Air Pollution in Hamilton – Health Effects and Sources, Some Surprises GTA Clean Air Council October 27, 2006

Air Pollution in Hamilton – Health Effects and Sources,

Some Surprises

GTA Clean Air Council

October 27, 2006

Performed by

Rotek Environmental And

D. Corr, Ph.D.

Dept of Engineering Physics

McMaster University

ForClean Air Hamilton /City of Hamilton/ /MOE/EC

Clean Air Hamilton Strategy

Risk Management Approach Applied to Community Wide Actions

• Identify Problem• Measure/Evaluate• Prioritize Risks • Inform Community• Cooperative Actions

www.cleanair.hamilton.ca

Good Intentions+

Good Science+

Good Process=

Real Progress

The Problem

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Deaths Resp Cardio

Deaths/Admissions

Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003

Health Impacts of Air Pollutants in Hamilton

Health Impacts in Hamilton – by Air Pollutant

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Deaths Resp Cardio

O3

NO2

SO2

P10

CO

Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003

Study Objectives“Where is it coming from?”

Identify and rank sources, including transportation sources, of NOx, SO2, Airborne Particles and CO, using mobile monitoring techniques (no direct local sources of Ozone).

Investigate the effect of idling vehicles at a designated school during student drop off and pickup times.

Investigate trackout/road dust issues

Table 1 - PM10 Point Sources56 Sources Total

ID Description Location PM10Tonnes

A Steel Hamilton Industrial 964

B Steel Hamilton Industrial 688

D Lime West Mountain 87

C Carbon Black Hamilton Industrial 73

E Aggregates East Mountain 57

F Edible Oil Hamilton Industrial 32

G Steel Hamilton Industrial 23

H Steel Byproduct Hamilton Industrial 15

I Carbon Stoney Creek 9

J Aggregates West Mountain 7.6

K Steel Byproduct Hamilton Industrial 6.7

L Manufacturing Hamilton Industrial 6.3

M Foundry Hamilton Industrial 5.6

N Landfill East Mountain 4

O Slag Byproduct Hamilton Industrial 4

P Foundry Stoney Creek 3

Q Brick Stoney Creek 2.6

R Liquids Processors Hamilton Industrial 2.5

S Aggregates West Mountain 2.4

T Manufacturing West Hamilton 2.3

U University West Hamilton 2.2

V Natural Gas West Mountain 1.6

W Manufacturing Hamilton Industrial 1.4

X Concrete Stoney Creek 1.3

Y Foundry Hamilton Industrial 1.1

Z Manufacturing Hamilton Industrial 1

AA Aggregates East Mountain 1

AB Concrete East Mountain 1

AC Aggregates Hamilton Industrial 0.8

AD Aggregates Stoney Creek 0.8

AE Brick Central Hamilton 0.6

AF Foundry Stoney Creek 0.6

AG Aggregates Stoney Creek 0.4

AH Aggregates Hamilton West 0.4

AI Manufacturing Stoney Creek 0.4

AJ Manufacturing Stoney Creek 0.3

AK Manufacturing Stoney Creek 0.1

AL Manufacturing Stoney Creek 0.04

Total 2148

Table 1 - PM10 Point Sources (contd)

ID Description Location Tonnes CO






M Foundry Hamilton Industrial 58

V Natural Gas West Mountain 49


U University West Hamilton 25

AN Steel Byproducts Hamilton Industria 17





Total 30632

Table 2 - CO Point Sources14 Sources Total

ID Description Location Tonnes NOx





AM Cogeneration, Natural Gas Central Hamilton 260

V Natural Gas West Mountain 198


U University West Hamilton 53


AN Steel Byproducts Hamilton Industrial 20




Total 8188

Table 3 - NOx Point Sources13 Sources Total

Table 4 - SO2 Point Sources

9 Sources Total

ID Description Location SOx

Tonnes





AG Aggregates Stoney Creek 16


AN Steel Byproducts Hamilton Industrial 0.12



Total 11875

National Pollutant Release Inventory – Hamilton Point Sources

• PM1056 Sources

• CO 14 Sources

• NOx 13 Sources

• SO2 9 Sources

Total Point Source Emissions by Contaminant

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

CO SOx NOx PM10

Tonnes

CO SOx NOx PM10

30,632 11,875 8,188 2,010Tonnes

Modifiers

Emission - Dispersion - Accumulation - Removal

What We’d Expect to See

• Carbon Monoxide – 66% Transportation, 23% Industry

• Sulphur Dioxide – 92% Industry, 5% Transportation

• Nitrogen Oxides – 57% Transportation, 37% Industry

• PM10 – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% Industry

Note: MOE identified trackout/road dust resuspension as a major problem

Emission Sources by Regions in Hamilton

Flamborough/Waterdown

East Mtn

NE Ind

Stny Crk

Toronto (ON)Toronto (ON)Toronto (ON)Toronto (ON)Toronto (ON)

FergusFergusFergusFergusFergus

CollingwoodCollingwoodCollingwoodCollingwoodCollingwood

GuelphGuelphGuelphGuelphGuelph

BarrieBarrieBarrieBarrieBarrie

OshawaOshawaOshawaOshawaOshawa

BramptonBramptonBramptonBramptonBramptonTorontoTorontoTorontoTorontoToronto

Toronto National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) Source Locations - Smog

MississaugaMississaugaMississaugaMississaugaMississauga

BramptonBramptonBramptonBramptonBrampton

Mississauga National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)

Source Locations - Smog

Halton National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) Source Locations - Smog

Mobile Command Centre

City/Traffic Monitoring

1. City Wide Sampling

2. Road Dust/Road Impacts

3. Intersection Impacts

4. Arterial Road Impact/ Burlington St.

5. Cycle Routes/ Anti Idling

Sampling Track, City Wide Scan

City Wide Sampling

11:0

7

11:1

7

11:2

7

11:3

7

11:4

7

11:5

7

12:0

7

12:1

7

12:2

7

12:3

7

12:4

7

12:5

7

13:0

7

13:1

7

13:2

7

13:3

7

13:4

7

13:5

7

14:0

7

14:1

7

14:2

7

14:3

7

14:4

7

14:5

7

15:0

7

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15:2

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15:3

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15:4

7

15:5

7

16:0

7

16:1

7

16:2

7

16:3

7

16:4

7

16:5

7

SO2

CO

NO

P10

Road Dust

BartonSt

Road Dust

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No

December 8, 2005

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

Wind

NO ppb

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P10

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

December 8, 2005

Wind

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

T/M R/C F/M B/A E44/Q E18/V M/W E

Location

SO2

CO

NOP10

City Wide Sampling, Residential Locations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Uppr Jmes Fennel Cannon Mhk/U Jmes Barton/20 Road avge Resident

SO2

CO

NO

P10

Roads vs Residential Areas

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Time

P10

ug/

m3

NO

ppb SO2

CO

NO

PM10Mohawk and Upper James

Barton and Centennial Pkwy

= idling impact

--NO Residential

--PM10 Residential

Stoplight Idling – Concentrations Downwind

Burlington St. Upwind Downwind

10:5

210

:54

10:5

610

:58

11:0

011

:02

11:0

411

:06

11:0

811

:10

11:1

211

:14

11:1

611

:18

11:3

011

:32

11:3

411

:36

11:3

8

NO

NO2

P2.5

P10

Downwind

Upwind

Burlington St Contribution(Approx. 600 Trucks/Hr)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

P10 P2.5 P1 NO NO2 SO2 CO

Difference

CARS

Vehicle Idling outside Schools

“Natural Experiment”

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

8:59

9:05

9:11

14:0

0

14:0

6

14:1

2

14:1

8

14:2

4

14:3

0

14:3

6

14:4

2

14:4

8

14:5

4

15:0

0

15:0

6

15:1

2

15:1

8

15:2

4

15:3

0

15:3

6

15:4

2

15:4

8

15:5

4

NO (ppb)

MorningStudent Dropoff

AfternoonStudentPickup

Natural Experimentpp b

Morning – Idling Vehicles

Monitoring Vehicle at School

Afternoon – Vehicle Engines Off

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

8:59

9:05

9:11

14:0

0

14:0

6

14:1

2

14:1

8

14:2

4

14:3

0

14:3

6

14:4

2

14:4

8

14:5

4

15:0

0

15:0

6

15:1

2

15:1

8

15:2

4

15:3

0

15:3

6

15:4

2

15:4

8

15:5

4

NO (ppb)

MorningStudent Dropoff

AfternoonStudentPickup

Natural Experimentpp b

Trackout/Diesel Trucks

1. PM2.5, PM1 Components

2. Photos

3. Sample Trace

4. Consolidated PM10 Data

5. Comparison Previous Data

Road Dust , Covariance 20xPM1, 10xPM2.5, PM10

0

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3500

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82

20xP1

10xP2.5

P10

P2.5/P10 R2 = 0.7

P2.5/P1 R2 = 0.98

Trackout 13 Jan

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

10:2

110

:3110

:4110

:5111

:0111

:1111

:2111

:3111

:4111

:5112

:0112

:1112

:2112

:3112

:4112

:5113

:0113

:1113

:2113

:3113

:4113

:5114

:0114

:1114

:2114

:3114

:4114

:5115

:0115

:1115

:2115

:3115

:41

NO ppb

P1 ug/m3

P2.5 ug/m3

P10 ug/m3IntersectionParkdaleBurlington

TrackoutBramptonAU

TrackoutStrathearneAV, AW, Z

AX

TrackoutKenilworthB, Gate 11

Sherman

TrackoutStrathearne

Burl St

Road Dust/Trackout

18 Locations Monitored, 14 Sources Identified

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

PM10 ug/m3

Strathearne

Kenilworth N

Depew

Vict. NPortAuth

Nebo

Hwy 20Goder

Brampton

Pier 25

Imperial

Brant

BurlSher/Burl

Burl/Parkdale

Sherman

ChathamFrid

Parkdale

McKeil

ug

/m3

PM10 ROAD DUST

Ben Garden, Savas Kanaroglou, Pat DeLuca, Spatial analysis Unit, McMaster University

Source Tracking

1. Photos

2. SO2 Tracing3. Other Contaminants

4. SO2 Data Consolidation

5. Source Ranking/NPRI Comparison, SO2, NO, PM10

Source C

Sources B

B

Sources B

Particulate B

Sources A

Sources A

Source V

Source AY

All Scans 21 March

-200

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12009:

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9:57

10:0

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10:1

9

10:3

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SO2 ppb

NO ppb

P10 ug/m3

SO2 Company A

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9:46

9:49

9:52

9:55

9:58

10:0

110

:04

10:0

710

:10

10:1

310

:16

10:1

910

:22

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510

:28

10:3

110

:34

10:3

710

:40

10:4

310

:46

10:4

910

:52

10:5

510

:58

11:0

1

SO2 ppb

pp

b

Company A

Source

Plume

Back Tracking

Impact

Source

SO2 Company A

0

50

100

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200

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300

9:46

9:49

9:52

9:55

9:58

10:0

110

:04

10:0

710

:10

10:1

310

:16

10:1

910

:22

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510

:28

10:3

110

:34

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SO2 ppb

pp

b

Company A

NO Company A

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Time

9:48

9:51

9:54

9:57

10:0

010

:03

10:0

610

:09

10:1

210

:15

10:1

810

:21

10:2

410

:27

10:3

010

:33

10:3

610

:39

10:4

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:45

10:4

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:51

10:5

410

:57

11:0

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SO2

NO

Company A

SO2

NOpp

b

19 Jan SO2

0

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10:0

210

:1410

:2610

:3810

:5011

:0211

:1411

:2611

:3811

:5012

:0212

:1412

:2612

:3812

:5013

:0213

:1413

:2613

:3813

:5014

:0214

:1414

:2614

:3814

:5015

:0215

:1415

:2615

:3815

:5016

:0216

:1416

:26

SO2

C

Eastport

B

Burning rubber

D

A

B

pp

b

Ambient SO2 vs NPRI

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100

150

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250

300

A B AN C G B A D CP Loco

Ambient SO2

NPRI SO2BAN

C

G

AB

D CP

1.1km

.09

1.1

.25

3.5

3.2

.2 .02

0.8km

A

SO2 Point Sources: A-Integrated Steel, B-Integrated Steel, AN- Steel Byproducts, C-Carbon Black, G-Steel, B-Integrated Steel, A-Integrated Steel, D-Lime, CP-Rail Yard.

Ambient NO vs NPRI

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350

B CP G A AN D C AM AT

Ambient NO

NPRI Emission NO

0.8

0.2

0.3

0.03

0.25

G

0.1

AN

0.32.3

CD

AM

AT

CP1.5km

B

A

NO Point Sources: B-Integrated Steel, CP-Rail Yard, G-Steel, A-Integrated Steel, AN- Steel Byproducts, D-Lime, C-Carbon Black, AM-Cogeneration, AT-Chemical.

Ambient PM10 vs NPRI

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2000

B ABP AY AG AU AT M G CP A AM C

Ambient P10

NPRI P10

1.5km

0.3

0.2

0.25CP

0.02 1

0.2

0.1 2.3

B

ABP

AT

G

A

M

AM

C

AY

0.1

AG

0.2 0.3

AU

PM10 Point Sources: B-Integrated Steel, ABP-Recycling, AY-Agricultural Product Handling, AG-Aggregate or AZ-Steel Handling, AU-Recycling, AT-Chemical, M-Foundry, G-Steel, CP-Rail Yard,

A-Integrated Steel, AM-Natural Gas Cogeneration Facility, C-Carbon Black.

Ambient CO vs NPRI

0

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40

AM AT AN B A G C CP

Ambient CO

NPRI CO

AM

AT

AN B

A

GC

CP

0.2km

0.10.1

2.5

0.251.1

0.03

3.6

CO Point Sources: AM-Cogeneration, AT-Chemical; AN- Steel Byproducts; B-Integrated Steel; A-Integrated Steel; G-Steel; C-Carbon Black; CP-Rail Yard.

Lake Ontario

Hamilton Harbour

HAMN Air MonitoringNetwork

N

SO2TRS

TRSPM10

PM10 TRS

Parkdale

Ottaw a

Sherman

Burlington St.

QEW

SO2TRSNOX

PM10

Continuous Monitoring Locations

Centre Industrial

NO – GIS Plot

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No

December 8, 2005

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

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P10

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

December 8, 2005

PM10 ug/m3

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Co

December 8, 2005

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

CO ppm

SO2

SO2

SO2

NE

Conclusions• These data are limited to Winter season and for

relatively short periods of time.• Point sources in the industrial area are sufficiently

close together that specific compounds needed to be used as tracers to separate impacts.

• Residential areas have relatively low levels of pollutants, however city impacts increase as distance downwind from the city edge increases.

• Concentrations increase sharply from residential areas to main roads, increasing again at intersections. Peak concentrations may increase by factors of 20-50.

• Time pattern of concentrations near intersections shows that idling vehicles at stop lights are a very significant source of pollutant exposure.

• Short survey near a school pickup and drop-off point showed that air pollution concentrations experienced by students can be significantly reduced by turning off engines in waiting cars.

Conclusions (contd)• Road dust includes elevated PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.• Trackout resuspension by large diesel trucks is a major problem. Some

levels doubled from same period in previous year.• 14 severe Trackout locations identified and monitored.• Peak ambient values of NO, SO2, PM10 and CO from 15 point sources were

quantified and ranked.• NPRI data rank industrial emissions in Hamilton in the order CO, SO2, NO

and PM10, and total emissions in the order CO, PM10 , NO, SO2. Mobile monitoring to date is showing an order of CO, PM10, NO, SO2, even in the industrial area.

• Large differences in distance from point source to fencelines heavily modify direct impacts compared to NPRI emissions data.

• Even allowing for distance variations there are significant differences between ambient and NPRI data for some sources. Other sources show good agreement.

• Mobile monitoring has different strengths than fixed network monitoring and both are necessary.

• Combination of simple GIS analysis and air pollutant monitoring proved very useful. A more sophisticated GIS analysis would be worthwhile.

• Data can be used to refine Regulation 419 models

Recommendations• Move cycle lanes off main roads, innovative signage.• Reduce idling emissions, including at school dropoff locations (enlist parent teacher

groups).• Monitor school bus idling.• Prioritize trackout reduction - paving, wheel washing, front gate dust monitoring.• Reinstate/enhance targeted road cleaning in industrial areas.• Reduce large diesel truck trips, it’s the combination of heavy trucks and dirty roads

that is a problem.• Gateway monitoring of diesel exhaust at city entry/exit points, industrial arterials.• Continue reducing point source remissions of SOx, NOx and PM10 (both ambient and

NPRI data) in order to improve/reduce health impacts.• Review existing fixed network stations and locations to refocus on adverse health

causing pollutants, e.g. NOx, monitoring gaps.• Compare mobile data to MOE STAC data, more detailed GIS analysis.• Review NPRI data variances with ambient.• Extend mobile monitoring to other seasons for more definitive source separation in

complex areas and documenting different met regime impacts, particularly inversions.• Extend mobile monitoring to other communities.• Use mobile data to refine local source inputs to Regulation 419 models.Disclaimer:- All recommendations and opinions are the sole responsibility of D. Corr and do not necessarily represent the policy or position of

funding agencies or others.

www.cleanair.hamilton.ca

http://www.cleanair.hamilton.ca/reports/reports-news-presentations-fact-sheets.asp

www.rotekinc.com



Documents

Air Pollution in Hamilton – Health Effects and Sources, Some Surprises GTA Clean Air Council October 27, 2006