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8/14/2019 Air Man Ship and Safety
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GLIDING FEDERATION OF AUSTRALIA
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Airmanship
Good airmanship is that indefinablesomething that separates the superiorpilot from the average.
It is not a measure of skill or technique,rather it is a measure of a person'sawareness of the aircraft and itsenvironment and of his own capabilities,
combined with wise decision making anda high sense of self-discipline.
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What does Airmanship involve?
Pilot proficiency
Flight discipline
Knowledge of aircraft system andairworthiness
Skill in resource management
Being fully cognisant of every situation
Exercising sound judgement
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Airmanship & Proficiency
Airmanship is an integral part ofproficiency in aviation.
Proficiency may be defined as the
combination of knowledge, skills andattitude required to perform a task well or to operate the aircraft in all foreseeablesituations.
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Airmanship is a Complex
interactive system
Of pilot, machine, practical physics,traffic, weather elements and risk.
Stress
Discipline
Risk
Weather
Attitude
Traffic
PerceptionPhysics
Planning
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Airmanship is a Complex
interactive system When each and every flight is undertaken
the total environment airframe, engine(if a powered sailplane), pilot, atmosphere
and flight planning should be fit for thesafe, successful conclusion of thatoperation.
Poor perception and poor discipline
create an incident prone pilot.
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Risk Management
About 70% of our pilots fly less than 50hours per year.
This is probably enough to maintain their
physical flying skills. It may not be enough to maintain a high
level of cognitive skills e.g. situationalawareness, judgement and action
formulation.
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Managing Risk
A risk or hazard is any situation, event, orcircumstance that may affect the safety offlight:
The effects of risk occur in thefuture so plan ahead
Risks are not errors, but they
increase the potential for error
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Managing Risk
TrapTrap
AvoidAvoid
Safe FlightSafe Flight
RiskRisk
IdentifyIdentify
Identifying and classifyingIdentifying and classifying
a riska risk
Avoiding the risk or riskAvoiding the risk or risk
situationssituations
Trapping the risk andTrapping the risk and
resolving or mitigating anyresolving or mitigating any
effects or consequenceseffects or consequences
The process of managing risk involves: -
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Cultural Indicators for Increased
Risk Undisciplined behaviour
Inadequate flight preparation
Improper attention to detail
Shortcuts in procedures
Lack of pride and caring for resources
Substandard proficiency
Exceeding limitations (personal & aircraft) Pressure by peers to exceed limitations
Lack of responsibility
Poor judgement
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Appropriate Risk Management
Every flight should be conducted correctlyand precisely.
Follow appropriate procedures.
Do not take shortcuts. Do not push the margins.
Understand the environment you are
operating in. Dont let external pressures override
sound decision making.
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Appropriate Risk Management
Agreed standards = low accident risk
Time
Borrowing fromsafety
Acceptinglowerstandards=increased
accidentrisk
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Situation Awareness
Being situationally aware means:-
Being fully cognisant of the bigpicture at all times.
Continually collecting and judginginformation, from sources inside
and outside the cockpit.
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Situation Awareness in Flight
In flight a pilot has to be several minutesahead of the aircraft, not several secondsbehind it:
to perceive what's going on; and
be able to impose soundjudgement on every change, from
a minor distraction to a major in-flight emergency.
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Situation Awareness
Emergencies In an emergency situation stress may
build rapidly.
The pilot will tend to unconsciously focus
on very few aspects of the situationwithout noticing that other aspects aredegrading, e.g:
Airspeed;
Attitude;
Unco-ordinated control inputs; etc.
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Situation Awareness
Emergencies Good handling of any unusual situation
provides a basis for confidence inabilities.
Poor handling of an emergency willundermine confidence.
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How to Improve Situation
Awareness Assimilate an adequate knowledge base
Plan well in advance
Continually monitor flight progress
Use a scanning technique
Project ahead
Fly the glider at a safe airspeed and
within the performance limits Communicate as required
Don't be distracted
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How to Improve Situation
Awareness
He
igh
t
OPTI
ONSRememberOur options diminish as we get
closer to the ground!
Flightpath
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Rules, Regulations and
Commonsense Not even the most experienced pilot,
flying maximum hours every year, canjudge the probability of all likely outcomes
in any situation, expected or unexpected,and make the appropriate decisions.
For this reason, among others, a systemof regulations, rules, conventions,
practices and standard procedures existsfor glider pilots and all other aviationcommunities to follow.
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Self Discipline
Pilots who choose not to follow rules andregulations abandon the inherentprotection provided by them.
Such pilots thus ignore the trail of injuryand death that the rules were formulatedto prevent.
Each conscious infraction of the rules
further dulls good judgement until crunchtime finally arrives.
Such rogues often take others with them.
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Self Discipline
All pilots must occasionally askthemselves the question: Am Imaintaining a fully disciplined approach to
all flight and pre-flight procedures? And ifnot why?
Good airmanship cannot co-exist withpoor discipline; a self evident truth is that
a pilot lacking the appropriate self-discipline is an accident waiting tohappen.
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Self Discipline
Discipline overrides panic and reinforcesthe ability to maintain/regain control of theaircraft when faced with a serious flight
situation.
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Personal Operating Procedures
While standard operating procedures areincluded in the GFA OperationsRegulations, every glider pilot should
develop, and follow, their own set ofpersonal operating procedures and applythem, where applicable, to each flightoperation.
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Personal Operating Procedures
For example:-
a procedure to be followed ifunsure of position on a cross-country flight;
the turn-back criteria if you findyourself flying toward unsuitable
terrain; or having the self-discipline to decide
whether you should take-off in thefirst place!
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The Proficient Pilot
Flies accurately, using approvedtechnique, knowing the performancecharacteristics of the aircraft being flown
and consistently maintains a safeairspeed, attitude and heading.
Knows the minimum safe speeds forvarious angles of bank when turning and
at varying weights and c.g. positions.
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The Proficient Pilot
Knows the aircraft's glide performanceand will be continually monitoring theground for possible safe landing sites
should conditions deteriorate. Will have developed a set of tolerances
for personal performance assessmente.g. airspeed consistently within 5 knots
or heading held within 5. Aims to fly with style, making smooth,
timely and balanced transitions whenturning, cruising or leaving a thermal.
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Make Safety the Primary Goal in
all Decision-making
A superior pilot uses superior judgmentto avoid stressful situations which
might call for the use of superior skills.
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Christopher Thorpe
Chief Flying Instructor
Beaufort Gliding Club