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AHSGE NotesA. CRUSADES: Holy Wars fought between European Christians vs. Muslims in the Holy Lands – Jerusalem
B. Motivated Europeans to try and find easier trade routes to Asia.
C. Black Death (Bubonic Plague) was brought back to Europe
AHSGE Notes EXPLORATION
Spanish explorers were called “CONQUISTIDORS” which means-- Conquerors
They were motivated by God, Glory and Gold Christopher Columbus, who was from Portugal
but sailed for Spain was looking for a westward route to Asia when he “found” the America’s
AHSGE Notes Exploration
First permanent colony in America was ST. AUGUSTINE in Florida (Spanish settlement)
Spanish Explorers Hernando de Soto: explored Alabama and
the southeast Ponce Deleon: Florida, looking for
“Fountain of Youth” Florida means, “Land of Flowers”
AHSGE Notes Spanish Explorers
Cortez- conquered the Aztecs in Mexico Pizarro- conquered the Incas in South America Magellan- first to circumnavigate, or sail around the
world. Coronado- Explored the southwest and Great Plains
looking for “El Dorado” the City of Gold.. Which was probably Pueblo or Anasazi dwellings that shimmered in the sunlight.
AHSGE Notes English Explorers
First “ATTEMPT” @ colonizing was @ Roanoke Island by Sir Walter Raleigh
First “Permanent Colony” was @ Jamestown in Virginia
Jamestown was created by a joint-stock company: People bought shares in the colony
Pilgrims came over on the Mayflower for religious reasons
AHSGE Notes
Renaissance: rebirth in learning during 1400’s in Europe
Johann Gutenberg invents printing press in Europe
Improvements in sailing: Prince Henry the Navigator
Sailing technology: Caravel: new sailing ship, Astrolabe: instrument to read the stars to navigate
AHSGE Notes
Protestant Reformation: Movement to reform Catholic Church
Led by Martin Luther Catholic Church was corrupt: Selling
indulgences (pardons from sin), greedy priests Catholic Church lost members, as a result,
encourage exploration to find new converts
AHSGE Notes Columbian Exchange
Exchange of goods, plants, animals, and culture between Europe, Africa, and the America’s as a result of Columbus’s discovery of America
Disease was a negative exchange, especially SMALL POX
13 original colonies Georgia. South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware
AHSGE Notes French and Indian War: England v. France and
Indian Allies Fought over the Ohio River Valley English forced to raise taxes on the colonies in order
to pay back debt accumulated caused by French Indian War
American colonies disliked the taxes enforced by British.
Colonies claimed they were being taxed without their consent plus they were being asked to pay for a European war.
AHSGE Notes
Stamp Act – Tax on Printed materials Navigation Act- Lack of free trade/
stopped smuggling Tea Act- made East India Co. Tea
cheaper than smuggled tea Colonists claimed “Taxation Without
Representation” by James Otis
AHSGE Notes Tea Act lead to the Boston Tea Party:
Colonists dumped a ship load of East India co. tea into Boston Harbor.
Boston Tea Party was led by a group of rebellious colonists called The Sons of Liberty (led by Samuel Adams)
AHSGE Notes
Boston Massacre: angry mob of Boston citizens harassed British soldiers and the soldiers opened fire on the colonists.
Crispus Attucks – black man one of the first killed at the Boston massacre. Guy was probably cussing and throwing stuff at the British soldiers anyway.
AHSGE Notes Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts the
sites of the opening shots of the American Revolution.
“Shot Heard Round the World” meaning that the opening shots of American Revolution actually was the beginning of revolutions in Europe for the sake of gaining Freedoms, (i.e. French Revolutions ideas of equality and freedoms stem from America’s fight for freedom)
AHSGE Notes 1) Ideas that influenced our govt.
John Locke: “Natural Rights” (Rights that all people should have like life, liberty, and property)
Montesquieu: Govt. Should have “separation of powers”
Adam Smith: “Free Enterprise System” ( no govt. interference in the economy) Laissez-Faire “ Hands off”
AHSGE Notes Rousseau: Social Contract (People give the
govt. power to rule them) Magna Carta: (Also called the Great
Charter) gave citizens in England more rights and made the King and nobles accountable by the same laws (Bill of Rights)
Great Awakening: everyone had an equal chance to achieve salvation (Religious movement in the 1700’s to revive faith)
AHSGE Notes When the American Revolution began
there was not U.S. govt. The 13 colonies sent representatives to
meet in Philadelphia to organize themselves against Britain
The first meeting was called the First Continental Congress
AHSGE Notes
The second meeting was called the Second Continental Congress
The Declaration of Independence was written and signed during this meeting
George Washington was named commander of the Continental Army
AHSGE Notes
Declaration of Independence was written mostly by Thomas Jefferson
It was a list of Complaints against the British govt. and our reasons for wanting to be free
The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776
AHSGE Notes The Articles of Confederation was the weak
central govt. created by the second Continental Congress
The Articles were weak because: A. no power to tax (no way of raising money) B. only one branch of govt. (legislative) C. Could not regulate trade D. States had more power than National govt.
AHSGE Notes Constitution
Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to change the Article of Confederation NOT do away with them
However the Articles were discarded and the Constitution was written
Great Compromise: Virginia Plan (large States) vs, New Jersey Plan (Small States
AHSGE Notes Great Compromise took ideas from
both plans. It settled the dispute about how the
legislature should be organized -- 2 house legislature (house and
senate) House based on population and
senate would be equal number per state
AHSGE Notes 3/5 Compromise settled whether or not
slaves would count toward the population numbers
Every 5 slaves would count as 3 people Southern States wanted to be able to count
their slaves in the numbers to gain more seats in the House of Representatives
North compromised and allowed 3/5 to count
This is one of the first instances North/South sectionalism
AHSGE Notes
Federalists- people who supported te Constitution because it made the national govt. stronger
Anti-Federalists- people who opposed a strong national govt. and wanted to hold on to states powers
AHSGE Notes Bill of Rights- first 10 Amendments to
the Constitution Added in order to get the constitution
ratified (or passed) Federalists agreed to add them to get
Anti-Federalists to support Constitutional ratification
James Madison –”Father of the Bill of Rights”
AHSGE Notes
Federalist Papers- Articles written by Federalists in order to change people’s mind and try to get the Constitution ratified
Federalism- System in which power is shared between the states and the federal/national govt.
AHSGE Notes Three Branches of Govt.
1) Executive Branch (President) – executes or carries out laws passed by the legislative Branch (Congress), President is also Commander–in-Chief of the military
President cannot serve but for two consecutive terms (8 years)
Must be @l least 35 years old and a natural born citizen
AHSGE Notes
Legislative Branch- (Congress)- Creates laws; Power to tax; declare war
Two Houses: 1) House of Representatives-
based on states population 2) Senate- each state gets 2
Senators
AHSGE Notes
Judicial Branch- (Supreme Court) Interprets the laws
Elastic Clause- Legislative branch has the authority to pass any law that is “proper and necessary” for doing it job
AHSGE Notes
Important Amendments 13th –Freed Slaves 14th – Citizenship to blacks 15th – Right to vote for blacks 18th – Prohibition (banned Alcohol) 19th Women's right to vote (Suffrage) 21st – Repealed 18th Prohibition
AHSGE Notes
Important Supreme Court Cases Marbury vs. Madison- established
Judicial Review (court had the right to declare whether or not laws passed by Congress were constitutional or not; started from the “Midnight Judges” appointed by Adams
AHSGE Notes Gibbons vs. Ogden – Congress alone
had the right to regulate interstate and foreign trade
Scott vs. Sadford- Slav Dred Scott, a slave claimed to be free because his owner took him into a free state. Supreme court ruled against Scott because he was not a citizen (black) and he was property regardless of where he was at
AHSGE Notes Plessy vs. Ferguson- segregation
(separation of the races) is legal as long as facilities are equal
How the U.S. Expanded Treaty of Paris- After the
American revolution., the new border was Canada to the North and the Mississippi River to the West, Spanish FL. to the South
AHSGE Notes
Louisiana Purchase- Bought from France in 1803 by President Jefferson.
Land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky mountains
Doubled the size of the U.S. Purchased for 12-15 million $
AHSGE Notes
Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – State in the Ohio River valley added
War with Mexico added California, Texas, New Mexico and Utah
AHSGE Trails for westward expansion
1) Oregon trail- Trail to pacific Northwest/ North California
2) Mormon Trail- trail to Utah; led by Brigham Young
3) Santa Fe Trail- From Independence Missouri to Mexico for trade
4) California Trail- 1849 Gold Rush to Sutters mill at Sacramento. CA
AHSGE Notes
Transportation Robert Fulton- Steamboat “
Clemont” Erie Canal- waterway from
Buffalo,NY- NYC National Road- Federal road built
from Maryland to Illinois Wright Bros.- first airplane
AHSGE Notes
Inventions: Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts
Politics: Monroe Doctrine- Pres. Monroe foreign policy would not interfere in European Affairs and European nations should not interfere in western hemisphere
AHSGE Notes Second Bank of the U.S.- Stabilize
currency and hold govt. funds Spoils System – Pres. Jackson’s
system of giving supporters and friends jobs within the govt.
Indian Removal Act- Under Pres. Jackson, Indians were forced to move from Southeast to Oklahoma
AHSGE Notes Trail of Tears- Cherokees forced to move
from Georgia to Oklahoma Texas War for Independence- Texas fought
Mexico for independence Led by Sam Houston Alamo- old mission in San Antonio in which
Mexican leader Santa Anna defeated Texans Texas was then annexed (made part of) by
U.S. U.S. would have to go to war with Mexico to
keep Texas
AHSGE Notes
Manifest Destiny- Belief that the U.S. border should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific. That God wanted America to have this land
Social Reformers Horace Mann- Public Education Dorothea Dix- Mental Hospitals
AHSGE Notes Dorethea Dix- Mental hospitals Harriet Tubman- helped slaves escape
to the underground railroad Fredrick Douglas- escaped slave who
was leading abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison- anti-slavery
newspaper Elizabeth Cady Stanton- women's
rights- Seneca Falls Convention women's right to vote
AHSGE Notes Susan B. Anthony- pushed for the 19th
amendment giving women the right to vote
Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, opened peoples eyes to the issue of slavery
Temperance Movement- movement to ban alcohol- led to the 18th amendment (Prohibition) banning alcohol manufacture and sale
AHSGE Notes
Events Leading Up To the Civil War
Missouri Compromise- Missouri was added as a slave state; Maine added as a free state to keep the balance between the number of free/slave states; all new states added to the U.S. above the 36’N Latitude would be free states
AHSGE Notes Popular Sovereignty- People living in
an area would vote on whether their state was free or slave
Compromise of 1850- California would be free; other new states decided by popular sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Act- escaped slaves caught in free states would have to be returned to owner
AHSGE Notes
Kansas-Nebraska Act- Allowed people in those two states to decide on free/slave issue by popular sovereignty.
Caused terrible fighting---- led to “Bleeding Kansas” ---Pro slavery and anti-slavery fighting
AHSGE Notes
John Brown- Radical or “militant” Abolitionists murdered proslavery supporters in Kansas
He also led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in order to give weapons to slaves so they could revolt
AHSGE Notes CIVIL WAR
Abraham Lincoln became President of the U.S in 1860
South Carolina seceded (left) the Union first
Confederate States of America- 11 states: South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, Texas, Florida, Arkansas
AHSGE Notes
First shots of Civil War fired at Fort Sumter, SC
Union- Northern states, America, or Yankees
President Lincoln General Ulysses S. Grant was the
Union forces last and best Commander
AHSGE Notes
SOUTH Weaknesses 1) Lack of railroads 2) Lack of money 3) Less Population 4) New govt. 5) Lack of industries
AHSGE Notes
SOUTH Strengths 1) Defense (does not have to win) 2) Good Commanders 3) Fighting mostly on home turf
AHSGE Notes NORTH
Weaknesses 1) Poor quality of Generals Strengths 1) More Population 2) U.S. govt. 3) More money 4) More and better industrial base
AHSGE Notes
Union Plan for victory: Anaconda Plan- squeeze the south by applying naval blockades around the southern coast in order to keep supplies from reaching them and cut off the Mississippi river
AHSGE Notes Important Civil War Battles
Fort Sumter- South fired on the Federal fort at South Carolina his started the war
Bull Run- First true battle of the Civil War Antietam- Union victory- Pres. Lincoln
issued the Emancipation Proclamation afterward
Vicksburg- Union forces cut-off Miss. River, led by Gen. Grant
AHSGE Notes Gettysburg – Huge Union victory;
turning point of the war because the south could not launch another attack
Atlanta- North General Sherman burned Atlanta on his march to the sea
Appomattox- General Lee of the south surrenders to General Grant of the North, thus ending the American Civil War
AHSGE Notes
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play at Fords theatre in Washington D.C. by John Wilkes Booth
Andrew Johnson then becomes President
Reconstruction- rebuilding of the south by the north after the Civil War
AHSGE Notes
The Middle Passage is a term for: A. the journey slaves took from Africa
to America B. the Panama Canal C. the harsh winters settlers at
Jamestown endured D. a trade route from the southern
colonies to the New England colonies
AHSGE Notes
During the Middle Ages, what event exposed Europe to foreign cultures and led to an interest in exploration?
A. The Reformation B. The Crusades C. The Renaissance D. The Napoleonic Wars
AHSGE Notes The 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas
between Spain and Portugal did what?
Established a North-South line of demarcation in the Atlantic giving everything west of the line to Spain, everything east to Portugal. Thus Portugal ends up with Brazil and today Portuguese is the language of Brazil, NOT Spanish.
AHSGE Notes
At the end of WW II which was the last country to surrender?
A. Italy B. Japan C. Germany D. China
AHSGE Notes
On August 6th, 1945, during WWII, America dropped Little Boy, the worlds first atomic bomb, on the Japanese city of:
A. Tokyo B. Nagasaki C. Kyoto D. Hiroshima
AHSGE Notes On August 9th, 1945, America
dropped, Fat Man, a second nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of___ thus causing Japan to finally surrender during WWII.
A. Kyoto B. Nagasaki C. Tokyo D. Hiroshima
AHSGE Notes
VE-Day the day German forces surrendered in the European theatre of combat to allied forces, meaning, Victory in Europe
VJ-Day the day Japanese forces surrendered in the Pacific theatre of combat to allied forces, meaning, Victory in Japan
AHSGE Notes
WW I 1914- war began 1917- U.S. enters war 1918- “11th hour of 11th day of 11th
month,” Armistice signed- ceasing fighting until a formal treaty is to be worked out
1919- Treaty of Versailles- officially ends WW I
AHSGE Notes
The term “Final Solution” referred to which of the following:
A. The United States entrance into World War II.
B. The development of Trench Warfare
C. The Treaty of Versailles D. The extermination of Jews in Nazi
concentration camps
AHSGE Notes
Montesquieu believed in the separation of
A. Government Powers B. Races C. Church and State D. Social Classes
AHSGE Notes
June 6, 1944 – D-day, the Allied invasion of Europe during WW II.
Invasion led by Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower
Invasion was called “Operation Overlord”
Invasion force landed at Normandy, France
AHSGE Notes Dec 7, 1941 Japanese planes attack Pearl Harbor This event causes the U.S. to enter
WW II USS Arizona was sunk trying to
escape and over 1,000 men were entombed in her
President Franklin D. Roosevelt called the attack, “A date which will live in infamy”
AHSGE Notes KOREAN WAR
1950 -1953 Communist North Korea invades
democratic South Korea The U.S.A along with United
Nations forces go to war to expel the Communist Northern forces
U.S. forces led by Gen. Douglas Macarthur
AHSGE Notes
Vietnam War U.S. forces land in South Vietnam to
repel the North Vietnam Communists War lasted from 1963-1973 Gen. William Westmoreland
American Commander Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson escalated
the war
AHSGE Notes
Vietnam War President Richard Nixon was elected
in 1968 on the promise to end the war and bring American troops home.
Vietnamazation – Training South Vietnamese troops by the U.S. Army to take over security of South Vietnam once America left
AHSGE Notes
1961 – President John F. Kennedy takes office, the first Roman Catholic to ever be elected to the Presidency
1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion- Pres. JFK orders an invasion of Cuba, using Cubans that came to America
The Invasion failed b/c Kennedy did not give the invasion force air support
AHSGE Notes
October 1962 a U.S. U-2 Spy plane flying over Cuba photographed Soviet nuclear missiles being installed on the island
President JFK ordered a naval blockade of Cuba in order to force the Soviets to remove them
After a few days Soviet leader Khrushchev removed the missiles
AHSGE Notes
November 22, 1963 1) President John F. Kennedy
assassinated 2) Occurred in Dallas, Texas 3) Lee Harvey Oswald was said to
be the assassin 4) Oswald shot him from the Dallas
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