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CBP 1/6/00
CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM
TODAY’S MESSAGE
The air pollution we create also pollutes our land and water.
Therefore
In order to clean up our water, we must also clean up our air!
CBP 1/6/00
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Why are we concerned about air pollution?
Air quality effects- air pollution can contribute to human health problems and degrade visibility.
Land effects- nitrogen deposition saturates systems and overloads vegetation
Water quality effects- eutrophication caused by the over-fertilization of coastal/fresh waters and acidification of streams and lakes.
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Organization of the presentation (in case all of this air talk goes to your head)
• Vocabulary for Airheads
• Air Pollutants of “Water Quality” Concern• Where air pollutants come from and their impacts
• What Still Needs to be Done
• What Has Been Done to Date
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Vocabulary for Airheads
Volatilization: to pass off in vapor.
Emissions: pollution being released into the air from sources.
Particulate matter: includes dust, soot and bits of solid materials released into and move around in the air.
Atmospheric Transport: air pollutants traveling short or long distances.
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Vocabulary for AirheadsAtmospheric Deposition: the process whereby
airborne particles and gases settle to the Earth's surface. - Wet Deposition: pollutants deposited in rain, fog, and snow).
- Dry Deposition: pollutants deposited with out rain, fog or snow but in the form of airborne particles.
Atmospheric load: total amount of an air pollutant that a water body receives.
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Air Pollutants of “Water Quality” Concern
Nitrogen Compounds
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Ammonia/Ammonium (NH3/NH4)
Organic Nitrogen (Org-N)
Nitrogen is a nutrient which all things need to grow. However, human activities contribute more nitrogen than an ecosystem needs.
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Air Pollutants of “Water Quality” Concern continued...
Chemical contaminantsMetals (lead, cadmium, copper)
Mercury
Organic Contaminants(pesticides, PCBs, PAHs)
Chemical contaminants are natural or manmade compounds that have the potential to become toxic:
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Where Air Pollutants Come From
What goes up
must come down
Stationary and area sources
Mobile sources
Agricultural sources
Natural sources
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Stationary Sources
Stationary Sources: • do not move • are thought of as large
point sources • release relatively
consistent quantities of pollutants.
Stationary Source
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Area Sources
Area sources:
• smaller clustered stationary sources
• individual emissions may be low
• collective emissions can be significant.
Area Source
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Mobile Sources
Mobile sources: • are capable of moving.• can be an “on-road” category.• can be “non-road” or “off-road” category.
On Road Mobile Sources
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Agricultural Sources
Agricultural operations can generate emissions of gases, particulate matter, and chemical compounds.
These emissions come from: • animal housing• storage of animal waste • land-applied animal waste• crop production
Crops
Livestock
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Natural Sources
Natural sources of air pollutants include: • lightning• erupting volcano• weather-caused forest & prairie fires•unconfined wild animals
Nature
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IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
• Acid rain• Smog (ozone and visibility)• Eutrophication• Accumulation in terrestrial
ecosystems and in drinking water
Nitrogen
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IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
• Bioaccumulate
• Persist
• Bind to sediments
• Affect biological processes
Chemical Contaminants
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What Has Been Done to Date to Reduce Air Pollution
A Historical Perspective:
Clean Air Act (1970) and Amendments– To ensure that all Americans have air that
is safe to breathe.
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Clean Water Act (1972) and Amendments
- To restore & maintain the chemical, physical, & biological integrity of the
nation’s waters.
What Has Been Done to Date to Reduce Air Pollution
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1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
Great Waters ProgramCalls for a program to identify and assess
the extent of atmospheric deposition of hazardous air pollutants to water bodies
such as the Chesapeake Bay.
What Has Been Done to Date to Reduce Air Pollution
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OVER 20FEDERAL
GOVERNMENTAGENCIES
STATE/DISTRICTGOVERNMENT:MD, PA, VA, DC
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
PRIVATE INDUSTRY
ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
CHESAPEAKE BAY CLEANUP
UNIVERSITIES & RESEARCHERS
CONCERNED CITIZENS
The Bay Cleanup Involves Partners at All Levels
What Has Been Done to Date to Reduce Air Pollution
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Area of NOx Emissions that contribute Nitrogen Deposition to the Bay and its Watershed
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Types of NOx Emission Sources from States* that Contribute the Most Nitrogen Deposition to the Bay and its Watershed
Other21%
Utilities38%
Industries6%
Cars and Trucks35%
*Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, New Jersey, and Ohio
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Status of Chemical Contaminant Effects on Living Resources
in the Chesapeake Bay’s Tidal Rivers
3 HOT SPOTS10 WARM SPOTS
8 HEALTHY SPOTS20 UNKNOWN
21 areas with fish consumption advisories
due to chemical contaminants
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What can you do to reduce air pollution? As an individual, as a group or as a community
Help YOUR community put
the pieces of the puzzle together...
Communicate concerns to your community
& representatives.
Attend town meetings
Educate others to make good decisions.
Raise awareness.
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• Conserve electricity.• Recycle AND purchase recycled products.• Use electric lawn mowers and tools instead of gas- powered ones.• Reduce amounts and types of chemicals you use.• Instead of charcoal lighter fluid use a charcoal chimney, electric starter, or propane grill.• Reduce the amount of miles you drive. • Carpool, telecommute, or use public transportation.• Purchase fuel efficient automobiles. • Follow state guidelines on emissions testing & maintain any pollution-control devices.
What you do daily makes a difference
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What you do daily makes a difference continued...
• Plan car trips carefully.• Turn off your engine when waiting. • Take alternate routes to eliminate idling.• Accelerate gently and evenly, and use your cruise
control.• Use vehicle’s flow-through vents instead of air
conditioning or open a window.• Check a car’s cooling system thermostat. • Keep car tuned and properly inflate & align tires
to save gas & to reduce wear on tires over time.
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In conclusion...
THANK YOU
The Air pollution we create also pollutes our land and water.
Therefore in order to clean up the Chesapeake Bay, we must also clean up the air.
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Chesapeake Bay ProgramOrganizational Chart
Chesapeake Executive Council
Principals' StaffCommitteeCitizens Advisory Committee
Local Government AdvisoryCommittee
Scientific & Technical AdvisoryCommittee
Implementation Committee
Federal Agencies Committee
Budget Steering Committee
Air
Nutrient ToxicsMonitoring
&Assessment
ModelingLiving
Resources
Land Growth&
Stewardship
Communications&
Education
InformationManagement
Subcommittees
Water Quality SteeringCommittee
Water Quality TechnicalWorkgroup
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Air’s Role in Bay Program Commitments1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement- a commitment to reduce annual nutrient loads. Water Quality Goal: “Quantify the impacts and identify the sources of atmospheric inputs on the Bay system."
1992 Amendments: "... incorporate into the Nutrient Reduction Strategies an air deposition component which builds upon the federal Clean Air Act and explores additional implementation opportunities to further reduce airborne sources of nitrogen entering Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.”
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Air’s Role in Bay Program Commitments continued...
1994 Basinwide Toxics Reduction & Prevention Strategy
“... establish more complete loadings baselines and source identification for... atmospheric deposition... and set reduction targets from those baselines to be achieved over the next decade.”
1997 Chesapeake Executive Council Directive: “Work toward additional reductions of airborne nitrogen delivered to the Bay and its watershed from all sources including states outside the watershed, and seek improved understanding of how airborne nitrogen affects the Bay and its watershed.”
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Air’s Role in Bay Program Commitments continued...
Chesapeake 2000 Agreement “By 2003, assess the effects of airborne nitrogen compounds and chemical contaminants on the Bay ecosystem and help establish reduction goals for these contaminants.” AND
“By Fall of 2000, reevaluate and revise, as necessary, the “Chesapeake Bay Basinwide Toxics Reduction and Prevention Strategy” focusing on: Complementing state and federal regulatory programs to go beyond traditional point source controls, including nonpoint sources such as groundwater discharge and atmospheric deposition, by using a watershed-based approach...”.
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Air’s Role in Bay Program Commitments continued...
Toxics 2000 Strategy
“By 2002 develop and begin implementing strategies to prevent or reduce chemical contaminants responsible for fish consumption advisories.”
“By 2005, in impacted areas and areas at risk, reduce by 15% chemicals of concern from 1998 levels by working with publicly and privately owned treatment works and industries (including air sources).
“By 2006,in impacted areas and areas at risk, reduce by 50% chemicals of concern from 2001 levels from priority federal facilities.
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Air’s Role in Bay Program Commitments continued...
“By 2006, in impacted areas and areas at risk, reduce by 50% chemicals of concern from 2001 levels from priority federal facilities.
“By 2010, reduce nonpoint sources of chemicals of concern to the Regions of Concern by at least 30%, through implementation of pollution prevention means and other voluntary nonpoint source programs and through accounting of reductions achieved through regulatory”
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Air Subcommittee Supports• Research
– economic studies, environmental effects studies, nitrogen and chemical contaminant studies
• Monitoring– Smith Island Wet deposition monitoring site (began
in 1995- current)
• Outreach– Informative publications, workshops, literature
syntheses, web site http://www.chesapeakebay.net/stressor1.htm
• Modeling– Atmospheric deposition and loadings
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Other Nonpoint Sources (48%)
Point Source (25%)
Atmospheric (27%)atmosphericfrom land(21%)
atmosphericto water (6%)
-Wastewater
Treatment
Plants
-Industry
-Fertilizer and manure
-Septic tanks
-Natural Sources
-Vehicles
-Electric Utilities
-Industry
Source: Chesapeake Bay Program
Phase 4.3 Watershed Model,
1985 Reference Scenario and
2000 progress scenario
In 1985
Other Nonpoint Sources (48%)
Point Source (20%)
Atmospheric (32%)atmosphericfrom land(25%)
atmosphericto water (7%)
-Wastewater
Treatment
Plants
-Industry
-Fertilizer and manure
-Septic tanks
-Natural Sources
-Vehicles
-Electric Utilities
-Industry
,
In 2000
Sources of Nitrogen Loads to the Bay