Agricultural Science for Secondary School Book 3.doc

7/21/2019 Agricultural Science for Secondary School Book 3.doc

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I


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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS

- The gross anatomy 1

-Systemic anatomy 10

2. ANIMAL NUTRITION 39

Nuthtional requirement o li!estoc" 39

3. CATLEREAR1NG 61

#ree$san$ty%esocatt&e '1

Managing $airy cattle '9

4. SHEEP AND GOAT 95

Ty%es an$(ree$s 9'

Management o shee% an$ goats 99

)* +R,+ARATION AN- MAR.,TIN/ 110+re%aration o meat 110

+re%aration o mil" 119

+re%aration o eggs 1

'* A/RIULTURAL INSTITUTIONS 1)

Local agricultural institutions in /uyana 1)

Regional institutions 132

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CHAPTER PAGE

7. CROPPROTECTION 138

Insect an$ other%ests o cro%s 13


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* RO+S 1)4

+a$$y 1)4

Sugarcane 11

9. SOIL CONSERVATION 201

Soil $estruction 01Soil conser!ation 02

10* 5ARMIN/ AS A 6USIN,SS 0'

Iarm in%uts 0'

V


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1. NATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS

Li!estoc" armers are constantly stri!ing to im%ro!e their actual le!el o %ro$uction* In so $oing7 it

(ecomes !ery im%ortant or them to "no8 the (asic (o$y structure o the animals they rear* Since (o$y

structure is closely relate$ to (o$y unction7 a "no8le$ge o structure an$ unction o an animals (o$y

8ill hel% armers to un$erstan$ clearly ho8 each structure 8or"s to %ro$uce a %articular li!estoc" %ro$uct

e*g* meat7 mil"7 eggs* This sort o un$erstan$ing is essential 8hen the armers goal is to im%ro!e his

management %ractices 8hich 8oul$ later result in eicient %ro$uction* 6ence7 the armers 8or" 8oul$

(e concentrate$ only on those %ractices 8hich %romote goo$ health an$ comort or animals so that they

can %ro$uce at their ma:imum le!els 8ith minimum cost to their o8ners*

The term ;anatomy; reers to the science concerne$ 8ith the orm7 structure an$ s%atial relationshi%s o

li!ing organisms* In this cha%ter t8o as%ects o the anatomy o arm animals 8ill (e %resente$ the gross

anatomy an$ the systemic anatomy*

The !"## $%$&"'(

The gross anatomy $eals 8ith the relati!e %ositions o !arious (o$y %arts 8ith em%hasis on the e:ternal

eatures o an animals (o$y* In a$$ition to the %o%ular

classes o li!estoc"7 reerence 8ill also (e ma$e to ish an$ (ees* Mor%hology relates to the orm an$

structure o an organism

A "no8le$ge o mor%hology 8ill hel% armers to"i '' ougli @lie(ea" !iJ &i""B Fith @lie ai5 !iJ @hr toliglie

@h8y air%ushe$ % (hr 3"iaByn: >'( the &a' !i the '?'27)#' an$ s8allo8e$ 5%i Ihie

$rs%3iag$s.Mo!ement @luoughi this @u(e is @lie sa=e as 8as $escri(e$ l!i ("ie 3ig.

K!o$ an$ 8atereher ("ie cro%7 a thin 8alle$ S$&; 8Inch ia%is(r!s an$ stoles

"%$5 lu7 $iges@ion*%ise!e5 lou$ itio!es hunt @lie c8% to @lie%iJo!eiitriculus* a

@hut 8alle$ glan$itlat %rga! hih secrets gasti Ac %liices Fhile %assilig ihiJoughi @his

organ lou$ Is @Li"e$8i@liriii*yiiies hih &egiii(%s3"i( he s:!h an$%ioleiti (oii$s

lo%iJu$iicecoiii%oiin$ suIgPuJs an$ 1 ly%tJ%ti$es It also has hi%ase to(egin $ie %asses )2 he giiar$ Klie "2#@()'# 2( the giitaiJ$aiJ

$unne$ m$ gionuu$ u%(y the stn scuiai !ol utions ut the giiai$ 8ail*

Dthis

3"i:si.i" b@>'*d2!'' 1Lou$ in (he gii7iai$ allo8s ()' "''A8 i!es % s31i1 iianr

(on$s

!i com%le: (u$s so as to%io$uce sitii%ltCt a((i@s o(tain @hnii ituitilents hiJoiti touighiages* :uruulriit lou$ stuil I an$

DKhey are not meat rainJs as such an$ @lie a(sence ol caitlite @e$it

*su%%ouis @his* D118 (er(li air 8ell a$a%te$ to (he utoruital ra((itJs @D!oti D118 incisors

in @lie u%%er =a8 a%%ear o (e I8o %airs lying si$e (y si$e7 (ut only one %ail 8ith a


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groo!e $o8ia @lie ceiltreul each t!u@hicaii(e seen hum Ome hJon@* A much siiiahler%air

!i incisors lies K:Jhiiii$ @hue niain incisors an$ @oge@lirr @hey lonim a sha%e$ groo!e


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into 8hich the chisel e$ge o the lo8er incisors normally its* The molars an$ %oreC

molars are smaller teeth use$ for grin$ing %ur%oses* They ha!e lattene$ suraces8ith %rominent ri$ges* The mouth also has an u%%er clet li% an$ a tongue* Fhenthe animal is eating sali!a is usually secrete$ an$ mi:e$ 8ith the oo$ $uringmastication* As 8ith %igs the en?yme %tyalin (egins the chemical (rea"$o8n ostarch* Fhen the ra((it is not !ery hungry it che8s its oo$ thoroughly so that oo$

reaches the stomach finel# groun$* Fhen the anirnai is !ery hungry oo$ is not%ro%erly che8e$* This can result in $igesti!e $isor$ers* 5rom the mouth oo$%asses

to the stomach through the oeso%hagus* The ra((itJs stomach 8alls ha!e little%o8ero contraction so 'o$ mo!ement is $e%en$ent on%ressure rom the ne8ly ingeste$oo$* The $igesti!e %rocess in the small intestine is the same as the %igJs* Theremains o oo$ let ater a(sor%tion consists o un$igeste$ oo$ an$ i(rous material8hich are %asse$ into the caecum 8here (acteria attac" an$ $igest the caecal

contents*It is a thic" lui$

an$$uring

contraction the caecumorces

it contentsthrough the colon an$ rectum to orm a strange%ellet 8hich is eaten(y ra((it $uring

co%ro%hagy* o%ro%hagy is the act o ee$ing on $ung* The ra((it ta"es this thic"

lui$ $irectl#from the anus%swallows% an$passes the co%ro%hagoas%eiiets intothe stomach to(e reC$igeste$* It un$ergoes the normal $igesti!e%rocess in thesmallintestine* It enters the large caecum 8here i(rous su(stances are(ro"en$o8n (y(acterial action* In the colon moisture is remo!e$ an$ the normalaecal %ellets are orme$* This %asses through the rectum an$ is egeste$* The

ha(it o co%ro%hagy isnormal or ra((its an$ can(e o(ser!e$ at many%erio$s$uring the $ay* It is sai$ that co%ro%hagous %ellets contain more than threetimes as much cru$e%rotein7 (ut onlyoneCthir$ o the i(re as $o the normal%ellets* It also has high le!els o !itamin #com%le:* In this 8ay ra((its area(le to eiciently $igest resh oo$ ingeste$*

In a$$ition to ra((its7 horses too are monogastric animals 8hich can $igest

i(rous oo$ @cellulose (y the (acterial (rea"$o8n occurring in the%articularly

largecaecum in the alimentary tract*

FEEDING IN R


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car(ohy$rate in %lant cell 8alls is s%lit u% to %ro$uce short chaine$ fatty aci$s*5attyaci$s are a(sor(e$ rom the rumen into the (loo$ stream o the animal oruse asenergy sources an$ or ma"ing mil"Cat*

+rotein in the rurnen is chemically (ro"en $o8n to%ro$uce%e%ti$es7 aminoaci$s7 ammonia an$ amines* The micro organisms in the rumen @(acteria an$%roto?oa ee$ on these sim%le%rotein su(stances an$ multi%ly ra%i$ly* Fhen they$ie7 they %ass out o the rumen to(e $igeste$ in the a(omasum 8here $igesti!e

en?ymes are%resent*

Fhen nonC%roteinCnitrogen such as urea is e$ in the $iet7 similar action o

microCorganisms in the rumen result in higher le!els o amino aci$ %ro$uce$*

6o8e!er e:cess inta"e o ration rich in nitrogen can result in a loss o this nitrogen

in the rumen 8hen ammonia gas is%ro$uce$*

Normally the micro organisms utili?e the sim%le nitrogenous su(stances togro8 an$ multi%ly* On their $eath they are ta"en to the ahomasum 8here they arechemically(ro"en $o8n an$ the amino aci$s a(sor(e$ into the (loo$ stream*Monogastric animals cannot utili?e nonC%rotein nitrogen in their $iet*

C

Fig.1.19 (a)

.2


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%3hag$s

Fig. 1.19 (a) The a"i=e!ar ra %#a g%a

(&) The a"i=e!ar ra %A cow a!5 thepathway of #%%5 i!gese5

5oo$ not acte$ u%on (y microCorganisms goes to the reticulum7 the

secon$ com%artment7 an$ is regurgitate$ (y antiC%eristatic action o theoesophagus. &n themouth the liqui$ is reCs8allo8e$ an$ the remaining(olus o

oo$ is reCche8e$* ReC chewing ma"es the%rocess o ermentation (y ruminalmicroCorganisms easier 8hen oo$ is s8allo8e$ again* lJhis %rocess is calle$

rumination*

The inner 8ails o the reticulum are thic" an$ resem(le the honeyCcom(*

Thiscom%artment sorts Out an$ hol$s any oreign material 8hich the animal may

ha!es8allo8e$*The groo!e (et8een the rumen an$ reticulum is calle$ the oeso%hageal

groo!e* In cal!es the rumen an$ reticulum are un$e!elo%e$ so mil" ingeste$ is

channelle$ through this grc:!e 8hich lin"s the oeso%hagus to the omasum* The

a(omasum secretes the $igesti!e en?ymes or s%litting the%rotein(on$s*

In a$$ition to car(ohy$rate an$%rotein(rea"$o8n in the rumen7 !itamin #

com%le: an$ !itamin . are%ro$uce$(y microCorganisms there*

The omasum is the thir$ com%artment* It has muscular 8alls* Fithin this

com%artment are many layers o muscular lea!es 8hich are co!ere$ 8ith short7

(lunt %a%illae* These structures hel% to grin$ the foo$ $uring muscular

contraction an$ squee?e out 8ater rom it(eore it enters the last com%artment*

The a(omasurn or the truestomach is the last com%artment o the com%le:

stomach* It is the only com%artment 8hich secretes gastric=uices* +e%sin an$ renin

2'


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are t8o en?ymes%ro$uce$ in the a(omasum* Renin cur$les mil" an$ is%lentiul

inthe calJs a(oniasurn* In cal!es the a(omasum accounts or a(out eighty @0Q

o the total stomach !olume* In mature cattle it accounts or less than ten%ercent

@10Qo the stomach ca%acity*

The inner 8alls o the a(omasum are line$ 8ith many ol$s* These ol$s

contain glan$s or secreting gastric =uices* hemical $igestion (egins in thiscom%artment 8hich %erorms similar unctions asthe sim%le stomach o

monogastric animals* Starch7 com%oun$ sugars an$ %e%ti$es 8oul$ (e urther

s%lit to %ro$uce thesim%le (asic units oleach su(stance* They aresim%le sugars7

amino aci$s7 atty aci$san$ glycerol*

The ruminantsJ stomach is s%eciali?e$ to acilitate cellulose $igestion* This

occurrence ma"es II%ossi(le or these animals to utili?e a source o oo$ 8hich

no other class o animals can* In this 8ay they con!ert cellulose into animal%rotein 8hich can(e $igeste$(y human(eings*

5rom the ahomasum the $igesti!e%rocess is similar to that $escri(e$ or the

monogastric aninials generally @e*g* the%ig*

An un$erstan$ing o the $esign an$ unction o the alimentary tract o

li!estoc" animals hel%s the armer to construct sensi(le ee$ing%rogrammes* 6e

8oul$ "no8 that monogastric animals7(ecause they ha!e sim%le stomachs7 nee$

to(e e$ concentrate rations* These rations ha!e a !ery lo8 cru$e i(re content sotheirstomach can $igest theiii easily* Although the cellulose containe$ in cru$e

i(re cannot (e $igeste$ (y the sim%le stomach7 these animals nee$ a small

%ercentage o it in their $iet or the ollo8ing reasons

B cru$e i(re acti!ates the intestines so that there is more%eristalsis7

thisallo8s ooc to mo!e easier through the intestines resulting in

(etter $igestion Originate$ % I.d'$8 I& is !h' b7 h hum%7 nec" an$%arts o the h$d

o the(ull are d$&* !e(.

It has a short nec"7 large hum% an$ long(roa$ hac" eatures that areassociate$

!'h &ee# 3e cattle*

The Ongole is also a air mil"er(y tro%ical stan$ar$s* Ongoles orNellores

as they are sometimes calle$ ha!e(een use$ e:tensi!ely to im%ro!e (ee (ree$s

inTro%ical America*

Sahi8al


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resistant to $iseases an$ $o 8ell on local orage* It is a (ee (ree$7 the co8s

a!erage17000C17'00 l(s @2)2C4' "g 8eight at maturity an$ the hulls 100 l(s@1' "g

S$%&$ Ge!&!)# < This (ree$ 8as $e!elo%e$ in Te:as7 U*S*A* an$ has threeC

eights

Ve(u an$ i!eCeights Short horn*

+4


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&t is a beef ty%e(ree$ an$ has a large $ee%(o$y*

The coat is cherryCre$7 hair short an$ straight*

It is tolerant to col$ an$ hot climates an$ resistant to tic"s*

The(ree$ is nota(le or early maturity7 har$iness an$ is an economic

con!erteroee$*

This(ree$ has(een successully intro$uce$ into /uyana7

Eamaica 6o%e< This(ree$ is also "no8n as Monthomery - Eersey an$ Eersey

Vehu*It 8as $e!elo%e$ in 6o%e near .ingston Eamaica7 an$ it consists o a(out

0Q Eersey*1)Q Sahi8al an$ )Q 6olstein*

The Eamaica 6o%e is a goo$ $airy ty%e(ree$ o cattle* 5emales 8eigh a(out9@G l(s @20 "g an$ the males a(out 1300 l(s (+57.'

"g*

The animal resem(les the Eersey*(ulls a larger animal* The colour !ariesrom

a8n7 (ro8n an$ grey to

(lac"*

+ro$uction o mil" a!erages* 4*000 l(s @3 14)"g 8ith a (utterat o 2Q %er

lactation*

6olstein 5riesian The 6olstein as it is%o%ularly calle$7 originate$ in 6ollan$ an$is the largest o ihe $airy(ree$s* The a!erage 8eight otJthe co8 is 1300 l(s @)90

"gan$ the(ull is 1@G l(s @1' "g*

The colour is usually(lac" an$ 8hite* The legs rom the hoc" $o8n must he

8hite* There is ho8e!er7 a%ossi(ility oJ Re$ an$ Fhite mar"ings in%ure (ree$s*

Holsteins: Thecows are 8uiet. Thecales can hae an a!erage 8eight o 90

l(s@20*

"g at(irth*

The animal suer rom heat stress an$ the hair has to(e cli%%e$* They are

susce%ti(le to tic"s*

The mil"%ro$uction%er lactation is 90(!l(s @20 "g with a 3*4Q butterat*

e!#e( @This(ree$ originate$ in Eersey in the #ritish hannel*

It is the smallest o the $airy(ree$s* The co8s 8eigh 00 - 9@G l(s @3')C

20

"g an$ the (ulls 100C1200 l(s @)22C'3)

"g


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The colour ranges troni 8hite to $ar" grey or(lac"* The tongue an$ s8itch

are (lac"* The (ulls are $ar"er than the

co8s*

They are e:tremely sensiti!e animals* The a!erage mil" yiel$ is ')00 l(s

@322 "g %er year7 8ith a (utterat o )Q* The cal!es 8eigh )0C'0 l(s @3C4

"gat(irth*

The Eersey $oes(etter than 6olstein on rough%astures*

+5


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Ayrshire This(ree$ originate$ in Scotlan$* The co8s ha!e an a!erage 8eight o

1000 l(s (454 "g an$ the (ulls* 000 @904

"g*

The colour is s%otte$ Re$ or #ro8n an$ Fhite* The horns are long an$

(ent u%8ar$s an$ out8ar$s* They are easily han$le$* The a!erage mil"

%ro$uction is47000 l(s @314) "g%er year 8ith a 2Q(utterat*

al!es 8eigh '0C4) l(s @4C32 "g at(irth

A(er$een Angus < This is a(ee(ree$ that originate$ in Scotlan$*

The animals mature early an$%ro$uce high quality carcasses that are 8ell

mar(le$*

There aret8o ty%es o Angus7 the Re$ Angus 8ith the re$ gene(eing

recessi!ean$ the #lac" Angus 8ith the(lac" gene(eing $ominant*

These animals are%olle$ an$ the hair coat is smooth an$(lac"*

/uernsey < lJhis(ree$ originate$ in the #ritish hannel Islan$s* The colour

is

Re$$ishCyello87 8ith 8hite mar"ings on the ace7 lan"s7 legs an$ s8itch*

The nose is cream coloure$* The co8s 8eigh 1000 l(s @2)2 "g* They

%ro$uce

more mil" than the Eersey 8ith a 2*Q

(ulerat*

Ch$!"/ $# This (ree$ originate$ in 5rance* The animals range rom cream to

8hite7 an$ the (o$y # !)e thic" $% ')#+)/$!. The h"!%# are #'/$! &"

&h"#e "* &heSh"!&H"!%.

The $e!$e eh& "* &he %$&)!e +" # 800 ,. I& # $ 5ee* &(e 5!ee.

T6


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the nostrils are 8i$e7 strong an$ 8ell orme$

the(arrel is $ee%

the u$$er is large an$ the teats are 8ell orme$

''


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I%%RD %-3i/ =i5iii' ;

TTG M":-) ()

I'G !3G% uZG=i%un UZA ),+=tiuttuoi$ + ST UIE1


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BEEF TYE CATTLE

The general characteristics are :-

rectangular or(loc" sha%e

$ee% an$ leshy hin$

quarters

the mil" yiel$ is lo8*(ut the animal gains 8eight ra%i$ly*

Fig 33 Sha3e 1 h d$h6 3e %# a"e

Fig. 0. Sha3e %# he &ee# 3e a"e

74


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h$7iry ha%


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-airy(ree$s

6olsteinClCresi an /uernsey

Ayrshirc Sahi8al

Eersey Eamaica 6o%e

#ro8n S8iss

#ee(ree$s

-roughtCmaster A(er$een Angus

Eamaica Re$ harolais

Santa /crtru$is 6ereor$

American #ra(man Short 6orn

-ual +ur%ose

Mil"ing Short horn Re$ +oll -e!on

$.$/'./ d$'&6 "$))#

Terms use$ to $escri(e cattle

al< Houng(orn to the emale animal

o8< Mature emale that has cal!e$

#ull< Male 8hich can(e use$ or(ree$ing

6eier< One year ol$ emale u% to her irst cal!ing

Steer


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in 8hich they are reare$*

There are at least three ty%es o cattle armers in /uyana

B The %easant or su(sistence armer

B The me$ium si?e anner

B The large si?e anner

,ach ty%e o armer 8ill utili?e one o three systems to manage his stoelt Thesystems em%loye$ are)$&e #)e!#"% an$ training*

LIVESTOC FAR

Locate$ $5")& 0.8,' *!"' the '$% +$')# &he /e#&"+, arm "++)e# $5")& 12

hectares an$ +"%## "* mo$ern structures* I& h")#e# &h!ee '$% +/$##e# "*/e#&"+,

B %oultry

B s8ine

$airy cattle

I& # $ $5/e e%&e!!#e $% &he '"#& !"*&$5/e $#e+& "* &he %#&&)&"%.

THE OULTRY SEC%%ON

This has &he +$$+&( &" $++"''"$&e 10.000 5!"/e!# $% 10000 /$(e!#. I& is

equi%%e$ &h $ 'e+h$%+$/ e!$e!. $ /)+,% '$+h%e $% $&"%$/ +"/

#&"!$e *$+/&e#.

THE SNE SECflON

This #e+&"% has $e>)$&e *$+/&e# *"! h")#% *$!!"% $% *$&&e%% #.

The h")#% $!e$ # e>)e &h $)&"'$&+ $&e!e!#.

THE DAIRY SEC11ON

The animals are !e"'%$%&/( H"/#&e% 5!ee 5)//# an$ cal!es* There are e//equi%%e$ cal%en an$ S&$%+h"% ty%e '/, $!/")!.

41/ GAS


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#: hectares "* "!$%e# an$ *")! hectares "* cherries*

128


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F'ELDAND ORCHARD CROS

A culti!ation o *2 hectares o caram(ola orchar$ 8as esta(lishe$ in 190* The%ro$uce is %rocesse$ in the commercial ruit storage an$ %rocessing acilities*

Stu$ents o the institution in this unit 8ere in!ol!e$ in the esta(lishment o this

unit*They are engage$ in all the cultural o%erations*

RICE FAR

This 8as esta(lishe$ in 194)an$ occu%ies an area o 0 hectares* There are t8o

cro%s

e!ery year*

THE HIGHAY FAR

This is situate$ at .uru .ururu a(out "m otT the Soes$y"eCLin$en6igh8ay*

T8enty @0 heclares are culti!ate$ 8ith%ineCa%%les7 limes7 cashe87%eanuts

%a%a8s7 some !egeta(les7 !ine an$ rootcro%s*

FOOD ROCESSING UNIT

This 8as esta(lishe$ in 1943* The o(=ecti!es o this unit

are

Z* to teach stu$ents the (asic un$amentals o oo$ %rocessing an$nutrition

* to o%erate on a%artial commercial (asis

3* to gi!e stu$ents an insight into an im%ortant (ranch o AgriC(usiness*

SCIENCE LABORATORIES

The la(oratories are 8ell equi%%e$ to meet the nee$s o all stu$ents an$ onCgoing

e:%ansion %rogrammes* The #iology7 +hysics an$ hemistry La(oratories are

use$mainly (y irst year stu$ents 8hile the ne8%lant an$ soil science sections

areutili?e$mainly(y inal year stu$ents*

ANAGEENTAND FUNDING

The +rinci%al7 8ho is also -e%uty hairman o the #oar$7 6ea$s the

Management

Team in the $ay to $ay A$ministration o


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resources*

The un$s or the institution accrue rom oursources*

An annual go!ernment su(!ention un$ or recurrent an$ ca%ital e:%en$iture

harges or(oar$ing

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3* Re!enue rom arms an$ 5oo$ +rocessing Unit

2* An ,n$o8ment 5un$

/uyana School o Agriculture %lays an acti!e role in training stu$ents rom o!erseas territories inclu$ing

Antigua7 the #ahamas7 #eli?e7 -ominica7 /rena$a7 Montserrat7 St .itts C Ne!is7 St incent in the

ari((ean area an$ Vim(a(8e an$ Nigeria in Arica*

Re#e$!+h %#&&)&"%#

The National Agricultural Research Institute @N*A*R*I 8as esta(lishe$ in 19)* The mission statement o

this Institute is To a$!ise on an$ $e!elo% technologies an$ systems or sustaine$ Agriculture

-e!elo%ment* This institution is go!erne$ (y a committee o ten mem(ers 8ho are un$er the $irection o

the Ministry o Agriculture* N*A*R*I 8as recently rename$ N*A*R*,*I \ National Agricultural Research

an$ ,:tension Institute an$ ta"es on the same role as N*A*R*I 8ith the inclusion o the e:tension

com%onent*

The main o(=ecti!e o this institute is to e$ucate the armers on the (est metho$s o %ro%agation an$

systems o era$ication o %ests an$ $iseases in cro%s*

S%ecially traine$ ,:tension 5iel$ Oicers are engage$ in iel$ an$ la(oratory e:%eriments in the eort o

gaining ne8 techniques or im%ro!e$ !arieties*

There are three (ranches o o%eration

Mon Re%os

#urma

,(ini

At Mon Re%os there is a iel$ research unit 8ith the ollo8ing sections

The Li(rary

The +lant Tissue ulture La(oratory

The Fee$ 6er(arium La(oratory

The Soil hemistry La(oratory

The +lant +athology La(oratory

The See$ Technology La(oratory

,ntomology La(oratory

Soil Sur!ey La(oratory

5iel$ ,qui%ment Maintenance La(oratory

6osororo7 agricultural Station

,(ini Li!estoc" Station

St Ignatius Li!estoc" Station entral 6orticultural Station \ At"inson 5iel$

oastal +lains 5iel$ Research Unit at #urma @192

oastal +lains 5iel$ Research Uint at Mahicony

Interme$iate Sa!annahs 5iel$ Research Unit at ,(ini

oconut See$ /ar$en @19'

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)!'$ !$%+h

This is (asically the research on rice or the %ro$uction o im%ro!e$ an$ resistant !arieties*

E5% !$%+h

A research centre in o%eration or the %ro%agation o selecte$ cro%s in the IntermeC $iate Sa!annahs*

L"+$/ '$!,e&% %#&&)&"%

The Ne8 /uyana Mar"eting or%oration 8as the /uyana Mar"eting or%oration 8hich 8as orme$ in

19'3* This inclu$e$ the 6am an$ #acon 5actory7 the 5ish Mar"eting entre7 the +rocessing 5actory7 the

Mil" +asteuri?ation +lant an$ +ro$uce -e%ots*

This cor%oration han$le$ the trans%ortation7 storage7 %ac"aging an$ communication o highly %erisha(le

%ro$ucts o !aria(le quality7 8hich 8ere gra%hically $is%erse$* To$ay (ecause o many $iiculties this

cor%oration 8as orce$ to change course*

6o8e!er it 8as elt that the /o!ernment nee$e$ to ha!e a more in$irect role in the mar"eting o nonC

tra$itional agricultural %ro$uce* This (rought a(out the ormation o a Ne8 Mar"eting or%oration 8ith a

ne8 strategy* This ne8 cor%oration is the go!ernment agency or im%ro!ing mar"et access an$ or

%ro!i$ing mar"et intelligence* It is res%onsi(le or the collection7 analysis an$ $issemination o mar"et

inormation* In a$$ition to this7 the cor%oration analyses mar"et %erormance* It recommen$s to

/o!ernment7 8ays to re$uce trans%ortation cost an$ to increase %rocessing o agricultural %ro$uce* The

im%ro!ement o gra$ing7 %ac"aging an$ storage is an essential area o a$$itional res%onsi(ility since it

a$$resses the issue o losses o8ing to %ostChar!est han$ling*

This cor%oration coCor$inates the acti!ities o the $omestic an$ o!erseas

mar"ets (y %erorming the ollo8ing unctions)$%&&( "* !")+e #h%/ *!"' &he

A//"% $%'$/# &" " I%&" &he $#&)!e &"/&$

An en?yme 8hich s%lits%roteins into

%oly%e%ti$es the stomach

Short chains o amino aci$s

The male organ o co%ulation an$ o

urinary e:cretion* It consists o a root7

(o$y an$ glans%enis

A%oly%e%ti$o 8hich s%lits u% into t8o or

more amino aci$s

A class o com%oun$s 8hich is com%ose$

o many amino aci$s 8hich contain car(on7

hy$rogen7 o:ygen7 nitrogen an$ sometimes

sul%hur

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-

-

+u(erty - The%erio$ $uring 8hich Secon$ary

Se:characteristics are $e!elo%e$ an$

animals are ca%a(le o se:ual

re%ro$uction

+utrey To $ecom%ose 8ith a oul smell

uarantine A%erio$ o isolation im%ose$ on%ersons

oranimals that ha!e arri!e$ rom

else8here or(een e:%ose$ to7 an$ might

s%rea$7 inections or contagious $isease*

Ruminate he8 the cu$P reCmasticate a(olus o oo$8hich has(een regurgitate$ rom the rumen

Scal$ing Loosening the hair an$ scru rom the s"in

Scra%ing Remo!ing hair an$ scru rom the(o$y

Scrotum An e:ternal%ouch 8hich contains the testes

an$ other accessory $uct

Sire Male%arent

Starch ar(ohy$rate 8ith the general ormula

@' 0)n rom many%lant tissues

Sterility The ina(ility o an organism to%ro$uce

os%ring

Stimulus hange in the en!ironment o a ner!e

8hich8ill cause it to%ro$uce an action

%otentialan$ transmit an im%ulse* It can(e

%hysical orchemical


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0


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Documents

Agricultural Science for Secondary School Book 3.doc