Outline

● Air Quality in Metro Manila

● Understanding the PM10 and PM2.5 Sources

● Extending the Emissions Inventory Results

Metro Manila, Philippines

● Population: 11.9 million (2010)

● Most densely populated region 19,137 persons/km2

Key AQ Management Policies

● 1999: Established Clean Air Act

● 2011: National Environmentally Sustainable

Transport (EST) Strategy launched

AQM Institutional Framework

● National: Department of Environment and Natural

Resources

● City: Metro Manila Airshed Governing Board

Recent Updates

● 2013: Adopted PM2.5 Guideline values

● 2016: EURO 4 compliant

Air Quality Status of Metro Manila:

PM10 Monitoring Results

Source: DENR EMB, 2014

Understanding the Emission Sources

Emissions Inventory is a database that lists, by source, the

amount of air pollutants discharged into the atmosphere of a

community during a given time period. Source: US EPA

TYPICAL SOURCES

● Mobile sources:

on-road, off-road transport

● Stationary sources: power plants,

refineries, and manufacturing

facilities

● Area sources: household cooking

and heating, small business

activities, agricultural residue

burning, waste combustion, fugitive

dust from deposits and roads,

forest fires

PURPOSE

● Helps to define key sources,

priorities and set objectives and

identify emissions reduction

measures

● Input to air pollution dispersion

model

● Assesses potential efficiency of

different reduction strategies

● Forecasts future emission levels to

determine which emission sources

might require further controls

Metro Manila Emissions Inventory

Stationary Sources: Data Sources

● Primary source: Self-

Monitoring Reports (SMRs) of

over 1,000 establishments

Total and type of fuel consumed

Number of hours of operation

● Supplementary: Registered

establishments by type in 2012

(total of 212,351 )

Location of major emission sources

(facilities) in Metro Manila (2012)

Source: Clean Air Asia

Metro Manila Emissions Inventory

Stationary Sources: PM10 emissions

● Possible increase in use of diesel

gensets with power shortages

● Electricity demand in Luzon is

projected to increase at an

average annual growth rate of

4.13% to 10,693 megawatts in

2020.

● 869 MW committed projects are

expected for commissioning

from 2013-2015. An additional

8,100 MW is needed to meet

electricity demand.

Share of PM10 emissions from

fuel-burning equipment

Source: Clean Air Asia

Source: www.powertrends.leverageinternational.com/luzon-grid.html

Metro Manila Emissions Inventory

Area Sources: Data Sources

● Sources included: household cooking, construction, and

commercial grilling

● Primary source: Household energy consumption survey

and building construction statistics from National

Statistics Office

Total and type of fuel consumed

Number of constructions; Floor area constructed

● Survey for commercial grilling

Total and type of fuel consumed; Hours of operation

Metro Manila Emissions Inventory Area Sources: Total PM10 emissions from HH cooking, 2010

Source: NSO, 2014

0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000

San Juan

Pateros

Makati

Marikina

Mandaluyong

Navotas

Pasay

Malabon

Pasig

Parañaque

Muntinlupa

Las Piñas

Taguig

Valenzuela

Manila

Caloocan

Quezon

kg per year

Metro Manila Emissions Inventory

Area Sources: Commercial Grilling

● Surveyed 100 establishments

● Most use charcoal (92%),

followed by LPG (6%) and then

electricity (2%)

● Average consumption of

charcoal:

26 kg/day (2 sacks per day)

Location of surveyed grilling establishments

within Metro Manila

Photo credit:

http://photos.wikimapia.org/p/00/03/14/08/52

http://thebellytalks.blogspot.com/2011/09/lechon-manok-filipino-favorite.html_full.jpg

Source: Clean Air Asia

Metro Manila Emissions Inventory

Mobile Sources: Data Sources

● Traffic surveys from

Department of Public Works

and Highways (DPWH) and

traffic counts from CCTV from

the Metro Manila

Development Authority

(MMDA)

● Initial Origin-Destination (OD)

tables based on 2010 JICA High Standard Highway Study

Metro Manila Road Network

Metro Manila Emissions Inventory

Mobile Sources: PM10 emissions

Results and Key Insights

● Major PM10 and PM2.5 emission source in Metro

Manila: motor vehicles (diesel engines)

● Main emission sources from establishments are

generator sets

● Charcoal and wood fuel used for cooking are the

key contributors to area source emissions

● Understand the uncertainties (e.g., method,

emission factors, scaling due to land use)

Considerations for city-level solutions

● Mobile sources

• Improvement of public transport system in the city

• Promotion of non-motorized transport (walking and cycling) to

reduce need for motorized travel

• Cleaner engine technology options for jeepneys

• Improve the inspection and maintenance system

● Stationary sources

• Proper inspection and maintenance of generator sets (e.g.,

awareness raising)

● Area sources

• Awareness raising campaign on health impacts from area

sources, especially commercial grilling

• Assess feasibility of fuel-switching from charcoal and firewood

What can we do with the results?

Dispersion map for Metro Manila. USEPA-IES Study, 2005

Modeling Fine PM Dispersion in Metro Manila

Objective: Strengthen air quality management in

Metro Manila • Improve understanding of PM pathway in Metro Manila

through an updated dispersion map and improved

emissions inventory

• Work with stakeholders to ensure continued engagement

in AQM

Scope: 16 cities and 1 municipality; emissions from

mobile, stationary and area sources; focus on PM10

and PM2.5

Supported by: Shell Philippines

China . India . Indonesia . Nepal . Pakistan . Philippines . Sri Lanka . Vietnam

center@cleanairasia.org Unit 3505 Robinsons Equitable Tower

ADB Avenue, Pasig City Metro Manila 1605

Philippines

Clean Air Asia Center

china@cleanairasia.org 901A Reignwood Building,

No. 8 YongAnDongLi Jianguomenwai Avenue Beijing

China

Clean Air Asia China Office

india@cleanairasia.org 1st Floor, Building No. 4

Thyagraj Nagar Market, Lodhi Colony New Delhi 110003

India

Clean Air Asia India Office

Clean Air Asia Country Networks

17

Clean Air Asia Center Members

• Asia Clean Fuels

Association

• Corning • Shell

240 Clean Air Asia Partnership Members

• Cities • Environment ministries and government

agencies • Development agencies and foundations • Non-government organizations • Academic and research institutions • Private sector companies and associations

Donors in 2012 to 2013

Asian Development Bank Cities Development Initiative for Asia ClimateWorks Foundation DHL/IKEA/UPS Energy Foundation Fredskorpset Norway Fu Tak Iam Foundation German International Cooperation (GIZ) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Institute for Transport Policy Studies Institute for Transportation and Development Policy International Union for Conservation of Nature L'Agence Française de Développement (AFD) MAHA Pilipinas Shell Rockefeller Brothers Fund Shakti Foundation Shell Foundation United Nations Environment Program Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (UNEP PCFV) USAID CEnergy Veolia World Bank

For more information: www.cleanairasia.org For more information: www.cleanairasia.org