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Air PollutionAir Pollution
Chapter 15PLAY
VIDEO
Updates Online: CNNUpdates Online: CNN
Ask your rep for these volumes on CD or VHSAsk your rep for these volumes on CD or VHS
World Trade Center Air Pollution (Vol. V)World Trade Center Air Pollution (Vol. V)
Ozone Pollution (Vol. V)Ozone Pollution (Vol. V)
State of the Air 2002 (Vol. VI)State of the Air 2002 (Vol. VI)
Smog Pollution (Vol. VII)Smog Pollution (Vol. VII)
Air Pollution (Vol. VII)Air Pollution (Vol. VII)
Nuclear Fallout (Vol. VII)Nuclear Fallout (Vol. VII)
Earth’s AtmosphereEarth’s Atmosphere
TroposphereTroposphere
78% N78% N22, 21% O, 21% O22
StratosphereStratosphere
Ozone layerOzone layer
Fig. 15-2, p. 347
Fig. 15-2, p. 347
Earth’s Earth’s AtmosphereAtmosphere
Atmospheric pressure (millibars)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(Sea Level)
–80 –40 0 40 80 120 Pressure = 1,000millibars atground levelTemperature (˚C)
Alt
itu
de
(kilo
met
ers)
Alt
itu
de
(mile
s)
75
65
55
45
35
25
15
5
Thermosphere
Heating via ozone
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Ozone “layer”Heating from the
earth
Troposphere
Temperature
Pressure
Mesopause
Stratopause
Tropopause
Primary Pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
Sources NaturalStationary
CO CO2
SO2 NO NO2
Most hydrocarbons
Most suspendedparticles
SO3
HNO3 H2SO4
H2O2 O3 PANs
Most and saltsNO3–
Mobile
SO42 –
Fig. 15-3, p. 348
Sources and Types of Air Pollutants Sources and Types of Air Pollutants
Table 15-1, p. 349
Formation of photochemical smog
AnimationAnimation
Photochemical Smog in Mexico CityPhotochemical Smog in Mexico City
Fig. 15-4, p. 351
Industrial Smog in IndiaIndustrial Smog in India
Fig. 15-5, p. 351
Asian Brown CloudAsian Brown Cloud
Photo courtesy CBS News, ©2002
Air Pollution Around the Air Pollution Around the WorldWorld
Grasshopper EffectGrasshopper Effect
Thermal inversion animation.
AnimationAnimation
Fig. 15-6, p. 353
Wind
Transformation tosulfuric acid (H2SO4)and nitric acid (HNO3)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Acid fog
Ocean
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)and NO
Windborne ammonia gasand particles of cultivated soilpartially neutralize acids andform dry sulfate and nitrate salts
Dry aciddeposition(sulfur dioxidegas and particlesof sulfate andnitrate salts)
Farm
Lakes indeep soilhigh in limestoneare buffered
Lakes in shallowsoil low inlimestonebecomeacidic
Wet acid deposition(droplets of H2SO4 andHNO3 dissolved in rainand snow)
Acid Deposition Acid Deposition
AnimationAnimation
Acid deposition animation.
Video: Los Angeles AirVideo: Los Angeles Air
PLAYVIDEO
pH Measurements at US Sites pH Measurements at US Sites
Fig. 15-7, p. 354
Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils
Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition
Current problem areas(including lakes and rivers)
Fig. 15-8, p. 355
Current and Potential Problems Current and Potential Problems with Acid Depositionwith Acid Deposition
Harmful Effects of Acid DepositionHarmful Effects of Acid Deposition
Respiratory diseases in humans (bronchitis and asthma)Respiratory diseases in humans (bronchitis and asthma)
Leaches metals from water pipesLeaches metals from water pipes
Damages statues and other propertyDamages statues and other property
Decreases atmospheric visibility (Grand Canyon)Decreases atmospheric visibility (Grand Canyon)
Kills fish and other aquatic organismsKills fish and other aquatic organisms
Leaches plant nutrients from soilsLeaches plant nutrients from soils
Weakens trees (mountaintop forests)Weakens trees (mountaintop forests)
Emission
Aciddeposition
SO2
H2O2
PANs
NOX
O3
Others
Direct damageto leaves and bark
Reducedphotosynthesisand growth
IncreasedSusceptibilityto drought,extreme cold,insects, mosses,and diseaseorganisms
Soil acidification
Leaching of soil nutrients
AcidRelease of toxicmetal icons
Rootdamage
Reduced nutrientand water uptake
Tree death
Groundwater
Fig. 15-9, p. 356
Impacts of Air Impacts of Air Pollution on Trees and Pollution on Trees and
Water Water
AnimationAnimation
Effect of air pollution in forests animation.
Tree Damage from Acid DepositionTree Damage from Acid Deposition
Fig. 15-10, p. 356Mount Mitchell State Park, North Carolina
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency
Reduce coal use
Increase natural gas use
Increase use of renewable resources
Burn low-sulfur coal
Remove SO2 particulates, and NOx from smokestack gases
Remove NOx from motor vehicular exhaust
Tax emissions of SO2
Add lime to neutralizeacidified lakes
Add phosphatefertilizer to neutralizeacidified lakes
Solutions
Acid Deposition
Prevention Cleanup
Fig. 15-11, p. 357
Reducing Acid Deposition Reducing Acid Deposition
Video: Air Pollution in ChinaVideo: Air Pollution in China
From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 DVD.DVD.
PLAYVIDEO
Indoor Air PollutionIndoor Air Pollution
Pollutants often at higher concentrations indoorsPollutants often at higher concentrations indoors
Pollution inside carsPollution inside cars
Most people spent most of their time indoorsMost people spent most of their time indoors
Cancer risksCancer risks
Sick-building syndromeSick-building syndrome
Mold and allergiesMold and allergies
Serious problem in developing countriesSerious problem in developing countries
Indoor Air Indoor Air PollutionPollution
Fig. 15-12, p. 358
Chloroform
Benzo--pyrene
Styrene
Radon-222
Methylene Chloride
Tobacco Smoke
Carbon Monoxide
Asbestos
Nitrogen Oxides
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane
Major Indoor Air Pollutants Major Indoor Air Pollutants
Particulates
FormaldehydeTetrachloro-ethylene
Para-dichlorobenzene
Fig. 15-13, p. 359
Outlet vents for furnaces and dryers
Slab joints
Wood stove
Cracks in floorClothesdryerFurnace
Radon-222 gasSlab
Soil
Uranium-238
Sumppump
Cracks in wallCracks in wall
Open windowOpen window
Openingsaroundpipes
Openingsaroundpipes
RadonRadon
Healthy and Diseased Human LungsHealthy and Diseased Human Lungs
Fig. 15-15, p. 360
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTIONPOLLUTION
Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a person who died of emphysema (right).person who died of emphysema (right).
Figure 19-15Figure 19-15
Premature US Deaths from Air PollutionPremature US Deaths from Air Pollution
Fig. 15-16, p. 361
PREVENTING AND REDUCING PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION
The Clean Air Acts in the United States The Clean Air Acts in the United States have greatly reduced outdoor air have greatly reduced outdoor air pollution from six major pollutants:pollution from six major pollutants:• Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide• Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides• Sulfur dioxidesSulfur dioxides• Suspended particulate matter (less than Suspended particulate matter (less than
PM-10)PM-10)
PREVENTING AND REDUCING PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION
Environmental scientists point out several Environmental scientists point out several deficiencies in the Clean Air Act:deficiencies in the Clean Air Act:• The U.S. continues to rely on cleanup rather than The U.S. continues to rely on cleanup rather than
prevention.prevention.• The U.S. Congress has failed to increase fuel-efficiency The U.S. Congress has failed to increase fuel-efficiency
standards for automobiles.standards for automobiles.• Regulation of emissions from motorcycles and two-cycle Regulation of emissions from motorcycles and two-cycle
engines remains inadequate.engines remains inadequate.• There is little or no regulation of air pollution from There is little or no regulation of air pollution from
oceangoing ships in American ports.oceangoing ships in American ports.
PREVENTING AND REDUCING PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION
• Airports are exempt from many air Airports are exempt from many air pollution regulations.pollution regulations.
• The Act does not regulate the greenhouse The Act does not regulate the greenhouse gas COgas CO22..
• The Act has failed to deal seriously with The Act has failed to deal seriously with indoor air pollution.indoor air pollution.
• There is a need for better enforcement of There is a need for better enforcement of the Clean Air Act.the Clean Air Act.
Using the Marketplace to Using the Marketplace to Reduce Outdoor Air PollutionReduce Outdoor Air Pollution
To help reduce SOTo help reduce SO22 emissions, the Clean emissions, the Clean
Air Act authorized and emission trading Air Act authorized and emission trading (cap-and-trade) program.(cap-and-trade) program.• Enables the 110 most polluting power plants to Enables the 110 most polluting power plants to
buy and sell SObuy and sell SO22 pollution rights. pollution rights.
• Between 1990-2002, the emission trading Between 1990-2002, the emission trading system reduced emissions.system reduced emissions.
• In 2002, the EPA reported the cap-and-trade In 2002, the EPA reported the cap-and-trade system produced less emission reductions than system produced less emission reductions than were projected.were projected.
Video: Clean Air ActVideo: Clean Air Act
From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 DVD.DVD.
PLAYVIDEO
Controlling Air Pollution in the United StatesControlling Air Pollution in the United States
Electrostatic precipitator
Controlling Air Pollution in the Controlling Air Pollution in the United StatesUnited States
Scrubber
Controlling Air Pollution in the Controlling Air Pollution in the United StatesUnited States
Emissions in the US, 1970 vs. 2000
NBC Video: Carbon Counts
PLAYVIDEO
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Solutions
Stationery Source Air Pollution
Prevention Dispersion or Cleanup
Burn low-sulfurcoal
Remove sulfurfrom coal
Convert coalto a liquid orgaseous fuel
Shift to lesspolluting fuels
Disperseemissions abovethermal inversionlayer with tallsmokestacks
Removepollutants aftercombustion
Tax each unitof pollutionproduced
Fig. 15-17, p. 363
Solutions: Stationary Source Air Solutions: Stationary Source Air PollutionPollution
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Solutions
Motor Vehicle Pollutions
Prevention Cleanup
Mass transit
Bicycles and walking
Less polluting engines
Less polluting fuels
Improve fuel efficiency
Get older, pollutingcars off the road
Give buyers tax write-offs for buying low-polluting, energy-efficient vehicles
Restrict driving in polluted areas
Emission controldevices
Car exhaustInspectionstwice a year
Stricter emissionstandards
Fig. 15-18, p. 364
Solutions: Motor VehiclesSolutions: Motor Vehicles
Air Pollution potential in IndiaAir Pollution potential in India
PLAYVIDEO
http://www.openroadloans.com/image.axd?picture=tata-nano-standard.jpg
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
SolutionsIndoor Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup
Cover ceiling tiles and lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers
Ban smoking or limit it to well-ventilated areas
Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials
Prevent radon infiltration
Use office machines in well-ventilated areas
Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products
Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces
Increase intake of outside air
Change air more frequently
Circulate building’s air through rooftop greenhouses
Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas
Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves
Fig. 15-19, p. 364
Solutions: Indoor Air PollutionSolutions: Indoor Air Pollution
Solutions
Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup
Improve energy efficiencyto reduce fossil fuel use
Rely more on lower-polluting natural gas
Rely more on renewable energy (especially solar cells, wind, and solar-produced hydrogen)
Transfer technologies for latest energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution prevention to developing countries.
Reduce poverty
Distribute cheap and efficient cookstoves to poor families in developing countries
Reduce or ban indoor smoking
Develop simple and cheap test for indoor pollutants such as particulates, radon, and formaldehyde
Fig. 15-20, p. 365
Solutions: Air PollutionSolutions: Air Pollution
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
What Can You Do?
Indoor Air Pollution
• Test for radon and formaldehyde inside your home and take corrective measures as needed.
• Do not buy furniture and other products containing formaldehyde.• Remove your shoes before entering your house to reduce inputs of dust, lead, and pesticides.
• Test your house or workplace for asbestos fiber levels and for any crumbling asbestos materials if it was built before 1980.
• Don't live in a pre-1980 house without having its indoor air tested for asbestos and lead.
• Do not store gasoline, solvents, or other volatile hazardous chemicals inside a home or attached garage.
• If you smoke, do it outside or in a closed room vented to the outside.• Make sure that wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, and kerosene- and gas-burning heaters are properly installed, vented, and maintained.
• Install carbon monoxide detectors in all sleeping areas.
Fig. 15-21, p. 365
What Can You Do?What Can You Do?
