LegislationAccording to ICAO's 'Chicago' Convention

• Every state has Sovereignty over airspace above its Territory.

• Territory – Land of country and territorial waters.• Entrance can require routing via a customs airport.• A/C must obey the territories Rules of the Air.• International flights must have a Certificate of

Airworthiness from a/c state of registry.

Recommended regulations and procedures are in 'annexes'• Annex 1 – Personnel licensing• Annex 2 – Rules of the air• Annex 3 – Met services of international Nav• Annex 6 – A/C operation• Annex 7 – A/C Nationality + Markings• Annex 8 – Airworthiness• Annex 9 – Facilitation• Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services• Annex 12 – Search and Rescue• Annex 13 – Accident investigation• Annex 14 – Aerodromes• Annex 15 -Aeronautical Information Services• Annex 17 -Security• Annex 18 – Transport of dangerous goods

Rules of the airIn the airConverging Aircraft

A/C on the right has right of way. “On the right in the right”A/C with right of way will maintain heading and track. A/C giving way will pass behind the other.

Head on A/C willboth turn right.

Overtake on theright

An Overtaking situation exists when the A/C behind is within 70° of the extended centre line

If Landing no restricted to a runway• A/C will land to the right.

• Once landed A/C will vacate to the left

When Following a line feature must keep right of that feature.

On the Ground

Overtake to the left

For simulated instrument flight a/c must be fitted with Duel controls, have a safety pilot on board, if the safety pilot doesn’t have full field of view a competent observer must be on board.

Low Flying

A/C shall always be in a position to glide clear of any obstacles in the event on an engine failure unless standard procedures are in placeThe 1000ft rule does not apply to SVFR flights

Lighting

Lights 5m + 10m Distress and Emergency

Distress – A/C threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance (Mayday)Urgency – An Urgent situation regarding the A/C itself or something/somebody in sight of the A/C

Transponder Codes7700 Distress7600 Radio Coms Failure7500 Unlawful interference

Runway Distances

Landing direction towards the cross arm parallel to the long section.

Take-off and landing direction not

necessarily the same

Movement of A/C confined to paver hard surfaces

Landing on a runway but other

movement not confined to hard

surfaces.

Circuit direction (right)

Manoeuvring area poor take

precautions

Aerodrome unsafe, landing prohibited

Helicopters must only land within

specified area

Light aircraft may land on the runway or on another (specified) area

Gliding in progress

The person in charge of aerodrome and or ATC can be found. Where you book in/out of an airfield and pay landing fees

Landing and take-off may not coincide

Traffic only moves with ATC permission

Glider flying in progress

Section of runway or taxiway unavailable

Runway entrance/exit do not cross without permission. Can cross broken line to exit runway without permission

Must have ATC permission to cross.

Edge of usable area, no movement beyond this area

Aerodrome boundary

Movement area – The part of the aerodrome used for all a/c movement including the apron

Manoeuvring area- Part of aerodrome provided to T/O, Landing and movement, excluding the apron and maintenance area

Landing area – Part of movement area for take-off and landing of aircraft

Apron – Part of the aerodrome where aircraft can load and unload, refuel and park.Runway Marking + Lighting

Taxiway markings are White runway markings are in Yellow

Runway Discriptions

Dry – The surface not affected by water slush, snow or ice.

Damp – The surface shows a change of colour due to moisture

Wet- the surface is soaked but no significant patches of standing water are visible

Water Patches – Significant patches of standing water are visible

Flooded – Extensive standing water is visible

Runways that have water patches or is flooded is considered to be contaminated

Flight Rules

All VFR flights must take place in VMC

If weather conditions are not VMC then they are IMC and you are in IFR which cannot be fulfilled with a standard PPL.

If IFR you must fly in accordance with the Quadrantal and Semi-circular rules

Below 19,500ft Above 19,500ft

Wake Turbulence

Departure

Leading A/C Departure Point Time

Heavy or Medium Same 2min

Heavy or Medium Intermediate 3min

Landing

Leading A/C Distance / Time

Heavy 8nm / 4 min

Medium 6nm / 3 min

Small 4nm / 2min

Airspace

Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ)

2000ft AGL

2NM wide unless runway above 1850ft then 2.5NM wide

Military Aerodrome Traffic Zone (MATZ)

5nm

3000ft 2000ft

4nm

5nm

Flight plans

• Must be filed at least 60mins before start-up time.

• If more than 30min delay a new flight plan is needed

Altimeter Settings

The standard pressure setting and movement to FL is used above an altitude of 6000ft

Transition Altitude – Altitude above which you would set the standard pressure setting

Transition Level – Lowest available flight level

Transition Layer – The layer between the transition altitude and transition level

ATC Definitions

Aerodrome Control Service – An air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic

Air Traffic – All aircraft in flight or operation on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome

Alerting Service – A service provided to notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organisations as required

Approach Control Service – An air traffic control service for arriving and departing controlled flights

Area Control Service – An air traffic control service for controlled flights in control areas

Radar approach – An approach where the final approach phase is conducted under the direction of a radar controller

Radar Vectoring – The provision of navigational guidance to aircraft, in the form of specific headings, based on the use of radar

ATC Services

Basic Service – Local aerodrome information, can provide information about other traffic and suggest routings but doesn't have to.

Traffic Service – Provided by a radar controller, provides information about traffic within 3nm or 3000ft. PIC responsible for terrain and traffic separation, suggested you advise the ATU of any heading or height changes

Deconfliction Service – Provides deconfliciton headings for separation. 5nm and 3000ft separation. Headings can take you into IMC but must not leave VMC so have to advise if you cannot comply with headings

AircraftCertificate of registration should always be carried and should also carry and aircraft identification plate

Certificate of airworthiness may be invalidated if an aircraft is modified in an unapproved way, flown outside published parameters (POH or as placarded) or maintained by the correct maintenance schedule.

International Documentation

Certificate of Registration Certificate of Airworthiness Crew Licences Journey Logbook Radio Licences Passenger list Cargo Manifest

Licensing

Student License – Begin logging flights at 14, but must be 16 before flying solo if authorised by a qualified flight instructor. Must hold a Class 1 or 2 medical

PPL

Requirements – 7 Theoretical Exams

35hrs Duel + 10hrs Solo - 45hrs Total

150nm Solo Cross country with 2 land aways

5hrs solo cross country

Pass a Skill test with and examiner

Be 17 for issue

Medical – You must inform the authority if, you are hospitalised for more than 12hrs, have had surgery or an invasive procedure, regular use of medication or use corrective lenses. Also if any illness is present that would stop you from being able to fly for more than 21days you must inform the authority.

Carriage of passengers – If you wish to carry passengers you must hold a valid PPL and have 3 take off and landings as sole manipulator of the controls in the previous 90days

Night Time – the period from half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise

Type Ratings and Multi engine class ratings – valid for 1 year

Single Engine class ratings – Valid for 2 years, to revalidate you must. Have a proficiency check in the 3 months preceding expiry or within the previous 12 months complete 12 hours of flight time including 6hrs PIC and 12 T/o and LNDings and one hour with an instructor

Search and Rescue

Alert Phase – Apprehension exists regarding the safety of an aircraft and its occupants

Distress – A situation where there is reasonable certainty hat an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance

Ditching – Forced landing of an aircraft on water

Uncertainty – A situation where uncertainty exists regarding the safety of an aircraft and its occupants

Alert Phase – When Rescue Co-ordination Centre alert the search and rescue unit

A Reportable accident is regarded as when

• A person is killed or seriously injured while in, on or in direct contact with the aircraft

• The aircraft incurs damage or structural failure affecting its structural strength, performance or flight characteristics and will require major repair or replacement

• The aircraft is missing or completely inaccessible

A reportable accident must be notified to the Air Accident Investigation Branch and the local police authority

Signalling