Aim: How can we use a heat Aim: How can we use a heat budget to determine budget to determine

climate?climate? DO NOW: TAKE SCRAP and get DO NOW: TAKE SCRAP and get

ready.ready.

56) (Porosity or permeability) does 56) (Porosity or permeability) does not depend on particle size.not depend on particle size.

34) Latitude that the Sun’s rays are 34) Latitude that the Sun’s rays are at an observer’s zenith or directly at an observer’s zenith or directly overhead on December 21?overhead on December 21?

34) Latitude that the Sun’s rays are 34) Latitude that the Sun’s rays are at an observer’s zenith or directly at an observer’s zenith or directly overhead on June 21?overhead on June 21?

46) Wind is a result of ______ 46) Wind is a result of ______ differences.differences.

HW: HW: Watch video on hurricanes and tornadoes Watch video on hurricanes and tornadoes

and take notes that were posted last and take notes that were posted last night.night.

Take notes of ppt I will post this afternoon.Take notes of ppt I will post this afternoon. You are now responsible for 1-80 of the You are now responsible for 1-80 of the

WAYS. Please review and write down any WAYS. Please review and write down any of the “ways” that you do not understand.of the “ways” that you do not understand.

Did you make the cutDid you make the cut

3:30 – 4:303:30 – 4:30 Eat before you come. Serious Eat before you come. Serious

review.review.

Heat Budget and Heat Budget and Climate ChangeClimate Change

What’s a heat budget?What’s a heat budget?

Heat budgetHeat budget – balance between – balance between energy gained and energy lostenergy gained and energy lost

Earth balance between:Earth balance between:– Sun’s radiation / Earth’s interior heat Sun’s radiation / Earth’s interior heat

and Earth giving off energy to spaceand Earth giving off energy to space

+ vs.

Let’s take a look at lab introduction. Let’s take a look at lab introduction. I have a few tips for youI have a few tips for you

Climate ChangeClimate Change Ice AgesIce Ages (glacial epoch) – cold (glacial epoch) – cold

periods where glaciers advance to periods where glaciers advance to mid-latitudes mid-latitudes

Warm PeriodsWarm Periods (interglacial epoch) – (interglacial epoch) – warm periods where few or no warm periods where few or no glaciersglaciers

El NiEl Niñoño

Every 2-10 years cold waters of Every 2-10 years cold waters of Eastern Pacific Ocean (South Eastern Pacific Ocean (South America) replaced with warm watersAmerica) replaced with warm waters

Causes a warming event – leading to Causes a warming event – leading to flooding, droughts, and heat wavesflooding, droughts, and heat waves

La NiLa Niña – (opposite) leads to cooler ña – (opposite) leads to cooler climates than normalclimates than normal

Warmer waters enter Eastern Pacific by South

America (El Niño)

Global WarmingGlobal Warming Rising in the Earth’s average temperatureRising in the Earth’s average temperature Caused by production of more greenhouse Caused by production of more greenhouse

gases (COgases (CO22, CH, CH33 – Methane, H – Methane, H22O vapor)O vapor) More Greenhouse gases = elevated More Greenhouse gases = elevated

greenhouse effect = global warminggreenhouse effect = global warming Burning fossil fuels (factories, powerplants, Burning fossil fuels (factories, powerplants,

cars) produces more COcars) produces more CO22 – leads to global – leads to global warmingwarming

Heat Budget Shifts caused Heat Budget Shifts caused by:by:

1. Solar Energy – 1. Solar Energy – more sunspots (dark region on Sun’s more sunspots (dark region on Sun’s surface) = more energy release by Sunsurface) = more energy release by Sun

Heat Budget Shifts caused by Heat Budget Shifts caused by (2):(2):

2. Changes in Earth’s orbit 2. Changes in Earth’s orbit (eccentricity) and axis tilt (angle)(eccentricity) and axis tilt (angle)

- takes over thousands of years- takes over thousands of years

3. Volcanic eruptions and climate 3. Volcanic eruptions and climate changeschanges

Heat Budget Shifts caused by Heat Budget Shifts caused by (3):(3):

4. Human causes – 4. Human causes – deforestation (cutting trees down) deforestation (cutting trees down) urbanization (building of cities)urbanization (building of cities)desertification due to overgrazing desertification due to overgrazing