Steamed bone meal...80 lbs. Oyster shell flour or finely grOundSalt QOOOIOOOOO.....2O " limestone O.IOOOOIOOOQOOOOOOQIOOOOQ1.00le.
Phosphatio limeStOnGOCOIOI0.0.9.5.... 100 "SaltOOOO ...... OOOOIOIOOOO'OOOU$OOOOOOU100 "
“Halter Breaking and Training
Too much cannot be said about the importance of having an animal properlyhalter broken and trained to lead and stand to show to the best advantage. It isdifficult for the judge to examine animals that are nervous and restless in whichcase he often gives them small consideration.
A rope halter so constructed that it draws under the gaw* is best for breakingan animal. This same kind of halter'will do for showing too but most showman usean adjustable leather halter fer this purpose. .
_ 4 _
Do not put off halter breaking. A method sometimes used is to tie the animalup several hours each day for a few days, thus getting him used to the halter be—fore an attempt is made to lead him. After he is taught to lead teach him to standsquarely on his feet, with head in a natural position and back straight. Lead andpose the show prOSpect often until it becomes second nature for him to pose proper—1y.
Washing and Curling
Show cattle should be kept clean by washing and brushing. Moreover, fairlyfrequent washings with cold water during warm weather tends to promote a goodgrowth of hair. At least one washing a week should be given during the monthbefore the first show. The animal should be securely tied, then lathered all over,being careful not to get soap in his eyes. Tar soap is best for this purpose butany soap will do. After a thorough scrubbing With a stiff brush rinse the soapall out and scrape and wipe as dry as possible. Next, wet with a weak solution ofcoal tar dip. Scrape the surplus water off and curl. Curling consists of dressingthe hair in such a way that it helps to cover defects and gives the body of theanimal a thicker, blockier appearance._
Shorthorns, nearly always, and Herefords and Angus sometimes are curled inthe fellowing manner. ‘Wet the coat thoroughly with a weak coal tar solutionapplied with a brush. Scrape out surplus water, brush down smooth on both sidesand part the hair evenly along the back from tail head to poll. Now starting about
‘ four inches from the center of the back and working from the rear forward markparallel lines about one inch apart all along both sides of the animal. Theselines are made with a Scotch comb or a lining comb. Next, use the edge of a stiffdry brush and brush up lightly against the lay of the hair. Follow this lightbrushing with a thorough combing also working up, and then a harder brushing inthe same direction. Now comb the hair flat or curled on each side from the backbone out to the edge of flat part of the back. A few finishing touches such asbrushing the hair on the forehead and fluffing the brush of the tail makes theanimal ready for the show ring.
Herefords are usually curled by the use of the round curry comb, holding itat an angle in relation to the body of the animal and starting at the top and zigzagging it downward. This process is repeated every three or three and one~halfinches until the side is completed, covering neck, body and thighs. Now followthe same manner of brushing and combing and otherwise completing the job asdescribed in curling Shorthorns.
Aberdeen Angus, as already stated, are sometimes dressed as are Shorthornsbut more often they are shown smooth with the exception of the thighs and neckwhich are curled and brushed up to give the appearance of greater fullness.
'Clipping Heads and Tails
The heads of Aberdeen Angus are usually clipped in front of a line drawnaround the neck slightly back of ears. The long hairs on the edge, and inside ofthe ears, around the muzzle and the eye lashes should not be clipped.
The tails of all breeds should be clipped from a point above the twist to thetail head, which should be gradually tapered off to make a smooth blending withthe rump. All clipping should be done one or two weeks before the show season opens.
_ 5 a
The Horns
All horned breeds make a better appearance with well shaped horns. Theyshould generally curve downward, inward and forward. It is often necessary totrain the horns downward by the use of weights. This is more readily done withyoung animals, using care that the weights are not too heavy or left on too longat a time for otherwise the horns are apt to be broken or bent too. severely closeto the head.
The appearance of horns can be improved by clipping the tips, rasping, anddressing down. The amount of work will depend upon the age of the animal and thesize and condition of the horns. Calf horns usually require but little work comapared with older animals. As a rule, the steps in preparing horns are as follows:rasping, filing, scraping with a steel scraper or glass, sand papering, rubbing withfine emery cloth or a flannel cloth and emery dust. Finally, rub with a woolencloth moistened with sweet oil or metal polish. Some judgment must be exercisedwith the rasping as the general shape of the horn can be changed somewhat by thisoperation. For example, if the horn does not curve downward enough reap theheaviest on the underside center and on the upper tip. Also remember that a flathorn is more desirable than a round one. Do not reap or scrape the horn too thin.The younger the animal the less severe should be the rasping and visa versa,
we
Badly shaped feet cause an undue-strain on the bones and ligaments and oftenresult in weakened pasterns. This condition should be corrected by trimming.Stocks are best for this work but it can be done by casting the animal. Theexcess growth on the bottom of the hoof should be pared down with hoof parer knifeor chisel and extra growth on the toes can be taken off with the hoof parer. Itis a mistake to cut the toes back without leveling up the bottom of the hooia.
Preparing for Shipment
Get your cattle used to eating and drinking out of the same boxes or bucketswhich will be used at the show or sale.
A few days prior to shipment feed grass hay or corn stover roughage and goeasy on the salt. This will dry the manure up so the cattle will not gaunt asbadly in transit and at the show or sale.
Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon regularity of time of feeding andavoiding abrupt changes in the feed mixture. This is even more important at theshow or sale than at home for if cattle go off feed then there is insufficienttime to bring them back and they will show up to a disadvantage in the sale orshow ring.
Show Ring Technique
Lead and show from the animal's left. If possible, select ground for showingthat is slightly higher under the fore feet. Watch your animal and have him in thebest possible position when the judge is examining him. A light cane or stick isuseful for placing the feet and holding up a weak back. Work easily and gently.Nervous, quick movements Will tend to excite your animal. Lastly, be a good loseror a good winner, whichever the case may be.
L. I. Case, In ChargeAnimal Husbandry Extension.
STOMACH WORM CONTROL IN SHEEP
, Revised 1944Animal Husbandry Extension Office
Stomach and intestinal worms are serious handicaps to the sheep industryunless definite measures are used to control them. Recent experimental work showsthat sheep will eat enough of a mixture of phenothiazine and salt to give reason-ably good control. In addition occasional individual treatments of Cu—Nic (coppersulphate and nicotine sulphate) are advisable.
Ho 22.92;...
.1. At shearing time or about May 1, give all sheep except the lambs individual dosesof CurNic according to directions below:
2. Mix l part by weight'of powderedphenothiazine with l§_parts of loosesalt. Put this mixture in a salt boxwhere the sheep can get to it from’may lst until cold weather. The saltbox should be raised a few inches fromthe ground and be covered on three sides ‘to protect it. Do not give sheep saltalone in addition to phenothiazinesalt mixture. ‘ x
3. watch lambs during summer and falland if they are unthrifty treat them as u M ,with CumNic. Mfg} . .323, ' «Wm/‘7I M
4. About.December 1, dose entire flock with Cu~Nic.
we have no information on the effectiveness of giving this phenothiazine~saltmixture to sheep at periodic intervals similar to the common practice of salting'stock in our mountain counties. It is suggested, however, that this method be usedwhen it seems impractical to keep the mixture available continuously.
axmg. game
Dissolve one ounce of copper sulphate (blue stone) in three quarts of water.Then add 3/4 of an ounce of a 40 per cent solution of nicotine sulphate (Black Leaf40) to the solution. This will make enough to dose 25 mature sheep. In as much ascopper sulphate will corrode most metals, the solution should be mixed in a glass,porcelain or earthenware receptacle.
Table 9; Ddsage
Yearlings and mature sheep 3 to 4 ouncesLambs 85 lbs. up . . . . . .3 ‘ "lambs 65—85 lbs. . . '. ‘. . 2 1/2 "lambs 45-65 lbs. , , , , , 2 "lambs 30—45 lbs. . . . . . 1 to 1 1/2 ouncesDose weak animals somewhat lighter.
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORKIN
NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS ‘ EernsION sERvICEAGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERING I
:5 AND:2:112¢:$:;"3.i2:¢3'w 0. STATE OF NORTH CAROLINAAGR'CULTU“ COOPERAT'NG STATE COLLEGE STATION. RALEIGH. N. C.
HEY 22: 1944
TO ALL COUNTY AGENTS:WOOIISAIES
The wool situation in North Carolina presents a somewhat different picture fromthe past two years. we are in the same position as far as the Commodity CreditCorporation is concerned as last year. That is to say we are at liberty to sellwool wherever we can find a buyer. The Chatham Manufacturing Company, however, dueto government contracts, purchases of foreign wools, and labor shortages, is 393 inthe market for our wools, with the possible exception of two or three of our moun-tain counties. The government price stabilization plan makes it possible to sellour wools at ceiling prices provided we concentrate it in car lots (16,000 poundsminimum car) and ship it to Boston or other points as instructed. From all theinformation we can gather this plan looks best for getting the high dollar for our
Twool crop.
The first payments on our wool, whidh will be paid to individual growers atthe ga£_door are as follows:
Clear medium 45¢ per lb. Fine & half blood 38¢ per lb.medium & light hurry 38¢ ” mohair 35¢ " "Heavy & hard burry 30¢ " " Lambs 35¢ u wBlack, dead, seedy and Tags no advanceother grades (rejects) 38¢ " " Deduct 4 lbs. tareCotted or fleece grown 38¢ " n
we are assured that the final payment to growers will be made just as soon asthe wools can be graded and appraised by government appraisers. This final and fullsettlement should be made within three months of the date the wool is received.Some wool growers will recall what happened several years ago when wool was consigned,an advance payment made, the market declined, and no second payment was ever made.Mr. C. J. Fawcett, General manager, National W001 marketing Corporation assures us
_ that this cannot recur under the present Federal price stabilization plan.
In all probability the second payment will be 7¢ or more per pound which willbring the total net price to at least 52¢ for clear wool, 45¢ for medium to lighthurry, and fine wools, and 37¢ for heavy or hard bunny.
'We are considering concentrating wool at Williamston, Raleigh, and Ashevilleif we can be given reasonable assurance that we can get a car load at each of thesepoints. In view of the distance mudh of the wool will have to be hauled it will bemost desirable that it be concentrated in each county and delivered to the loadingpoint in trucks large enough to handle your entire clip. In case of small sheeppopulation wool may be eXpressed to shipping point and checks mailed to growers.
This proposed method of selling wool makes it more important than ever thateach fleece be tied with paper twine as this makes it much easier and less expensiveto grade. If there is still time to get an appreciable amount of your wool tied,you can obtain paper twine from The United Wool Growers Association, Harrisonburg,Virginia, at 25¢ per pound. A pound of twine will tie from £6 to 50 fleeces.
We are asking each of you to contact your growers, fill out questions atbottom of this page, and return it to us as soon as possible so that we may goahead with definite plans.
Yours very truly,
L. I. 0838, In Charge Animal Husbandry Extension.
H. M; Stamey, Animal Husb. Extension Specialist.
Do you favor selling the wool in your county this year under the suggestedplan? .
2. Approximate number of pounds that you will assemble at the following shippingpoints; Williamston Raleigh Asheville
3. Earliest date that you will be ready to ship wool
4. Ask additional questions in regard to this plan in Space below;
Submitted byCounty‘Agent
County
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION, WORKIN
NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS EXTENSION SERVICEAGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERINGNORTH CAROLINA COUNTIES AND STATE OF NORTH CAROLINAUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE COOPERAT'NG l — STATE COLLEGE STATION. RALEIGH. N. c.
November 6, 1944
To ALL COUNTY AGENTS:Subject; work Stock Clinics.
JWe have not yet received a copy of the "1945 County Plans of werk", therefore, we aresending material to every county in the state, with the hope you will give considera-tion to holding a series of fibres and mule Clinics in your county. Forfhest resultsthese clinics should be held during December and January. Bot treatments should begiven in January in the mountain counties.The following material is enclosed: (l) Cooperative Hbrse and Mule Clinic Agreement,(2) Outline of Horse and mule Clinics, (3) Publicity material, (4) Suggested Pester,(5) Suggested letter to farmers, (6) Bulletin of Feeding and management of Hbrsesand mules, and (7) Clinic Report Forms. Please file this material for futurereference whether or not you are now planning clinics in your county. we are alsoenclosing a list of qualified veterinarians whom we think will be available forconducting clinics. ‘It is suggested that you see the veterinarian whom you think will serve best in yourcounty, set dates, stamina Report Farm, «a: talker”: stamina"mm,Mmicseffective andJfiértEWhilea* Ifryou have difficulty in securing the services of aveterinarian, please notify us.Let's try to treat at high percentage of the horses and mules in the state this year.Ndpetyefive per cent of them are infested with internal parasites and much ttme islost because horses and mules are not in shape to do the job. The following sug~ .gestions may be helpful to you in arranging for the clinics:1. make definite plans well in advance of the clinics and schedule than earlier‘1 this year. _2. Solicit the cooperation of a NeighborhoOd leader in each community to helpadvertise the clinics. Also use newspapers, radio, letters and posters.3. If possible arrange to have a good blacksmith attend the clinics to trim feetand shoe horses under the direction of the veterinarian.4, In scheduling these clinics, it is a good plan to confine the drawing radius tonot more than two miles. It is not practical to attempt more than two or threeclinics in one day. ilet us have the dates of your clinics as soon as they are scheduled so that we canmake our plans to assist you when possible.
Very truly yours,
L. I. Case, In Charge Animal Husbandry Extension.
Encls. H. M. Stamey, Animal Husb. Extension Specialist.
COOPERATIVE HORSE AND MULE CLINIC AGREEMENT
In order to secure more efficient work from horses and mules on the farm, aseries of work stock clinics will be held for the purpose of making available tofarmers in ' County: (1) A free examination of all horses andmules brought to the clinic, (2) Treatment for bots and roundworms, (3) Floatingteeth, and (4) other treatments. These operations are to be perfbrmed if neededby the practicing veterinarian at the clinic for the following charges:
Examination 0 o o o o o o BT86: ~
Treatment fOr internal parasites:
Bots . . . . . . . . . 80.75 per head
Roundworms . , . . . 1.00 n u
Floating Teeth . ’,'L' 1.00 n n
Additional dental or other work, at charges agreeable toveterinarian and farmer.
The county agent agrees to give the clinics considerable publicity throughcircular letters, newspapers and posters together with adequate notice of thetime and place of each clinic.
The undersigned veterinarian will attend each clinic as scheduled and willfurnish all medicine and equipment necessary for the treatments indicated aboveat charges not in excess of those indicated herein.
The Horse and Mule Clinics for County have been scheduledas follows:
Date ‘ Place Time
Signed this the day of
Veterinarian
County Agent
MALSINTHESHOW—Leftto righthere;beinghandledby theirowners,aretheeighttop- rankinganimalsinthesecond annualFatStockandWool ShowandSaleatElkinWednes- day.AttheextremeleftisSam- myLeeMyers,Hamptonville, withhisHerefordgrandcham- pion._NextisRubyHutchinson, Moxley,Wilkes,withherHere- ford-_-Shorthorncross,there- servechampion.HaroldLayne, Dobson,SurryCounty,isthird inlinewiththerunner-up.The 'nextfiVerankingentrieswere ownedbyRobertGambill,In-
dependence,Vag-RL.Souther, mSgpartyANancyGambill,Inde-
(ogvnerofthependence,' Va.;RubyHutchinson
grandchampion.),
(Staff—Photo.)and.ReidGray,
StonyPoint.—
[IN BEEE BATTLE
CARE IN WINTER
Special Attention Is. Needed For Animals
Carrying CalvesBeef cattle should not be allowedto stay on pasture or in the fieldsin the fall of the year until theybegin to lose weight, says LelandCase, extension animal husband-man at State college “Supplemen-tary feeding should start before theanimals become thin because it ismuch easier to hold them in goodcondition than to put on flest afterthey have become thin and weak,”he explains. “Cows and heifers thatare carrying calves should be givenespecial attention. They should befed to gain around a hundredpounds to offset calving time loss.Weaning calves should also be sup-plied with liberal amounts of feedto prevent their becoming stuntedthe first winter. Of course, cowsnursing calves will need more feedthan any of the others, if the farm-er‘is unfortunate enough to have togo into the winter with late calves.still nursing.”
Segregate AnimalsOne thing in wintering beef cat-tle that is sometimes overlooked,and yet very important, is thesegregation of various classes andweights of animals. Each classshould be segregated and fee ac-rding to their needs.Where there is a choice of feed,he better quality should be fed tohe cows nursing calves, the cowsrrying calves, and the weanlingves, Case suggests. Green andleafy legume hays will go a longWays towards carrying this class ofcattle through the winter in goodshape Where these good qualityhays are not available the coarserand lower quality roughages shouldbe supplemented with a proteinconcentrate of some kind as well assome grain.“The amount of feed to be givenwill depend much upon the condi-
1 in reasonably goodcondition, shwinter well on enact the followrations: corn silage 25 pounds, 1 ‘gumcs hay 5 pounds, corn stoveor grass hay 5 pounds; corn sila25 pounds, corn stover or grass _8 pounds and protein mealpounds. Where silage is not vail-‘able and the cattle are goodflesh, 5 pounds of legume ay andall the corn stover or 19s graderoughage they will eat should be asatisfactory winter feed for beefcows. Another ration without silageis 15 pounds of mixed hay, 1 poundof corn, and 1-2 pound of proteinmeal. If the cows are thin, theamounts 'of these feeds should beincreased. Weaning Calves“Some suggested rations forweanling calves are: 12 pounds ofsilage, .5 pounds of legume hay,corn stover or grass hay at “1111;;corn silage 12 pounds, mixed hay4 pounds, protein meal 1 pound;legume hay 5 pounds, corn stover5 pounds, corn 1 1-2 pounds, pro-stein meal 1-2 pound, and mixedhay 10 pounds corn 2 pounds, pro-1tein meal 1 pound. These rationsare for cattle wintered in the drylot. Much harvested feed can besaved where good annual grazingcrops or field gleanings are avail-1able” iCase has recently visited purge!bred beef cattle sales and fat st k‘SIIOWS in many sections of NichiCarolina. He reports thatlexcellnt,‘progress is being made in feedingand caring for beef cattle and that,,in comparison with ten years agothe change is truly phenomena]. 1He also reports that in some sec-1tions, partiCularly in Eastern Caro-lina, there is a‘ tendency for somegrowers to drop out of the cattlebusiness because of high pricedcash crops. He warns that this is‘not. the thing to do, that farmers,cannot jump in and out of the cat-tle business ‘with every change ofithe wind, and that the grower whois most successful is the one who,sticks by the game.Where feed supplies are short, hesuggests thorough culling of theherd and the keeping of only thebest animals. This change also less-ens labor requirements on thefarm. When conditions improve, thegrower is in position to again re-build his herd. “Livestock growinghas a definite place in our farm-
tion of the animals when they go.ing plans,” says Case.
Statewide SeissiOnAberdeen-Angus
Breeders Slated:
College Station, Raleigh, July 13}-—-—T'he first state-wide meeting of ?Aberdeen-Angus breeders will beheld at Neaves Park, Elkin, on the}morning of July 19 at 10:30, it isannounced by L. I. Case, Extensionanimal husbandman at State College.Robert oebling of Savannah, Ga.,president of the Southeastern Asso-‘ciation, and Albert Peirce, president;of the Virginia Association, will pre-\sent to the breeders a statement ofwhat the various associations are ac-‘.c:implishing for the betterment of the‘breed.Other addresses will be deliveredby Director I. ,O. Schau'o of the Ex-tension Service,. Commissioner WKerr Scott of the State Departmentof Agriculture, and State Veterina—
l :‘.:.n William Moore. «Case will. tracethe development of the Aberdeen-Angus breed in North Carolina.Local speakers will be W. A.Neaves, T. F. Cooley and CountyAgent Neill M. Smith.
Following a luncheon, with Gra-ham 1Morrison, as toastmaster, aijudging contest will be held. Atthe business session plans will be‘made for completing 11' state-wide,association of ' Aberdeen - Anguslbreeders. ‘
"Calves Are Moved T "iTo Eastern Counties 1‘Forty-nine 'high grade beef
calves have been moved fromAshe County and placed onfarms in Wayne and Duplincounties during the past weekby the N. C. Department of Agri-,culture and the State CollegeExtension Service, G o r d o n1,Blake, Department gattle spe-cialist, has announceThe calves were selected by;L 1. Case and Howard Stamey.of the Extension Service, and:were purchased and transported,by the Department to Goldsboro,where they were sold at cost to25. 4-H Club members chosen bythe county agents of Wayne andEDuplin. W. H. Jmnett of Calyp-so, purchased 24 of the calves,each of which weighed approx-imately 450 pounds
”How To Feed can?‘For Shows Or Solet
Beef animals for show or sale‘,should be in top condition at thetime and this means careful feedingover a considerable period. The ani-mals should be started on a ‘smallamount of concentrate feed, whichneeds to be gradually increased un-til the individual is getting all thefeed that he will take.Leland Case, Extension animal
husbandman at State College, rec--ommcnds that all the feed notcleaned up within an hour, afterthe cattle are on full feed, should,be removed from the feed box}Should an animal go off: feed for.any reason, cut the amount of feeddown considerably. Then, when he}is normal again, gradually increase;the feed to the full amount. 1‘Case also recommends that the
animals be fed regularly, on thehour, and that if any changes aremade in the feed, this be donegradually. The ration should be;kept coarse,—cracker corn, for ex-ample, being better than that fine-ly ground.Three different rations are sug-
gested y Case for sale or show cat-ttle. The first Consists of 10 pounds}of corn, 5 of oats, 3 of bran, and2 of protein meal. The second ra-tion can be made on this basis: 83pounds of barley, 5 of oats, 2 of}bran, and 5 of molasses feed. The‘third ration is 10 pounds of corn,4 of oats, 2 of protein meal, and 4‘molasses feed. Barley should berolled, coarsely ground, cooked,“ orsoaked. 1“When an animal has an ab?
normal appetite for hay and failsto get enough grain, the amountof hay should be limited,” Casesays. “An animal that has a tend-ency to be paunchy should have hishay allowance cut.”
SPRING GALVES MAKE.
BETTER BEEF emu: .Careless breeding methods arecosting North Carolina beef cattle
growers large sums of money.One of the most serious faults is
that of allowing the bull to run withthe herd throughout the year, says L.I. Case, animal husbandman at StateCollege. '
This practice results in calves be-ing dropped at all seasons. Late sum-mer and fall calving is bad for boththe cows and their offspring, Casepointed out.Usually cows which have to nurse
calves during the winter are kept in.poor condition, and the calves fail tomake a good growth. Death losses ofcows and calves are increased. ‘Case further stated that the calves
which do not get a good growth early.in life seldom develop into high gradeanimals. Spring seems to be the mostlfavorable calving season for beef ‘cattle. l
Records have shown that spring1calves gained an average of 271.51pounds from May 1 to November 1,While fall calves gained only 199.5}pounds in the same length of time. iAt the Blackland Experiment Sta-,
tion,.Wenona, N. C., the bull is allow-3ed to run with the herd only in May,June, and July. The calves are drop-ped the following February, March,‘aid April. They are weaned in No-vember and wintered separately fromthe rest of the herd.
‘ This practice appears to give thebest results, Case pointed out, and itmay be followed on practically allNorth Carolina farms.
Surplus Cattle H
Can Be Sold
In Early Fall ,Surplus cattle should be marketwed in an orderly manner throughthe late summer and fall this year
rather than be held for heavierweights late in the season, saysLeland Case, in charge of Exten-sion animal husbandry at State,College.He points to the record numberof beef cattle in the United Statesand the fact that slaughter quotasfor military use, lend lease, andcivilian use mean that about 32,-000,000 head of cattle and calvesmust ;: to slaughter in 1944.“Packing facilities for slaughter-ing and processing beef cattle willbe inadequate, if the bulk of thesecattle are sent to maket in thefall of the year, as is the usualpractice," says Case. “‘We mayexperience such a glutted marketas we had with hogs, if we failto market our cattle in an orderlyway and spread the marketing ov—er a longer period than usual. ’Good grazing should put manycattle in reasonably good marketcondition by July 15 to Au t 1,according to Case. He suggee thatanimals that are in good conditionby these dates should be sent tomarket rather than be fed for hee-iver weights. .“In some cases, it may be prac-tical to feed grain or grass so asto get the cattle ready for marketa ‘ittle earlier than they otherwisewould be,” says Case. “Where thisis done, a ration of eight parts byweight of corn and one part of pro-5tein meal, fed once a day and pre-ferably during the late afteran,is recommended.”
0ntstanding‘lmde id " “ . . ' Hé‘rj u ' ' ‘ ‘- ~.and aunua , ik'in Fat St6ck a‘na , whowere hhotographed‘ ‘ L sale wasfarmpre successful
~ ‘ yinspectedthexi'an éham- -' thin was”the-1117320116,heldin ‘1Wednesday afid TEursda ivere pion fleece in the wool‘show, “October of 1943.---(StaffPhoto)
_A.<.<__=__.”A;.¥!
(lee Sheep Cu-NlcAnd {Phenothiazme .
Stomach“ and intestinal wormsl—the most serious handicapsto growing sheep in North Car-‘olina, can be easily controlledlby the use of phenothiazine andlou-nic if the grower will watchhis flock and dose his sheep ac-cordingly, says Leland Case, incharge of Extension animalhusbandry at State College.He recommends that all sheep
except lambs, be given doses ofcu-nic at this time. Then, mixone part by weight of powderedphenothiazine with 12 parts ofloose salt and keep this mixturein the salt box before the sheepat all times until cold weather‘Sheep should not receive saltalone in addition to. this mix-}ture. The salt box should beraised above the ground and,should be protected from theweather.
“If any lambs become un~thrifty during the summer andfall, they should be treated withcu-nic,” says ‘Case.He also recommends that the1
entire flock be dosed with cu-nicabout December 1 to make surethat all intestinal parasites areunder control.
In preparing cu-nic, dissolveone ounce of copper sulphate(blue stone) in 3 quarts of wat-er. ‘Then add three-fourths ofan ounce of a 40 per cent solu-tion of nicotine sulphate (blackleaf) to the solution. This W111 lmake enough to dose 25 maturesheep.The county agent can advise
as to the required dosage for va--rious weights of lambs and forweak animals.
éep Can Providme Extra IncomeFarm flock records show t
heep growing can be very su
lina and that the flock can pro-essful enterprise in North Car 1
ilde a good additional income.n many farms.
, “These records also show thatlthe most successful sheep menuse good rams, feed their flockswell, dock and castrate theirlambs, treat the flock regularlyfor internal parasites, controlexternal parasites by dipping,and sell their lambs and wool co-operatively,” says Leland Case,Extension sheep man at (StateCollege:The highest income on a per
ewe basis were obtained by W.W. Warden of Laurel Hill andLee Black, both of Alleghenycounty. Warden raised 17 lambsfrom 14 ewes and Black got 15lambs from only 8 ewes.One of the best records for
fairly large flocks was that oflT. C. Baird of Valle Crucis infWatauga County, who. raised 57tan estimated mst of $550 perfilewe. He made a net profit ofl$599.00 on the flock.l J. E McPherson of Camden'county grossed $16.76 per ewewith his flock of 38 ewes, rais-ling 51 lambs. ,The highest gI‘OSS income in
Eastern Carolina was made by‘E. B. Draughn of Whitakers 1nEdgeombe County. He raised 25lambs from 21 ewes and sold$285.00. worth of lambs and$124.10 worth of .wool. Hisgross wos $19.48 per ewe.
‘fimb Shipments
In East Starts
On TuesdayPlans have been made to shiplambs to market from Tarboro onTuesday, according to an announce‘ment just released by L Case.in charge of animal husbandry Ex-ltension work at State College. {Later shipments will also bemade from Plymouth in early June,‘Shawboro in early June, and Bur-lington in July. Giowers whohavelambs to ship should get in touchwith the county agents in these sec-tions and make arrangements forthe shipments, Case says.Top grade market lambs shouldweigh from 80 to 90 pounds andbe fat, he points out. From 120 to125 lambs are required to fill a.single deck 36-foot car, and about240 to 250 to fill a double deck.Case estimates that pricegshould be about the same as thosof last year. May shipments a yearago brought these prices at Jer-sey City: Choice, $17 per cwt.":Good, $16.50; Mediinn, $15.50; Gemmon, $12 to $13.45; and Gulls, $10.30to $11. Yearling weathers were ashigh as $11.50, and old sheep rang-ed from $7 to $10.Early June prices weie about thesame as those of May, July wasabout 50 cents less, and Augustwas still lower. Buck lambs areusually discounted one dollar perhundredweight after June 1.Freight, shrink and commission.usually a to $2 perhundr e ght, Case a l
$75 urns Out To Be Worth \3300 After Slight Operation_...—-__—_..__._-
Tanners lead Home? *[irons Work Stock 1Replacements -»College Station, Raleigh, May 11.}
~North Carolina farmers need‘home-grown work stock replace-y.ments. “II you don’t believe thisstatement is true. take a trip overthe state; make some observations;and salt a few questions about theprice of ‘a good pair or five-year-old mules.” says H. M. Stamey, an-imal husbandry Extension special-1ist at State College.
- _ n buyers or work stockywho y directly from the farms.\agree that they have never seen\such a scarClty 09- young horses‘and mules from, One to four years “old. Therefore, prices have gone up1and they are destined to rise stlilihigher because last year only slxtstates in the Union had enoughfor replacements in horses andonly eight mules. The other states‘did not produce enough. NorthCarolina needed approximately 8,-1000 colts and estimates show that;about 2,000 were produced. j“Raising horse and mule colts is;
a profitable business for a farmer;who is favorably located,” saysStamey. “It does not pay to keepidle mares to raise colts but it‘does;pay farmers to keep good mares fortarmwork and to raise foals an-nually for replacements so thatolder work animals can be, sold atlive or six years of age. Mule foalsare in good demand at weaning age.Young work stock can be“ raised
‘. "economically but efficiently fromweaning time to three years of ageon good pasture and plenty of good
* legume hay, without any grain.“Every effort should be made byi
all those interested‘ in horses and.mules to encourage breeding ofgood mares to a purebred stallionor jack this spr .”
"Carry Workstcck '
To Local Clinics l
Nineteen out of every twenty‘horses and mules in North Carolina ‘are infested with internal parasites 1and need treatment to rid them ofthe parasites and put them in goodcondition to do a full days work,says Howard S‘tamey, Extension ani-mal husbandry specialist at StateCollege.mer? During the next three monthshorse and mule clinics are beingscheduled by communities :for manycounties throughout North Carolina.Growers should watch the localpapers and consult the county agentfor the schedule.
In the Piedmont and Mountaincounties, botflies annoy workstockduring the summer and fall monthsbut they cause far more damage.. ’en they work Beside the horse ormule, according to Stamel. He sug-gests that growers check their work-stock now and; if botfly eggs are de-posited on the forelegs of the ani-imals, the eggs should be washedoff with water at a temperature of105 degrees. This temperature shouldbe checked with a thermometer.The warm water causes the lard
vae of the botfly to burst out of theirshells, and they soon die from ex-.posure to air, “This simple treat-ment may save the expense of buyinga new horse or severe cases of colicor digestive troubles,” Stamey ex-plained,In discussing the clinics, he said
that a licensed veterinarian will exa-amine all the workstock at the clinicsfree of any charge Treatments willbe given for bots and round worms,where needed; teeth will be floated;demonstrations given in trimmingfeet; and good feeding and manage-ment practices emphasized.
"IRALEIGH —- A Martinbecause of a lump on his jaw; car-ried him to a horse and mule clinic,where he spent $1.00 in having atooth extracted; and went homewith a $300.00 mule.H. M. Stamey, Extension animal ‘
husbandry specialist at State Col-lege, explains that the veterinariandiscovered that the animal had asplit tooth and that feed was com-pacting behind the tooth, thuscausing the lump on the jaw. Thefeed was removed; the tooth wasextracted; and the farmer had a“new” mule, purchased at only$75.00 because of. the condition ofhis jaw. tStamey reports that the State
College Extension Service has re-cently held horse and mule clinicsin 59 counties, in cooperation with;‘local veterinarians, and that 6,549animals have been treated. IIn Eastern Carolina the animalswere chiefly treated for such in-ternal parasites as large roundworms, small round worms, and;pin worms. In the central and west- Iern part of the State, the chief \trouble was bots, another type of Jintestinal parasite. The teeth of imany work stock had to- be floated.so that they could thoroughly chew‘their food.The veterinarians also performed‘such special operations as removingtumors and correcting bad feet.Farmers were given detailed in-istructions on the feeding and man-agement of work stock so that they‘would be able to get all the worldpossible out of their animals this":summer in producing increased‘yields of r the war‘effor “
county“farmer bought a mule for $75.00
