AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTES OF PLANTING AND VARIED …

World Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development Vol.4, No.1, March 2019, pp. 1Available online at

Research article

AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTESCoix-

OF PLANTING AND VARIED LEVELS OF

Cecilia C. Basser, Sonnie A. Vedra, Helen J. Vicente, Jessie G. Gorospe,

ABSTRACT

A randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of different distances of planting and varied levels of vermin Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3 treatments tested in factor A and 4 treatments in factor B in 15 treatment combinations with 3 gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stemthe following particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30 days of sowing until 90 days ranged from 104 to 130 cm, (3) number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 for each adlay plant, (4) number of productivcm, (6) number of panicle stem(8) weight of 1000 grains ranged from 88 to 101 g, (9) yield of adlay pshow that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the Philippine National Standards set at 5combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied levels of vermicast did not affect the growth development and yield of in all treatments also exhibitedsignificant differences (P<0.05). The adoption of adlay and proper technology by using the proper distance like 75 cm x 40 cm and application of 2.45 kg plotor better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce productive costs. Consequently, this could provide greater financial stability for small farmers and mfarming system more sustainable and suitable particularly for labor much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. Having adlay in farms not onlyLikewise, a demo farm should be constructed to allow an onsimilar study could be conducted in other places by using different

World Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development Vol.4, No.1, March 2019, pp. 1Available online at http://www.wjaerd.com

Research article

AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTES-lacryma


Cecilia C. Basser, Sonnie A. Vedra, Helen J. Vicente, Jessie G. Gorospe, Rodolfo B. Trinidad

This work is licensed under a

ABSTRACT

A randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of different distances of planting and varied levels of vermin Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3 treatments tested in factor A and 4 treatments in factor B in 15 treatment combinations with 3 gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stem

ing particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30 days of sowing until 90 days ranged from 104 to 130 cm, (3) number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 for each adlay plant, (4) number of productivcm, (6) number of panicle stem(8) weight of 1000 grains ranged from 88 to 101 g, (9) yield of adlay pshow that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the Philippine National Standards set at 5combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied levels of vermicast did not affect the growth development and yield of in all treatments also exhibitedsignificant differences (P<0.05). The adoption of adlay and proper technology by using the proper distance like 75 cm x 40 cm and application of 2.45 kg plotor better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce productive costs. Consequently, this could provide greater financial stability for small farmers and mfarming system more sustainable and suitable particularly for labor much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. Having adlay in farms not onlyLikewise, a demo farm should be constructed to allow an onsimilar study could be conducted in other places by using different

World Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development Vol.4, No.1, March 2019, pp. 1-17,

http://www.wjaerd.com

AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTESlacryma-jobi L.,


Cecilia C. Basser, Sonnie A. Vedra, Helen J. Vicente, Jessie G. Gorospe, Rodolfo B. Trinidad

Mindanao State University at Naawan9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

This work is licensed under a

A randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of different distances of planting and varied levels of vermin Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3 treatments tested in factor A and 4 treatments in factor B in 15 treatment combinations with 3 gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stem-1, number of grains panicle

ing particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30 days of sowing until 90 days ranged from 104 to 130 cm, (3) number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 for each adlay plant, (4) number of productivcm, (6) number of panicle stem-1 ranged from 8 to 11, (7) number of grains panicle(8) weight of 1000 grains ranged from 88 to 101 g, (9) yield of adlay pshow that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the Philippine National Standards set at 5combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied levels of vermicast did not affect the growth development and yield of in all treatments also exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) but the yield in tons showed highly significant differences (P<0.05). The adoption of adlay and proper technology by using the proper distance like 75 cm x 40 cm and application of 2.45 kg plotor better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce productive costs. Consequently, this could provide greater financial stability for small farmers and mfarming system more sustainable and suitable particularly for labor much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. Having adlay in farms not only serve as staple substitute but an extra income and a source of health benefits. Likewise, a demo farm should be constructed to allow an onsimilar study could be conducted in other places by using different

World Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development , E-ISSN: 2379


AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTESL., AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES

OF PLANTING AND VARIED LEVELS OF VERMICASTS

Cecilia C. Basser, Sonnie A. Vedra, Helen J. Vicente, Jessie G. Gorospe, Rodolfo B. Trinidad and Wenceslao A. Coronado


E-mail: [email protected]

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

A randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of Coix lacrymadifferent distances of planting and varied levels of vermin Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3 treatments tested in factor A and 4 treatments in factor B in 15 treatment combinations with 3 gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of

, number of grains panicleing particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30

days of sowing until 90 days ranged from 104 to 130 cm, (3) number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 for each adlay plant, (4) number of productive tillers ranged from 5 to 9, (5) length of panicle ranged from 11 to 16

ranged from 8 to 11, (7) number of grains panicle(8) weight of 1000 grains ranged from 88 to 101 g, (9) yield of adlay pshow that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the Philippine National Standards set at 5-10% total NPK and a moisture content of 10combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied levels of vermicast did not affect the growth development and yield of

no significant differences (P>0.05) but the yield in tons showed highly significant differences (P<0.05). The adoption of adlay and proper technology by using the proper distance like 75 cm x 40 cm and application of 2.45 kg plot-1 or 40 bags haor better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce productive costs. Consequently, this could provide greater financial stability for small farmers and mfarming system more sustainable and suitable particularly for labor much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides.

serve as staple substitute but an extra income and a source of health benefits. Likewise, a demo farm should be constructed to allow an onsimilar study could be conducted in other places by using different

World Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development ISSN: 2379 - 9250

AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTESAT DIFFERENT DISTANCES


Cecilia C. Basser, Sonnie A. Vedra, Helen J. Vicente, Jessie G. Gorospe, and Wenceslao A. Coronado


[email protected]

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

A randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to

Coix lacryma-jobi different distances of planting and varied levels of vermicast and fertilizer application in the demonstration farm in Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3 treatments tested in factor A and 4 treatments in factor B in 15 treatment combinations with 3 gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of

, number of grains panicle-1, weight of 1000 grains, ing particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30

days of sowing until 90 days ranged from 104 to 130 cm, (3) number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 for e tillers ranged from 5 to 9, (5) length of panicle ranged from 11 to 16

ranged from 8 to 11, (7) number of grains panicle(8) weight of 1000 grains ranged from 88 to 101 g, (9) yield of adlay pshow that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the

10% total NPK and a moisture content of 10combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied levels of vermicast did not affect the growth development and yield of

no significant differences (P>0.05) but the yield in tons showed highly significant differences (P<0.05). The adoption of adlay and proper technology by using the proper distance like

or 40 bags ha-1 of vermor better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce productive costs. Consequently, this could provide greater financial stability for small farmers and mfarming system more sustainable and suitable particularly for labor much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides.

serve as staple substitute but an extra income and a source of health benefits. Likewise, a demo farm should be constructed to allow an on-site learning hub for the farmers. Furthermore, similar study could be conducted in other places by using different

World Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development

AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTES OF ADLAYAT DIFFERENT DISTANCES



Mindanao State University at Naawan 9023 Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

[email protected]


A randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to jobi L. and its sustainability in terms of the

icast and fertilizer application in the demonstration farm in Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3 treatments tested in factor A and 4 treatments in factor B in 15 treatment combinations with 3 gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of

, weight of 1000 grains, ing particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30


ranged from 8 to 11, (7) number of grains panicle(8) weight of 1000 grains ranged from 88 to 101 g, (9) yield of adlay plot-1 ranged from 3 to 4 t hashow that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the

10% total NPK and a moisture content of 10combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied levels of vermicast did not affect the growth development and yield of C. lacryma


of vermicast (D1L5) which yielded the highest or better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce productive costs. Consequently, this could provide greater financial stability for small farmers and mfarming system more sustainable and suitable particularly for labor – intensive. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides.

serve as staple substitute but an extra income and a source of health benefits. site learning hub for the farmers. Furthermore,

distances of planting and levels of vermicast

OF ADLAYAT DIFFERENT DISTANCES




A randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to L. and its sustainability in terms of the

icast and fertilizer application in the demonstration farm in Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3 treatments tested in factor A and 4 treatments in factor B in 15 treatment combinations with 3 gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of

, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yielding particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30


ranged from 8 to 11, (7) number of grains panicle-1 ranged of 14 to 19 grains, ranged from 3 to 4 t ha

show that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the 10% total NPK and a moisture content of 10-35%.

combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied C. lacryma-jobi L. The 1000 dried adlay


icast (D1L5) which yielded the highest or better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce productive costs. Consequently, this could provide greater financial stability for small farmers and m

intensive. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides.



OF ADLAY, AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES


Cecilia C. Basser, Sonnie A. Vedra, Helen J. Vicente, Jessie G. Gorospe,

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


icast and fertilizer application in the demonstration farm in Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3 treatments tested in factor A and 4 treatments in factor B in 15 treatment combinations with 3 replicates. Data gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of

grain yield.Adlay had ing particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30


ranged of 14 to 19 grains, ranged from 3 to 4 t ha-1. This result

show that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the 35%. The treatment

combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied L. The 1000 dried adlay


icast (D1L5) which yielded the highest or better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce productive costs. Consequently, this could provide greater financial stability for small farmers and making

intensive. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides.



1

AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES


icast and fertilizer application in the demonstration farm in Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Del Norte from February 2017 to November 2017. There were 3

replicates. Data gathered were days to maturity, plant height, number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of

Adlay had ing particular characteristics: (1) days to maturity were at 193 to 203 days, (2) plant height from 30


ranged of 14 to 19 grains, This result

show that the vermicast applied to adlay were within the range of values for organic fertilizers specified on the ment

combinations exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05) and therefore the different distances and varied L. The 1000 dried adlay


icast (D1L5) which yielded the highest or better could be highly recommended to ensure efficient resource utilization, restore soil fertility and reduce

aking intensive. Since adlay did not require

much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. serve as staple substitute but an extra income and a source of health benefits.

site learning hub for the farmers. Furthermore, distances of planting and levels of vermicast

World Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development Vol.4, No.1, March 2019, pp. 1-17, E-ISSN: 2379 - 9250 Available online at http://www.wjaerd.com

2

application to Coix lacryma-jobi L to compare the effect under different environmental conditions. Copyright © WJAERD, all rights reserved.

Keywords: Coix lacryma-jobi L., vermicast, growth and yield performance INTRODUCTION

Most of the Filipinos face the price hike of the staple food today. The Philippines must not face this problem since the Philippines is an agricultural country. Rice is the primary staple of the country yet the Phiippines is not rice self-sufficient. Basically, Filipinos are eating too much rice and, at the same time, are wasting too much rice. It is known that every Filipino wastes about two tablespoons of cooked rice daily which is equivalent to PhP 6.2B or the consumption of 2.6M Filipinos a year that could already feed thousands of hungry mouths (Abellon, 2013).

Apparently, one discovery was done on September 2010, a crop that resembles and tastes like rice, and was abundant in the country since the ancient times but was not known for its capability as an alternative staple food–the C. lacryma-jobi L. or adlay or Job’s tears. It is grown in South Asia mainly by the natives of various ethnic groups of Mongolian origin. The North-eastern region of India is a center of variability of the genus, Coix. The edible grain (known as adlay or adlai in the Philippines) has been under cultivation in India for some 3000-4000 years. The plant was being grown in the remote past as a minor cereal or fodder and grown extensively by the farmers in North-eastern India (Hore and Rathi, 2007). To provide solutions in addressing issue of food security, one of the initiatives that the government is undertaking is the promotion and utilization of indigenous and naturally abundant crop such as adlay, which can be alternative to the Filipino staples, rice and corn. Adlay has high production in the highlands and it even tolerates low pH. It can be grown even in barren lands. The crop grows well in sloping areas, tolerates water logging, and it is pest-resistant.

Job’s tears is commonly known as Coix, which originated from India and now is endemic to South East Asia region such as China, Japan, the Philippines, Burma, and Thailand. Their seeds have been used to make a variety of products. The mature seeds after de-hulling and cleaning are boiled and eaten with cooked rice. The pounded flour is sometimes also mixed with water and taken as such as cooling drink like barely or flour water (Kutschera and Krasaekoopt, 2012). It is used as traditional medicine and supplementary medical food in China. The seed coat is removed and the seeds are consumed whole in Thailand. The seeds are also boiled with water to produce beverage product, which is available in the market as an alternative healthy food. The beneficial effects of Job’s tears are reducing liver fat accumulation, protecting from tumor stimulating compounds, protecting against viral infection, reducing allergic reaction, reducing coronary artery disease and arthrosclerosis and reducing osteoporosis (Chang, et al., 2003; Hung and Chang, 2003; Chun, et al., 2004; Yu, et al., 2011). In addition, Job’s tear grain can be polished and milled as flour and used as food ingredients in many kinds of products. Application of this flour in bakery products is also of interest. Due to the lack of gluten, dough made from Job’s tear flour will not be raised. A good mixture in bakery products is 70% wheat flour and 30% Job’s tear flour. Many studies reported the use of Job’s tear flour in cookies and bread (Chawakorn, 2006; Cheappensuk, 2006; Reungkajorn, et al., 2007), and in butter cake (Kutschera, 2011). The root and seed of Coix are very versatile and they can also be used as folk medicines. People take Job’s tears for hay fever, high cholesterol, cancer, obesity, and respiratory tract infections. Many scholars have reported its bioactive compounds that has anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, and anti-virus pharmacological activity (Bao, et al., 2005;Lu, et al., 2011).

Yields vary as to strains cultivated in different countries: yield of unhusked grains in Philippine Islands is about 3.5 t ha-1; in Sri Lanka, 2.1 t ha-1. Adlay is extensively cultivated in Philippine Islands, Indochina, Thailand, Burma and Sri Lanka, and is used as an auxiliary food crop, especially as a Job’s tears is available in the substitute for rice. It does not enter international trade, although it is used locally in large quantities (Kumar, et al., 2014). The yield of Coix is not determined by one single factor but by the product of three factors: 1000-grain weight, grain number, and effective panicles (Yao, et al., 2013).

The evaluation of the phytonutrients in adlay showed that the average total vitamin E content is 37.38 mg kg-1 (Bhandari, et al., 2012). Two major components of vitamin E were γ-tocopherol (14.76 mg kg-1) and γ-tocotrienol (14.18 mg kg-1), corresponding to 39.5 and 37.9% of the total vitamin E content, respectively. Tested varieties exhibited squalene content ranging from 31.23 to 55.00 mg kg-1, with an average of 41.24 mg kg-1. The contents of the phytosterols: campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were 80.43, 131.1, and 313.38 mg kg-1, respectively. Of the 6 detected fatty acids, the major fatty acids were oleic (46.3%) and linoleic acids (37.4%). Seed squalene content exhibited high correlationship with phytosterols, but not with tocopherols.


3

Among the tested varieties, variety Yulmu 1 showed a relatively higher proportion of phytonutrients, suggesting its potential as a gene source for further breeding.

Job’s tear has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a nourishing cereal (Chaisiricharoenkul, et al., 2011). It is added in soups and broths in the form of flour or whole grain. In Japan and Thailand, a non-dairy drink from market as an alternative health food. Animal and human clinical trials demonstrated that the consumption of dehulled flour and seed of Job’s tear can improve lipid metabolism, thereby decreasing the risk of heart diseases. In addition, dehulled flour and seed of adlay could reduce liver fat accumulation and protect from tumor stimulating compounds (Chang, et al., 2003). Some bioactive compounds in Job’s tear, especially coixenolide, inhibited tumors, prevented cancer and protected against viral infection.

In support of the extension agenda and programs 2011-2016, the Department of Agriculture (DA) through the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) promotes the production of adlay not only in Mindanao but throughout the country. However, local farmers are reluctant to try growing adlay in their farms since the crop is not yet familiar to them and they are afraid that it is not acceptable to the members of their family and to the population of Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte. Adlay is a newly introduced crop and has not been subjected to much research. This research work would pave the way for the adoption and acceptance of adlay as alternative source of food in Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte, Philippines. In addition, this study focused on comparing which of the varying levels of vermicast would give the best result in terms of growth and yield of adlay planted at different distances and could determine some physico-chemical properties of the soil that might affect the yield performance of adlay. This study assumed that the socio-demographic, economic, and political and institutional factors and the physico-chemical characteristics of soil had no significant relationship on the sustainability of adlay as alternative source of staple food in Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte, Philippines.

This research work is intended to look for alternative source of staple food so that the government should no longer import rice from other countries in times of food crisis. Although adlay is abundantly growing in some parts of the country like in Bukidnon and Zamboanga Peninsula, it has not been introduced to most of the Filipinos. It is just recently that adlay has been the subject of R&D program of the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Research because of its potential as food, feed and medicine sources. Underutilized plant species such as adlay has been found to ameliorate environmental sustainability and combating land degradation and food security issue. The different products of adlay are utilized as indigenous source of medicine, animal fodder and food for indigenous people. Adlay can diversify vulnerable livelihood by providing better opportunities for improvement in family income (Freiberger, et al., 2005). Job's tear is considered to be a good substitute for rice. Rather, it isconsidered to be more wholesome by virtue of its higher fat and protein content. It can be used in preparation of any food item that is usually made from rice with same degree of palatability. Milling and baking trials in Philippines showed that its flour is suitable for baking purposes when mixed with wheat. The fruits are used in medicine either as tincture or as decoction for catarrhal infection of the air passage and inflammation of the urinary passage. The foliage may be used as fodder for cattle, horses and elephants. It can also be turned into silage (Dua, et al., 2009). Despite the bio-potentials of adlay and its production, this study centered its scope on gathering perceptions on the adoption of adlay as alternative source of staple food in Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte. Further, it also described the utilization of vermicast as source of organic fertilizer in the production of adlay as conducted in Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study area

The experimental demo farm was established in Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines. This area was chosen because the farm is suitable for field study. Duration of the study

This study was conducted from Febraury to November 2017 at the specified demo farm in Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte. This was the time allotted for field experiment that kept away the undesirable effects of Northeast moonsoon wind that usually commenced in the middle part of December. Proper timing for adlay harvest, by this allotted planting period, could minimize losses of grains. The vermicast

Vermicast was produced from three different substrate materials such as carabao manure, goat manure and cow manure. The vermi bed was constructed near the experimental area having three compartments to


4

accommodate the three substrate materials and to avoid mixtures of the different vermicast during application to the field prior to planting.

Figure 1. Location of the study area in Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte Philippines.

Experimental design and land preparation

An area was laid in 3 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). There were 3 distances of planting tested in Factor A while 5 levels of vermcast were tested in Factor B. There were 15 treatment combinations and were replicated 3 times.

The area was prepared thoroughly by plowing and harrowing three times through the use of Carabao. Each operation was done with an interval of one week. The soil was pulverized to allow the weeds to decompose and to allow the weed seeds to germinate for easy eradication. Field layout followed after the last harrowing operation. Preparation and application of vermicast

Different levels of vermicast were weighed a day before sowing the seeds. Weighing was done by the use of a Ohaus digital weighing scale to be accurate in the desired amount to be used. This was prepared according to treatment plot-1 to be studied. Each weighed vermicast was placed in plastic bags with proper label to avoid mistakes in application. Application of vermicast was done basally one day before sowing the seeds Sowing and thinning

Seeds of adlay were soaked in tap water for 4 h prior to planting to assure higher percentage of seed germination in the field. Planting was done in one day at the rate of 3 seeds hill-1 at a distance specified in the study. Depth of planting was done 2 times the size of the seed (Bautista, 1994).

Thinning was done 2 wk after planting. Non-vigorous seedlings were pulled out leaving 2 vigorous seedlings hill-1. This was done late in the afternoon when the temperature is cool. Weeding and cultivation

Hand weeding at the same time cultivation with the use of trowel was performed on the 15th and 30th days after sowing. This operation was done to eradicate the weeds that competed with the adlay plants.


Control of pests and diseasesAn Agro

seedlings. Counting of pests and natural enemies present in plants were recorded throughout the duration of the study. Botanical insecticides were applied if there are plenty of pests present at Harvesting and postharvest operations

Harvesting was done when the grains of the panicle will be about 80% brown in color. The stems were cut leaving at least three nodes from the ground level to facilitate ratooning. Grains were seppanicle by foot threshing and/or smashing the panicles inside the sack. Threshed grains were cleaned, winnowed and dried under the sun to approximately 14% moisture content prior to storage. Data gathering number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stemof grains panicle RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Days to maturity

Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only, as observed in Plot D2L1 without vermicast applied hectareapplied per hectareearlier than in plots without vermicast applied. In fact, it only incurred a mean difference of only 7 days. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observethat application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent some adverse impacts of climatic varimaturity of adlay lengthened with the increasing levels of vermicast Burnette (2012). The grain filling of adlay takes another two months from days to flower to mature. The stalkmature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012) observed that rows distances significantly influenced the days to maturity of adlay. Casite (2012) and AmOblero (2012) found non

Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P>0.01) on days to maturity of plants with varying levels of vermicast and different distanobserved. This implies that the levels of vermicast improved the growth performance of the poor quality seeds of adlay. Similar finding was reported by Vallador (1998) in rice exposed to accele

Figure 2. del Norte.

Plant heightIn terms of plant height from 30 days of sowing until 90 days, the height ranged

(Figure 3A and Bvermicast applied per hectare, respectively. A mean difference of 26 cm was observed, and might be due to differences in the amount of vermicast applrainfall. The difference observed among the heights of adlay in various treatments is significant (P<0.05), and


Control of pests and diseasesAn Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AESA)

seedlings. Counting of pests and natural enemies present in plants were recorded throughout the duration of the study. Botanical insecticides were applied if there are plenty of pests present at

Harvesting and postharvest operationsHarvesting was done when the grains of the panicle will be about 80% brown in color. The stems were

cut leaving at least three nodes from the ground level to facilitate ratooning. Grains were seppanicle by foot threshing and/or smashing the panicles inside the sack. Threshed grains were cleaned, winnowed and dried under the sun to approximately 14% moisture content prior to storage.

Data gathering for a Data on various agronomic characteristics of adlay included: days to maturity, plant height,

number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stemof grains panicle-1, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Days to maturity Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only,

as observed in Plot D2L1 without vermicast applied hectareapplied per hectare (Figure 2)earlier than in plots without vermicast applied. In fact, it only incurred a mean difference of only 7 days. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observethat application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent some adverse impacts of climatic varimaturity of adlay lengthened with the increasing levels of vermicast Burnette (2012). The grain filling of adlay takes another two months from days to flower to mature. The stalkmature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012) observed that rows distances significantly influenced the days to maturity of adlay. Casite (2012) and AmOblero (2012) found non


2. Number of days to maturity of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao

Plant height

In terms of plant height from 30 days of sowing until 90 days, the height ranged(Figure 3A and B). This was particularly observed in Plot D1L4 and in Plot D3L5 with 30 and 40 bags of vermicast applied per hectare, respectively. A mean difference of 26 cm was observed, and might be due to differences in the amount of vermicast applrainfall. The difference observed among the heights of adlay in various treatments is significant (P<0.05), and



Control of pests and diseases Ecosystem Analysis (AESA)

seedlings. Counting of pests and natural enemies present in plants were recorded throughout the duration of the study. Botanical insecticides were applied if there are plenty of pests present at

Harvesting and postharvest operationsHarvesting was done when the grains of the panicle will be about 80% brown in color. The stems were


for agronomic characteristicsData on various agronomic characteristics of adlay included: days to maturity, plant height,

number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stem, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield.


Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only, as observed in Plot D2L1 without vermicast applied hectare

(Figure 2). As observed, adlay planted in plots with vermicast applied relatively matured earlier than in plots without vermicast applied. In fact, it only incurred a mean difference of only 7 days. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observethat application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent some adverse impacts of climatic variability especially before the onset of strong winds during amihan. Days of maturity of adlay lengthened with the increasing levels of vermicast Burnette (2012). The grain filling of adlay takes another two months from days to flower to mature. The stalkmature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012) observed that rows distances significantly influenced the days to maturity of adlay. Casite (2012) and AmOblero (2012) found non-significant differences on days to maturity of the three adlay varieties.


Number of days to maturity of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao

In terms of plant height from 30 days of sowing until 90 days, the height ranged). This was particularly observed in Plot D1L4 and in Plot D3L5 with 30 and 40 bags of

vermicast applied per hectare, respectively. A mean difference of 26 cm was observed, and might be due to differences in the amount of vermicast applrainfall. The difference observed among the heights of adlay in various treatments is significant (P<0.05), and



Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) was employed every week starting a week after emergence of seedlings. Counting of pests and natural enemies present in plants were recorded throughout the duration of the study. Botanical insecticides were applied if there are plenty of pests present at

Harvesting and postharvest operations Harvesting was done when the grains of the panicle will be about 80% brown in color. The stems were


gronomic characteristicsData on various agronomic characteristics of adlay included: days to maturity, plant height,



Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only, as observed in Plot D2L1 without vermicast applied hectare

. As observed, adlay planted in plots with vermicast applied relatively matured earlier than in plots without vermicast applied. In fact, it only incurred a mean difference of only 7 days. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observethat application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent

ability especially before the onset of strong winds during amihan. Days of maturity of adlay lengthened with the increasing levels of vermicast Burnette (2012). The grain filling of adlay takes another two months from days to flower to mature. The stalkmature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012) observed that rows distances significantly influenced the days to maturity of adlay. Casite (2012) and Am

significant differences on days to maturity of the three adlay varieties.Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P>0.01) on days to maturity of plants with

varying levels of vermicast and different distances of planting, however there is no significant interaction observed. This implies that the levels of vermicast improved the growth performance of the poor quality seeds of adlay. Similar finding was reported by Vallador (1998) in rice exposed to accele



vermicast applied per hectare, respectively. A mean difference of 26 cm was observed, and might be due to differences in the amount of vermicast applied, and also, some factors like soil and water, temperature and rainfall. The difference observed among the heights of adlay in various treatments is significant (P<0.05), and


was employed every week starting a week after emergence of seedlings. Counting of pests and natural enemies present in plants were recorded throughout the duration of the study. Botanical insecticides were applied if there are plenty of pests present at

Harvesting was done when the grains of the panicle will be about 80% brown in color. The stems were cut leaving at least three nodes from the ground level to facilitate ratooning. Grains were seppanicle by foot threshing and/or smashing the panicles inside the sack. Threshed grains were cleaned, winnowed and dried under the sun to approximately 14% moisture content prior to storage.

gronomic characteristics Data on various agronomic characteristics of adlay included: days to maturity, plant height,


Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only, as observed in Plot D2L1 without vermicast applied hectare-1, and in P

. As observed, adlay planted in plots with vermicast applied relatively matured earlier than in plots without vermicast applied. In fact, it only incurred a mean difference of only 7 days. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed among the treatmentsthat application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent

ability especially before the onset of strong winds during amihan. Days of maturity of adlay lengthened with the increasing levels of vermicast Burnette (2012). The grain filling of adlay takes another two months from days to flower to mature. The stalkmature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012) observed that rows distances significantly influenced the days to maturity of adlay. Casite (2012) and Am


ces of planting, however there is no significant interaction observed. This implies that the levels of vermicast improved the growth performance of the poor quality seeds of adlay. Similar finding was reported by Vallador (1998) in rice exposed to accele



vermicast applied per hectare, respectively. A mean difference of 26 cm was observed, and might be due to ied, and also, some factors like soil and water, temperature and

rainfall. The difference observed among the heights of adlay in various treatments is significant (P<0.05), and


was employed every week starting a week after emergence of seedlings. Counting of pests and natural enemies present in plants were recorded throughout the duration of the study. Botanical insecticides were applied if there are plenty of pests present attacking the plants.


Data on various agronomic characteristics of adlay included: days to maturity, plant height,number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stem

Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only, , and in Plot D3L2 with 10 bags of vermica

. As observed, adlay planted in plots with vermicast applied relatively matured earlier than in plots without vermicast applied. In fact, it only incurred a mean difference of only 7 days.

d among the treatmentsthat application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent

ability especially before the onset of strong winds during amihan. Days of maturity of adlay lengthened with the increasing levels of vermicast Burnette (2012). The grain filling of adlay takes another two months from days to flower to mature. The stalk begins to dry when most of the seeds were mature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012) observed that rows distances significantly influenced the days to maturity of adlay. Casite (2012) and Am


ces of planting, however there is no significant interaction observed. This implies that the levels of vermicast improved the growth performance of the poor quality seeds of adlay. Similar finding was reported by Vallador (1998) in rice exposed to accele





was employed every week starting a week after emergence of seedlings. Counting of pests and natural enemies present in plants were recorded throughout the duration of the

tacking the plants.


Data on various agronomic characteristics of adlay included: days to maturity, plant height,number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stem

Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only, lot D3L2 with 10 bags of vermica


d among the treatments. The results would implies that application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent

ability especially before the onset of strong winds during amihan. Days of maturity of adlay lengthened with the increasing levels of vermicast Burnette (2012). The grain filling of adlay

begins to dry when most of the seeds were mature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012) observed that rows distances significantly influenced the days to maturity of adlay. Casite (2012) and Am

significant differences on days to maturity of the three adlay varieties. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P>0.01) on days to maturity of plants with

ces of planting, however there is no significant interaction observed. This implies that the levels of vermicast improved the growth performance of the poor quality seeds of adlay. Similar finding was reported by Vallador (1998) in rice exposed to accelerated aging condition.


In terms of plant height from 30 days of sowing until 90 days, the height ranged from 104 to 130 c). This was particularly observed in Plot D1L4 and in Plot D3L5 with 30 and 40 bags of




tacking the plants.

Harvesting was done when the grains of the panicle will be about 80% brown in color. The stems were cut leaving at least three nodes from the ground level to facilitate ratooning. Grains were separated from the panicle by foot threshing and/or smashing the panicles inside the sack. Threshed grains were cleaned,

Data on various agronomic characteristics of adlay included: days to maturity, plant height,number of vegetative tillers, number of productive tillers, length of panicle, number of panicles stem-1, number

Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only, lot D3L2 with 10 bags of vermica


. The results would implies that application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent


begins to dry when most of the seeds were mature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012) observed that rows distances significantly influenced the days to maturity of adlay. Casite (2012) and Amor and

Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P>0.01) on days to maturity of plants with

ces of planting, however there is no significant interaction observed. This implies that the levels of vermicast improved the growth performance of the poor quality seeds

rated aging condition.


from 104 to 130 c). This was particularly observed in Plot D1L4 and in Plot D3L5 with 30 and 40 bags of



5


Harvesting was done when the grains of the panicle will be about 80% brown in color. The stems were arated from the

panicle by foot threshing and/or smashing the panicles inside the sack. Threshed grains were cleaned,

Data on various agronomic characteristics of adlay included: days to maturity, plant height, , number

Days to maturity of adlay ranged from 193 to 203 days, and hence, a mean difference of 10 days only, lot D3L2 with 10 bags of vermicast


. The results would implies that application of vermicast might influence the maturity of adlay, and therefore, a better option to prevent


begins to dry when most of the seeds were mature. Alamag (2012) reported significant differences days to maturity of three varieties. Rinos (2012)

or and

Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P>0.01) on days to maturity of plants with ces of planting, however there is no significant interaction

observed. This implies that the levels of vermicast improved the growth performance of the poor quality seeds


from 104 to 130 cm ). This was particularly observed in Plot D1L4 and in Plot D3L5 with 30 and 40 bags of




this difference might be due to some environmental factors affecting the heigh60 and 90 days after sowing and at maturity showed a highly significant. Plants applied with different levels of vermicast are significantly different which indicates that the vermicast applied is greatly influenced thof adlay. The result was concurred by the findings of Moraditochaee, et al. (2012) and Wajid, et al. (2007) on corn, Ali, et al. (2011) and Kandil, et al. (2011) on wheat crop, Achakzai (2012) on pea, Aminifard, et al. (2012) on paprika pepper, Hobserved significant increase of plant height.

Adlay plant with the different distance of planting applied with the varied levels of vermicast at the distance of 75 cmean of 136.16 cm followed by (D2L4) at a distance of 75 cm × 60 cm applied with 1.84 kg plotwith the mean of 129.64 cm. The shortest was exhibiteplanted with the distance of 75 cm × 40 cm with 2.45 kg plot

The analysis of variance (Table 5) proves that plant height of adlay plant at the differeplanting and applied with varied levels of vermicast exhibited significant (P>0.05) result among the sources of variation, and this differences might be due to some environmental factors affecting the height of the plant.

Figure 3. plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in the different treatments (B), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatments (C), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days aftin 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to D3L5 treatments

Number of vegetative tillers The number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 tille

particularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the difference in the num40 bags ha

A

C


this difference might be due to some environmental factors affecting the heigh60 and 90 days after sowing and at maturity showed a highly significant. Plants applied with different levels of vermicast are significantly different which indicates that the vermicast applied is greatly influenced thof adlay. The result was concurred by the findings of Moraditochaee, et al. (2012) and Wajid, et al. (2007) on corn, Ali, et al. (2011) and Kandil, et al. (2011) on wheat crop, Achakzai (2012) on pea, Aminifard, et al. (2012) on paprika pepper, Hussain, et al. (2006), on bread wheat and Togay, et al. (2005) on many legumes crop which observed significant increase of plant height.

Adlay plant with the different distance of planting applied with the varied levels of vermicast at the distance of 75 cm × 80 cm applied with 2.45 kg plotmean of 136.16 cm followed by (D2L4) at a distance of 75 cm × 60 cm applied with 1.84 kg plotwith the mean of 129.64 cm. The shortest was exhibiteplanted with the distance of 75 cm × 40 cm with 2.45 kg plot


Figure 3. Height of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte (A), plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in the different treatments (B), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatments (C), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days aftin 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to D3L5 treatments

Number of vegetative tillers The number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 tille

particularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the difference in the number of vegetative tillers could be attributed to the amount of vermicast applied from 10 to 40 bags ha-1. As presented, number of tillers was affected by the application of vermicast applied with 10 to 40



this difference might be due to some environmental factors affecting the heigh60 and 90 days after sowing and at maturity showed a highly significant. Plants applied with different levels of vermicast are significantly different which indicates that the vermicast applied is greatly influenced thof adlay. The result was concurred by the findings of Moraditochaee, et al. (2012) and Wajid, et al. (2007) on corn, Ali, et al. (2011) and Kandil, et al. (2011) on wheat crop, Achakzai (2012) on pea, Aminifard, et al. (2012)

ussain, et al. (2006), on bread wheat and Togay, et al. (2005) on many legumes crop which observed significant increase of plant height.

Adlay plant with the different distance of planting applied with the varied levels of vermicast at the m × 80 cm applied with 2.45 kg plot

mean of 136.16 cm followed by (D2L4) at a distance of 75 cm × 60 cm applied with 1.84 kg plotwith the mean of 129.64 cm. The shortest was exhibiteplanted with the distance of 75 cm × 40 cm with 2.45 kg plot


Height of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte (A), plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in the different treatments (B), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatments (C), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L1 to D2L5 treatments (D), and in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to D3L5 treatments

Number of vegetative tillers

The number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 tilleparticularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the

ber of vegetative tillers could be attributed to the amount of vermicast applied from 10 to . As presented, number of tillers was affected by the application of vermicast applied with 10 to 40

E




ussain, et al. (2006), on bread wheat and Togay, et al. (2005) on many legumes crop which observed significant increase of plant height.

Adlay plant with the different distance of planting applied with the varied levels of vermicast at the m × 80 cm applied with 2.45 kg plot

mean of 136.16 cm followed by (D2L4) at a distance of 75 cm × 60 cm applied with 1.84 kg plotwith the mean of 129.64 cm. The shortest was exhibiteplanted with the distance of 75 cm × 40 cm with 2.45 kg plot


Height of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte (A), plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in the different treatments (B), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatments (C), Mean plant height (cm) of

er sowing in D2L1 to D2L5 treatments (D), and in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to D3L5 treatments

The number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 tilleparticularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the




ussain, et al. (2006), on bread wheat and Togay, et al. (2005) on many legumes crop which

Adlay plant with the different distance of planting applied with the varied levels of vermicast at the m × 80 cm applied with 2.45 kg plot-1 of vermicast (D3L5) obtained the tallest height with a

mean of 136.16 cm followed by (D2L4) at a distance of 75 cm × 60 cm applied with 1.84 kg plotwith the mean of 129.64 cm. The shortest was exhibited by (DiL5) of adlay plant with the mean of 104.05 cm planted with the distance of 75 cm × 40 cm with 2.45 kg plot-1 of vermicast



er sowing in D2L1 to D2L5 treatments (D), and in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to D3L5 treatments (E).

The number of vegetative tillers ranged from 6 to 9 tillers for each adlay plantparticularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the


B

D


this difference might be due to some environmental factors affecting the height of adlay. The plant height at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and at maturity showed a highly significant. Plants applied with different levels of vermicast are significantly different which indicates that the vermicast applied is greatly influenced thof adlay. The result was concurred by the findings of Moraditochaee, et al. (2012) and Wajid, et al. (2007) on corn, Ali, et al. (2011) and Kandil, et al. (2011) on wheat crop, Achakzai (2012) on pea, Aminifard, et al. (2012)


Adlay plant with the different distance of planting applied with the varied levels of vermicast at the of vermicast (D3L5) obtained the tallest height with a

mean of 136.16 cm followed by (D2L4) at a distance of 75 cm × 60 cm applied with 1.84 kg plotd by (DiL5) of adlay plant with the mean of 104.05 cm

of vermicast fertilizer applied (Figure 3C to EThe analysis of variance (Table 5) proves that plant height of adlay plant at the differe

planting and applied with varied levels of vermicast exhibited significant (P>0.05) result among the sources of variation, and this differences might be due to some environmental factors affecting the height of the plant.


er sowing in D2L1 to D2L5 treatments (D), and Mean plant height (cm) of adlay (E).

rs for each adlay plantparticularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the


t of adlay. The plant height at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and at maturity showed a highly significant. Plants applied with different levels of vermicast are significantly different which indicates that the vermicast applied is greatly influenced thof adlay. The result was concurred by the findings of Moraditochaee, et al. (2012) and Wajid, et al. (2007) on corn, Ali, et al. (2011) and Kandil, et al. (2011) on wheat crop, Achakzai (2012) on pea, Aminifard, et al. (2012)



mean of 136.16 cm followed by (D2L4) at a distance of 75 cm × 60 cm applied with 1.84 kg plotd by (DiL5) of adlay plant with the mean of 104.05 cm

fertilizer applied (Figure 3C to EThe analysis of variance (Table 5) proves that plant height of adlay plant at the differe



Mean plant height (cm) of adlay

rs for each adlay plant (Figure 4Aparticularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the


t of adlay. The plant height at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and at maturity showed a highly significant. Plants applied with different levels of vermicast are significantly different which indicates that the vermicast applied is greatly influenced the growth of adlay. The result was concurred by the findings of Moraditochaee, et al. (2012) and Wajid, et al. (2007) on corn, Ali, et al. (2011) and Kandil, et al. (2011) on wheat crop, Achakzai (2012) on pea, Aminifard, et al. (2012)



mean of 136.16 cm followed by (D2L4) at a distance of 75 cm × 60 cm applied with 1.84 kg plot-1 of vermicast d by (DiL5) of adlay plant with the mean of 104.05 cm

fertilizer applied (Figure 3C to E). The analysis of variance (Table 5) proves that plant height of adlay plant at the different distances of


Height of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte (A), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in the different treatments (B), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatments (C), Mean plant height (cm) of


(Figure 4A). This was particularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the


6

t of adlay. The plant height at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and at maturity showed a highly significant. Plants applied with different levels of

e growth of adlay. The result was concurred by the findings of Moraditochaee, et al. (2012) and Wajid, et al. (2007) on corn, Ali, et al. (2011) and Kandil, et al. (2011) on wheat crop, Achakzai (2012) on pea, Aminifard, et al. (2012)



of vermicast d by (DiL5) of adlay plant with the mean of 104.05 cm

nt distances of

planting and applied with varied levels of vermicast exhibited significant (P>0.05) result among the sources of

Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in the different treatments (B), Mean plant height (cm) of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatments (C), Mean plant height (cm) of


). This was particularly observed in plots without the application of vermicast, and in plots with varied amounts of vermicast applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) incurred among the treatments, and that the



bags of vermicast applied. However, different levAs noted, the number of vegetative tillers increases as applied with varied levels of vermicast. This could be attributed the fact that the highest application of vermicast affect the conplants. Highest number of tillers was observed in (D3L5) with the mean of 9.40, with the distance of 75 cm × 80 cm, applied with 2.45 kg plotof 75 cm x 80 cm and the lowest number of tillers was (D1L1) control with the mean of 6.02, with the distance of planting was 75 cm × 40 cm (Figdifferences observed among treatments on

Amor (2012) observed nonreported that among the organic fertilizervegetative tillers. Marara (2013) found that vegetative tillers per hill of adlay were significantly affectedby the different hills distances. Ybanez (2012) opined the application of of the different levels of vermicompost had no significant affects on the numbers of tillers hillamong the 3 adlay varieties in terms of vegetative tillers hill

Figure 4. del Norte (A), treatments, (B), treatments treatments D3L5 treatment

A

C


bags of vermicast applied. However, different levAs noted, the number of vegetative tillers increases as applied with varied levels of vermicast. This could be attributed the fact that the highest application of vermicast affect the conplants. Highest number of tillers was observed in (D3L5) with the mean of 9.40, with the distance of 75 cm × 80 cm, applied with 2.45 kg plotof 75 cm x 80 cm and the lowest number of tillers was (D1L1) control with the mean of 6.02, with the distance of planting was 75 cm × 40 cm (Figdifferences observed among treatments on

Amor (2012) observed nonreported that among the organic fertilizervegetative tillers. Marara (2013) found that vegetative tillers per hill of adlay were significantly affectedby the different hills distances. Ybanez (2012) opined the application of of the different levels of vermicompost had no

icant affects on the numbers of tillers hillamong the 3 adlay varieties in terms of vegetative tillers hill

. Number of vegetative tillers of (A), Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after so

treatments, (B), Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days (C), Mean number of vegetative tillers of (D), and Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1

D3L5 treatments.

A



bags of vermicast applied. However, different levAs noted, the number of vegetative tillers increases as applied with varied levels of vermicast. This could be attributed the fact that the highest application of vermicast affect the conplants. Highest number of tillers was observed in (D3L5) with the mean of 9.40, with the distance of 75 cm × 80 cm, applied with 2.45 kg plot-1 of vermicast, followed with (D3L3) with the mean of 9.30, with the distance of 75 cm x 80 cm and the lowest number of tillers was (D1L1) control with the mean of 6.02, with the distance of planting was 75 cm × 40 cm (Figure 4B to Edifferences observed among treatments on

Amor (2012) observed non-significant parameters in number of tillers per hill of adlay. Coles (2013) reported that among the organic fertilizervegetative tillers. Marara (2013) found that vegetative tillers per hill of adlay were significantly affectedby the different hills distances. Ybanez (2012) opined the application of of the different levels of vermicompost had no

icant affects on the numbers of tillers hillamong the 3 adlay varieties in terms of vegetative tillers hill

Number of vegetative tillers of Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after so

Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days Mean number of vegetative tillers of

Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1

E



bags of vermicast applied. However, different levels of vermicast significantly affected the production of tillers. As noted, the number of vegetative tillers increases as applied with varied levels of vermicast. This could be attributed the fact that the highest application of vermicast affect the conplants. Highest number of tillers was observed in (D3L5) with the mean of 9.40, with the distance of 75 cm ×

of vermicast, followed with (D3L3) with the mean of 9.30, with the distance of 75 cm x 80 cm and the lowest number of tillers was (D1L1) control with the mean of 6.02, with the distance

ure 4B to E). However, result show that there are significant (P<0.05) differences observed among treatments on vegetative tiller production in comparison with the control.

significant parameters in number of tillers per hill of adlay. Coles (2013) reported that among the organic fertilizer-treated adlay, significant differences were obsevegetative tillers. Marara (2013) found that vegetative tillers per hill of adlay were significantly affectedby the different hills distances. Ybanez (2012) opined the application of of the different levels of vermicompost had no

icant affects on the numbers of tillers hill-1. Omblero (2012) and Casite ( 2013 ) detected no variations among the 3 adlay varieties in terms of vegetative tillers hill

Number of vegetative tillers of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after so

Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days Mean number of vegetative tillers of



els of vermicast significantly affected the production of tillers. As noted, the number of vegetative tillers increases as applied with varied levels of vermicast. This could be attributed the fact that the highest application of vermicast affect the conplants. Highest number of tillers was observed in (D3L5) with the mean of 9.40, with the distance of 75 cm ×


). However, result show that there are significant (P<0.05) vegetative tiller production in comparison with the control.

significant parameters in number of tillers per hill of adlay. Coles (2013) treated adlay, significant differences were obse

vegetative tillers. Marara (2013) found that vegetative tillers per hill of adlay were significantly affectedby the different hills distances. Ybanez (2012) opined the application of of the different levels of vermicompost had no

. Omblero (2012) and Casite ( 2013 ) detected no variations among the 3 adlay varieties in terms of vegetative tillers hill-1.

adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after so

Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L1


B

D


els of vermicast significantly affected the production of tillers. As noted, the number of vegetative tillers increases as applied with varied levels of vermicast. This could be attributed the fact that the highest application of vermicast affect the condition of vigor and stand of adlay plants. Highest number of tillers was observed in (D3L5) with the mean of 9.40, with the distance of 75 cm ×



significant parameters in number of tillers per hill of adlay. Coles (2013) treated adlay, significant differences were obse


. Omblero (2012) and Casite ( 2013 ) detected no variations

adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after so

Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L1


els of vermicast significantly affected the production of tillers. As noted, the number of vegetative tillers increases as applied with varied levels of vermicast. This could be

dition of vigor and stand of adlay plants. Highest number of tillers was observed in (D3L5) with the mean of 9.40, with the distance of 75 cm ×



significant parameters in number of tillers per hill of adlay. Coles (2013) treated adlay, significant differences were observed on number of



adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L1 to D5L5

Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L1






significant parameters in number of tillers per hill of adlay. Coles (2013) rved on number of



adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao wing in D2L1 to D5L5

after sowing in D1L1 –D1L5 in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L1 –D2L5


7




). However, result show that there are significant (P<0.05)

significant parameters in number of tillers per hill of adlay. Coles (2013) rved on number of



adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao wing in D2L1 to D5L5

D1L5 D2L5

Mean number of vegetative tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 –


Number of productive tillersThe productive tillers were those tillers that had grains on it, and in this context, it ranged from 5 to 9

tillers that were productive (Figvermicast applied (Figobserved at plots with the most amount of vermicast was applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) observed, and that, this would imply that each adlay plant.

Figure 5. del Norte (A), treatments (B), Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D5L5 treatments (C), Mean number of productive tillers oftreatments (D) and D3L5 treatments

Data on the productive tillers showed that it was not affected by vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers increases as the kilogram of fertilizer increased. Highest number of productive tillers was obtaiwith the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are observed between the distance(P>0.05) were observed on the distance of planting and varied levels of vermicast.

C

A


Number of productive tillersThe productive tillers were those tillers that had grains on it, and in this context, it ranged from 5 to 9

tillers that were productive (Figst applied (Figure 5B to E

observed at plots with the most amount of vermicast was applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) observed, and that, this would imply that each adlay plant.

Figure 5. Number of productive tillers of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte (A), Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D5L5 treatments (B), Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D5L5 treatments (C), Mean number of productive tillers oftreatments (D) and Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to D3L5 treatments (E).

Data on the productive tillers showed that it was not affected by

vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers increases as the kilogram of fertilizer increased. Highest number of productive tillers was obtaiwith the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are observed between the distance(P>0.05) were observed on the distance of planting and varied levels of vermicast.

A



Number of productive tillers The productive tillers were those tillers that had grains on it, and in this context, it ranged from 5 to 9

tillers that were productive (Figure 5Aure 5B to E). Whereas, the relatively higher number of tillers that were productive were

observed at plots with the most amount of vermicast was applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) observed, and that, this would imply that

Number of productive tillers of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D5L5

treatments (B), Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D5L5 treatments (C), Mean number of productive tillers of

Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to

Data on the productive tillers showed that it was not affected by vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers increases as the kilogram of fertilizer increased. Highest number of productive tillers was obtaiwith the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are observed between the distance of 75 cm × 80 cm and 75 cm × 40 cm. Similarly, significant differences (P>0.05) were observed on the distance of planting and varied levels of vermicast.

E



The productive tillers were those tillers that had grains on it, and in this context, it ranged from 5 to 9 ure 5A). Tillers which had less production were those from plots without ). Whereas, the relatively higher number of tillers that were productive were

observed at plots with the most amount of vermicast was applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) observed, and that, this would imply that vermicast application could trigger productive number of tillers for


treatments (B), Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D5L5 treatments (C), Mean number of productive tillers of


Data on the productive tillers showed that it was not affected by vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers increases as the kilogram of fertilizer increased. Highest number of productive tillers was obtaiwith the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are

of 75 cm × 80 cm and 75 cm × 40 cm. Similarly, significant differences (P>0.05) were observed on the distance of planting and varied levels of vermicast.


The productive tillers were those tillers that had grains on it, and in this context, it ranged from 5 to 9 ). Tillers which had less production were those from plots without

). Whereas, the relatively higher number of tillers that were productive were observed at plots with the most amount of vermicast was applied. There is a significant difference (P<0.05)

vermicast application could trigger productive number of tillers for


treatments (B), Mean number of productive tillers of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D5L5 adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L1 to D2L5


Data on the productive tillers showed that it was not affected by vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers increases as the kilogram of fertilizer increased. Highest number of productive tillers was obtaiwith the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are


D

B








Data on the productive tillers showed that it was not affected by the application of varied levels level of vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers increases as the kilogram of fertilizer increased. Highest number of productive tillers was obtaiwith the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are








the application of varied levels level of vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers increases as the kilogram of fertilizer increased. Highest number of productive tillers was obtaiwith the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are








the application of varied levels level of vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers increases as the kilogram of fertilizer increased. Highest number of productive tillers was obtained by (D3L5) with the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are

of 75 cm × 80 cm and 75 cm × 40 cm. Similarly, significant differences

8







the application of varied levels level of vermicast significantly affected the number of productive tillers of adlay. As noted, number of productive tiilers

ned by (D3L5) with the mean of 9.03, followed by (D3L3) with the mean of 8.93 and the lowest number was (D1L1) which was observed with the mean of 5.86. Significant differences (P>0.05) on the number of productive tillers are

of 75 cm × 80 cm and 75 cm × 40 cm. Similarly, significant differences


Monteroyo (2012) opied the varying levels of vermicast significantly differed in the number of vegetative tillers. Coles (2013) reported that among the organic fertilizer treated adlay ,significant differences was observed on number of productive tillers while Ybanez (2012) observed the application of vermicompost had no significant affect on the numberproductive tillers. Bangod (2012) found that the numbers of tillers in Gulian variety was significantly affected by the different hill distances. Oblero (2012) and Casite (2013) detevarieties based on productive tillers hill

Length of panicle

The length of panicle (in cm) ranged from 11 to 16 cm as observed in Plot D1L5 and(Figure 6Awithout vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of vermicast application show significant result on the length of panicle of adlay production. Thdifferences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2) with the mean of 90.23, and the lowest was (D1L4) with thMonteroyo (2012) reportof panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken dung, goat manure and vermicast, significantly variedpanicle. In contrast, Amor (2012) discovered nonstudied in CMU, Musuan condition.

Figure 6. (A), Mean length of panicles stem(B), Mean length of panicles stem(C), and Mean length of panicles stem(D).

Number of panicles stemIn terms of the number of panicle stem

and in Plot D3L3, respectively (Figure 7Avermicast applied than in plots without vermicast applied. However, no significant difference was (P>0.05) observed among the treatments. This result would imply that application of vermicast might have no influence on the number of pparticular variation. Values on number of panicle stem

A

C


Monteroyo (2012) opied the varying levels of vermicast significantly differed in the number of ative tillers. Coles (2013) reported that among the organic fertilizer treated adlay ,significant differences

was observed on number of productive tillers while Ybanez (2012) observed the application of vermicompost had no significant affect on the numberproductive tillers. Bangod (2012) found that the numbers of tillers in Gulian variety was significantly affected by the different hill distances. Oblero (2012) and Casite (2013) detevarieties based on productive tillers hill

Length of panicle The length of panicle (in cm) ranged from 11 to 16 cm as observed in Plot D1L5 and

(Figure 6A). No significant difference was observed among without vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of vermicast application show significant result on the length of panicle of adlay production. Thdifferences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2) with the mean of 90.23, and the lowest was (D1L4) with thMonteroyo (2012) reportof panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken dung, goat manure and vermicast, significantly variedpanicle. In contrast, Amor (2012) discovered nonstudied in CMU, Musuan condition.

. Length of panicle of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte

Mean length of panicles stemMean length of panicles stem

Mean length of panicles stem

Number of panicles stem

In terms of the number of panicle stemPlot D3L3, respectively (Figure 7A

vermicast applied than in plots without vermicast applied. However, no significant difference was (P>0.05) observed among the treatments. This result would imply that application of vermicast might have no influence on the number of panicle stemparticular variation. Values on number of panicle stem

A




was observed on number of productive tillers while Ybanez (2012) observed the application of vermicompost had no significant affect on the numberproductive tillers. Bangod (2012) found that the numbers of tillers in Gulian variety was significantly affected by the different hill distances. Oblero (2012) and Casite (2013) detevarieties based on productive tillers hill

The length of panicle (in cm) ranged from 11 to 16 cm as observed in Plot D1L5 and). No significant difference was observed among

without vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of vermicast application show significant result on the length of panicle of adlay production. Thdifferences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2) with the mean of 90.23, and the lowest was (D1L4) with thMonteroyo (2012) reported that applying varying levels of vermicast to adlay significantly differed in the length of panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken dung, goat manure and vermicast, significantly variedpanicle. In contrast, Amor (2012) discovered nonstudied in CMU, Musuan condition.

panicle of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del NorteMean length of panicles stem-1 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatmentsMean length of panicles stem-1 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L2 to D2L5 treatments

Mean length of panicles stem-1

Number of panicles stem-1 In terms of the number of panicle stem

Plot D3L3, respectively (Figure 7Avermicast applied than in plots without vermicast applied. However, no significant difference was (P>0.05) observed among the treatments. This result would imply that application of vermicast might have no influence

anicle stem-1, and that, may be some other environmental factors had influenced this particular variation. Values on number of panicle stem




was observed on number of productive tillers while Ybanez (2012) observed the application of vermicompost had no significant affect on the number of productive tillers. Hills were recorded to influence the number of productive tillers. Bangod (2012) found that the numbers of tillers in Gulian variety was significantly affected by the different hill distances. Oblero (2012) and Casite (2013) detevarieties based on productive tillers hill-1.

The length of panicle (in cm) ranged from 11 to 16 cm as observed in Plot D1L5 and). No significant difference was observed among

without vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of vermicast application show significant result on the length of panicle of adlay production. Thdifferences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2) with the mean of 90.23, and the lowest was (D1L4) with th

ed that applying varying levels of vermicast to adlay significantly differed in the length of panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken dung, goat manure and vermicast, significantly variedpanicle. In contrast, Amor (2012) discovered non-significant result on length of panicle of the 3 adlay varieties

panicle of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norteof adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatmentsof adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L2 to D2L5 treatments

1 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to D3L5 treatments

In terms of the number of panicle stem-1 of adlay, values ranged from 8 to 11, as observed in Plot D1L2 Plot D3L3, respectively (Figure 7A). As observed, most number of panicles stem

vermicast applied than in plots without vermicast applied. However, no significant difference was (P>0.05) observed among the treatments. This result would imply that application of vermicast might have no influence

, and that, may be some other environmental factors had influenced this particular variation. Values on number of panicle stem

D

B



was observed on number of productive tillers while Ybanez (2012) observed the application of vermicompost of productive tillers. Hills were recorded to influence the number of

productive tillers. Bangod (2012) found that the numbers of tillers in Gulian variety was significantly affected by the different hill distances. Oblero (2012) and Casite (2013) dete

The length of panicle (in cm) ranged from 11 to 16 cm as observed in Plot D1L5 and). No significant difference was observed among the treatments (P>0.05). This means that with or

without vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of vermicast application show significant result on the length of panicle of adlay production. Thdifferences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2) with the mean of 90.23, and the lowest was (D1L4) with the mean of 48.80 (Figure 6B to D

ed that applying varying levels of vermicast to adlay significantly differed in the length of panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken dung, goat manure and vermicast, significantly varied the length of panicle and the Gulian had the longest

significant result on length of panicle of the 3 adlay varieties


of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to D3L5 treatments

of adlay, values ranged from 8 to 11, as observed in Plot D1L2 ). As observed, most number of panicles stem


, and that, may be some other environmental factors had influenced this particular variation. Values on number of panicle stem-1 as influenced by the distance of planting and varied




productive tillers. Bangod (2012) found that the numbers of tillers in Gulian variety was significantly affected by the different hill distances. Oblero (2012) and Casite (2013) detected no variation among the 3 adlay

The length of panicle (in cm) ranged from 11 to 16 cm as observed in Plot D1L5 andthe treatments (P>0.05). This means that with or

without vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of vermicast application show significant result on the length of panicle of adlay production. Thdifferences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2)

e mean of 48.80 (Figure 6B to Ded that applying varying levels of vermicast to adlay significantly differed in the length

of panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken the length of panicle and the Gulian had the longest




of adlay, values ranged from 8 to 11, as observed in Plot D1L2 ). As observed, most number of panicles stem


, and that, may be some other environmental factors had influenced this as influenced by the distance of planting and varied



productive tillers. Bangod (2012) found that the numbers of tillers in Gulian variety was significantly affected cted no variation among the 3 adlay

The length of panicle (in cm) ranged from 11 to 16 cm as observed in Plot D1L5 andthe treatments (P>0.05). This means that with or

without vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of vermicast application show significant result on the length of panicle of adlay production. There are significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2)

e mean of 48.80 (Figure 6B to Ded that applying varying levels of vermicast to adlay significantly differed in the length

of panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken the length of panicle and the Gulian had the longest




of adlay, values ranged from 8 to 11, as observed in Plot D1L2 ). As observed, most number of panicles stem-1 were in plots with






The length of panicle (in cm) ranged from 11 to 16 cm as observed in Plot D1L5 and in Plot D3L5 the treatments (P>0.05). This means that with or

without vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of ere are significant

differences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2) e mean of 48.80 (Figure 6B to D). Accordingly,

ed that applying varying levels of vermicast to adlay significantly differed in the length of panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken

the length of panicle and the Gulian had the longest significant result on length of panicle of the 3 adlay varieties



of adlay, values ranged from 8 to 11, as observed in Plot D1L2 were in plots with



9




in Plot D3L5 the treatments (P>0.05). This means that with or

without vermicast application, the length of panicle per adlay plant was not significantly affected. Levels of ere are significant

differences (P<0.05) among the treatments. The treatment (D3L4) with the mean of 94.06, followed by (D3L2) ). Accordingly,

ed that applying varying levels of vermicast to adlay significantly differed in the length of panicle. Coles (2012) revealed that the 3 adlay varieties applied with organic fertilizers, namely: chicken

the length of panicle and the Gulian had the longest significant result on length of panicle of the 3 adlay varieties

panicle of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 treatments of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L2 to D2L5 treatments


of adlay, values ranged from 8 to 11, as observed in Plot D1L2 were in plots with




levels of vermicast do not show significant differences (P>0number of panicle stem8.06 (D3L3), followed by (D1L2) with the mean of 7.90 and the lowest was (D1L3) wi(Figure 7B to Eharvest.

Significant differences (P>0.05) are observed among the levels of vermicast affect the in the field conditions. Further, there is nvermicomposting and the application of varied levels of vermicast did not increase the number of panicle. However, Omblero (2012) detected no variations among the 3 adlay varieties basedhill-1. Ybanez (2012 ) found out the application of different levels vermicompost had no significant effect on number of panicle per hill. In contrast, Monteroyo (2012) reported that varying levels of vermicast significantly differed in number of panicle.

Figure 7. del Norte (A), treatments (B), treatments treatments D3L5 treatments

A

C


levels of vermicast do not show significant differences (P>0number of panicle stem-1

8.06 (D3L3), followed by (D1L2) with the mean of 7.90 and the lowest was (D1L3) wi(Figure 7B to E). Radha, et al. (2014) agreed with the result stating that decrease vigor follows increased

Significant differences (P>0.05) are observed among the levels of vermicast affect the in the field conditions. Further, there is nvermicomposting and the application of varied levels of vermicast did not increase the number of panicle. However, Omblero (2012) detected no variations among the 3 adlay varieties based

. Ybanez (2012 ) found out the application of different levels vermicompost had no significant effect on number of panicle per hill. In contrast, Monteroyo (2012) reported that varying levels of vermicast significantly

ffered in number of panicle.

. Number of panicles stem(A), Mean number of panicles stem

treatments (B), Mean number of panicles stem (C), Mean number of panicles stem (D), and Mean number of panicles stem

D3L5 treatments €.

A



levels of vermicast do not show significant differences (P>01 slightly increased. Highest number of panicle was observed in plants with the mean

8.06 (D3L3), followed by (D1L2) with the mean of 7.90 and the lowest was (D1L3) wi). Radha, et al. (2014) agreed with the result stating that decrease vigor follows increased

Significant differences (P>0.05) are observed among the levels of vermicast affect the in the field conditions. Further, there is no significant interaction observed. This implies that the levels of vermicomposting and the application of varied levels of vermicast did not increase the number of panicle. However, Omblero (2012) detected no variations among the 3 adlay varieties based


ffered in number of panicle.

Number of panicles stem-1 Mean number of panicles stemMean number of panicles stemMean number of panicles stem

Mean number of panicles stem

E



levels of vermicast do not show significant differences (P>0slightly increased. Highest number of panicle was observed in plants with the mean


Significant differences (P>0.05) are observed among the levels of vermicast affect the in the field o significant interaction observed. This implies that the levels of

vermicomposting and the application of varied levels of vermicast did not increase the number of panicle. However, Omblero (2012) detected no variations among the 3 adlay varieties based


of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao Mean number of panicles stem-1 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after soMean number of panicles stem-1 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 Mean number of panicles stem-1 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowi

Mean number of panicles stem-1

D


levels of vermicast do not show significant differences (P>0.05). As the kilogram of vermicast increases, the slightly increased. Highest number of panicle was observed in plants with the mean





of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after soof adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowi

1 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to

B


.05). As the kilogram of vermicast increases, the slightly increased. Highest number of panicle was observed in plants with the mean





of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after soof adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowi

of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D3L1 to


8.06 (D3L3), followed by (D1L2) with the mean of 7.90 and the lowest was (D1L3) with the mean of). Radha, et al. (2014) agreed with the result stating that decrease vigor follows increased


vermicomposting and the application of varied levels of vermicast did not increase the number of panicle. However, Omblero (2012) detected no variations among the 3 adlay varieties based on the number of panicle


of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D5L5 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D2L1 to D2L5


10


th the mean of 6.26 ). Radha, et al. (2014) agreed with the result stating that decrease vigor follows increased


vermicomposting and the application of varied levels of vermicast did not increase the number of panicle. on the number of panicle


of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao wing in D1L1 to D5L5

of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 ng in D2L1 to D2L5


10


6.26 ). Radha, et al. (2014) agreed with the result stating that decrease vigor follows increased


vermicomposting and the application of varied levels of vermicast did not increase the number of panicle. on the number of panicle


of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao wing in D1L1 to D5L5

of adlay in 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in D1L1 to D1L5 ng in D2L1 to D2L5



Number of grains panicleThe number of grains panicle

Plot D1L5 and in Plot D3L3 (Figure 8(P>0.05), and adlay without vermicast applied had incurred a relatively more nthose panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not influence the number of grains per paniclein this study that may have influence the production of the number of grains paniclethe number of effective panicles of different areas, different cultivars, and different environmental conditions was quite different in relationdifference (P<0.05) in sowing time and cultivars. The effective panicles of sowing date S1 (16.23) and sowing date S2 (17.21) are significantly higher (P<0.05) than thatindicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of effective panicles between the cultivars were also very remarkable and Nanjing cultivar was s(15.98) than other cultivars (Yao, el al., 2013). Variance analysis results of grains panicledifferences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher grains while sowingtemperature, lower humidity, and damaged leaves, which ultimately affected the grain filling. Meanwhile, this also indicated that water demand was a critical factor for reduction in yield. The difference between the cultivars is not significant, but the average of Nanjing cultivar is slightly higher than that of other cultivars.

Figure 8. del Norte.

Weight of 1000 grains

Weight of 1000 grains was obtained and results showed a range of 88 to 101 g of adlay 1000 grains(Fig. 48). Variation, however, do not significantly differ (P>0.05, and if looked closely, those plots, i.e, D3L4 and D2L5, respectively, were plots with vermicast applied apart from those plots wi(Figure 9). Hence, application oweight among different sowing dates and cultivars all reached significant levels. 1000date S3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other pepanicle-1 of S3 were not the highest, all the grains were relatively filled once the grouting was completed. According to 1000from late March to early April. Among the different cultivars, 1000significantly higher than other cultivars, which indicated that genetic characteristics not the sowing time could play an important role i


Number of grains panicleThe number of grains panicle

t D1L5 and in Plot D3L3 (Figure 8, and adlay without vermicast applied had incurred a relatively more n

those panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not influence the number of grains per panicle

is study that may have influence the production of the number of grains paniclethe number of effective panicles of different areas, different cultivars, and different environmental conditions was quite different in relationdifference (P<0.05) in sowing time and cultivars. The effective panicles of sowing date S1 (16.23) and sowing date S2 (17.21) are significantly higher (P<0.05) than thatindicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of effective panicles between the cultivars were also very remarkable and Nanjing cultivar was s(15.98) than other cultivars (Yao, el al., 2013). Variance analysis results of grains panicledifferences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher grains while sowing date in S4 had the smallest amount of grains. This could be caused by the higher temperature, lower humidity, and damaged leaves, which ultimately affected the grain filling. Meanwhile, this also indicated that water demand was a critical factor for reduction in yield. The difference between the cultivars is not significant, but the average of Nanjing cultivar is slightly higher than that of other cultivars.

. Number of grains panicle


Weight of 1000 grains was obtained and results showed a range of 88 to 101 g of adlay 1000 grains(Fig. 48). Variation, however, do not significantly differ (P>0.05, and if looked closely, those plots, i.e, D3L4 and D2L5, respectively, were plots with vermicast applied apart from those plots wi

). Hence, application oweight among different sowing dates and cultivars all reached significant levels. 1000date S3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other pe

of S3 were not the highest, all the grains were relatively filled once the grouting was completed. According to 1000-grain weight, this also showed the best sowing period of from late March to early April. Among the different cultivars, 1000significantly higher than other cultivars, which indicated that genetic characteristics not the sowing time could play an important role in the yield (Yao, et al., 2013).



Number of grains panicle-1

The number of grains panicle-

t D1L5 and in Plot D3L3 (Figure 8, and adlay without vermicast applied had incurred a relatively more n

those panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not influence the number of grains per panicle

is study that may have influence the production of the number of grains paniclethe number of effective panicles of different areas, different cultivars, and different environmental conditions was quite different in relation to sowing time and cultivars. Analysis of variance showed that there is significant difference (P<0.05) in sowing time and cultivars. The effective panicles of sowing date S1 (16.23) and sowing date S2 (17.21) are significantly higher (P<0.05) than thatindicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of effective panicles between the cultivars were also very remarkable and Nanjing cultivar was s(15.98) than other cultivars (Yao, el al., 2013). Variance analysis results of grains panicledifferences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher

date in S4 had the smallest amount of grains. This could be caused by the higher temperature, lower humidity, and damaged leaves, which ultimately affected the grain filling. Meanwhile, this also indicated that water demand was a critical factor for reduction in yield. The difference between the cultivars is not significant, but the average of Nanjing cultivar is slightly higher than that of other cultivars.

Number of grains panicle-1



). Hence, application of vermicast might not influence the weight of adlay grains panicleweight among different sowing dates and cultivars all reached significant levels. 1000date S3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other pe

of S3 were not the highest, all the grains were relatively filled once the grouting was completed. grain weight, this also showed the best sowing period of

from late March to early April. Among the different cultivars, 1000significantly higher than other cultivars, which indicated that genetic characteristics not the sowing time could

n the yield (Yao, et al., 2013).



-1 of adlay was obtained with a ranged of 14 to 19 grains, as observed in t D1L5 and in Plot D3L3 (Figure 8), respectively. The variation observed did not signifi

, and adlay without vermicast applied had incurred a relatively more nthose panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not influence the number of grains per panicle-1 of adlay. However, there are probable other factors not considered

is study that may have influence the production of the number of grains paniclethe number of effective panicles of different areas, different cultivars, and different environmental conditions

to sowing time and cultivars. Analysis of variance showed that there is significant difference (P<0.05) in sowing time and cultivars. The effective panicles of sowing date S1 (16.23) and sowing date S2 (17.21) are significantly higher (P<0.05) than thatindicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of effective panicles between the cultivars were also very remarkable and Nanjing cultivar was s(15.98) than other cultivars (Yao, el al., 2013). Variance analysis results of grains panicledifferences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher

date in S4 had the smallest amount of grains. This could be caused by the higher temperature, lower humidity, and damaged leaves, which ultimately affected the grain filling. Meanwhile, this also indicated that water demand was a critical factor for reduction in yield. The difference between the cultivars is not significant, but the average of Nanjing cultivar is slightly higher than that of other cultivars.

of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao


f vermicast might not influence the weight of adlay grains panicleweight among different sowing dates and cultivars all reached significant levels. 1000date S3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other pe





of adlay was obtained with a ranged of 14 to 19 grains, as observed in ), respectively. The variation observed did not signifi

, and adlay without vermicast applied had incurred a relatively more nthose panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not

of adlay. However, there are probable other factors not considered is study that may have influence the production of the number of grains panicle

the number of effective panicles of different areas, different cultivars, and different environmental conditions to sowing time and cultivars. Analysis of variance showed that there is significant

difference (P<0.05) in sowing time and cultivars. The effective panicles of sowing date S1 (16.23) and sowing date S2 (17.21) are significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of sowing dates in S5 (11.80) and S6 (9.83). This indicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of effective panicles between the cultivars were also very remarkable and Nanjing cultivar was s(15.98) than other cultivars (Yao, el al., 2013). Variance analysis results of grains panicledifferences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher

date in S4 had the smallest amount of grains. This could be caused by the higher temperature, lower humidity, and damaged leaves, which ultimately affected the grain filling. Meanwhile, this also indicated that water demand was a critical factor for Coix grouting. Water shortage resulted in a substantial reduction in yield. The difference between the cultivars is not significant, but the average of Nanjing cultivar is



f vermicast might not influence the weight of adlay grains panicleweight among different sowing dates and cultivars all reached significant levels. 1000date S3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other periods. This indicated that even though the grains






, and adlay without vermicast applied had incurred a relatively more number of grains paniclethose panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not

of adlay. However, there are probable other factors not considered is study that may have influence the production of the number of grains panicle


difference (P<0.05) in sowing time and cultivars. The effective panicles of sowing date S1 (16.23) and sowing of sowing dates in S5 (11.80) and S6 (9.83). This

indicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of effective panicles between the cultivars were also very remarkable and Nanjing cultivar was s(15.98) than other cultivars (Yao, el al., 2013). Variance analysis results of grains panicledifferences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher

date in S4 had the smallest amount of grains. This could be caused by the higher temperature, lower humidity, and damaged leaves, which ultimately affected the grain filling. Meanwhile, this

grouting. Water shortage resulted in a substantial reduction in yield. The difference between the cultivars is not significant, but the average of Nanjing cultivar is



f vermicast might not influence the weight of adlay grains panicleweight among different sowing dates and cultivars all reached significant levels. 1000

riods. This indicated that even though the grains of S3 were not the highest, all the grains were relatively filled once the grouting was completed.

grain weight, this also showed the best sowing period of Coix from late March to early April. Among the different cultivars, 1000-grain weight of Shandong cultivar was significantly higher than other cultivars, which indicated that genetic characteristics not the sowing time could


umber of grains paniclethose panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not

of adlay. However, there are probable other factors not considered is study that may have influence the production of the number of grains panicle-1. In the result of a study on



indicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of effective panicles between the cultivars were also very remarkable and Nanjing cultivar was significantly higher (15.98) than other cultivars (Yao, el al., 2013). Variance analysis results of grains panicledifferences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher




Weight of 1000 grains was obtained and results showed a range of 88 to 101 g of adlay 1000 grains(Fig. 48). Variation, however, do not significantly differ (P>0.05, and if looked closely, those plots, i.e, D3L4 and D2L5, respectively, were plots with vermicast applied apart from those plots without vermicast applied

f vermicast might not influence the weight of adlay grains panicleweight among different sowing dates and cultivars all reached significant levels. 1000-grain weight of sowing

riods. This indicated that even though the grains of S3 were not the highest, all the grains were relatively filled once the grouting was completed.

Coix in Ya'an, Chinagrain weight of Shandong cultivar was

significantly higher than other cultivars, which indicated that genetic characteristics not the sowing time could

11

of adlay was obtained with a ranged of 14 to 19 grains, as observed in ), respectively. The variation observed did not significantly differ

umber of grains panicle-1 than those panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not

of adlay. However, there are probable other factors not considered . In the result of a study on



indicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of ignificantly higher

(15.98) than other cultivars (Yao, el al., 2013). Variance analysis results of grains panicle-1 showed that differences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher




Weight of 1000 grains was obtained and results showed a range of 88 to 101 g of adlay 1000 grains(Fig. 48). Variation, however, do not significantly differ (P>0.05, and if looked closely, those plots, i.e, D3L4

thout vermicast applied f vermicast might not influence the weight of adlay grains panicle-1. 1000-grain

grain weight of sowing riods. This indicated that even though the grains

of S3 were not the highest, all the grains were relatively filled once the grouting was completed. in Ya'an, China should be

grain weight of Shandong cultivar was significantly higher than other cultivars, which indicated that genetic characteristics not the sowing time could

11

of adlay was obtained with a ranged of 14 to 19 grains, as observed in cantly differ

than those panicles of adlay with vermicast applied. Hence, application of vermicast in this context would not

of adlay. However, there are probable other factors not considered . In the result of a study on



indicated that late sowing date would reduce the effective panicle and decrease the yield. The differences of ignificantly higher

showed that differences among the sowing time reached the significant level. Sowing dates in S1, S2, and S3 had higher




Weight of 1000 grains was obtained and results showed a range of 88 to 101 g of adlay 1000 grains-1 (Fig. 48). Variation, however, do not significantly differ (P>0.05, and if looked closely, those plots, i.e, D3L4

thout vermicast applied grain

grain weight of sowing riods. This indicated that even though the grains

of S3 were not the highest, all the grains were relatively filled once the grouting was completed. should be

grain weight of Shandong cultivar was significantly higher than other cultivars, which indicated that genetic characteristics not the sowing time could


Figure 9. Norte.

Grain yieldThe yield of adlay per plot was expressed in tons per hectare. Mean yield hectare

tons, as observed particularly idifferences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have more yield obtained tloss or gain among the farmers in terms of yield. Data on grain yield of adlay (t haplanting and varied levels of vermicast applicationof vermicast has no significant result. The result is similar to the report of Malik (2014) on Basmati rice, Namoobe (2014) and Miko and Manga (2008) on sorghum, Praminik and Bera (2013 ). YosKausal, et al. (2010) and Monzoor, et al. (2006) on rice, Karazu (2012) and Khan, et al. (2011) and Hussain, et al. (2006) on wheat and Ali, et al. (2005) on corn, sorghum, soybeans wheat and barley who point out that nitrogen is required t(D1L5 ), followed by 4.09 (D1L2), 4.04 (D3L5) and 3.0 (D

Field trial in Midsalip, Zamboanga del Sur showed that among the four varieties.ginampay produced the highest yield (3 t hatechnology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t ha(Sarminto, 2012). Tumapon, et al. (Year??) testBukidnon in 3 cropping showed that variety Kiboa exhibited the highest grain yield of 5.86 mt haGulian and Ginampay with 4.80 and 4.78 mt hatwo croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that Gulian obtained the highest grain yield grain yield with 3,503 kg haAlamag (2012) rhighest ROI among the 3 varieties tested. Monteroyo (2012) found that Jobs tears applied with 2 t havermicast has the highest grain yield ( 2,027 kg haMaramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) that grain yield was influenced by both row and hills distances (70, 80 and 90 cm 80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90 m × 80 cm producing highest yield with 1,934 kg hainvestment cm distance between rows and 40, 60, and 80 cm between hills) significantly affected the grain yield. Adlay spaced at 90 cm between rows had the highest ginfluence the grain yield. Rinos (2012) and Bangod (2012) that hills distances influenced grain yield of adlay.


. Weight of 1000 grains of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del

Grain yield The yield of adlay per plot was expressed in tons per hectare. Mean yield hectare

tons, as observed particularly idifferences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have more yield obtained than those plots wiloss or gain among the farmers in terms of yield. Data on grain yield of adlay (t haplanting and varied levels of vermicast applicationof vermicast has no significant result. The result is similar to the report of Malik (2014) on Basmati rice, Namoobe (2014) and Miko and Manga (2008) on sorghum, Praminik and Bera (2013 ). YosKausal, et al. (2010) and Monzoor, et al. (2006) on rice, Karazu (2012) and Khan, et al. (2011) and Hussain, et al. (2006) on wheat and Ali, et al. (2005) on corn, sorghum, soybeans wheat and barley who point out that nitrogen is required to maximized grain yield. The grain yield was the highest yield with the mean of 4.34 (D1L5 ), followed by 4.09 (D1L2), 4.04 (D3L5) and 3.0 (D

Field trial in Midsalip, Zamboanga del Sur showed that among the four varieties.ginampay produced t yield (3 t ha-1

technology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t ha(Sarminto, 2012). Tumapon, et al. (Year??) testBukidnon in 3 cropping showed that variety Kiboa exhibited the highest grain yield of 5.86 mt haGulian and Ginampay with 4.80 and 4.78 mt hatwo croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that Gulian obtained the highest grain yield grain yield with 3,503 kg haAlamag (2012) reported that Gulian exhibited the highest yield, highest gross income, highest net return ad highest ROI among the 3 varieties tested. Monteroyo (2012) found that Jobs tears applied with 2 t havermicast has the highest grain yield ( 2,027 kg haMaramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) that grain yield was influenced by both row and hills distances (70, 80 and 90 cm 80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90 m × 80 cm producing highest yield with 1,934 kg hainvestment (ROI) of 3.90. Sarocam (2012) also found that different distances of planting adlay (70, 80, and 90 cm distance between rows and 40, 60, and 80 cm between hills) significantly affected the grain yield. Adlay spaced at 90 cm between rows had the highest ginfluence the grain yield. Rinos (2012) and Bangod (2012) that hills distances influenced grain yield of adlay.



Weight of 1000 grains of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del

The yield of adlay per plot was expressed in tons per hectare. Mean yield hectaretons, as observed particularly in Plot D3L1 and in D1L2 (Figure 10differences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have

han those plots wiloss or gain among the farmers in terms of yield. Data on grain yield of adlay (t haplanting and varied levels of vermicast applicationof vermicast has no significant result. The result is similar to the report of Malik (2014) on Basmati rice, Namoobe (2014) and Miko and Manga (2008) on sorghum, Praminik and Bera (2013 ). YosKausal, et al. (2010) and Monzoor, et al. (2006) on rice, Karazu (2012) and Khan, et al. (2011) and Hussain, et al. (2006) on wheat and Ali, et al. (2005) on corn, sorghum, soybeans wheat and barley who point out that

o maximized grain yield. The grain yield was the highest yield with the mean of 4.34 (D1L5 ), followed by 4.09 (D1L2), 4.04 (D3L5) and 3.0 (D

Field trial in Midsalip, Zamboanga del Sur showed that among the four varieties.ginampay produced 1) followed by gulian and pulot and linay (2.7 t ha

technology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t ha(Sarminto, 2012). Tumapon, et al. (Year??) testBukidnon in 3 cropping showed that variety Kiboa exhibited the highest grain yield of 5.86 mt haGulian and Ginampay with 4.80 and 4.78 mt hatwo croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that Gulian obtained the highest grain yield grain yield with 3,503 kg ha

eported that Gulian exhibited the highest yield, highest gross income, highest net return ad highest ROI among the 3 varieties tested. Monteroyo (2012) found that Jobs tears applied with 2 t havermicast has the highest grain yield ( 2,027 kg haMaramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) that grain yield was influenced by both row and hills distances (70, 80 and 90 cm 80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90 m × 80 cm producing highest yield with 1,934 kg ha

(ROI) of 3.90. Sarocam (2012) also found that different distances of planting adlay (70, 80, and 90 cm distance between rows and 40, 60, and 80 cm between hills) significantly affected the grain yield. Adlay spaced at 90 cm between rows had the highest ginfluence the grain yield. Rinos (2012) and Bangod (2012) that hills distances influenced grain yield of adlay.




The yield of adlay per plot was expressed in tons per hectare. Mean yield hectaren Plot D3L1 and in D1L2 (Figure 10

differences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have han those plots without vermicast applied

loss or gain among the farmers in terms of yield. Data on grain yield of adlay (t haplanting and varied levels of vermicast application. Although the yield is increasing with the increased amount of vermicast has no significant result. The result is similar to the report of Malik (2014) on Basmati rice, Namoobe (2014) and Miko and Manga (2008) on sorghum, Praminik and Bera (2013 ). YosKausal, et al. (2010) and Monzoor, et al. (2006) on rice, Karazu (2012) and Khan, et al. (2011) and Hussain, et al. (2006) on wheat and Ali, et al. (2005) on corn, sorghum, soybeans wheat and barley who point out that

o maximized grain yield. The grain yield was the highest yield with the mean of 4.34 (D1L5 ), followed by 4.09 (D1L2), 4.04 (D3L5) and 3.0 (D

Field trial in Midsalip, Zamboanga del Sur showed that among the four varieties.ginampay produced ) followed by gulian and pulot and linay (2.7 t ha

technology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t ha(Sarminto, 2012). Tumapon, et al. (Year??) tested the 4 varieties in DABukidnon in 3 cropping showed that variety Kiboa exhibited the highest grain yield of 5.86 mt haGulian and Ginampay with 4.80 and 4.78 mt ha-1, respectively. Tapol got the lowest of 4.50 two croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that Gulian obtained the highest grain yield grain yield with 3,503 kg ha

eported that Gulian exhibited the highest yield, highest gross income, highest net return ad highest ROI among the 3 varieties tested. Monteroyo (2012) found that Jobs tears applied with 2 t havermicast has the highest grain yield ( 2,027 kg ha-1) aMaramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) that grain yield was influenced by both row and hills distances (70, 80 and 90 cm 80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90 m × 80 cm producing highest yield with 1,934 kg ha

(ROI) of 3.90. Sarocam (2012) also found that different distances of planting adlay (70, 80, and 90 cm distance between rows and 40, 60, and 80 cm between hills) significantly affected the grain yield. Adlay spaced at 90 cm between rows had the highest grain yield. However, the hill distances also significantly influence the grain yield. Rinos (2012) and Bangod (2012) that hills distances influenced grain yield of adlay.



The yield of adlay per plot was expressed in tons per hectare. Mean yield hectaren Plot D3L1 and in D1L2 (Figure 10

differences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have thout vermicast applied. A difference of 1 ton ha

loss or gain among the farmers in terms of yield. Data on grain yield of adlay (t ha. Although the yield is increasing with the increased amount

of vermicast has no significant result. The result is similar to the report of Malik (2014) on Basmati rice, Namoobe (2014) and Miko and Manga (2008) on sorghum, Praminik and Bera (2013 ). YosKausal, et al. (2010) and Monzoor, et al. (2006) on rice, Karazu (2012) and Khan, et al. (2011) and Hussain, et al. (2006) on wheat and Ali, et al. (2005) on corn, sorghum, soybeans wheat and barley who point out that

o maximized grain yield. The grain yield was the highest yield with the mean of 4.34 (D1L5 ), followed by 4.09 (D1L2), 4.04 (D3L5) and 3.0 (D3L1).

Field trial in Midsalip, Zamboanga del Sur showed that among the four varieties.ginampay produced ) followed by gulian and pulot and linay (2.7 t ha

technology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t haed the 4 varieties in DA

Bukidnon in 3 cropping showed that variety Kiboa exhibited the highest grain yield of 5.86 mt ha, respectively. Tapol got the lowest of 4.50

two croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that Gulian obtained the highest grain yield grain yield with 3,503 kg ha

eported that Gulian exhibited the highest yield, highest gross income, highest net return ad highest ROI among the 3 varieties tested. Monteroyo (2012) found that Jobs tears applied with 2 t ha

) at par with organic fertilizerMaramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) that grain yield was influenced by both row and hills distances (70, 80 and 90 cm 80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90 m × 80 cm producing highest yield with 1,934 kg ha-1 with a net incme of PhP 76,943.00 and return on

(ROI) of 3.90. Sarocam (2012) also found that different distances of planting adlay (70, 80, and 90 cm distance between rows and 40, 60, and 80 cm between hills) significantly affected the grain yield. Adlay

rain yield. However, the hill distances also significantly influence the grain yield. Rinos (2012) and Bangod (2012) that hills distances influenced grain yield of adlay.



The yield of adlay per plot was expressed in tons per hectare. Mean yield hectaren Plot D3L1 and in D1L2 (Figure 10). Although, there are no significant

differences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have . A difference of 1 ton ha

loss or gain among the farmers in terms of yield. Data on grain yield of adlay (t ha. Although the yield is increasing with the increased amount


o maximized grain yield. The grain yield was the highest yield with the mean of 4.34

Field trial in Midsalip, Zamboanga del Sur showed that among the four varieties.ginampay produced ) followed by gulian and pulot and linay (2.7 t ha-1) (Dela Cruz, 2011a). An adlay farm

technology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t haed the 4 varieties in DA-NORMIARC, Malaybalay City,

Bukidnon in 3 cropping showed that variety Kiboa exhibited the highest grain yield of 5.86 mt ha, respectively. Tapol got the lowest of 4.50

two croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that Gulian obtained the highest grain yield grain yield with 3,503 kg ha-1 followed by Tapol with 2,632.24 kg ha


t par with organic fertilizerMaramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) that grain yield was influenced by both row and hills distances (70, 80 and 90 cm 80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90

with a net incme of PhP 76,943.00 and return on (ROI) of 3.90. Sarocam (2012) also found that different distances of planting adlay (70, 80, and 90

cm distance between rows and 40, 60, and 80 cm between hills) significantly affected the grain yield. Adlay rain yield. However, the hill distances also significantly

influence the grain yield. Rinos (2012) and Bangod (2012) that hills distances influenced grain yield of adlay.


The yield of adlay per plot was expressed in tons per hectare. Mean yield hectare-1 ranged from 3 to 4 ). Although, there are no significant

differences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have . A difference of 1 ton ha-1 could be a significant

loss or gain among the farmers in terms of yield. Data on grain yield of adlay (t ha-1) as of the distance of . Although the yield is increasing with the increased amount



Field trial in Midsalip, Zamboanga del Sur showed that among the four varieties.ginampay produced ) (Dela Cruz, 2011a). An adlay farm

technology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t haNORMIARC, Malaybalay City,

Bukidnon in 3 cropping showed that variety Kiboa exhibited the highest grain yield of 5.86 mt ha, respectively. Tapol got the lowest of 4.50 mt ha

two croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that followed by Tapol with 2,632.24 kg ha


t par with organic fertilizer-treated plants (2,272 kg haMaramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) that grain yield was influenced by both row and hills distances (70, 80 and 90 cm row distances and 40, 60 and 80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90

with a net incme of PhP 76,943.00 and return on (ROI) of 3.90. Sarocam (2012) also found that different distances of planting adlay (70, 80, and 90

cm distance between rows and 40, 60, and 80 cm between hills) significantly affected the grain yield. Adlay rain yield. However, the hill distances also significantly

influence the grain yield. Rinos (2012) and Bangod (2012) that hills distances influenced grain yield of adlay.

12


ranged from 3 to 4 ). Although, there are no significant

differences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have could be a significant

) as of the distance of . Although the yield is increasing with the increased amount

of vermicast has no significant result. The result is similar to the report of Malik (2014) on Basmati rice, Namoobe (2014) and Miko and Manga (2008) on sorghum, Praminik and Bera (2013 ). Yoseftabar (2013), Kausal, et al. (2010) and Monzoor, et al. (2006) on rice, Karazu (2012) and Khan, et al. (2011) and Hussain, et al. (2006) on wheat and Ali, et al. (2005) on corn, sorghum, soybeans wheat and barley who point out that



technology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t haNORMIARC, Malaybalay City,

Bukidnon in 3 cropping showed that variety Kiboa exhibited the highest grain yield of 5.86 mt ha-1, followed by mt ha-1 (mean of

two croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that followed by Tapol with 2,632.24 kg ha

eported that Gulian exhibited the highest yield, highest gross income, highest net return ad highest ROI among the 3 varieties tested. Monteroyo (2012) found that Jobs tears applied with 2 t ha-1

treated plants (2,272 kg ha-1

Maramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) row distances and 40, 60 and

80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90 with a net incme of PhP 76,943.00 and return on


rain yield. However, the hill distances also significantly influence the grain yield. Rinos (2012) and Bangod (2012) that hills distances influenced grain yield of adlay.

12


ranged from 3 to 4 ). Although, there are no significant

differences observed (P >0.05) in all treatments, but application of vermicast had simply put an edge to have could be a significant

) as of the distance of . Although the yield is increasing with the increased amount

of vermicast has no significant result. The result is similar to the report of Malik (2014) on Basmati rice, eftabar (2013),

Kausal, et al. (2010) and Monzoor, et al. (2006) on rice, Karazu (2012) and Khan, et al. (2011) and Hussain, et al. (2006) on wheat and Ali, et al. (2005) on corn, sorghum, soybeans wheat and barley who point out that



technology demonstrated in Carpenter Hills, Koronadal City was recorded to harvest more than 3 t ha-1

NORMIARC, Malaybalay City, , followed by

(mean of two croppings) Amor (2012) in an adaptability trial of the 3 varieties (Ginampay, Gulian and Tapol) found that

followed by Tapol with 2,632.24 kg ha-1. eported that Gulian exhibited the highest yield, highest gross income, highest net return ad

of 1).

Maramara (2013) found that grain yield was significantly affected by different hills distnces. Llemits (2013) row distances and 40, 60 and

80 cm hills distances). Significant interaction between row and hills distances were noted on grain yield with 90 with a net incme of PhP 76,943.00 and return on


rain yield. However, the hill distances also significantly


Figure 10.

CONCLUSIONS

This study concluded that: (1) optimum yield at 10 bags hasimilar yield although in relatively low produce. not affected significantly (P>0.05) the growth development and dried adlay in all treatments also exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). highly significant differences (P<0.05). who had no money for vermicast purchase could have the chance to grow adlay in their farms and still achieve a yield comparable to farms where vermicast was applied. of the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticid(3) Having adlay in farms not only serve as staple substitute but an extra income and a source of health benefits. (4) Series of seminarawareness and to provoke constructed to allow an on ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author extends her heartfelt thanks to the following who directly or indirectly shar

knowledge for the success of this study: DASolsoloy and Ms. Digna L. Sandoval for the scholarship grant; Governor Mamintal A. Adiong, Sr., Governor Soraya A. Adiong, and Mr. Basher and Engr. Mohammadali D. Macaraya, Ms. Minombao B. Bani, and her staff for their constant moral support. REFERENCES Abbas, M. A., S. D. M. Elamin and E. A. M. Elamin. 2011.

and physical properties compared with urea + superphosphate fertilizers. Abellon, M.M. 2013. Adlay: Another staple to ensure food security.

Regio Acevedo, I.C. and R.Pire. 2004. Effects of vermicompost as substrate amendment the growth of papaya (

papaya Alley, M.M. and B. Vanlauwe. 2009.

Fertil. Ind. Asso. Anwar, M., D.D. Patra, S. Chand, A. Kumar, A.A. Naqvi and S.P.S. Khanuja. 2005. Effect of organic manures

and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of Frbasil.


. Grain yield ha

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study concluded that: (1) optimum yield at 10 bags hasimilar yield although in relatively low produce. not affected significantly (P>0.05) the growth development and dried adlay in all treatments also exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). highly significant differences (P<0.05). who had no money for vermicast purchase could have the chance to grow adlay in their farms and still achieve a yield comparable to farms where vermicast was applied. of the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticid

Having adlay in farms not only serve as staple substitute but an extra income and a source of health benefits. Series of seminar-workshops and trainings should be conducted among the farmers to increase their level of

awareness and to provoke constructed to allow an on

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author extends her heartfelt thanks to the following who directly or indirectly sharknowledge for the success of this study: DASolsoloy and Ms. Digna L. Sandoval for the scholarship grant; Governor Mamintal A. Adiong, Sr., Governor Soraya A. Adiong, and Mr. Basher and Engr. Mohammadali D. Macaraya, Ms. Minombao B. Bani, and her staff for their constant moral support.

REFERENCES

Abbas, M. A., S. D. M. Elamin and E. A. M. Elamin. 2011. and physical properties compared with urea + superphosphate fertilizers.

Abellon, M.M. 2013. Adlay: Another staple to ensure food security. Region IX, Western Mindanao.

Acevedo, I.C. and R.Pire. 2004. Effects of vermicompost as substrate amendment the growth of papaya (papaya L.). Interciencia,

Alley, M.M. and B. Vanlauwe. 2009. Fertil. Ind. Asso.

Anwar, M., D.D. Patra, S. Chand, A. Kumar, A.A. Naqvi and S.P.S. Khanuja. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of Frbasil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 36(1



Grain yield ha-1 of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte.

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study concluded that: (1) Vermicast had influenced the growth and yield performance of adlay, and the optimum yield at 10 bags ha-1 could be achieved. similar yield although in relatively low produce. not affected significantly (P>0.05) the growth development and dried adlay in all treatments also exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). highly significant differences (P<0.05). who had no money for vermicast purchase could have the chance to grow adlay in their farms and still achieve a yield comparable to farms where vermicast was applied. of the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticid

Having adlay in farms not only serve as staple substitute but an extra income and a source of health benefits. workshops and trainings should be conducted among the farmers to increase their level of

awareness and to provoke their sense of practicality relative to planting of adlay. constructed to allow an on-site learning hub for the farmers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author extends her heartfelt thanks to the following who directly or indirectly sharknowledge for the success of this study: DASolsoloy and Ms. Digna L. Sandoval for the scholarship grant; Governor Mamintal A. Adiong, Sr., Governor Soraya A. Adiong, and Mr. Basher A.Adapunand Engr. Mohammadali D. Macaraya, Ms. Minombao B. Bani, and her staff for their constant moral support.


Abellon, M.M. 2013. Adlay: Another staple to ensure food security. n IX, Western Mindanao.

Acevedo, I.C. and R.Pire. 2004. Effects of vermicompost as substrate amendment the growth of papaya (Interciencia, 29(5): 274

Alley, M.M. and B. Vanlauwe. 2009. Fertil. Ind. Asso.

Anwar, M., D.D. Patra, S. Chand, A. Kumar, A.A. Naqvi and S.P.S. Khanuja. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of Fr

Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 36(1



of adlay planted in Barangay Pikalawag, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte.

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Vermicast had influenced the growth and yield performance of adlay, and the could be achieved. (2)

similar yield although in relatively low produce. (3) not affected significantly (P>0.05) the growth development and dried adlay in all treatments also exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). highly significant differences (P<0.05). Hence, based on the study, the following are recommended: (1) who had no money for vermicast purchase could have the chance to grow adlay in their farms and still achieve a yield comparable to farms where vermicast was applied. of the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticid


their sense of practicality relative to planting of adlay. site learning hub for the farmers.

The author extends her heartfelt thanks to the following who directly or indirectly sharknowledge for the success of this study: DA-BAR through Director Nicomedes P. Eleazar, Dr.Teodoro Solsoloy and Ms. Digna L. Sandoval for the scholarship grant; Governor Mamintal A. Adiong, Sr., Governor

Adapun for the study grant at MSUand Engr. Mohammadali D. Macaraya, Ms. Minombao B. Bani, and her staff for their constant moral support.


Abellon, M.M. 2013. Adlay: Another staple to ensure food security. n IX, Western Mindanao.

Acevedo, I.C. and R.Pire. 2004. Effects of vermicompost as substrate amendment the growth of papaya (29(5): 274-279.

Alley, M.M. and B. Vanlauwe. 2009. The role of fertilizers in integrated plant


Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 36(1-14): 1737



AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Vermicast had influenced the growth and yield performance of adlay, and the (2) Adlay planted without vermicast had also produced a

(3) The different distances and varied levels of vermicast have not affected significantly (P>0.05) the growth development and dried adlay in all treatments also exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05).

Hence, based on the study, the following are recommended: (1) who had no money for vermicast purchase could have the chance to grow adlay in their farms and still achieve a yield comparable to farms where vermicast was applied. (2) Adlay must be paof the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticid


their sense of practicality relative to planting of adlay. site learning hub for the farmers.

The author extends her heartfelt thanks to the following who directly or indirectly sharBAR through Director Nicomedes P. Eleazar, Dr.Teodoro

Solsoloy and Ms. Digna L. Sandoval for the scholarship grant; Governor Mamintal A. Adiong, Sr., Governor for the study grant at MSU

and Engr. Mohammadali D. Macaraya, Ms. Minombao B. Bani, and her staff for their constant moral support.

Abbas, M. A., S. D. M. Elamin and E. A. M. Elamin. 2011. Contribution of chicken manure on soil chemical and physical properties compared with urea + superphosphate fertilizers.

Abellon, M.M. 2013. Adlay: Another staple to ensure food security.

Acevedo, I.C. and R.Pire. 2004. Effects of vermicompost as substrate amendment the growth of papaya (

The role of fertilizers in integrated plant


14): 1737-1746.



Vermicast had influenced the growth and yield performance of adlay, and the Adlay planted without vermicast had also produced a

The different distances and varied levels of vermicast have not affected significantly (P>0.05) the growth development and yield of Coix lacrymadried adlay in all treatments also exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05).

Hence, based on the study, the following are recommended: (1) who had no money for vermicast purchase could have the chance to grow adlay in their farms and still achieve a

dlay must be part of the crop planted in the farms of the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticid


their sense of practicality relative to planting of adlay.


Solsoloy and Ms. Digna L. Sandoval for the scholarship grant; Governor Mamintal A. Adiong, Sr., Governor for the study grant at MSU-Naawan, Naawan, Misamis Oriental;


Contribution of chicken manure on soil chemical and physical properties compared with urea + superphosphate fertilizers.

Abellon, M.M. 2013. Adlay: Another staple to ensure food security. Philippine Information Agency


The role of fertilizers in integrated plant




The different distances and varied levels of vermicast have Coix lacryma-jobi L.

dried adlay in all treatments also exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). (5) The yield in tons showed Hence, based on the study, the following are recommended: (1)

who had no money for vermicast purchase could have the chance to grow adlay in their farms and still achieve a rt of the crop planted in the farms

of the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticid


their sense of practicality relative to planting of adlay. (5) A demo farm should be


Solsoloy and Ms. Digna L. Sandoval for the scholarship grant; Governor Mamintal A. Adiong, Sr., Governor Naawan, Naawan, Misamis Oriental;


Contribution of chicken manure on soil chemical and physical properties compared with urea + superphosphate fertilizers. J. Sci.Tech.12 (4):9

Philippine Information Agency


The role of fertilizers in integrated plant nutrient management


13



The different distances and varied levels of vermicast have L. (4) The 1000

The yield in tons showed Hence, based on the study, the following are recommended: (1) Farmers


of the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require much input, the farmers could save money from unnecessary purchase of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides.


A demo farm should be

The author extends her heartfelt thanks to the following who directly or indirectly shared their BAR through Director Nicomedes P. Eleazar, Dr.Teodoro



Contribution of chicken manure on soil chemical J. Sci.Tech.12 (4):9-16.

Philippine Information Agency (PIA).

Acevedo, I.C. and R.Pire. 2004. Effects of vermicompost as substrate amendment the growth of papaya (Carica

nutrient management. Intern.

Anwar, M., D.D. Patra, S. Chand, A. Kumar, A.A. Naqvi and S.P.S. Khanuja. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French

13



The different distances and varied levels of vermicast have The 1000

The yield in tons showed Farmers


of the farmers besides planting the staple crops like rice and corn, and other crops. Since adlay did not require es.


A demo farm should be

ed their BAR through Director Nicomedes P. Eleazar, Dr.Teodoro S.


Contribution of chicken manure on soil chemical

(PIA).

Carica

Intern.

Anwar, M., D.D. Patra, S. Chand, A. Kumar, A.A. Naqvi and S.P.S. Khanuja. 2005. Effect of organic manures ench


14

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