Aircraft Maintanence Engg Book 9A type

Syllabus of Examination Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licences

Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories

Civil Aviation Safety Authority

Syllabus of Examination – Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licences

© Copyright Australian Government 2007

This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Document Control Officer, Knowledge Services, Civil Aviation Safety Authority, GPO Box 2005, Canberra ACT 2601 or posted to [email protected].

Since the hard copy version is uncontrolled and will not be updated by CASA, it should not be relied upon for any regulatory purpose. The current, approved version of the manual can be viewed at any time via CASA's website at “www.casa.gov.au”.

Copies of this manual are available from: http://casa.jsmcmillan.com.au/He/cat.

You should always refer to the applicable provisions of the Civil Aviation Act, Civil Aviation Regulations and Civil Aviation Orders, rather than this manual, to ascertain the requirements of, and the obligations imposed by or under, the civil aviation legislation.

Version 2.0: January 2004

Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories

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http://casa.jsmcmillan.com.au/He/cat

Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories Table of Contents

Approved by Branch Head, Airworthiness Standards Issue 2.0: January 2004

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1.1 Table of Contents

1 Core Subjects – Electrical, Instrument, Radio........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Electrical Fundamentals (QA).........................................................................................................1

Topic 1 – Electron Theory .................................................................................................................1 Topic 2 – Static Electricity and Conduction........................................................................................1 Topic 3 – Electrical Terminology........................................................................................................1 Topic 4 – Generation of Electricity and Heat......................................................................................2 Topic 5 – DC Sources of Electricity ...................................................................................................3 Topic 6 – Resistors and Resistance I ................................................................................................3 Topic 7 – Resistors and Resistance II ...............................................................................................4 Topic 8 – DC Circuits.........................................................................................................................4 Topic 9 – Power ................................................................................................................................4 Topic 10 – Rheostats and Potential Dividers .....................................................................................5 Topic 11 – Capacitors........................................................................................................................5 Topic 12 – Capacitance I...................................................................................................................6 Topic 13 – Capacitance II ..................................................................................................................6 Topic 14 – Magnetism .......................................................................................................................6 Topic 15 – BH Curves .......................................................................................................................7 Topic 16 – Electromagnetic Induction................................................................................................7 Topic 17 – Mutual and Self Inductance..............................................................................................8 Topic 18 – Inductors..........................................................................................................................8 Topic 19 – DC Meters........................................................................................................................9 Topic 20 – DC Motor/Generator Theory ............................................................................................9

1.2 Aerodynamics and Maintenance Practices (QB).........................................................................10 Topic 1 – Atmosphere .....................................................................................................................10 Topic 2 – Airflow..............................................................................................................................10 Topic 3 – Aerofoils...........................................................................................................................11 Topic 4 – Conditions of Flight ..........................................................................................................11 Topic 5 – Flight Stability ..................................................................................................................12 Topic 6 – Flight Controls I................................................................................................................12 Topic 7 – Flight Controls II...............................................................................................................13 Topic 8 – High Speed Flight I ..........................................................................................................13 Topic 9 – High Speed Flight II .........................................................................................................13 Topic 10 – High Speed Flight III ......................................................................................................14 Topic 11 – General Purpose Tools ..................................................................................................14 Topic 12 – General Purpose Cutting Tools ......................................................................................14 Topic 13 – Measuring Devices ........................................................................................................15 Topic 14 – Aircraft Fastening Devices .............................................................................................15 Topic 15 – Locking Devices.............................................................................................................15 Topic 16 – Diagrams and Drawings.................................................................................................16 Topic 17 – Soldering .......................................................................................................................16 Topic 18 – Electrical Cables and Connectors ..................................................................................17 Topic 19 – Bonding and Screening..................................................................................................17 Topic 20 – Overload Protection .......................................................................................................17 Topic 21 – Electrical Control Devices ..............................................................................................18 Topic 22 – Test Equipment..............................................................................................................18 Topic 23 – Aircraft Corrosion Control...............................................................................................18



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1.3 Basic Logic and Semiconductor Theory (QC).............................................................................19 Topic 1 – Semiconductor Materials..................................................................................................19 Topic 2 – PN Junction Operation.....................................................................................................19 Topic 3 – Diode Terminology and Identification ...............................................................................20 Topic 4 – Functions of Diodes .........................................................................................................20 Topic 5 – Types of Diodes...............................................................................................................20 Topic 6 – Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) .................................................................................21 Topic 7 – Bipolar Junction Transistor Configurations I .....................................................................21 Topic 8 – Bipolar Junction Transistor Configurations II ....................................................................22 Topic 9 – Transistor Identification....................................................................................................22 Topic 10 – Types of Transistors ......................................................................................................22 Topic 11 – Thermionic Emission and Valves ...................................................................................22 Topic 12 – Field Effect Transistors (FETs).......................................................................................23 Topic 13 – Operational Amplifiers I..................................................................................................23 Topic 14 – Operational Amplifiers II.................................................................................................24 Topic 15 – Multistage Amplifiers......................................................................................................24 Topic 16 – Practical Transistorised Circuits .....................................................................................24 Topic 17 – Multivibrators and Oscillators .........................................................................................24 Topic 18 – Logic Gates....................................................................................................................25 Topic 19 – Logic Circuits .................................................................................................................25

1.4 AC Theory and Power Systems (QD) ...........................................................................................26 Topic 1 – Sinusoidal Waveform Analysis .........................................................................................26 Topic 2 – Resistive, Capacitive and Inductive Circuits .....................................................................26 Topic 3 – Series and Parallel Inductive, Capacitive and Resistive Circuits ......................................27 Topic 4 – Series Resonance............................................................................................................27 Topic 5 – Parallel Resonance..........................................................................................................27 Topic 6 – Transformers ...................................................................................................................28 Topic 7 – Filters...............................................................................................................................28 Topic 8 – AC Generators.................................................................................................................29 Topic 9 – Multiphase Waveform Analysis ........................................................................................29 Topic 10 – AC Motors......................................................................................................................29 Topic 11 – AC Measuring Instruments.............................................................................................29 Topic 12 – Signal Processing Devices.............................................................................................30 Topic 13 – Servomechanisms .........................................................................................................30 Topic 14 – Synchros, Resolvers and Other Input Devices ...............................................................30 Topic 15 – Servomechanism Operation...........................................................................................31 Topic 16 – Servomechanism Troubleshooting.................................................................................31

1.5 Digital Techniques, Computers and Electronic Devices (QE)....................................................32 Topic 1 – Digital Arithmetic Computation.........................................................................................32 Topic 2 – Flip Flop Terminology ......................................................................................................32 Topic 3 – Flip Flop Operation ..........................................................................................................32 Topic 4 – Flip Flop Application.........................................................................................................33 Topic 5 – Data Conversion ..............................................................................................................33 Topic 6 – Computer Related Terminology .......................................................................................33 Topic 7 – Basic Microcomputers......................................................................................................34 Topic 8 – Memory Devices ..............................................................................................................34 Topic 9 – Read Only Memories (ROMs)..........................................................................................35 Topic 10 – Random Access Memories (RAMs) ...............................................................................35 Topic 11 – Medium Scale Integration (MSI) Devices .......................................................................35 Topic 12 – Displays .........................................................................................................................36



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Topic 13 – Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and Tristate Devices .........................................................36 Topic 14 – Microprocessors.............................................................................................................36 Topic 15 – Encoding........................................................................................................................36 Topic 16 – Cathode Ray Tubes .......................................................................................................37 Topic 17 – Electrostatic Sensitive Devices (ESD)............................................................................37

2 Electrical Specific Group Subjects ....................................................................................................... 38 2.1 General Electrical Systems (EB) ..................................................................................................38

Topic 1 – DC Generators.................................................................................................................38 Topic 2 – DC Motors .......................................................................................................................38 Topic 3 – Alternator/Rectifier Type DC Generators..........................................................................38 Topic 4 – Voltage Regulators ..........................................................................................................38 Topic 5 – Lead Acid Batteries..........................................................................................................39 Topic 6 – Lead Acid Battery Maintenance .......................................................................................39 Topic 7 – Nickel-Cadmium Batteries (Ni-cads) ................................................................................39 Topic 8 – Nickel-Cadmium Battery Maintenance .............................................................................40 Topic 9 – Magnetos.........................................................................................................................40 Topic 10 – Starting Motors – Starting Aids – Ignition Leads and Switches.......................................40 Topic 11 – Starting and Ignition Systems Troubleshooting and Testing...........................................40 Topic 12 – Starter Generators and Turbine Ignition Systems...........................................................41 Topic 13 – Aircraft Lighting..............................................................................................................41 Topic 14 – Landing Gear and Electrical Flap Systems.....................................................................41 Topic 15 – Principles of Operation and Terminology of Airconditioning ...........................................41 Topic 16 – Vapour Cycle System Components and Fluids ..............................................................42

2.2 Electrical Systems for Multi-Generator Power Systems (ED) ....................................................43 Topic 1 – Alternating Current (AC) Motors.......................................................................................43 Topic 2 – Power Distribution............................................................................................................43 Topic 3 – Multi-Generator Distribution System Components............................................................43 Topic 4 – Electro-Pneumatic and Propeller De-Ice Systems............................................................44 Topic 5 – Windscreen Anti-Ice Systems ..........................................................................................44 Topic 6 – Combustion Heaters ........................................................................................................44 Topic 7 – Fire Detection Systems....................................................................................................44 Topic 8 – Fire Extinguishing Systems..............................................................................................44 Topic 9 – Smoke Detection .............................................................................................................45 Topic 10 – Propeller Control Systems .............................................................................................45 Topic 11 – Air Cycle Airconditioning Operation................................................................................45 Topic 12 – Typical Air Cycle Airconditioning System Layout and Fault-finding ................................45 Topic 13 – Anti-Skid Systems..........................................................................................................45

3. Electrical Specific Types Subjects........................................................................................................ 46 3.1 Specific Electrical Installation (ES) ..............................................................................................46

Examination Outline ........................................................................................................................46 Examination Topics .........................................................................................................................46 Examination Contents .....................................................................................................................47 Examination Source Material...........................................................................................................47 Specific Examination Codes............................................................................................................47



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4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects ..................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Aircraft General Instruments – I (IA) ............................................................................................48

Topic 1 – Terminology and Conversions..........................................................................................48 Topic 2 – The Atmosphere and Atmosphere Standards ..................................................................48 Topic 3 – Pressure Measuring Devices ...........................................................................................48 Topic 4 – Pitot Static Systems.........................................................................................................49 Topic 5 – Altimeters.........................................................................................................................49 Topic 6 – Vertical Speed Indicators .................................................................................................49 Topic 7 – Airspeed Indicators ..........................................................................................................50 Topic 8 – Miscellaneous Altitude Systems.......................................................................................50 Topic 9 – Air Data Computers and Servo Altimeters........................................................................50 Topic 10 – Instrument Pneumatic/Vacuum Systems and Direct Reading Gauges ...........................51 Topic 11 – Temperature Indicating Systems....................................................................................51 Topic 12 – Fuel Flow and Basic Fuel Quantity Indicating Systems ..................................................51 Topic 13 – DC Synchronous Systems and Engine Speed Indicating Systems.................................51 Topic 14 – Engine Indicating System...............................................................................................52

4.2 Aircraft General Instruments – II (IZ)............................................................................................53 Topic 1 – Gyroscopic Principles ......................................................................................................53 Topic 2 – Artificial Horizons .............................................................................................................53 Topic 3 – Turn and Bank and Turn Co-ordinators............................................................................54 Topic 4 – Directional Gyros .............................................................................................................54 Topic 5 – Direct Reading Compasses .............................................................................................54 Topic 6 – Compass Testing and Calibration ...................................................................................55 Topic 7 – Oxygen General...............................................................................................................55 Topic 8 – Oxygen Systems..............................................................................................................56 Topic 9 – Electronic Instrument Display Systems ............................................................................56 Topic 10 – Ground Proximity Warning Systems...............................................................................56 Topic 11 – Flight Data Recorders ....................................................................................................57

4.3 Single-Axis Radio Coupled Autopilots Flight Directors (ID) ......................................................58 Topic 1 – Definitions and Terminology.............................................................................................58 Topic 2 – Fundamentals of Automatic Control .................................................................................58 Topic 3 – Attitude Change Signal Detection ....................................................................................58 Topic 4 – Radio Navigation Aids......................................................................................................59 Topic 5 – Modes of Operation – Roll Channel .................................................................................59 Topic 6 – Servomotors ....................................................................................................................59 Topic 7 – Flight Director Systems I ..................................................................................................59 Topic 8 – Flight Director Systems II .................................................................................................60

4.4 Multi-Axis Radio Coupled Autopilots/Flight Directors (IF) .........................................................61 Topic 1 – Definitions, Terminology and Power Operated Control Surfaces......................................61 Topic 2 – Fundamentals of Automatic Control .................................................................................61 Topic 3 – Attitude Change Signal Detection ....................................................................................62 Topic 4 – Command Signal Processing/Turbulence Penetration .....................................................62 Topic 5 – Modes of Operation – Roll Channel .................................................................................62 Topic 6 – Modes of Operation – Pitch Channel................................................................................63 Topic 7 – Servomotors ....................................................................................................................63 Topic 8 – Automatic Trim Control ....................................................................................................63 Topic 9 – Yaw Damping ..................................................................................................................63 Topic 10 – Radio Navigation Aids....................................................................................................64 Topic 11 – Flight Directors I.............................................................................................................64



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Topic 12 – Flight Directors II............................................................................................................64 Topic 13 – Flight Director Displays by Cathode Ray Tubes .............................................................65

4.5 Helicopter Autopilots/Flight Directors (IH) ..................................................................................66 Topic 1 – Rotary Wing Theory of Flight I..........................................................................................66 Topic 2 – Rotary Wing Theory of Flight II.........................................................................................67 Topic 3 – Rotary Wing Theory of Flight III........................................................................................67 Topic 4 – Rotary Wing Stability........................................................................................................67 Topic 5 – Roll and Pitch Control ......................................................................................................68 Topic 6 – Helicopter Yaw Control and Trim .....................................................................................68 Topic 7 – System Operation ............................................................................................................68 Topic 8 – System Troubleshooting ..................................................................................................68 Topic 9 – Radio Navigation Aids......................................................................................................68 Topic 10 – Flight Director Systems I ................................................................................................69 Topic 11 – Flight Director Systems II ...............................................................................................69 Topic 12 – Flight Director Displays by Cathode Ray Tubes .............................................................69

4.6 Remote Indicating Compass Systems (IJ)...................................................................................70 Topic 1 – System Architecture and Terminology..............................................................................70 Topic 2 – Flux Valves ......................................................................................................................70 Topic 3 – System Operation I ..........................................................................................................70 Topic 4 – System Operation II .........................................................................................................71 Topic 5 – System Operation III ........................................................................................................71 Topic 6 – Troubleshooting and System Calibration..........................................................................71

4.7 Inertial Navigation And Inertial Reference Systems (IK).............................................................72 Topic 1 – Terminology.....................................................................................................................72 Topic 2 – Inertial Navigation System (INS) Fundamentals and System Components ......................72 Topic 3 – Reference System Stabilisation .......................................................................................73 Topic 4 – Operational Platforms ......................................................................................................73 Topic 5 – Accelerometer Corrections...............................................................................................73 Topic 6 – Platform Alignment...........................................................................................................74 Topic 7 – System Integration ...........................................................................................................74 Topic 8 – Strapdown Systems.........................................................................................................74 Topic 9 – Laser Gyros .....................................................................................................................74 Topic 10 – Inertial Reference Systems ............................................................................................75

4.8 Pressurisation (IM) ........................................................................................................................76 Topic 1 – Terminology.....................................................................................................................76 Topic 2 – Components ....................................................................................................................76 Topic 3 – System Layout .................................................................................................................76 Topic 4 – System Operation ............................................................................................................77 Topic 5 – Fault Finding/Maintenance...............................................................................................77

5. Instrument Specific Type Subjects ....................................................................................................... 78 5.1 Specific Instrument Installation (IS).............................................................................................78

Examination Outline ........................................................................................................................78 Examination Topics .........................................................................................................................78 Examination Contents .....................................................................................................................79 Examination Source Material...........................................................................................................79 Specific Examination Codes............................................................................................................79



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6. Radio Core Subject ................................................................................................................................ 80 6.1 Communication Systems – Radio Basics (WA Part 1)................................................................80

Topic 1 – Radio Wave Propagation I ...............................................................................................80 Topic 2 – Radio Wave Propagation II ..............................................................................................80 Topic 3 – Antenna Fundamentals I ..................................................................................................81 Topic 4 – Antenna Fundamentals II .................................................................................................81 Topic 5 – Transmission Lines I ........................................................................................................82 Topic 6 – Transmission Lines II .......................................................................................................82 Topic 7 – Receiver Principles I ........................................................................................................82 Topic 8 – Receiver Principles II .......................................................................................................83 Topic 9 – Receiver Principles III ......................................................................................................83 Topic 10 – Receiver Principles IV....................................................................................................83 Topic 11 – Receiver Principles V.....................................................................................................84 Topic 12 – Transmitter Principles I ..................................................................................................84 Topic 13 – Transmitter Principles II .................................................................................................84 Topic 14 – Transmitter Principles III ................................................................................................85 Topic 15 – Measuring Instruments...................................................................................................85

7. Radio Specific Group Subjects ............................................................................................................. 86 7.1 Communication Systems – VHF and HF (WA part 2 – [WZ]) ......................................................86

Topic 1 – Communication Principles................................................................................................86 Topic 2 – Characteristics .................................................................................................................86 Topic 3 – Antennas .........................................................................................................................86 Topic 4 – Operation.........................................................................................................................86 Topic 5 – HF....................................................................................................................................87 Topic 6 – VHF .................................................................................................................................87 Topic 7 – Antenna Tuning Units ......................................................................................................87 Topic 8 – Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) .............................................................................87 Topic 9 – Interference......................................................................................................................87 Topic 10 – Installation......................................................................................................................88 Topic 11 – Maintenance ..................................................................................................................88

7.2 Audio Cockpit Voice Recorder Systems (WB) ............................................................................89 Topic 1 – Sound ..............................................................................................................................89 Topic 2 – Terminology.....................................................................................................................89 Topic 3 – Audio Systems I...............................................................................................................89 Topic 4 – Audio Systems II ..............................................................................................................90 Topic 5 – Cockpit Voice Recorder I .................................................................................................90 Topic 6 – Cockpit Voice Recorder II ................................................................................................90 Topic 7 – Cockpit Voice Recorder III ...............................................................................................91

7.3 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) Systems (WC) .......................................................................92 Topic 1 – Navigation By ADF...........................................................................................................92 Topic 2 – System Errors in ADF ......................................................................................................92 Topic 3 – Antenna Field Patterns ....................................................................................................92 Topic 4 – ADF Principles .................................................................................................................93 Topic 5 – Operation.........................................................................................................................93 Topic 6 – ADF Receivers.................................................................................................................93 Topic 7 – Installation .......................................................................................................................94 Topic 8 – Maintenance ....................................................................................................................94



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7.4 Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni Directional Range Systems (WD).........................................95 Topic 1 – Navigation by Very High Frequency Omni Directional Range (VOR)................................95 Topic 2 – VOR Groundstations........................................................................................................95 Topic 3 – VOR Principles ................................................................................................................95 Topic 4 – Characteristics .................................................................................................................96 Topic 5 – Operation.........................................................................................................................96 Topic 6 – VOR.................................................................................................................................96 Topic 7 – VOR Outputs ...................................................................................................................96 Topic 8 – VOR Installation and Maintenance...................................................................................97

7.5 Instrument Landing Systems (WE) ..............................................................................................98 Topic 1 – Instrument Landing System (ILS) Groundstations............................................................98 Topic 2 – Localiser Characteristics/Operation .................................................................................98 Topic 3 – Glideslope Characteristics ...............................................................................................98 Topic 4 – Marker Characteristics/Operation.....................................................................................99 Topic 5 – ILS Principles I.................................................................................................................99 Topic 6 – ILS Principles II ................................................................................................................99 Topic 7 – ILS Principles III ...............................................................................................................99 Topic 8 – Localiser ........................................................................................................................100 Topic 9 – Glideslope......................................................................................................................100 Topic 10 – Marker .........................................................................................................................100 Topic 11 – Installation and Maintenance........................................................................................ 100

7.6 Weather Radar Systems (WF).....................................................................................................101 Topic 1 – Radar Principles I...........................................................................................................101 Topic 2 – Radar Principles II..........................................................................................................101 Topic 3 – Waveguides, Resonators and Components ...................................................................101 Topic 4 – Microwave Devices ........................................................................................................102 Topic 5 – Characteristics ...............................................................................................................102 Topic 6 – Antennas .......................................................................................................................102 Topic 7 – Operation.......................................................................................................................102 Topic 8 – Radar I...........................................................................................................................102 Topic 9 – Radar II..........................................................................................................................103 Topic 10 – Radar III .......................................................................................................................103 Topic 11 – Installation, Maintenance and Testing ..........................................................................103

7.7 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder Systems (WG)..............................................................104 Topic 1 – Groundstations ..............................................................................................................104 Topic 2 – Transponder Principles I ................................................................................................104 Topic 3 – Transponder Principles II ...............................................................................................104 Topic 4 – Characteristics ...............................................................................................................104 Topic 5 – Operation.......................................................................................................................105 Topic 6 – Transponder I ................................................................................................................105 Topic 7 – Transponder II ...............................................................................................................105 Topic 8 – Installation and Maintenance .........................................................................................105 Topic 9 – Maintenance and Testing...............................................................................................105

7.8 Very Low Frequency (VLF) Navigation Systems (WH)..............................................................106 Topic 1 – Long Distance Navigation Principles I ............................................................................106 Topic 2 – Long Distance Navigation Principles II ...........................................................................106 Topic 3 – Omega Navigation System (ONS) Principles .................................................................106 Topic 4 – Loran C Navigation System Principles ...........................................................................107 Topic 5 – Characteristics ...............................................................................................................107



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Topic 6 – Antennas and Couplers .................................................................................................107 Topic 7 – Operation.......................................................................................................................107 Topic 8 – Interface.........................................................................................................................107 Topic 9 – Omega Navigation System I ..........................................................................................108 Topic 10 – Omega Navigation System II........................................................................................108 Topic 11 – Omega Navigation System III.......................................................................................108 Topic 12 – Installation....................................................................................................................108 Topic 13 – Maintenance I ..............................................................................................................108 Topic 14 – Maintenance II .............................................................................................................108

7.9 Radio Altimeter Systems (WI).....................................................................................................109 Topic 1 – Radio Altimeter Principles I ............................................................................................109 Topic 2 – Radio Altimeter Principles II ...........................................................................................109 Topic 3 – Microwave Devices ........................................................................................................109 Topic 4 – Characteristics ...............................................................................................................109 Topic 5 – Antennas, Transmission Lines and System Operation ...................................................110 Topic 6 – Radio Altimeter I ............................................................................................................110 Topic 7 – Radio Altimeter II ...........................................................................................................110 Topic 8 – Installation, Maintenance and Testing ............................................................................110

7.10 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Systems (WJ) ..............................................................111 Topic 1 – DME Principles I ............................................................................................................111 Topic 2 – DME Principles II ...........................................................................................................111 Topic 3 – Antennas, Transmission Lines and Interference ............................................................111 Topic 4 – Characteristics ...............................................................................................................112 Topic 5 – Operation.......................................................................................................................112 Topic 6 – DME Operation I ............................................................................................................112 Topic 7 – DME Operation II ...........................................................................................................112 Topic 8 – Installation and Maintenance .........................................................................................112

7.11 Doppler Navigation Systems (WK).............................................................................................113 Topic 1 – Doppler Principles I........................................................................................................113 Topic 2 – Doppler Principles II.......................................................................................................113 Topic 3 – Doppler Principles III......................................................................................................113 Topic 4 – Characteristics ...............................................................................................................113 Topic 5 – Operation.......................................................................................................................113 Topic 6 – Doppler I ........................................................................................................................114 Topic 7 – Doppler II .......................................................................................................................114 Topic 8 – Doppler III ......................................................................................................................114 Topic 9 – Doppler IV......................................................................................................................114 Topic 10 – Installation....................................................................................................................114 Topic 11 – Maintenance I ..............................................................................................................114 Topic 12 – Maintenance II .............................................................................................................114

7.12 Satellite Navigation Systems (WL) .............................................................................................115 Topic 1 – GPS Principles...............................................................................................................115 Topic 2 – Differential GPS .............................................................................................................115 Topic 3 – Characteristics ...............................................................................................................115 Topic 4 – RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring).........................................................115 Topic 5 – Antennas and Transmission lines ..................................................................................116 Topic 6 – Operation.......................................................................................................................116 Topic 7 – GPS...............................................................................................................................116



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Topic 8 – Installation .....................................................................................................................116 Topic 9 – Maintenance ..................................................................................................................116

8. Radio Specific Type Subjects.............................................................................................................. 117 8.1 Specific Radio Installation (WS)................................................................................................117

Examination Outline ......................................................................................................................117 Examination Topics .......................................................................................................................117 Examination Contents ...................................................................................................................118 Examination Source Material.........................................................................................................118

9. List of Reference Textbooks................................................................................................................ 119 9.1 Electrical/Instrument/Radio Category........................................................................................119

Revision History.......................................................................................................................................... 125

Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories


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1.2

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories Introduction


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1.3 Introduction

Note: This Introduction is to be read in conjunction with each individual subject syllabus.

The syllabus for Airworthiness Administration can be found within Airworthiness Advisory Circular (AAC) 9-1.

The following are applicable to all core and specific group subject syllabi and examinations:

● Questions will be of the multi-choice type (except Radio Specific Group Subject examinations WH and WK which are short answer essay type). Radio examinations were previously heavily focussed on knowledge of specific systems but the focus has moved to examination questions based on generic subject knowledge. In light of this change of focus the list of examinable radio maintenance manuals previously prescribed has been removed from the list of references for the radio category (except for WH and WK).

● CASA aims to provide four (4) questions from each topic.

● To assist candidates who fail examinations, the topics in which they have incorrectly answered two or more questions, will be noted on the result notification.

● Wherever possible the examination questions will be compiled using terminology contained within the syllabi references.

● Candidate’s attention is drawn to the fact that the syllabus is a syllabus of examination. The syllabus is a minimum knowledge requirement.

The following are applicable to all core and specific group subject syllabi and examinations with the exception of Airworthiness Administration (AA):

● Group examinations questions are drawn from the stated references supplemented by relevant manufacturers manual information where necessary.

● Candidates may be required to relate the content of any topic to charts, diagrams, and drawings from the stated references, manufacturers manuals or other sources.

● Specific type syllabi are written in outline only because each aircraft or engine may require different depths of knowledge or subject materials. The examinations may be of the written, short answer or multi-choice type.

As the AA examination has a finite ‘life’, candidates are advised to attempt this examination last (last examination prior to licence application).

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http://www.casa.gov.au/avreg/ame_lic/aac9_01.htm


Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories


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1.4

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 1. Core Subjects – Electrical, Instrument, Radio 1.1. Electrical Fundamentals (QA)


Page 1 of 125

1 Core Subjects – Electrical, Instrument, Radio 1.1 Electrical Fundamentals (QA)

Note: This subject syllabus is to be read in conjunction with the Introduction.

Topic 1 – Electron Theory

● Describe the structure and distribution of electrical charges within: ❍ atoms ❍ compounds ❍ ions ❍ molecules.

● Describe the molecular structure of conductors, semiconductors and insulators and state an example of each.

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Topic 2 – Static Electricity and Conduction

● Describe how static electricity is produced and how electrostatic charges are distributed.

● State the laws of electrostatic attraction and repulsion.

● State the units of charge and describe Coulombs' Law.

● Describe the concept of electric current as a flow of free electrons.

● Describe the conduction of electricity in solids, liquids and gases. ■

Topic 3 – Electrical Terminology

● Define the following terms, their units and factors affecting them: ❍ charge ❍ conductance ❍ conventional current flow ❍ current ❍ electromotive force ❍ electron flow ❍ potential difference ❍ resistance ❍ voltage.

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● Define and be able to convert the following units from one form to another: ❍ giga G 109 ❍ mega M 106 ❍ kilo k 103 ❍ milli m 10-3 ❍ micro µ 10-6 ❍ nano n 10-9 ❍ pico p 10-12 ❍ degrees Fahrenheit Centigrade Kelvin.

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Topic 4 – Generation of Electricity and Heat

● Describe how electricity is produced by the following methods and be able to give a typical example of each: ❍ chemical action ❍ friction ❍ heat ❍ light ❍ magnetism and motion ❍ pressure.

● Define the following terms: ❍ British Thermal Unit ❍ calorie ❍ latent heat ❍ specific heat.

● Describe the three methods of transferring heat.

● Define thermal expansion and coefficient of linear expansion, and explain how this is used in the operation of bi-metallic strips.

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Topic 5 – DC Sources of Electricity

● Explain what is meant by: ❍ a simple primary cell ❍ a simple secondary cell.

● Describe the construction and basic chemical action of: ❍ lead acid cells ❍ nickel cadmium cells ❍ primary cells ❍ secondary cells.

● State the advantages of connecting cells in series and parallel.

● Define internal resistance and describe how it affects the operation of a battery.

● Describe the operation of thermocouples and list the materials commonly used in their construction.

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Topic 6 – Resistors and Resistance I

● Describe resistance and the factors affecting it.

● Describe the following terms: ❍ positive and negative temperature coefficient conductance ❍ specific resistance.

● Describe the composition, performance (stability and tolerance) and limitations of the following fixed resistors: ❍ carbon composition ❍ carbon film ❍ metallic film. ❍ wire wound.

● Describe the following types of variable resistors: ❍ carbon film ❍ thermistors ❍ voltage dependent resistors and varistors. ❍ wire wound.

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Topic 7 – Resistors and Resistance II

● Describe the resistor colour code, value and tolerance, and the system of preferred values and wattage ratings.

● State the advantages of connecting resistors in series, parallel and combinations thereof.

● Calculate total resistance using series, parallel and series parallel combinations of resistors.

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Topic 8 – DC Circuits

● Describe the following terms: ❍ closed circuit ❍ open circuit ❍ short circuit.

● Define Ohms Law, Kirchoffs Voltage and Current Laws.

● Perform calculations using the above laws to find resistance, voltage and current.

● Describe the significance of the internal resistance of a supply.

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Topic 9 – Power

● Understand the dissipation of power by a resistor.

● Define power, work and energy (kinetic and potential).

● Convert horsepower to watts and vice versa.

● State the power formula.

● State the maximum power transfer theorem.

● Perform calculations involving power, work and energy.

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Topic 10 – Rheostats and Potential Dividers

● Describe the construction and use of potentiometers and rheostats and the effect of varying the load on the output voltage.

● Describe the principles of operation of the Wheatstone Bridge.

● Perform calculations using potential dividers and the Wheatstone Bridge.

● Describe the polarities of potential differences in resistive circuits and the potential at various points in a circuit.

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Topic 11 – Capacitors

● Describe the basic construction and principle of operation of a capacitor.

● State the unit of capacitance and the relationships: ❍ C = D

KA ❍ Q = CV.

● State the factors affecting capacitance: ❍ area of the plates ❍ dielectric ❍ dielectric constant ❍ distance between the plates ❍ number of plates.

● Describe: ❍ relationship between capacitance and working voltage ❍ voltage rating ❍ working voltage.

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Page 6 of 125

Topic 12 – Capacitance I

● Describe the construction, principles of operation and application of the following capacitors: ❍ ceramic ❍ electrolytic ❍ mica ❍ paper ❍ tantalum.

● State the preferred values of capacitors and the methods of colour coding.

● Describe the common types of variable capacitors. ■

Topic 13 – Capacitance II

● Calculate capacitance and voltage for series and parallel circuits.

● Describe the exponential charge and discharge of a capacitor and state the time constant (T=CR).

● Describe the main uses of a capacitor: ❍ DC blocking ❍ energy storage.

● Describe the procedure for testing a capacitor with an ohmmeter and be able to identify a: ❍ leaky capacitor ❍ open circuit ❍ short circuit.

■ Topic 14 – Magnetism

● Describe the properties of a magnet and the molecular theory of magnetism, in particular the following areas: ❍ artificially made magnets ❍ domain theory ❍ laws of attraction and repulsion ❍ magnetic shielding ❍ magnetisation and demagnetisation ❍ the action of a magnet suspended in the earths magnetic field.

● Describe the various types of magnetic materials. ■



Page 7 of 125

Topic 15 – BH Curves

● In relation to electromagnets: ❍ describe magnetomotive force (mmf) and field intensity (H). State their units, the

factors which affect them and be able to calculate both from given data ❍ describe the action and field patterns where two current carrying conductors are

placed adjacent to each other ❍ describe the hand clasp rules to determine the direction of north and south poles

and the direction of current flow through a coil ❍ describe the use of the hand clasp rules to determine the direction of the magnetic

field about a current carrying conductor (electron and conventional flow) ❍ list the factors which affect the strength of the magnetic field in an electromagnet.

● Describe the terms: ❍ coercive force ❍ flux density ❍ permeability ❍ reluctance ❍ retentivity.

● Describe the BH curve and the significance of a hysteresis loop.

● Describe the effect of eddy currents, how they are produced and the methods used to reduce them.

● State the precautions for the care and storage of magnets.

■

Topic 16 – Electromagnetic Induction

● Describe the production of an induced voltage in a conductor when motion occurs in a magnetic field. State Faradays' Law.

● Describe the effect of the following on the magnitude of an induced voltage: ❍ magnetic field strength ❍ the number of conductor turns ❍ the rate of change of flux.

● Describe the production of an induced voltage in a secondary coil (mutual induction).

● Describe the effect the rate of change of primary current and mutual inductance has on an induced voltage.

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Page 8 of 125

Topic 17 – Mutual and Self Inductance

● Describe the factors affecting mutual inductance: ❍ permeability of each coil ❍ position of the coils with respect to each other ❍ the number of turns in each coil ❍ the physical size of each coil.

● Describe: ❍ back emf ❍ Lenz's Law and the rule for determining the polarity of an induced voltage ❍ the production of an induced voltage in a coil (self induction) ❍ the unit of inductance.

● Calculate total inductance in series, parallel and series parallel circuits.

● Describe the exponential rise and fall of current in an inductive resistive (LR) circuit; and

● State the time constant (T = RL ).

● Describe the condition known as saturation, beyond which little change in current produces little change in voltage.

■

Topic 18 – Inductors

● Describe the types of fixed inductors: ❍ air core ❍ ferrite core ❍ iron dust core ❍ laminated iron core.

● Describe the methods of varying the value of an inductor: ❍ adjustable slug ❍ slider contact on coil ❍ tapped coil ❍ variometer.

● Describe the common faults in inductors: ❍ open coil ❍ shorted turns.

● Describe the principal uses of inductors. ■



Page 9 of 125

Topic 19 – DC Meters

● Describe the construction, principle of operation and uses of the following DC moving coil meters: ❍ ammeter ❍ multimeter ❍ ohmmeter ❍ voltmeter.

● Describe the use of multipliers and shunts and calculate values thereof to achieve different meter ranges.

● Define the terms: ❍ damping of movement ❍ linear and non-linear scales ❍ parallax error ❍ sensitivity ❍ zero setting.

■

Topic 20 – DC Motor/Generator Theory

● Describe the construction and purpose of components in a simple DC generator.

● Describe the operation of a DC generator, list the factors that affect its output and determine the direction of current flow.

● Describe the operation of a simple DC motor, describe the factors that affect output power, torque and speed, and determine the direction of rotation.

■

Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 1. Core Subjects – Electrical, Instrument, Radio 1.2. Aerodynamics and Maintenance Practices (QB)


Page 10 of 125

1.2 Aerodynamics and Maintenance Practices (QB)


Topic 1 – Atmosphere

● In relation to the atmosphere, state: ❍ its composition ❍ the effect of humidity, temperature and pressure on density ❍ pressure and temperature distribution.

● State the principles involved in the following and describe their application to aircraft (including airships): ❍ Archimedes' Principle ❍ Bernoulli's Theorem ❍ Dalton's Law ❍ Newton's Laws of Motion ❍ The general gas laws.

■

Topic 2 – Airflow

● Describe the characteristics of airflow in relation to a body (steady or moving) and be able to define the following terms: ❍ boundary layer ❍ downwash ❍ free stream flow ❍ laminar and turbulent flow ❍ relative airflow ❍ stagnation point ❍ transition point ❍ upwash ❍ vortices.

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Topic 3 – Aerofoils

● In relation to aerofoils, describe the effect of changes in: ❍ shape and aspect ratio ❍ the angle of attack on the pressure distribution around an aerofoil ❍ the fineness ratio.

● Be able to describe the relationships between lift, weight, thrust and drag.

● In relation to aerofoils be able to describe the following terms: ❍ angle of attack ❍ angle of incidence ❍ camber ❍ centre of pressure ❍ chord ❍ form drag ❍ induced drag ❍ mean aerodynamic chord (MAC) ❍ parasite drag.

■

Topic 4 – Conditions of Flight

● Be able to define the term centre of gravity (C of G) and describe the effects of movements of the C of G.

● Define the following terms: ❍ centrifugal force ❍ gravitational force ❍ sideslip ❍ skidding ❍ wing loading.

● Describe the effects on wing loading and stalling speed with increases or decreases in: ❍ angle of bank ❍ G force ❍ wing area.

● Be able to describe the relationships between ground speed (GS), true air speed (TAS) and indicated air speed (IAS).

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Page 12 of 125

Topic 5 – Flight Stability

● Define: ❍ anhedral ❍ asymmetric power ❍ dihedral ❍ directional stability ❍ dynamic stability ❍ lateral stability ❍ longitudinal dihedral ❍ longitudinal stability ❍ static stability ❍ torque effect.

● In relation to longitudinal, lateral, and directional stability, be able to state the axis about which they apply and state the aircraft structural features that provide stability about that axis.

● Describe the causes and effects of flutter and the maintenance required to eliminate flutter within the aircrafts normal flight envelope.

● Describe the causes and effects of Dutch Roll and the methods used to control it.

■

Topic 6 – Flight Controls I

● Describe the operation and effect of control surfaces that provide: ❍ control about two axes (elevons/and ruddervators) ❍ directional control (rudders) ❍ lateral control (ailerons and spoilers) ❍ longitudinal control (elevators, stabilators and canards).

● Describe the operation and effect of: ❍ high lift devices (slots, slats and flaps) ❍ spoilers and speed brakes.

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Page 13 of 125

Topic 7 – Flight Controls II

● Describe how boundary layer control is achieved using wing fences, vortex generators, saw tooth leading edges, stall wedges, sucking, blowing, and winglets.

● Describe the operation and effect of: ❍ aerodynamic balance panels ❍ balance tabs ❍ servo tabs ❍ trim tabs.

● Define aerodynamic balancing.

■

Topic 8 – High Speed Flight I

● Be able to describe the following terms: ❍ critical mach number ❍ mach cone ❍ mach number ❍ speed of sound ❍ subsonic flight ❍ supersonic flight ❍ transonic flight; and

● The factors that affect them.

■

Topic 9 – High Speed Flight II

● Be able to describe the following terms in relation to high speed flight: ❍ aerodynamic heating ❍ area rule ❍ compressibility ❍ incompressibility ❍ shock drag ❍ shock stall ❍ shock waves (oblique and normal) and expansion waves; and

● The factors that affect them.

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Page 14 of 125

Topic 10 – High Speed Flight III

● In relation to engine intakes on a high-speed aircraft, be able to describe the airflow and factors that affect it.

● Be able to describe the problems that may be experienced in the control of an aircraft during transonic and supersonic flight, and be able to state the methods manufacturers have used to overcome these problems.

● Explain the effects of sweepback and fineness ratio on the critical Mach number.

■

Topic 11 – General Purpose Tools

● Be able to identify the various types and parts of the following tools; describe their operation and application; state characteristics, precautions and conditions relating to their care: ❍ clamps/vices/presses ❍ hammers and mallets ❍ pliers ❍ punches ❍ screwdrivers ❍ wrenches (spanners).

■

Topic 12 – General Purpose Cutting Tools

● Be able to identify the various types and parts of the following tools; describe their operation and application; state special characteristics, precautions and conditions relating to their care: ❍ drills and reamers ❍ files ❍ hacksaws ❍ taps and dies.

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Page 15 of 125

Topic 13 – Measuring Devices

● Be able to identify the following devices, describe the procedures for their use and state any special characteristics. Discriminate between varieties of a tool and be able to select the correct variety/tool for a given application: ❍ callipers ❍ dial test indicators ❍ micrometers ❍ torque wrenches ❍ vernier callipers.

● With respect to torque wrenches, state the relationship between applied force, lever length, required and indicated torque and be able to solve problems relating to these factors.

■

Topic 14 – Aircraft Fastening Devices

● Be able to identify various forms of aircraft nuts, bolts and screws (AN, NAS, MS, metric etc) by identification number, physical characteristics or head design. State the uses of these devices.

● Identify and state the uses of various forms of aircraft washers.

● Identify and describe various types of quick release fasteners.

■

Topic 15 – Locking Devices

● Be able to describe the various forms of lock nuts and nut plates (anchor nuts) and describe their uses.

● Identify miscellaneous safety devices, such as pins, lock rings and washers. Describe the correct use for these devices.

● Describe the methods of applying safety (lock) wire to nuts, bolts, screws, valves, removal caps, electrical connectors and turnbuckles.

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Page 16 of 125

Topic 16 – Diagrams and Drawings

● Be able to interpret the following drawings utilizing symbols, lines, dimensions and tolerances: ❍ block ❍ blue print ❍ electrical ❍ isometric ❍ oblique ❍ orthographic ❍ perspective ❍ schematic ❍ sectional.

● Be able to identify the following information within a title block: ❍ drawing number ❍ drawing size ❍ reference number ❍ scale ❍ tolerance.

■

Topic 17 – Soldering

● Be able to state the chemical combination of solder and the effect that varying the tin/lead content has on the melting point.

● State the types, use and purpose of flux.

● State the reason why flux must be removed after soldering.

● Define tinning. Describe the result excessive tinning has on wire; state the tool used to prevent it and why soldering iron tips are tinned.

● Define the differences between soft and silver soldering and know the advantage of using either. Be able to recognise cold joints.

● State the reasons for and uses of heat sinks and solder removing devices (suckers, braid).

● Describe the correct amount of wrapping to be used on various types of terminals.

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Page 17 of 125

Topic 18 – Electrical Cables and Connectors

● Be able to identify the various aspects of an electrical connector by its identification code.

● Be able to describe the use and precautions regarding hand operated crimping tools.

● Describe the methods and precautions to be observed during forming, identification, routing and securing of low and high-tension electrical cable in different aircraft environments.

● Be able to describe the methods and precautions associated with attaching connectors to co-axial cables.

■

Topic 19 – Bonding and Screening

● In relation to bonding and screening, be able to: ❍ describe the methods employed ❍ describe the operation and safety precautions associated with the use of meggars

and bonding testers ❍ state precautions to be observed when installing earth points

CAO 108.32 ❍ state the minimum acceptable standards for insulation and bonding tests as laid down in CAO 108.32

❍ state the reasons and differences between the two.

■

Topic 20 – Overload Protection

● Be able to identify aircraft wire by American Wire Gauge (AWG) and state the factors which effect the selection of a particular size and material.

● Identify Class 1 and Class 2 circuits and state the operating conditions and precautions which apply to each.

● State the operation, limitations and precautions relating to the use of the various types of fuses, circuit breakers and current limiters etc, and be able to identify such devices.

■

http://www.casa.gov.au/download/Orders/CAO108/10832.pdf



Page 18 of 125

Topic 21 – Electrical Control Devices

● With regard to the following devices, be able to define related terminology, describe the operation, state the uses and limitations and identify them on drawings: ❍ relays ❍ solenoids ❍ switches.

■

Topic 22 – Test Equipment

● Be able to describe the use and state the precautions to be observed when using the following test equipment: ❍ ammeters ❍ attenuators ❍ bonding testers ❍ decade boxes ❍ meggers ❍ multimeters ❍ ohmeters ❍ voltmeters.

■

Topic 23 – Aircraft Corrosion Control

● Be able to identify and describe common forms of corrosion, their cause and effect.

● Describe corrosion deposits and the factors affecting corrosion (material type and size, heat treatment etc).

● Describe the methods used to remove corrosion from common aircraft metals.

● Describe the methods used to treat aircraft parts against corrosion (chemical, sacrificial, mechanical).

● State the methods employed to prevent corrosion from occurring on aircraft.

■

Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 1. Core Subjects – Electrical, Instrument, Radio 1.3. Basic Logic and Semiconductor Theory (QC)


Page 19 of 125

1.3 Basic Logic and Semiconductor Theory (QC)


Topic 1 – Semiconductor Materials

● In relation to silicon and germanium, describe their: ❍ crystalline structure ❍ electrical properties ❍ electron configuration.

● In relation to P and N type semiconductor materials, describe: ❍ majority and minority carriers ❍ the doping process to produce P and N type material ❍ the effects of impurities on conduction ❍ the mechanism of electrical conduction in doped semiconductor material.

● Describe the PN junction in a semiconductor.

■

Topic 2 – PN Junction Operation

● Describe the development of a potential barrier across a PN junction which is: ❍ forward biased ❍ reverse biased ❍ unbiased.

● Describe the following diode parameters: ❍ frequency ❍ leakage current ❍ maximum forward current ❍ peak inverse voltage ❍ power dissipation ❍ temperature.

● State the effects of connecting diodes in series and parallel.

● Describe the Zener effect.

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Page 20 of 125

Topic 3 – Diode Terminology and Identification

● Identify diode symbols and their terminals from given diagrams.

● Describe terminology used and be able to analyse information supplied on diode data sheets and diagrams.

● Describe the characteristic curves for the following diodes: ❍ germanium ❍ ideal ❍ silicon ❍ zener.

■

Topic 4 – Functions of Diodes

● Identify and describe the operation of the following circuits in which diodes are used: ❍ bridge rectifiers ❍ clampers ❍ clippers ❍ full and half wave rectifiers ❍ voltage doublers and triplers (multipliers).

● Describe how an ohmmeter is used to check a diode for serviceability. ■

Topic 5 – Types of Diodes

● Describe the operation, characteristics and applications of the following devices: ❍ diacs ❍ light emitting diode ❍ photoconductive diode ❍ Schottky barrier diode ❍ Shockley diode ❍ silicon controlled rectifier ❍ triacs ❍ tunnel diode ❍ varactor diode ❍ varistor ❍ zener diode.

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Page 21 of 125

Topic 6 – Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

● Describe the construction and operation of PNP and NPN transistors, describe the significance of the terms: ❍ alpha ❍ beta ❍ distortion, saturation ❍ frequency response ❍ IB, IC, IE ❍ input and output impedance ❍ power gain ❍ Vbe.

● Identify diagrammatically NPN and PNP transistors and their terminals.

● Describe the process of amplification (current, voltage and power).

● Describe the effects of temperature on transistors.

■

Topic 7 – Bipolar Junction Transistor Configurations I

● Describe the biasing methods required to operate a transistor as a: ❍ class A amplifier ❍ class B amplifier ❍ class C amplifier ❍ switch.

● Describe uses and characteristics of the above amplifiers.

● Describe the following methods of bias stabilisation: ❍ diode ❍ negative feedback ❍ temperature stabilisation resistor ❍ thermistor ❍ transistor.

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Page 22 of 125

Topic 8 – Bipolar Junction Transistor Configurations II

● Identify and describe the operation and relative characteristics of the following transistor configurations: ❍ common base ❍ common collector ❍ common emitter.

● Be able to fault find circuit diagrams.

■

Topic 9 – Transistor Identification

● Interpret terminology and analyse data supplied on transistor specification sheets.

● Identify from supplied information, the emitter, base or collector terminals on various types of transistors.

● Describe how an ohmmeter is used to check the serviceability of a transistor.

■

Topic 10 – Types of Transistors

● Describe the operation, characteristics and application of the following devices: ❍ hall effect devices ❍ opto isolator ❍ photo transistor ❍ power transistors ❍ programmable unijunction transistor ❍ small signal transistors ❍ unijunction transistor.

■

Topic 11 – Thermionic Emission and Valves

● Describe the phenomena of thermionic emission.

● Describe the basic construction of a diode and triode valve.

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Page 23 of 125

● Identify the symbols for a: ❍ diode ❍ pentode ❍ tetrode ❍ triode.

● Describe how a triode valve is biased to ensure operation on a particular portion of its characteristic curve.

● Describe phase inversion in valve amplifiers and compare the operating characteristics between valves and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs).

■ Topic 12 – Field Effect Transistors (FETs)

● Describe the operation, characteristics and basic circuit configurations of the following FETs: ❍ insulated gate (IGFET) ❍ junction (JFET) ❍ metal oxide silicon (MOSFET).

● Describe the analogy between pin connections for: ❍ BJTs ❍ FETs ❍ thermionic valves.

■ Topic 13 – Operational Amplifiers I

● Describe the following parameters and their values for an ideal operational amplifier (OPAMP): ❍ bandwidth ❍ drift ❍ input and output impedance ❍ input offset voltage and current ❍ open loop gain ❍ slew rate.

● Describe the operation of an OP AMP when used as: ❍ a comparator ❍ a differentiator ❍ a voltage follower ❍ an integrator.

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Page 24 of 125

Topic 14 – Operational Amplifiers II

● With respect to the following amplifiers, describe their operation and applications. Describe the effect of external components and perform calculations to determine gain and output voltage: ❍ differential amplifier ❍ inverting amplifier ❍ non inverting amplifier ❍ summing amplifier.

■ Topic 15 – Multistage Amplifiers

● Identify and describe the operation of the following methods of connecting amplifier stages: ❍ direct ❍ inductive (transformer) ❍ inductive capacitive (LC) ❍ resistive capacitive (RC).

● Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the methods listed above.

● Identify positive and negative feedback, list the advantages and disadvantages of each and describe their applications.

■ Topic 16 – Practical Transistorised Circuits

● List the characteristics and describe the operation of the following devices: ❍ complementary symmetry configuration ❍ Darlington pairs ❍ push pull amplifiers.

● From given circuit diagrams be able to ascertain the serviceability of transistors and related devices.

■ Topic 17 – Multivibrators and Oscillators

● Describe the operation and state the characteristics of the following types of multivibrators: ❍ astable or free running ❍ bistable or flip flop ❍ monostable or one shot.

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Page 25 of 125

● Identify and describe the operation of the following transistorised and FET oscillators: ❍ Colpitts ❍ Crystal ❍ Hartley ❍ inductive capacitive (LC) ❍ RC.

■

Topic 18 – Logic Gates

● Identify symbols, truth tables and equivalent circuits for the following logic gates: ❍ AND ❍ NAND ❍ OR ❍ NOR ❍ EXCLUSIVE OR ❍ INVERTER.

■

Topic 19 – Logic Circuits

● Identify related logic circuits or diagrams given a Boolean expression.

● Express given logic diagrams in terms of Boolean algebra.

■

Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 1. Core Subjects – Electrical, Instrument, Radio 1.4. AC Theory and Power Systems (QD)


Page 26 of 125

1.4 AC Theory and Power Systems (QD)


Topic 1 – Sinusoidal Waveform Analysis

● In relation to voltage, current and power define and perform calculations involving the following: ❍ average ❍ instantaneous ❍ peak ❍ peak to peak ❍ root mean square.

● Define the following terms and perform calculations involving them: ❍ angular velocity ❍ cycle ❍ frequency ❍ period ❍ phase ❍ radian.

● Describe harmonics, and the effect that odd and even harmonics have on fundamental wave shapes.

■

Topic 2 – Resistive, Capacitive and Inductive Circuits

● In relation to purely resistive (R), capacitive (C) and inductive (L) circuits: ❍ apply Ohm's Law to determine voltage, current and impedance ❍ calculate inductive and capacitive reactance and state the factors which affect

them ❍ describe and calculate impedance and phase angle ❍ describe the power dissipated and phase relationship between voltage and

current.

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Page 27 of 125

Topic 3 – Series and Parallel Inductive, Capacitive and Resistive Circuits

● In relation to series and parallel L, C and R circuits describe the relationship between voltage and current across circuit components.

● Calculate: ❍ applied and component voltage ❍ current ❍ impedance ❍ phase angle ❍ power factor.

● Describe and calculate true, apparent and reactive power.

■

Topic 4 – Series Resonance

● Define resonance, and describe how the properties of a series reactive circuit change at resonance.

● When the frequency of a series resonant circuit is varied, describe the effect on: ❍ current ❍ impedance ❍ phase angle.

● Describe and interpret frequency response curves for series resonant circuits.

● From given information, calculate the resonant frequency of a circuit.

● Describe and calculate the voltage magnification factor (Q) of a circuit

● Describe the effect that resistance has on circuit Q and resonance curves.

● Define and calculate bandwidth.

■

Topic 5 – Parallel Resonance

● Describe how the properties of a parallel resonant circuit change at resonance.

● When the frequency of a parallel resonant circuit is varied, describe the effect on: ❍ current ❍ impedance ❍ phase angle.

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Page 28 of 125

● Describe and interpret frequency response curves for parallel resonant circuits.

● From given information, calculate the resonant frequency of a circuit.

● Define and calculate circuit Q and bandwidth.

● Describe the operation and use of a tank circuit.

■

Topic 6 – Transformers

● Describe the operation of a transformer.

● Describe transformer losses and how they are overcome.

● Describe the action of a transformer under load and no load conditions.

● Describe power transfer, efficiency and the relevance of polarity markings.

● Given sufficient data calculate: ❍ efficiency ❍ power ❍ primary or secondary current ❍ primary or secondary voltage ❍ turns ratio.

● Describe the operation and uses of auto transformers and variacs.

■

Topic 7 – Filters

● Describe the operation, uses and applications of the following types of filters: ❍ band pass ❍ band stop ❍ high pass ❍ low pass.

● Interpret response curves applicable to the above filters.

● Describe the operation of active filters, and describe the difference between them and passive filters.

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Page 29 of 125

Topic 8 – AC Generators

● Describe and draw the waveform produced from a 360-degree rotation of a single loop in a magnetic field.

● Describe the principal of operation and construction of revolving armature and revolving field type AC generators.

● List the factors that affect the frequency and voltage output.

■

Topic 9 – Multiphase Waveform Analysis

● In relation to star and delta connected 3 phase systems, describe, and given sufficient data, calculate line and phase voltages and currents.

● Calculate power in a 3-phase system.

● Describe the advantages of star and delta 3-phase systems.

■

Topic 10 – AC Motors

● With respect to AC synchronous and induction motors, both single and polyphase, describe their: ❍ characteristics ❍ construction ❍ principles of operation.

● Describe the methods used to control their speed and direction of rotation.

■

Topic 11 – AC Measuring Instruments

● Describe the operation, use and construction of the following instruments: ❍ ammeters ❍ frequency meters ❍ volt amps reactive (VAR) meters ❍ voltmeters ❍ wattmeters.

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Page 30 of 125

Topic 12 – Signal Processing Devices

● Describe the basic operation and uses of the following signal processing devices: ❍ demodulators ❍ differentiators ❍ integrators ❍ limiters ❍ modulators ❍ summing networks or points.

■

Topic 13 – Servomechanisms

● Define the following terms relating to servomechanisms: ❍ analog ❍ damping (various types) ❍ deadband ❍ feedback (various types) ❍ follow up ❍ hunting ❍ null ❍ open and closed loops ❍ servomechanism ❍ transducer.

■

Topic 14 – Synchros, Resolvers and Other Input Devices

● Describe the construction, operation and uses of the following synchro systems and components: ❍ capacitance transmitters ❍ control ❍ differential ❍ E and I transformers ❍ inductance transmitters ❍ resolvers ❍ torque.

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Page 31 of 125

Topic 15 – Servomechanism Operation

● Describe the operation and components of a typical servomechanism system.

● Describe displacement and rate control: ❍ displacement/displacement ❍ displacement/rate ❍ rate/displacement ❍ rate/rate.

■

Topic 16 – Servomechanism Troubleshooting

● Given data and diagrams, state the causes of unserviceabilities in servomechanisms.

● Describe the causes and methods of rectifying hunting.

● Describe the effects of reversing the leads on a synchro receiver.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 1. Core Subjects – Electrical, Instrument, Radio 1.5. Digital Techniques, Computers and Electronic Devices (QE)


Page 32 of 125

1.5 Digital Techniques, Computers and Electronic Devices (QE)


Topic 1 – Digital Arithmetic Computation

● Describe and compare the binary and decimal numbering systems.

● Convert decimal into binary and vice versa.

● Calculate the addition of two or more binary numbers.

● Convert decimal into octal and hexadecimal, and vice versa.

● Convert positive and negative numbers into their 1’s and 2’s complement, add two numbers in the 2’s complement.

● Perform addition in binary coded decimal (BCD) and hexadecimal form.

● Convert a hexadecimal number into its 2’s complement.

■

Topic 2 – Flip Flop Terminology

● In relation to Flip Flops, define the following: ❍ asynchronous input ❍ maximum clocking frequency ❍ propagation delay ❍ set up and hold times ❍ synchronous input ❍ transition (positive and negative).

● Recognise the symbols used to indicate clocked inputs and negative going transition (NGT).

■

Topic 3 – Flip Flop Operation

● Describe the operation of and identify the symbols and truth tables for the following types of Flip Flops: ❍ D types ❍ JK ❍ SC or RS.

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Page 33 of 125

Topic 4 – Flip Flop Application

● Describe the operation of digital: ❍ counters ❍ data storage devices ❍ shift registers.

● In relation to serial and parallel data transfer: ❍ describe how each is generated, and transferred from one to the other ❍ describe the uses of each ❍ list the advantages and disadvantages of each.

■

Topic 5 – Data Conversion

● In relation to analogue to digital and digital to analogue converters, be able to: ❍ define terminology relating to them ❍ describe the operation and limitations of various types ❍ list their inputs ❍ state their outputs and factors affecting them ❍ state their purpose and function.

■

Topic 6 – Computer Related Terminology

● Be able to define the following terms: ❍ accumulator ❍ address ❍ bit ❍ byte ❍ CPU (Central Processor Unit) ❍ firmware ❍ hardware ❍ instruction ❍ instruction word ❍ label ❍ language ❍ machine language

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Page 34 of 125

❍ mnemonic ❍ nibble ❍ op code ❍ operand ❍ software ❍ word.

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Topic 7 – Basic Microcomputers

● Describe the layout, basic operation and interfacing of the major components of a microcomputer including their associated bus systems.

● Explain the information contained in single and multi-address instruction words.

■

Topic 8 – Memory Devices

● Be able to define the following memory associated terms: ❍ access time ❍ capacity ❍ cycle time ❍ memory cell ❍ memory word ❍ read operation ❍ write operation.

● Describe the operation of a typical memory device during READ and WRITE operations. State the number and purpose of the various signal lines for different memory capacity and word size.

● Describe the basic operation and advantages/disadvantages of the following memory storage: ❍ floppy disks ❍ magnetic bubble ❍ magnetic core ❍ magnetic disks ❍ magnetic tape.

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Page 35 of 125

Topic 9 – Read Only Memories (ROMs)

● Be able to describe the following terms associated with the operation of ROMs: ❍ burning ❍ erased ❍ non-volatile ❍ programming.

● Describe the operation of the chip select line in order to perform the read operation.

● Describe how ROMs are programmed.

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Topic 10 – Random Access Memories (RAMs)

● Describe: ❍ the differences between static and dynamic RAMs ❍ advantages and disadvantages between static and dynamic RAMs ❍ the use and operation of RAMs ❍ the reasons for dynamic RAM refreshing and how this is accomplished.

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Topic 11 – Medium Scale Integration (MSI) Devices

● Describe the operation and uses of encoders and decoders.

● Identify various types of encoders and decoders ie: ❍ binary coded decimal (BCD) to decimal or (4 to 10) ❍ binary to octal or (1 to 8) ❍ octal to binary or (8 to 3) ❍ priority encoders.

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Page 36 of 125

Topic 12 – Displays

● Describe the operation of the following types of displays: ❍ gas discharge ❍ light emitting diodes (LED) ❍ liquid crystal ❍ Nixie tube.

● Describe the operation and use of a typical BCD to decimal and BCD to seven-segment decoder driver.

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Topic 13 – Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and Tristate Devices

● Describe the uses and operation of multiplexers, demultiplexers and tristate devices.

● Identify their symbols and logic diagrams.

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Topic 14 – Microprocessors

● List the functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor.

● Describe the basic operation of each of the following internal elements of microprocessors: ❍ arithmetic logic unit ❍ control and timing section ❍ register.

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Topic 15 – Encoding

● Describe the following codes and be able to convert binary and decimal numbers into them: ❍ BCD ❍ excess 3 ❍ grey.

● Describe the structure and uses of the ASCII code.

● Be able to describe the parity method of error detection.

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Page 37 of 125

Topic 16 – Cathode Ray Tubes

● Describe the construction and basic operation of monochromatic and colour tubes.

● Describe the principals of electrostatic and magnetic deflection.

● Be able to describe the following terms: ❍ Interlace Scanning ❍ Raster scanning ❍ Rho-Theta and X-Y screen formats ❍ Stroke pulse scanning.

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Topic 17 – Electrostatic Sensitive Devices (ESD)

● State the sources of ESD and the damage that can occur.

● Describe the special handling, identification packaging and protection requirements.

● Identify ESD sensitive devices.

● Identify dangerous situations for generating static charge build-ups.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 2. Electrical Specific Group Subjects 2.1. General Electrical Systems (EB)


Page 38 of 125

2 Electrical Specific Group Subjects 2.1 General Electrical Systems (EB)


Topic 1 – DC Generators

● Using relevant terminology, be able to describe the construction, operation and characteristics of self excited, shunt, series, compound wound, and permanent magnet generators. State the factors that effect their output (losses and armature reaction) and methods used to improve it.

● Be able to define residual magnetism as it relates to generators and describe how to "Flash the Field".

● State why a shunt-wound generator is used in aircraft generator systems.

● Be able to troubleshoot typical aircraft generator systems.

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Topic 2 – DC Motors

● Be able to describe the operation (including speed regulation) construction and characteristics of series shunt and compound motors. Describe the factors that affect their efficiency and the methods used to improve it.

● Be able to describe the methods used for speed control, directional control and braking (mechanical and electrodynamic).

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Topic 3 – Alternator/Rectifier Type DC Generators

● Be able to describe the operation, construction, testing and troubleshooting of alternator/rectifier units.

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Topic 4 – Voltage Regulators

● Be able to describe the operation of the following voltage regulators: ❍ carbon pile ❍ transistor and transistorised. ❍ vibrator type.

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Page 39 of 125

Topic 5 – Lead Acid Batteries

● Be able to define specific gravity (SG) or relative density.

● Using appropriate terminology be able to describe the construction and chemical action of a lead acid battery during charging and discharging. Describe the effect that the battery's internal resistance has on these operations.

● Be able to describe and calculate battery capacity and ratings. List the factors that affect them.

● Be able to describe gassing and sulphating. State their causes and describe the effect sulphating has on the operation of batteries.

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Topic 6 – Lead Acid Battery Maintenance

● Be able to describe the mixing of electrolyte and associated safety precautions, how to neutralise spills and how to vary its SG.

● Explain the use of a hydrometer in the testing of batteries. List the safety precautions associated with its use.

● State the SG of a flat and charged battery and how the temperature affects the SG reading.

● Describe the constant voltage and current methods of recharging batteries.

● State the precautions to be observed when carrying out maintenance on and around aircraft batteries and installations.

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Topic 7 – Nickel-Cadmium Batteries (Ni-cads)

● Be able to describe the construction and/or composition of nickel cadmium batteries and cells.

● State the material used as electrolyte and its use during charging and discharging.

● Describe cell imbalance, its causes and remedies and describe thermal runaway, listing possible causes.

● Determine how a Ni-Cad battery is fully charged.

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Page 40 of 125

Topic 8 – Nickel-Cadmium Battery Maintenance

● Be able to define terminology associated with the maintenance of Ni-Cad batteries.

● Describe the maintenance and charging procedures, testing and associated precautions.

● List the material used to neutralise spilled electrolyte.

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Topic 9 – Magnetos

● Using appropriate terminology, be able to describe the construction and operation of high and low tension magnetos.

● List the differences between low and high-tension magneto systems.

● Be able to define the term "E" Gap, describe its effect on magneto operation and how it is adjusted.

● State the purpose of compensating cams.

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Topic 10 – Starting Motors – Starting Aids – Ignition Leads and Switches

● Describe the operating characteristics of an electrical starter as used on a typical piston engine.

● Be able to describe the operation and construction of impulse couplings and shower of sparks/induction vibrators.

● Describe the construction and testing of ignition leads.

● Describe the operation of magneto switches in all positions.

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Topic 11 – Starting and Ignition Systems Troubleshooting and Testing

● Given logical unserviceabilities and using starting and ignition system knowledge be able to determine their causes.

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Page 41 of 125

Topic 12 – Starter Generators and Turbine Ignition Systems

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of starter generators. State the starting sequence and describe the methods employed to transfer operation from starter to generator.

● Describe the operation of turbine ignition system. State the purpose of system components and be able to troubleshoot typical systems given circuit diagrams.

● Define terminology relating to starter generators and turbine ignition systems.

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Topic 13 – Aircraft Lighting

● Be able to describe the operation and safety precautions associated with various types of aircraft lights – internal and external.

● Given circuit diagrams be able to fault find typical lighting and dimming control circuits. State the precaution to be observed when working with strobe lights.

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Topic 14 – Landing Gear and Electrical Flap Systems

● Be able to describe the operation of the electrical position indicating and control system of a typical landing gear system.

● Given electrical diagrams be able to fault find typical undercarriage and flap systems.

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Topic 15 – Principles of Operation and Terminology of Airconditioning

● Define the terms: ❍ conduction ❍ convection ❍ latent heat ❍ radiation ❍ sensible heat.

● Describe the principles of operation of vapour cycle airconditioning.

● Describe the layout of a typical vapour cycle airconditioning system.

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Page 42 of 125

Topic 16 – Vapour Cycle System Components and Fluids

● Describe the operation and function of the components within a vapour cycle airconditioning system.

● State the refrigerant used in vapour cycle airconditioning systems and list the safety precautions associated with its use.

● From given data be able to troubleshoot a typical system.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 2. Electrical Specific Group Subjects 2.2. Electrical Systems for Multi-Generator Power Systems (ED)


Page 43 of 125

2.2 Electrical Systems for Multi-Generator Power Systems (ED)


Topic 1 – Alternating Current (AC) Motors

● Using relevant terminology be able to describe the construction, operation and characteristics (starting and running) of single and polyphase induction and synchronous motors of various types.

● Be able to determine the direction of rotation using the right hand rule for motors and the RPM of induction and synchronous motors using the formula RPM = p

f60

● Describe the following methods of producing a rotating field: ❍ capacitor ❍ inductor ❍ shaded or split pole.

● Be able to describe the method of reversing the direction of rotation of an AC motor.

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Topic 2 – Power Distribution

● In relation to electrical power systems, be able to describe the operation and construction of static inverters, rotary inverters and transformer rectifier units.

● Using appropriate terminology be able to describe the operation of a split and parallel bus system. State the purposes of the various switching components. Using information supplied, be able to troubleshoot a typical system.

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Topic 3 – Multi-Generator Distribution System Components

● In relation to direct current (DC) generators, be able to describe load sharing or paralleling.

● Be able to describe the operation of generator equalising circuits and be able to troubleshoot a typical system.

● Be able to state the purpose of overvoltage/undervoltage and reverse current protection.

● Describe the operation of and be able to troubleshoot typical circuits designed to give this protection.

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Page 44 of 125

Topic 4 – Electro-Pneumatic and Propeller De-Ice Systems

● Be able to describe the effects icing has on the operation/performance of an aeroplane and the difference between anti-ice and de-icing systems.

● Describe the layout, operation, maintenance (including safety precautions) and troubleshooting of: ❍ electro-pneumatic de-ice systems ❍ propeller de-icing systems.

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Topic 5 – Windscreen Anti-Ice Systems

● Be able to describe the operation of various types of ice detecting devices and temperature control methods.

● Describe the layout, operation, maintenance and troubleshooting of a typical windscreen anti-icing system.

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Topic 6 – Combustion Heaters

● Be able to describe the construction, operation and maintenance of a typical combustion heater. Troubleshoot a typical system from given information.

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Topic 7 – Fire Detection Systems

● Describe the construction, operation, testing, troubleshooting and maintenance of the following type of fire detection systems: ❍ continuous element or pressure type sensor responder ❍ continuous loop (fire wire) ❍ thermal switch ❍ thermocouple.

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Topic 8 – Fire Extinguishing Systems

● Be able to describe the operation, layout, troubleshooting, maintenance and safety precautions of typical aircraft fire extinguishing systems and components.

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Page 45 of 125

Topic 9 – Smoke Detection

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of the following smoke detection systems: ❍ carbon monoxide ❍ photoelectric ❍ visual.

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Topic 10 – Propeller Control Systems

● Be able to describe the function, operation and maintenance of propeller synchroniser and synchrophaser systems.

● Be able to list the components that comprise each system and their location within each of the systems.

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Topic 11 – Air Cycle Airconditioning Operation

● Describe the principles of operation of an air cycle machine.

● Describe the operation of a typical air cycle machine airconditioning system. State the function and describe the operation of components within that system.

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Topic 12 – Typical Air Cycle Airconditioning System Layout and Fault-finding

● Be able to describe the layout and trace the airflow in a typical air cycle airconditioning system.

● From given data, be able to fault-find a typical system.

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Topic 13 – Anti-Skid Systems

● In relation to an anti-skid system, be able to define its function and list its components.

● Describe the operation of the system in all situations (ie, no skid, skid and landing).

● Describe system testing—ground and in-flight.

● Describe system maintenance.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 3. Electrical Specific Types Subjects 3.1. Specific Electrical Installation (ES)


Page 46 of 125

3. Electrical Specific Types Subjects 3.1 Specific Electrical Installation (ES) Examination Outline

CAO 100.90 With respect to the privileges stated in Civil Aviation Order (CAO) 100.90 App.1 Part 5, the examinations will cover all aspects of the electrical and associated instrument, radio, engine and airframe systems which an electrical LAME has certification privileges, in particular:

● all maintenance in category electrical

● the interface of the electrical system with the engine, instrument, airframe and radio systems

● operation of all aircraft systems as required to carry out maintenance on electrical systems, including APUs but excluding propulsion engines

Applicants should be aware that examinations may be produced in one or more parts depending on aircraft complexity. Applicants should check with their nearest airworthiness office or relevant airline training school to obtain detailed information concerning contents and the number of parts in each examination. Where examinations contain more than one part, candidates will gain credits for each part passed.

■ Examination Topics

Depending on the type and complexity of the aircraft, the examination will cover the following topics. The number of questions in each topic will depend on the complexity of the system and overall importance of the system within the aircraft and category. In some areas the chapters need only be covered to a level applicable to the privileges of the particular chapter: Topic ATA Chapter

● Aircraft General 5-12 ● Airconditioning 21 ● Communications 23 ● Electrical Power 24 ● Equipment and Furnishings 25 ● Fire Protection 26 ● Flight Controls 27 ● Fuel 28 ● Hydraulic Power 29 ● Ice and Rain Protection. 30

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 3. Electrical Specific Types Subjects 3.1. Specific Electrical Installation (ES)


Page 47 of 125

Topic ATA Chapter

● Indicating and Recording Systems 31 ● Landing Gear 32 ● Lighting 33 ● Pneumatics 36 ● Water/Waste 38 ● APU 49 ● Doors 52 ● Propeller Control 61 ● Rotor(s) 62 ● Rotor(s) Flight Controls 67 ● Engine Fuel and Control 73 ● Ignition 74 ● Engine Controls 76 ● Thrust Reverser 78 ● Starting 80

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Examination Contents

Candidates will be expected to:

● describe the operation, maintenance, adjustments, troubleshooting and precautions associated with all electrical systems and equipment in the specific type aircraft

● state, or identify on drawings, the location and/or interconnection of electrical components to block and line level.

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Examination Source Material

Examination questions will be drawn from relevant aircraft maintenance and operational manuals and if applicable, system vendor manuals.

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Specific Examination Codes

CASA no longer allocates resources to the maintenance, update or delivery of Group 20 Specific Type Examinations. Check AAC 9-4 and 9-5 for approved courses.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.1. Aircraft General Instruments – I (IA)


Page 48 of 125

4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.1 Aircraft General Instruments – I (IA)


Topic 1 – Terminology and Conversions

● Be able to define the following instrument-related terms: ❍ absolute, differential and gauge pressure ❍ hysteresis error ❍ parallax error.

● Describe the methods of compensating instrument mechanisms for temperature variations and the reasons for hermetically sealing instruments.

● Be able to convert in either direction: ❍ imperial gallons to litres and pounds ❍ knots to miles per hour ❍ mm and inches of mercury to pounds per square inch ❍ US gallons to imperial gallons.

● In relation to the SI metric system, be able to state their base, supplementary and derived unit, quantity and symbol.

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Topic 2 – The Atmosphere and Atmosphere Standards

● Be able to state the various layers of the atmosphere and describe how pressure, temperature and density vary with altitude.

● Be able to state the requirements of the ICAO standard atmosphere and describe the methods by which atmospheric pressure is measured.

● Explain the operation of aneroid and mercury barometers in measuring atmospheric pressure.

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Topic 3 – Pressure Measuring Devices

● Be able to describe the construction, operation and functions of: ❍ bellows (absolute and differential) ❍ bourdon tubes ❍ capsules (absolute and differential) ❍ diaphragms.

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Page 49 of 125

Topic 4 – Pitot Static Systems

● In relation to pitot static systems, be able to describe:

CAO 108.56 ❍ pitot static leak test as laid down in CAO 108.56, para 3.3

❍ pressure (position) error and its effects on pitot static instruments ❍ related terms, construction and operation of pitot, pitot/static probes and static

vents (primary and alternate) ❍ the layout of a typical system

❍ the requirements of CAO 107, AD/INST/8 and AD/INST/9 in regards the testing of instruments in VFR and IFR aircraft.

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Topic 5 – Altimeters

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of counter pointer altimeters. State the effects that variations in temperature and atmospheric changes have on their indications.

● Be able to define: ❍ QFE ❍ QNE ❍ QNH.

● In relation to altimeter pointer settings, be able to describe how it is accomplished and what effect the setting of QFE, QNH and QNE has on the reading of an altimeter.

● Describe the following altimeter related conditions/terms: ❍ after effect ❍ friction ❍ scale error and barometric scale error.

CAO 108.56 ● Be able to describe the tests for altimeters as laid down in CAO 108.56.

● Be able to state that the term Flight Level relates to the height of the aircraft when the altimeter is adjusted 1013.2 millibars, ie Flight Level 210 relates to a height of 21,000.

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Topic 6 – Vertical Speed Indicators

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of vertical speed indicators and instantaneous vertical speed indicators.

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http://www.casa.gov.au/avreg/aircraft/ad/adfiles/equip/inst/inst-008.pdf

http://www.casa.gov.au/avreg/aircraft/ad/adfiles/equip/inst/inst-009.pdf




Page 50 of 125

Topic 7 – Airspeed Indicators

● Be able to define the following terms and describe how they are affected by various factors: ❍ indicated, calibrated and true airspeed ❍ mach number and critical mach number ❍ maximum Mach operation (MMO) ❍ sonic, subsonic, transonic and supersonic ❍ speed of sound ❍ velocity maximum operating (Vmo).

● Be able to describe the construction, operation and function of: ❍ airspeed indicators and switches ❍ mach/airspeed indicators ❍ machmeters ❍ maximum allowable indicators.

CAO 108.56 ● Be able to describe the tests for airspeed indicators as laid down in CAO 108.56.

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Topic 8 – Miscellaneous Altitude Systems

● Be able to describe the construction, operation and function of typical altitude alerting and reporting systems including encoding altimeters.

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Topic 9 – Air Data Computers and Servo Altimeters

● In relation to Air Data Computers, be able to: ❍ describe the layout of a basic system ❍ describe the fundamental principles of operation of a typical system ❍ list the inputs and outputs for a typical Air Data Computer.

● Be able to describe the construction operation and function of total air temperature probes.

● Be able to describe the construction operation and function of servo altimeters.

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Page 51 of 125

Topic 10 – Instrument Pneumatic/Vacuum Systems and Direct Reading Gauges

● Be able to describe the construction, layout, operation, troubleshooting and function of aircraft instrument pneumatic/vacuum systems.

● Describe the construction and operation of direct reading pressure and capillary type pressure and temperature gauges. Be able to troubleshoot faults in these systems.

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Topic 11 – Temperature Indicating Systems

● From given information be able to calculate the value of an unknown resistor in a balanced wheatstone bridge circuit.

● Define Static Air Temperature and describe how it is measured.

● Be able to describe the operation and construction of various thermocouple systems.

● Describe cold junction compensation of various types and state the materials used in the construction, of thermocouple leads and probes.

● Describe the operation and construction of radiation pyrometer type temperature indicating systems.

● Describe the construction, operation and advantages of ratiometer type indicators.

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Topic 12 – Fuel Flow and Basic Fuel Quantity Indicating Systems

● Be able to describe the construction, operation and adjustments of fuel flow and fuel indicating systems (float and capacitance types). Describe the effect that changes in temperature have on the system.

CAO 108.56 ● Describe the test laid down in CAO 108.56 para 3-4.

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Topic 13 – DC Synchronous Systems and Engine Speed Indicating Systems

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of DC desyn and selsyn systems.

● Describe the construction, operation and maintenance of mechanical and electrical engine speed indicating systems and associated components.

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Page 52 of 125

Topic 14 – Engine Indicating System

● Be able to describe the construction, operation and maintenance of: ❍ AC inductor and ratiometer oil pressure system ❍ engine pressure ratio gauges ❍ engine vibration systems ❍ exhaust gas temperature gauges ❍ manifold pressure gauges ❍ torquemeters ❍ turbine inlet temperature gauges.

● Define terminology relating to engine indicating systems.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.2. Aircraft General Instruments – II (IZ)


Page 53 of 125

4.2 Aircraft General Instruments – II (IZ)


Topic 1 – Gyroscopic Principles

● Be able to define the following related terms: ❍ axis and plane of spin ❍ degree of freedom ❍ displacement gyro ❍ input and output axis ❍ topple.

● Be able to define Newton’s first law of motion and describe how it relates to gyroscopes.

● In respect to apparent precession be able to define earth rate and calculate it for various positions on the earth.

● Be able to define rigidity and list the factors that affect it.

● Be able to describe gimbal lock and the gimbal layout for 2 and 3 gymbaled gyroscopes.

● Be able to describe real drift, apparent drift and list the factors that affect them.

● Be able to describe free, tied, earth and rate gyros.

● Be able to describe gyroscopic precession and be able to determine the direction of precession resulting from an applied force.

● Be able to state the precautions associated with the use and handling of gyroscopic instruments.

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Topic 2 – Artificial Horizons

● Be able to describe the construction, operation and function of air and electrically driven artificial horizons.

● Be able to identify information displayed on artificial horizons.

● Describe acceleration, turn and erection errors and the methods used to overcome them.

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Page 54 of 125

● Describe the operation of the following erection systems: ❍ ball type ❍ levelling switch ❍ pendulous vane ❍ torque motor.

● Describe the reasons for fast erection, operation and precautions associated with the use of the system.

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Topic 3 – Turn and Bank and Turn Co-ordinators

● Using relevant terminology, be able to describe the construction, operation and function of air and electrically driven turn co-ordinators and turn and slip indicators.

● Be able to interpret information displayed on typical indicator presentations. ■

Topic 4 – Directional Gyros

● Using relevant terminology be able to describe the function, operation and construction of directional gyros.

● Describe the operation and use of manual caging knobs.

● Describe gimbal rebalancing and gimbal errors. Describe the effect they have on the operation of the instrument.

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Topic 5 – Direct Reading Compasses

● In relation to terrestrial magnetism, be able to define: ❍ aclinic lines or magnetic equator ❍ agonic lines ❍ angle of dip or magnetic inclination ❍ deviation ❍ isoclinal lines ❍ isodynamic lines ❍ isogonal lines ❍ magnetic equator ❍ magnetic meridian ❍ true magnetic and geographic poles ❍ variation or declination.

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Page 55 of 125

● Using relevant terminology, be able to describe the operation and construction, including methods used to overcome inherent errors or deficiencies, of a typical direct reading compass.

CAO 108.6 ● Be able to state definitions contained in para 2 of CAO 108.6.

● Be able to describe the effects hard iron and soft iron magnetism has on the reading of a compass.

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Topic 6 – Compass Testing and Calibration

CAO 108.6 ● Be able to state the requirements, tolerances and procedures for testing and calibrating direct reading compasses as laid down in CAO 108.6.

● From given information be able to calculate coefficients A, B and C.

● Be able to complete a compass calibration card.

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Topic 7 – Oxygen General

● Be able to describe the gas composition of the atmosphere and the physical properties of oxygen.

● Define hypoxia, anoxia, hyperventilation and carbon monoxide poisoning and be able to describe the symptoms relating to them.

CAO 108.26 ● Describe the requirements of CAO 108.26 with regard to oxygen used in aircraft oxygen systems. State why other types of oxygen cannot be used in aircraft systems.

● Be able to state the maximum charging pressure for high and low-pressure systems.

● Be able to identify aircraft and storage oxygen bottles as used in the British and American systems.

● Be able to describe the safety precautions associated with the use of oxygen and during the maintenance of oxygen systems

● State the pressure at which oxygen bottles/systems are considered to be empty. State the reasons for, and methods of purging an oxygen cylinder or system, and the acceptable gases that can be used.

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Page 56 of 125

Topic 8 – Oxygen Systems

● Be able to describe the function, construction, operation, layout, maintenance, testing and safety precautions associated with gaseous and chemical type high and low pressure oxygen systems and components.

● Describe the construction and operation of continuous flow, diluter demand and pressure demand regulators.

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Topic 9 – Electronic Instrument Display Systems

● In relation to the Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoring system (ECAM), Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) and Flight Management System (FMS), using the listed references, be able to: ❍ describe basic system operation ❍ describe a typical system layout ❍ interpret information presented.

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Topic 10 – Ground Proximity Warning Systems

● List the inputs required for the operation of a typical Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS).

● Describe the indications (visual and aural) provided by the system when a mode 1 to 5 (including submodes) situation is encountered.

● Be able to interpret the graphs associated with each mode and submode.

● Describe the operation of the system when either of the OVERIDE switches or the GLIDESLOPE INHIBIT switch is activated.

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Page 57 of 125

Topic 11 – Flight Data Recorders

CAO 103.19 ● In regards to Flight data Recorders be able to describe the system requirements as detailed in CAO 103.19.

● Be able to list the following mandatory parameters that must be monitored according to CAO 103.19: ❍ airspeed ❍ magnetic heading ❍ press to transmit (radio transceiver)/event marker ❍ pressure altitude ❍ time ❍ vertical acceleration.

● Describe the two methods of recording information: ❍ electromagnetic recording ❍ trace recording.

● Describe the purpose of the following system components: ❍ encoding panel ❍ signal conditioning unit.

● Describe how data is recovered and analysed.

● Describe the protection and location requirements for a Flight Data Recording system.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.3. Single-Axis Radio Coupled Autopilots Flight Directors (ID)


Page 58 of 125

4.3 Single-Axis Radio Coupled Autopilots Flight Directors (ID)


Topic 1 – Definitions and Terminology

● Be able to define the following terms associated with the theory of operation and use of automatic flight control and flight director systems: ❍ authority ❍ capture ❍ cone of confusion ❍ couple ❍ crosswind effect ❍ engaged ❍ gain ❍ single axis autopilot ❍ washout ❍ wingleveller.

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Topic 2 – Fundamentals of Automatic Control

● Be able to list the components and describe the basic operation and function of a single axis (roll) automatic flight control system.

● Be able to define and identify inner loop stabilisation and outer loop control.

● Be able to describe the purpose, advantages and disadvantages of control signal limiting and gain adjustments.

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Topic 3 – Attitude Change Signal Detection

● Be able to describe the methods by which roll and roll/yaw error signals are sensed in rate, displacement and inclined rate gyros.

● Be able to describe the operation of moving vane and E and I bar signal detectors.

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Page 59 of 125

Topic 4 – Radio Navigation Aids

● Be able to describe the basic operation of very high frequency omni range (VOR) and instrument landing systems (ILS). Explain basically how these systems produce signals used by the Flight Director and Autopilot systems when operated in VOR/Localiser (LOC) modes.

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Topic 5 – Modes of Operation – Roll Channel

● Be able to describe the operation of the following modes: ❍ basic stabilisation ❍ heading hold ❍ turn command ❍ VOR/LOC.

● Given information, be able to isolate defects within a typical single axis autopilot.

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Topic 6 – Servomotors

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of the following types of servomotors: ❍ electromechanical ❍ electro-pneumatic.

● Describe the difference in operation between series-connected and parallel-connected servomotors.

● Explain the reasons for and describe the operation of various methods of torque limiting.

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Topic 7 – Flight Director Systems I

● In relation to Flight Director Systems be able to: ❍ describe the construction and operation of an Attitude Director Indicator (ADI) and

Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) ❍ interpret indications on ADIs and HSIs during various modes of operation.

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Page 60 of 125

Topic 8 – Flight Director Systems II

● Describe the layout and operation of a typical flight director system operating in various modes.

● From given data be able to fault-find a typical system.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.4. Multi-Axis Radio Coupled Autopilots/Flight Directors (IF)


Page 61 of 125

4.4 Multi-Axis Radio Coupled Autopilots/Flight Directors (IF)


Topic 1 – Definitions, Terminology and Power Operated Control Surfaces.

● Be able to define the following terms associated with the theory of operation and use of automatic flight control and flight director systems: ❍ authority ❍ capture ❍ couple ❍ decision height ❍ engage ❍ gain ❍ multi axis autopilot ❍ washout.

● Be able to describe and identify power assisted and power operated flight controls.

● Describe "artificial feel". Describe the "q feel" method of achieving this and the factors that affect its operation.

● Be able to describe the basic operation of a fly-by-wire system of controlling the aircrafts control systems.

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Topic 2 – Fundamentals of Automatic Control

● Be able to describe the basic operation of an automatic flight control system and define: ❍ inner loop stabilisation ❍ outer loop control.

● Be able to describe the operation of a typical interlock circuit.

● From given data be able to troubleshoot a typical autopilot engage circuit.

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Page 62 of 125

Topic 3 – Attitude Change Signal Detection

● Be able to describe the operation of an autopilot system in providing for co-ordinated turns.

● Describe the purpose and operation of versine generators and dynamic vertical sensors.

● Be able to describe the operation of moving vane and E and I bar sensors.

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Topic 4 – Command Signal Processing/Turbulence Penetration

● Describe the methods by which attitude changes are detected in roll, pitch and yaw.

● Be able to describe the purpose of, and methods of achieving the following signal processes within an autopilot system: ❍ gain and adaptive control ❍ limiting ❍ syncronisation.

● Be able to describe the purpose, operation and layout of a control wheel steering system.

● Be able to state the purposes and describe the operation of trim indicators.

● Be able to describe the effects of turbulence on the operation of the flight control system and describe how they are reduced or eliminated.

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Topic 5 – Modes of Operation – Roll Channel

● Be able to describe the method of selecting and the operation of the following modes: ❍ basic stabilisation ❍ heading hold ❍ turn command ❍ very high frequency omni range (VOR)/localiser (LOC).

● Given information, be able to isolate defects within a roll channel.

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Page 63 of 125

Topic 6 – Modes of Operation – Pitch Channel

● Be able to describe the method of selecting and the operation of an autopilot in the following modes: ❍ altitude hold ❍ basic stabilisation ❍ pitch command ❍ vertical speed, airspeed & mach holds.

● Describe the purpose and operation of a mach trim system.

● Given information, be able to isolate defects within a pitch channel.

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Topic 7 – Servomotors

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of the following types of servomotors: ❍ duplex ❍ electrohydraulic ❍ electromechanical ❍ electro-pneumatic.

● Know the reasons for, and be able to describe the operation of various methods of torque limiting.

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Topic 8 – Automatic Trim Control

● Be able to state the reasons for and describe the operation of automatic pitch trim control systems.

● Be able to define the function of flap compensation and describe how it is accomplished.

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Topic 9 – Yaw Damping

● Describe the function of yaw damper systems.

● Be able to describe the layout of components, operation and the relationship of a yaw damper system (parallel and series connected) with an autopilot.

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Page 64 of 125


● With regard to an Instrument Landing System (ILS) be able to: ❍ describe crosswind compensation ❍ describe the changes which occur within an autopilot system when operating in

ILS ❍ interpret information displayed by course deviation bars, glideslope pointers,

marker lights and system status flags ❍ state the approximate beamwidth and angle of inclination of glideslope and

localiser beams ❍ state the position of localiser, glideslope and marker transmitters in relation to the

runway ❍ state the sequence in which glideslope and localiser signals are captured.

● Be able to describe the composition of a VOR signal and describe how the airborne system identifies the station and calculates the bearing to that station.

● Describe the cone of confusion and describe how an indicator is affected during a flight in this region. List the factors which affect the indications.

● State the purpose of an overstation sensor circuit and interpret VOR displayed information on a horizontal situation indicator (HSI).

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Topic 11 – Flight Directors I

● Describe the construction and operation of an Attitude Director Indicator (ADI) and Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI).

● Be able to interpret the presentation of information provided on these indicators when the system is operating in various modes.

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Topic 12 – Flight Directors II

● Describe the layout and operation of a typical flight director system operating in various modes—coupled and uncoupled.

● From information provided, be able to indicate signal flows (to block and line level) and identify causes of malfunctions.

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Page 65 of 125

Topic 13 – Flight Director Displays by Cathode Ray Tubes

● In relation to Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) and using the listed references be able to: ❍ describe basic system operation ❍ describe a typical system layout ❍ interpret information presented.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.5. Helicopter Autopilots/Flight Directors (IH)


Page 66 of 125

4.5 Helicopter Autopilots/Flight Directors (IH)


Topic 1 – Rotary Wing Theory of Flight I

● Define the terms: ❍ air density ❍ angle of attack ❍ axis of rotation or shaft axis ❍ blade loading ❍ centrifugal force ❍ collective pitch ❍ coning angle ❍ cyclic pitch ❍ feathering ❍ lift thrust vector resultant ❍ pitch angle ❍ relative airflow ❍ thrust or virtual axis ❍ tip path plane.

● And be able to describe how changes in one affect one or more of the others.

● Describe the relationship between: ❍ C of G range ❍ drag ❍ lift ❍ thrust ❍ weight.

● Describe vortex ring state, power settling, overpitching and their relationship.

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Page 67 of 125

Topic 2 – Rotary Wing Theory of Flight II

● Explain torque reaction, describe its effect on directional control of a helicopter, and describe the main rotor system (tandem) used to overcome torque reaction.

● Explain gyroscopic precession; describe how its effect is used in the control of the main rotor disc to provide forward, sideways and rearward flight.

● Explain dissymmetry of lift, and describe the design feature (flapping hinges) that is used to control it.

● Explain corriolis effect, state the design features (lead/lag hinges and underslung rotor) that are used to relieve stresses created by corriolis effect, and describe how these features achieve that.

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Topic 3 – Rotary Wing Theory of Flight III

● Describe ground effect and translational lift, and their relationship.

● Define translating tendency and describe the two methods (mast offset and cyclic rigging) of correcting this tendency.

● State the reason why main rotor blades have a built in twist.

● State what blade tip stall is and why it results in a nose pitch up of the helicopter.

● Describe the aerodynamic features of helicopter autorotation including stating the areas of the disc that provide rotor drive and overall lift during the autorotation.

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Topic 4 – Rotary Wing Stability

● Describe static and dynamic stability and state why most helicopters are considered statically stable and dynamically unstable.

● Describe how the following design methods help overcome the inherent dynamic instability of a helicopter: ❍ delta three hinges ❍ offset flapping hinges ❍ stabiliser bar.

● Describe ground resonance and state its causes and what corrective action is necessary should it occur.

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Page 68 of 125

Topic 5 – Roll and Pitch Control

● Be able to describe the layout, purpose of components and operation of a basic helicopter flight control system. Describe the operation of the pitch and roll channels as explained in the reference text.

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Topic 6 – Helicopter Yaw Control and Trim

● Be able to describe the operation of the yaw channel. State the purpose and describe the operation of yaw and gravity trim systems.

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Topic 7 – System Operation

● Be able to describe the operation of the helicopter automatic flight control system when operating in: ❍ collective or power axis mode ❍ coupled or instrument flight rules (IFR) ❍ Stability Augmentation System (SAS).

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Topic 8 – System Troubleshooting

● From given data be able to fault find and troubleshoot typical circuit diagrams.

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● Be able to explain the basic operation of a radio navigation system and its relationship with an auto flight system with respect to: ❍ glidescope ❍ localiser ❍ marker beacons ❍ VOR.

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Page 69 of 125

Topic 10 – Flight Director Systems I

● Describe the construction and operation of an Attitude Director Indicator (ADI) and Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI).

● Interpret information displayed during various modes of operation.

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Topic 11 – Flight Director Systems II

● Describe the operation and layout of a typical Flight Director System operating in various modes coupled and uncoupled.

● From information provided, be able to indicate signal flow (to block and line level) and identify causes of malfunctions.

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Topic 12 – Flight Director Displays by Cathode Ray Tubes

● In relation to Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) and using the listed references be able to: ❍ describe basic system operation ❍ describe a typical system layout ❍ interpret information presented.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.6. Remote Indicating Compass Systems (IJ)


Page 70 of 125

4.6 Remote Indicating Compass Systems (IJ)


Topic 1 – System Architecture and Terminology

● Be able to describe the advantages of remote reading compasses over direct reading compasses.

● In relation to remote reading compasses be able to define/describe the following terms: ❍ null ❍ nutation ❍ slaved ❍ synchronised.

● Be able to describe the construction of the flux valve detector element. State the reasons why Permalloy is used in its construction and its advantages over iron in regard to its permeability, saturation point, hysteresis curve, remanence and coercive force.

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Topic 2 – Flux Valves

● Be able to describe the construction, location and operation of a flux valve in determining the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field.

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Topic 3 – System Operation I

● Be able to describe the construction and layout of a typical remote indicating compass system to a block diagram level.

● Be able to describe the operation of a typical system in slaved and DG or free modes of operation.

● Describe synchronisation, how a system is synchronised and indications provided when a system is either in or out of synchronisation.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.6. Remote Indicating Compass Systems (IJ)


Page 71 of 125

Topic 4 – System Operation II

● Be able to describe the rotorace method of reducing gimbal bearing friction.

● Describe one cycle, two cycle or transmission and corriolis error, the effects they have on the indication of a compass and methods used to overcome them.

● Be able to state the purpose and basic operation of the "spindown" brake system incorporated in some directional gyro (DG) elements of a remote compass system.

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Topic 5 – System Operation III

● Be able to state the problems associated with navigating over Polar Regions.

● Describe the purpose and operation of the hemisphere switch and latitude selector in overcoming problems associated with navigation in Polar Regions.

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of a typical heading indicator. Interpret information displayed and describe the use of typical controls.

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Topic 6 – Troubleshooting and System Calibration

● Be able to describe how deviation is removed using either mechanical or electrical type correctors.

CAO 108.6 ● In regard to compass swinging a remote reading compass, be able to state the requirements, procedures and tolerances as detailed in CAO 108.6.

● From given information be able to troubleshoot a typical system.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.7. Inertial Navigation And Inertial Reference Systems (IK)


Page 72 of 125

4.7 Inertial Navigation And Inertial Reference Systems (IK)


Topic 1 – Terminology

● Be able to define the following terms: ❍ align ❍ azimuth ❍ bearing ❍ co-ordinate system ❍ course ❍ cross track ❍ cross couple ❍ dead reckoning ❍ drift ❍ elevation ❍ great circle ❍ grid ❍ gyrocompass ❍ heading ❍ latitude ❍ local vertical ❍ longitude ❍ orthogonal ❍ pendulum ❍ rhumb line ❍ track angle error ❍ waypoint.

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Topic 2 – Inertial Navigation System (INS) Fundamentals and System Components

● Be able to define Newton's second law and describe how it relates to inertial navigation.

● Be able to define inertia, velocity, acceleration and displacement. Describe how velocity and displacement vary with time.

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Page 73 of 125

● Be able to describe the basic construction, operation and function of mechanical gyroscopes and accelerometers as used in a typical system.

● Describe the basic construction and layout of a typical platform.

● Be able to describe gimbal lock, random drift and cross couple error. Describe how these errors are eliminated.

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Topic 3 – Reference System Stabilisation

● Be able to describe the operation of the following items in maintaining the stable element level: ❍ gyroscopes ❍ accelerometers ❍ gimbal system ❍ azimuth resolver.

● Be able to describe the method by which aircraft heading and attitude is measured.

● Be able to describe the basic operation of a wander azimuth inertial system and its advantage over a typical north pointing system.

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Topic 4 – Operational Platforms

● Be able to describe earth rate and transport rate and how they affect the orientation of the stable element. State the factors that affect them and describe how they are compensated for in the overall operation of the system.

● Describe the Schuler pendulum and list the factors that affect it.

● Be able to describe how the Schuler pendulum effects the operation of an INS system and how a platform is Schuler tuned.

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Topic 5 – Accelerometer Corrections

● Be able to describe centripetal and corriolis errors and state how they effect the output from the accelerometers.

● Describe the factors that affect these errors and describe how they are overcome in a typical system.

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Page 74 of 125

Topic 6 – Platform Alignment

● Be able to describe the operation of an inertial navigation system during the following modes of self alignment: ❍ rough alignment (caging) ❍ fine alignment (levelling) ❍ gyrocompassing.

● Be able to describe the difference in the alignment between a typical north pointing system and azimuth wander system.

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Topic 7 – System Integration

● Be able to identify and state the purposes of the components in a typical INS system.

● List the input to and output available from an INS.

● Be able to describe the procedure of aligning an INS before flight and indications provided during flight.

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Topic 8 – Strapdown Systems

● Be able to describe the construction and operation of a strap down inertial navigation system. State the difference between these and the conventional gimballed system.

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Topic 9 – Laser Gyros

● Be able to describe the construction, operation, readout techniques, limitations and methods of improving the limitations of laser gyros.

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Page 75 of 125

Topic 10 – Inertial Reference Systems

● Be able to list the components that comprise the inertial reference system as indicated in the reference material.

● Describe the method by which information is passed between system components and how system redundancy is achieved.

● Describe the method by which true heading is converted to magnetic heading. List the inputs required for system operation and information available from the system.

● In relation to maintenance BITE and failure monitoring, be able to describe the limitations, indications provided, conditions and procedures for obtaining maintenance data.

● Be able to describe the operation and identify the indications provided by the system during the various modes of operation.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.8. Pressurisation (IM)


Page 76 of 125

4.8 Pressurisation (IM)



● Define the following terms and describe their application to aircraft pressurisation: ❍ pressure altitude ❍ cabin altitude ❍ differential pressure ❍ maximum differential ❍ controlled leaks ❍ uncontrolled leaks ❍ isobaric control mode ❍ differential control mode ❍ rate control mode.

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Topic 2 – Components

● Identify from diagrams or schematic drawings the following pressurisation components and describe their principles of operation: ❍ cabin altimeters ❍ cabin differential pressure indicator ❍ cabin rate of climb indicators ❍ jet pumps ❍ negative pressure relief valves ❍ outflow valves ❍ pneumatic relays ❍ pressure controllers (automatic and manual) ❍ safety (positive pressure relief) valves ❍ safety switches.

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Topic 3 – System Layout

● Describe typical system layout including the pneumatic or electrical interconnection of components.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 4. Instrument Specific Group Subjects 4.8. Pressurisation (IM)


Page 77 of 125

Topic 4 – System Operation

● From given information, describe the operation and indicate component function in given system operation modes, including the electrical interface and warning/indication systems.

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Topic 5 – Fault Finding/Maintenance

● From given information, diagnose faults in aircraft pressurisation systems including the electrical and instrument interface and indicate how these faults can be rectified.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 5. Instrument Specific Type Subjects 5.1. Specific Instrument Installation (IS)


Page 78 of 125

5. Instrument Specific Type Subjects 5.1 Specific Instrument Installation (IS) Examination Outline

CAO 100.90 With respect to the privileges stated in CAO 100.90 Issue 3 App 1 Part 6, the examinations will cover all aspects of the instrument and the associated electrical, radio, engine and airframe systems which an instrument LAME has certification privileges, in particular:

● all maintenance in category instruments.

● the interface of the instrument system with the engine, electrical, airframe and radio systems.

● operation of all aircraft systems as required to carry out maintenance on instrument systems, including Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) but excluding propulsion engines.

Applicants should be aware that examinations may be produced in one or more parts depending on aircraft complexity. Applicants should check with their nearest airworthiness office or relevant airline training school to obtain detailed information concerning contents and the number of parts in each examination. Where examinations contain more than one part, candidates will gain credits for each part successfully passed.

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Examination Topics

Depending on the type and complexity of the aircraft, the examination will cover the following ATA topics. The number of questions in each topic will depend on the complexity of the system and overall importance of the system within the aircraft and category. In some areas the chapters need only be covered to a level applicable to the privileges of the particular chapter: Topic ATA Chapter

● Aircraft General 5-12 ● Pressurisation 21 ● Autoflight 22 ● Communications 23 ● Electrical Power 24 ● Flight Controls 27 ● Fuel 28 ● Hydraulic Power 29 ● Indicating/Recording Systems 31

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 5. Instrument Specific Type Subjects 5.1. Specific Instrument Installation (IS)


Page 79 of 125

Topic ATA Chapter

● Navigation 34 ● Oxygen 35 ● Pneumatic Systems 36 ● Vacuum 37 ● APU 49 ● Doors 52 ● Propellers 61 ● Rotors 62 ● Engine Indicating Systems 77 ● Oil 79

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● describe the operation, maintenance, adjustments, troubleshooting and precautions associated with all instrument systems and equipment in the specific type aircraft

● state, or identify on drawings, the location and/or interconnection of instrument components to block and line level.

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Examination questions will be drawn from relevant aircraft maintenance and operational manuals and if applicable, system vendor manuals.

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Specific Examination Codes

CASA no longer allocates resources to the maintenance, update or delivery of Group 20 Specific Type Examinations. Check AAC 9-4 and 9-5 for approved courses.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 6. Radio Core Subject 6.1. Communication Systems – Radio Basics (WA Part 1)


Page 80 of 125

6. Radio Core Subject 6.1 Communication Systems – Radio Basics (WA Part 1)


Topic 1 – Radio Wave Propagation I

● Identify the bands of the frequency spectrum; be able to describe their use and propagation characteristics.

● Describe the properties of the Ionosphere and Troposphere.

● Define and be able to explain the effects of: ❍ absorption ❍ critical frequency ❍ cyclic and irregular variations ❍ ducting ❍ fading ❍ maximum useable frequency ❍ reflection ❍ refraction ❍ scatter ❍ temperature inversion.

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Topic 2 – Radio Wave Propagation II

● State the relationship between velocity of propagation, frequency and wavelength.

● Define the terms: ❍ diffraction ❍ doppler effect ❍ field strength ❍ ground wave ❍ radiation angle ❍ skip distance ❍ sky wave ❍ surface wave/space wave.

● Recognise the effects that a water surface and different types of earth surfaces have on radio wave propagation.

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Page 81 of 125

Topic 3 – Antenna Fundamentals I

● Describe the construction and identify the radiated fields for the following antenna types: ❍ dipole (half wavelength and folded) ❍ long wire ❍ loop ❍ marconi ❍ parabolic ❍ yagi.

● Describe the voltage and current distribution along antenna of various lengths.

● Describe the characteristics of ground planes.

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Topic 4 – Antenna Fundamentals II

● Explain how and why the electrical length of an antenna is changed.

● Define the following terms: ❍ antenna impedance ❍ bandwidth ❍ beamwidth ❍ directivity ❍ effective height ❍ gain ❍ isotropic radiator ❍ lobes ❍ polarisation ❍ radiated power ❍ radiation resistance ❍ reciprocity.

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Page 82 of 125

Topic 5 – Transmission Lines I

● Describe the construction and characteristics of the following types of transmission lines: ❍ co-axial cable ❍ parallel wire ❍ waveguide.

● Define the terms: ❍ characteristic impedance ❍ forward power ❍ reflected power ❍ skin effect ❍ standing wave ratio.

● Explain the effect on a transmission line when it is terminated in an: ❍ impedance equal to its characteristic impedance ❍ open circuit ❍ short circuit.

■ Topic 6 – Transmission Lines II

● Define the terms: ❍ balanced line ❍ unbalanced line ❍ velocity factor.

● Explain how a transmission line can be used as a matching device or filter.

● Explain how transmission lines can be used to feed various types of antennas. ■

Topic 7 – Receiver Principles I

● Identify, describe and state the characteristics of the stages which comprise a superheterodyne receiver: ❍ audio frequency amplifier ❍ detector ❍ intermediate frequency amplifier ❍ local oscillator ❍ mixer ❍ radio frequency amplifier.

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Page 83 of 125

Topic 8 – Receiver Principles II

● Explain the sources of, and the precautions taken to reduce both random and non-random noise.

● Describe the terms: ❍ adjacent channel rejection ❍ bandwidth ❍ distortion ❍ image rejection ❍ noise factor ❍ resonance ❍ selectivity ❍ sensitivity ❍ stage gain.

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Topic 9 – Receiver Principles III

● Explain the operation, characteristics and construction of headphones, speakers and microphones.

● Describe various methods of tuning using: ❍ ferrite materials ❍ frequency synthesis ❍ phase locked loops ❍ variable capacitors ❍ voltage controlled oscillators ❍ voltage variable capacitors.

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Topic 10 – Receiver Principles IV

● Identify and be able to explain, both in the time and frequency domain, the following signals: ❍ amplitude modulated ❍ continuous wave ❍ frequency modulated ❍ single side band.

● Describe the methods used to demodulate the above signals.

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Page 84 of 125

Topic 11 – Receiver Principles V

● Explain the operation of delayed and simple automatic gain control.

● Describe the function of: ❍ automatic frequency control ❍ clarifiers ❍ limiters ❍ noise limiters ❍ squelch control.

■ Topic 12 – Transmitter Principles I

● Identify, describe and state the characteristics of the stages which comprise amplitude and frequency modulated transmitters.

● Describe the various types of modulators used to generate the following types of signals: ❍ amplitude modulated ❍ frequency modulated ❍ single sideband.

● Define the terms: ❍ bandwidth ❍ clipping ❍ harmonics ❍ high level modulation ❍ low level modulation ❍ modulation index.

■ Topic 13 – Transmitter Principles II

● Describe the operation of: ❍ crystal oscillators ❍ multipliers ❍ variable frequency oscillators.

● Define the terms: ❍ frequency stability ❍ neutralisation ❍ output power ❍ parasitic oscillations.

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Page 85 of 125

Topic 14 – Transmitter Principles III

● Describe the principles of time and frequency division multiplexing.

● Explain why a receiver is muted during transmission.

● Describe the classes of operation of transmitter power output stages.

● Describe the operation and limitations of regulated power supplies and switched mode power supplies, (DC to DC converter).

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Topic 15 – Measuring Instruments

● Explain the operation and use of: ❍ AF and RF signal generators ❍ analogue and digital multimeters ❍ audio frequency (AF) and radio frequency (RF) output power meters ❍ dummy loads ❍ frequency meters and counters ❍ oscilloscopes ❍ spectrum analysers ❍ voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) meters.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.1. Communication Systems – VHF and HF (WA part 2 – [WZ])


Page 86 of 125

7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.1 Communication Systems – VHF and HF (WA part 2 – [WZ])


Topic 1 – Communication Principles

● In relation to airborne very high frequency (VHF) and high frequency (HF) airborne communications: ❍ describe the methods of propagation and the ranges expected, both day and night ❍ given sufficient data calculate approximate ranges of communication (line of sight) ❍ state the frequency bands allocated.

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Topic 2 – Characteristics

● State the performance levels expected and specifications of typical airborne HF and VHF communication systems: ❍ channel spacing ❍ frequency range ❍ power output ❍ sensitivity ❍ stability.

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Topic 3 – Antennas

● Describe the characteristics and state the uses of the following aircraft antennas: ❍ blade ❍ notch ❍ probe ❍ whip ❍ wire.

● State an advantage and disadvantage of each.

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Topic 4 – Operation

● Describe the functioning of the operating controls and indications of typical HF and VHF communication transceivers.

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Page 87 of 125

Topic 5 – HF

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical HF transceiver.

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Topic 6 – VHF

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical VHF transceiver.

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Topic 7 – Antenna Tuning Units

● With respect to antenna tuning units, both preset and automatic: ❍ state their purpose ❍ describe, to block diagram level, the basic theory of operation ❍ list the advantages and disadvantages of each.

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Topic 8 – Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

● In relation to ELT's: ❍ state their purpose ❍ state the frequency/frequencies of operation ❍ describe where it is installed, and why ❍ describe how it can be activated ❍ describe the testing procedure ❍ state the safety precautions to be observed.

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Topic 9 – Interference

● With regard to airborne HF and VHF communication systems, describe the types and sources of interference and the methods used to eliminate it.

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Page 88 of 125

Topic 10 – Installation

● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of: ❍ antenna tuning units, preset and automatic ❍ HF antennas ❍ HF transceivers ❍ interwiring between units ❍ microphones, speakers and headsets ❍ VHF antennas ❍ VHF transceivers.

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Topic 11 – Maintenance

● Describe the procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in HF and VHF systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to tune antenna tuning units.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test HF and VHF communication systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.2. Audio Cockpit Voice Recorder Systems (WB)


Page 89 of 125

7.2 Audio Cockpit Voice Recorder Systems (WB)


Topic 1 – Sound

● Describe the characteristics of sound, the upper and lower limits of hearing.

● With respect to carbon, dynamic and piezoelectric microphones, describe: ❍ approximate output levels ❍ directional properties ❍ frequency response.

● Describe the principal of operation of a noise-cancelling microphone.

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● Describe the use of matching transformers and given sufficient data, calculate impedances and turns ratio.

● Define the following terms: ❍ attenuators ❍ distribution networks ❍ insertion loss ❍ isolation amplifiers ❍ muting ❍ sidetone.

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Topic 3 – Audio Systems I

● Describe the purpose of an Audio Integration System.

● Describe the function of operating controls of an Audio Integration System.

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Page 90 of 125

Topic 4 – Audio Systems II

● Describe, to block diagram level, the theory of operation of an Audio Integration System.

● State the performance levels expected and specifications of a typical Audio Integration System.

● With respect to audio integration systems, describe the practices and procedures for: ❍ fault diagnosis and troubleshooting ❍ installation ❍ maintenance and testing.

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Topic 5 – Cockpit Voice Recorder I

● Describe the purpose of a cockpit voice recorder.

● State the performance levels expected and specifications of a typical Cockpit Voice Recorder System.

● Define the terms: ❍ bias oscillator ❍ bulk erase ❍ crosstalk ❍ erase head ❍ frequency response ❍ monitor head ❍ record head ❍ track ❍ wow and flutter.

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Topic 6 – Cockpit Voice Recorder II

● Describe, to block diagram level, the theory of operation of a cockpit voice recorder.

● Describe the purpose of the underwater locator beacon.

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Page 91 of 125

Topic 7 – Cockpit Voice Recorder III

● With respect to cockpit voice recorders, describe the practices and procedures for: ❍ installation ❍ maintenance and testing ❍ fault diagnosis and troubleshooting.

● Describe how a cockpit voice recorder is protected against: ❍ erasure of recordings in flight ❍ fire ❍ immersion in fluids ❍ shock.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.3. Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) Systems (WC)


Page 92 of 125

7.3 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) Systems (WC)


Topic 1 – Navigation By ADF

● Describe the terms: ❍ aural bearings ❍ drift angle ❍ homing ❍ magnetic bearing ❍ position fixing ❍ relative bearing.

● Given any ADF definition terms and/or aircraft orientation describe the relationship between given terms or between given terms and instrument indications.

● Describe the difference between a Relative Bearing Indicator (RBI) and a Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI).

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Topic 2 – System Errors in ADF

● Describe the sources, effects and remedies of the following system errors: ❍ coastal refraction ❍ mountain effect ❍ night effect ❍ static interference ❍ station interference ❍ vertical effect.

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Topic 3 – Antenna Field Patterns

● Describe the field patterns radiated by: ❍ ADF ground stations ❍ loop antennas ❍ sense antennas.

● Describe the composite field pattern of a loop and sense antenna (cardioid).

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Page 93 of 125

Topic 4 – ADF Principles

● Describe the construction of sense and loop antennas.

● Describe the phase relationship between sense and loop antenna output signals.

● Describe the characteristics of a typical ADF system: ❍ accuracy ❍ ADF hunting ❍ frequency range ❍ sensitivity.

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● Describe the functioning of the operating controls of an ADF receiver: ❍ ADF ❍ antenna ❍ beat frequency oscillator ❍ frequency select ❍ gain ❍ loop.

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Topic 6 – ADF Receivers

● Describe the principle of operation, to block diagram level, of a typical ADF system including: ❍ ADF to RMI adaptors ❍ balanced modulators ❍ channel selection ❍ frequency synthesis ❍ loop antennas and goniometer.

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Page 94 of 125


● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of ADF systems.

● Describe the effect of Quadrantal Error, how it is caused and reduced.

● Describe the relevance of the critical lengths of antenna cables.

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● Describe the procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in ADF systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test ADF systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.4. Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni Directional Range Systems (WD)


Page 95 of 125

7.4 Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni Directional Range Systems (WD)


Topic 1 – Navigation by Very High Frequency Omni Directional Range (VOR)

● Describe the principles of: ❍ intercepting an inbound track ❍ intercepting an outbound track ❍ tracking/homing directly to a VOR station.

● Define the terms: ❍ automatic VOR ❍ cone of confusion ❍ heading ❍ manual VOR ❍ radial ❍ selected course ❍ track.

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Topic 2 – VOR Groundstations

● Describe the field patterns and signals radiated by ground VOR stations.

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Topic 3 – VOR Principles

● Describe the errors which can affect a VOR system: ❍ course error ❍ reciprocal error ❍ VOR site error.

● Describe the methods of connection of 2 navigation receivers to one antenna: ❍ receiver duplexer ❍ specified lengths of coax cable.

● Describe the types of VOR antenna used.

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Page 96 of 125


● Describe the characteristics of a typical VOR system: ❍ channel spacing ❍ frequency range ❍ omni accuracy ❍ omni sensitivity ❍ signal polarisation.

■


● Describe the purpose of the operating controls of a typical VOR receiver.

● With respect to VOR, describe the presentation of bearing information on a radio magnetic indicator (RMI) and omni-bearing selector (OBS).

■

Topic 6 – VOR

● Describe, to block diagram level, the theory of operation of a typical VOR receiver: ❍ indicator ❍ receiver ❍ reference phase amplifier ❍ resolver ❍ variable phase circuitry ❍ VOR warning and TO/FROM circuitry.

■

Topic 7 – VOR Outputs

● Describe the following outputs of a typical VOR system: ❍ audio to audio integration (AIS) ❍ autopilot ❍ deviation from selected radial ❍ distance measuring equipment (DME) channelling ❍ omni bearing information to RMI/OBS ❍ to/from ❍ warning.

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Page 97 of 125

Topic 8 – VOR Installation and Maintenance

● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of VOR systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in VOR systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test VOR systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.5. Instrument Landing Systems (WE)


Page 98 of 125

7.5 Instrument Landing Systems (WE)


Topic 1 – Instrument Landing System (ILS) Groundstations

● Describe the location of, and the field patterns radiated by the following groundstation transmitters: ❍ glideslope ❍ localiser ❍ marker.

■

Topic 2 – Localiser Characteristics/Operation

● Describe the characteristics of a typical localiser system: ❍ channel spacing ❍ frequency range ❍ modulation ❍ pairing of the localiser and glideslope channels ❍ signal polarisation.

● Describe the purpose and functioning of the operating controls of a typical localiser receiver.

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Topic 3 – Glideslope Characteristics

● Describe the characteristics of a typical glideslope system: ❍ channel spacing ❍ frequency range ❍ modulation ❍ signal polarisation.

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Page 99 of 125

Topic 4 – Marker Characteristics/Operation

● Describe the characteristics of a typical marker beacon receiver system: ❍ frequency ❍ modulation.

● Describe the purpose of operating controls and indicators of a typical marker beacon receiver.

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Topic 5 – ILS Principles I

● Describe the presentation of localiser and glideslope information on course deviation indicators, horizontal situation indicators, glideslope indicators and attitude direction indicators.

■

Topic 6 – ILS Principles II

● Describe the following outputs of a typical ILS system: ❍ audio ❍ auto pilot ❍ localiser/glideslope ❍ warning.

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Topic 7 – ILS Principles III

● Describe localiser back course switching, and when installed, the required glideslope precautions.

● Describe the use of load resistors to compensate for removal of one or more indicators in a multi-indicator ILS installation.

● Describe the typical antennas used for reception of localiser, glideslope and marker beacon signals.

● Describe the meaning of the term DDM.

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Page 100 of 125

Topic 8 – Localiser

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical localiser receiver: ❍ filters ❍ flag circuits ❍ meter circuits ❍ oscillators ❍ receiver.

■

Topic 9 – Glideslope

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical glideslope receiver: ❍ filters ❍ flag circuits ❍ meter circuits ❍ oscillators ❍ receivers.

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Topic 10 – Marker

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical marker beacon receiver: ❍ filters ❍ lamp circuits ❍ receiver ❍ sensitivity circuitry.

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Topic 11 – Installation and Maintenance

● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of localiser, glideslope and marker beacon receiver systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in ILS systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test ILS systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.6. Weather Radar Systems (WF)


Page 101 of 125

7.6 Weather Radar Systems (WF)


Topic 1 – Radar Principles I

● Describe the following factors on which radar operation depends: ❍ channelling of RF energy into beams ❍ scattering or reflection of radio frequency (RF) energy ❍ speed of propagation of an RF wave.

● Describe the following terms: ❍ beamwidth ❍ frequency of transmission ❍ pulse repetition frequency ❍ pulse width ❍ radar mile ❍ received signal strength.

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Topic 2 – Radar Principles II

● Describe the following terms: ❍ automatic frequency control ❍ sensitivity time control.

● Describe the principles of operation and uses of: ❍ antenna stabilisation ❍ antenna tilt ❍ gyro stabilisation.

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Topic 3 – Waveguides, Resonators and Components

● Describe the construction, uses and principle of operation of: ❍ choke joints ❍ flexible waveguides ❍ non resonant lines ❍ resonant cavities

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Page 102 of 125

❍ resonant lines ❍ rigid waveguides ❍ rotary joints ❍ T/R switches

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Topic 4 – Microwave Devices

● Describe the construction, uses and principle of operation of: ❍ circulators ❍ Gunn diodes ❍ Impatt diodes ❍ klystrons ❍ magnetrons ❍ travelling wave tubes.

■


● Describe the characteristics of a typical weather radar system.

■

Topic 6 – Antennas

● Describe the construction of, radiated field patterns and principles of operation of flat plate and paraboloid antennas.

■


● Describe the functioning of the operating controls and indications of a typical weather radar system.

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Topic 8 – Radar I

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical radar transmitter.

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Page 103 of 125

Topic 9 – Radar II

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical radar receiver.

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Topic 10 – Radar III

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical radar indicator.

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Topic 11 – Installation, Maintenance and Testing

● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of weather radar systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in weather radar systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test weather radar systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.7. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder Systems (WG)


Page 104 of 125

7.7 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder Systems (WG)


Topic 1 – Groundstations

● In relation to Air Traffic Control, describe the difference between primary and secondary surveillance radars.

● Describe the radiated field pattern of a secondary surveillance radar.

● Describe the presentation of data on an ATC radar display.

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Topic 2 – Transponder Principles I

● Describe the principle of operation of an ATC transponder system: ❍ code ❍ interrogation ❍ mode ❍ reply ❍ side lobe suppression.

■

Topic 3 – Transponder Principles II

● Describe how the output of a height encoding altimeter is derived.

● Describe the characteristics of ground transmitted interrogations and transponder reply pulse trains.

■


● Describe the characteristics of a typical ATC transponder system: ❍ antenna polarisation ❍ receive frequency ❍ suppression ❍ transmit frequency ❍ transmitter output power.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.7. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder Systems (WG)


Page 105 of 125


● Describe the functioning of the operating controls and indications of a typical ATC transponder system.

■

Topic 6 – Transponder I

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical ATC transponder transmitter.

■

Topic 7 – Transponder II

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical ATC transponder receiver decoder.

■


● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of a typical ATC transponder system.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in ATC transponder systems.

■

Topic 9 – Maintenance and Testing

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test ATC transponder systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.8. Very Low Frequency (VLF) Navigation Systems (WH)


Page 106 of 125

7.8 Very Low Frequency (VLF) Navigation Systems (WH)


Topic 1 – Long Distance Navigation Principles I

● Describe the characteristics and factors affecting the propagation of very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF) electromagnetic waves.

■

Topic 2 – Long Distance Navigation Principles II

● Describe the terms: ❍ circular LOP ❍ great circle ❍ hyperbolic LOP ❍ lane ❍ lane ambiguity ❍ lane slip.

● Describe the principles of position fixing by the following means: ❍ continuous wave hyperbolic ❍ CW rho rho ❍ CW rho rho rho ❍ pulsed hyperbolic.

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Topic 3 – Omega Navigation System (ONS) Principles

● Describe the signals radiated by ONS ground stations: ❍ phase locking of signals ❍ rate aiding ❍ transmission format ❍ transmitted frequencies ❍ useful range.

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Page 107 of 125

Topic 4 – Loran C Navigation System Principles

● Describe the composition of a Loran C navigation chain.

● Describe the signals radiated by Loran C ground stations: ❍ station synchronisation ❍ transmit format ❍ transmit frequency ❍ useful range.

■


● Describe the characteristics of a typical ONS.

■

Topic 6 – Antennas and Couplers

● Describe the construction, uses and characteristics of ONS antennas.

● Describe the uses and characteristics of ONS antenna couplers.

■


● Describe the functioning of the operating controls and indications of a typical ONS.

■

Topic 8 – Interface

● Describe the inputs and outputs of an ONS: ❍ external sensor inputs ❍ installation programming ❍ operator inputs ❍ system outputs digital/analogue/warning.

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Page 108 of 125

Topic 9 – Omega Navigation System I

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of the control display unit (CDU).

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Topic 10 – Omega Navigation System II

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of the receiver computer unit (RCU).

■

Topic 11 – Omega Navigation System III

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of the optional equipment unit (OEU).

■


● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of ONSs.

■

Topic 13 – Maintenance I

● Describe the practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in ONSs.

■

Topic 14 – Maintenance II

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test ONSs after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.9. Radio Altimeter Systems (WI)


Page 109 of 125

7.9 Radio Altimeter Systems (WI)


Topic 1 – Radio Altimeter Principles I

● Describe the principle of operation of the following radio altimeter systems: ❍ constant difference frequency modulated carrier wave (FMCW) ❍ frequency modulated carrier wave ❍ pulsed.

■

Topic 2 – Radio Altimeter Principles II

● With respect to conventional FMCW radio altimeter (Rad Alt) systems, describe: ❍ frequency deviation ❍ frequency modulation ❍ how radio height is measured ❍ modulation index ❍ system errors.

■

Topic 3 – Microwave Devices

● Describe the construction, uses and principles of operation of: ❍ circulators ❍ isolators ❍ micro strip circuits ❍ strip lines.

■


● Describe the characteristics of a typical Rad Alt system: ❍ accuracy ❍ frequency of operation ❍ maximum and minimum height ❍ modulation frequency ❍ output power ❍ outputs.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.9. Radio Altimeter Systems (WI)


Page 110 of 125

Topic 5 – Antennas, Transmission Lines and System Operation

● Describe the construction, uses and characteristics of Rad Alt antennas and transmission lines.

● Describe the functioning of the operating controls and indications of a typical Rad Alt system.

■

Topic 6 – Radio Altimeter I

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical Rad Alt transmitter.

■

Topic 7 – Radio Altimeter II

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical Rad Alt receiver.

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical Rad Alt indicator.

■

Topic 8 – Installation, Maintenance and Testing

● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of Rad Alt systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in Rad Alt systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test Rad Alt systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.10. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Systems (WJ)


Page 111 of 125

7.10 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Systems (WJ)


Topic 1 – DME Principles I

● Describe the meaning of slant range.

● Describe the characteristics of DME ground beacons.

● Describe the meaning of non co-located and co-located VHF omni range (VOR) and DME beacons.

● Describe the characteristics of the interrogation and reply pulse trains.

■

Topic 2 – DME Principles II

● Describe the following terms: ❍ automatic standby ❍ echo protection ❍ jitter ❍ memory ❍ percentage reply ❍ search ❍ squitter ❍ suppression ❍ track.

■

Topic 3 – Antennas, Transmission Lines and Interference

● Describe the construction, uses and characteristics of DME antennas and transmission lines.

● Describe the effects of interference caused by DME systems on other electronic systems.

● Describe the types and sources of interference caused to DME systems.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.10. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Systems (WJ)


Page 112 of 125


● Describe the characteristics of a typical DME system: ❍ number of channels ❍ outputs ❍ received frequency ❍ transmitted frequency ❍ transmitted power ❍ useful range.

■


● Describe the functioning of the operating controls and indications of a typical DME system.

■

Topic 6 – DME Operation I

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical DME transmitter receiver.

■

Topic 7 – DME Operation II

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical DME reply decoding circuitry and indicator.

■


● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of Distance Measuring Equipment systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in DME systems.

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test DME systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.11. Doppler Navigation Systems (WK)


Page 113 of 125

7.11 Doppler Navigation Systems (WK)


Topic 1 – Doppler Principles I

● Describe the Doppler effect.

● Describe the terms Doppler spectrum and beam geometry.

● Describe the requirement for a variable calibration constant. ■

Topic 2 – Doppler Principles II

● Describe the terms: ❍ across heading velocity ❍ along heading velocity ❍ drift angle ❍ ground speed ❍ heading ❍ track ❍ vertical velocity.

■

Topic 3 – Doppler Principles III

● Describe the difference between fixed and moving antenna systems.

● Describe the common types of radiation patterns from Doppler antennas.

● Describe antenna stabilisation. ■


● Describe the characteristics of a typical Doppler navigation system. ■


● Describe the functioning of the operating controls and indications of a typical Doppler navigation system.

■

Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.11. Doppler Navigation Systems (WK)


Page 114 of 125

Topic 6 – Doppler I

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical Doppler navigation antenna system.

■

Topic 7 – Doppler II

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical Doppler navigation system tracker unit.

■

Topic 8 – Doppler III

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical Doppler navigation system transmitter receiver unit.

■

Topic 9 – Doppler IV

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical Doppler navigation system indicator display, for both fixed and rotary wing operation.

■


● Describe the practices and procedures used in the installation of Doppler navigation systems.

■

Topic 11 – Maintenance I

● Describe the practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in Doppler navigation systems.

■

Topic 12 – Maintenance II

● Describe the practices and procedures used to test Doppler navigation systems after installation, replacement or adjustment of units.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.12. Satellite Navigation Systems (WL)


Page 115 of 125

7.12 Satellite Navigation Systems (WL)


Topic 1 – GPS Principles

● Describe the following factors upon which GPS operation depends: ❍ atmospheric errors ❍ constellation ❍ ephemeris errors ❍ geometry error (PDOP) ❍ principle of satellite ranging ❍ pseudo-random code ❍ timing requirements.

■

Topic 2 – Differential GPS

● Describe the principles of Differential GPS, including "Wide area", "Local area" and "pseudo-lite".

● Describe the necessity for Differential GPS.

■


● Describe the characteristics of typical GPS receivers, either stand alone (Panel mounted general aviation type) or fully integrated systems including: ❍ inputs ❍ outputs.

■

Topic 4 – RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring)

● Describe the purpose of RAIM.

● Describe the process by which RAIM operates.

■

Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 7. Radio Specific Group Subjects 7.12. Satellite Navigation Systems (WL)


Page 116 of 125

Topic 5 – Antennas and Transmission lines

● Describe the construction, use and characteristics of GPS antennas and transmission lines.

■


● Describe the functioning of the operating controls and indications of a typical GPS receiver.

■

Topic 7 – GPS

● Describe, to block diagram level, the principle of operation of a typical GPS including receiver inputs, outputs, interfaces and integration aspects.

● Identify the various classes of GPS equipment included in TSO C129.

■


● Describe the recommended practices and procedures used in the installation of GPS.

■


● Describe the recommended practices and procedures used to diagnose and rectify defects in GPS, including any subsequent testing of the system.

■

Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 8. Radio Specific Type Subjects 8.1. Specific Radio Installation (WS)


Page 117 of 125

8. Radio Specific Type Subjects 8.1 Specific Radio Installation (WS) Examination Outline

CAO 100.90 With respect to the privileges stated in CAO 100.90 Issue 3 Appendix 1 Part 4, the examinations will cover all aspects of the radio systems for which a radio LAME has certification privileges, in particular:

● all maintenance in category radio systems.

● the interface of the radio system with the instrument and electrical systems, and if applicable the airframe and engine categories.

● operation of all aircraft systems as required to carry out maintenance on radio systems, including Auxiliary Power Units (APU) but excluding propulsion engines.

Applicants should be aware that examinations may be produced in one or more parts depending on aircraft complexity. Applicants should check with their relevant airline training school to obtain detailed information concerning contents and the number of parts in each examination. Where examinations contain more than one part, candidates will gain credits for each part successfully completed.

■

Examination Topics

Depending on the type and complexity of the aircraft, the examination will cover the following ATA topics:

● COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

● NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

The number of questions in each topic will depend on the complexity of the system and the relative importance of the system within the aircraft. General areas to be addressed are listed below:

● aircraft safety (engine inlet/exhaust, propellers, hazardous areas/procedures etc.)

● aircraft publications/procedures

● aircraft general arrangement (doors, hatches, stairs, panels, etc.)

● location of all components which make up the radio system installation including line replaceable units (eg, HF system, location of; control unit, transceiver, antenna tuning unit, antenna, fuse/circuit breaker panel, junction boxes and any associated units.)

● operation of aircraft systems as required to carry out maintenance of radio systems (eg, cabin lighting, ground/internal/emergency power or APU)

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 8. Radio Specific Type Subjects 8.1. Specific Radio Installation (WS)


Page 118 of 125

● interface of radio systems with aircraft systems in other maintenance categories, if applicable (e.g. FMS, EFIS, GPWS, auto-pilot etc.)

● the theory of operation, to block diagram level, of all systems of the radio category which are not examined in groups 1 to 12 (e.g. TCAS, ACARS, SELCAL, SAT-COM, PES, etc.)

● the operation, maintenance, troubleshooting procedures, functional testing and precautions associated with all radio systems (e.g. utilisation of all ramp test sets, BITE checks, etc.)

Note: The above list is not exhaustive and topics may be added or deleted to suit the applicable aircraft type.

■



● describe the operation, maintenance, adjustments, troubleshooting and precautions associated with all radio systems and equipment in the specific type aircraft

● state, or identify on drawings, the location and/or interconnection of radio system components to block and line level.

■


Examinations will be drawn from relevant aircraft maintenance and operational manuals and if applicable, system vendor manuals.

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories 9. List of Reference Textbooks 9.1. Electrical/Instrument/Radio Category


Page 119 of 125

9. List of Reference Textbooks 9.1 Electrical/Instrument/Radio Category

Each reference contains the title, author, edition or edition date, publisher and where applicable the ISBN reference. The list has been compiled to assist an examination candidate to find appropriate resource material in preparing to sit CASA examinations listed in this syllabus. It is not necessary for an examination candidate to obtain all or any of the text books in the reference list. A candidate could choose one of the various series or he/she could use other reference material not contained in this list. CASA has found that much of the topic information being examined can be found using suitable searches of the internet.

Title Used In Examination Code

“Aircraft Electrical Systems”, E H J Pallett, ISBN 0-582-98819-5

EB, ED and QB

“Aircraft Inspection and Repair”, AC43.13.1A and 2A, FAA (USA), reprint, ISBN 0-89100-306-1

QB

“Aircraft Instruments and Avionics for the A & P Technician”, EA-422, Max F Henderson, ISBN 0-89100-422-X

IA and IZ

“Aircraft Instruments and Integrated Systems”, E H J Pallett, ISBN 0-582-08627-2

IA

“Aircraft Instruments”, E H J Pallett, 1984, 2nd Ed, Pitman, ISBN 0-273-01539-7

IA, IZ and IJ

“Aircraft Maintenance and Repair”, Delp/Bent/McKinley, 1987, 5th Ed, McGraw-Hill Inc, ISBN 0-07-004798-7

IM

“Aircraft Maintenance Text 1 Mathematics Measurement and Units”, DCA, 1985, Australian Government Publishing Service, ISBN 0-642-01399-3

QA and IA

“Aircraft Maintenance Text 2 Practical Science Part 1”, DCA, 1985, Australian Government Publishing Service, ISBN 0-642-01400-0

QA, QB, IA and IZ

“Aircraft Maintenance Text 3 Practical Science Part 2”, DCA, 1985, Australian Government Publishing Service, ISBN 0-642-01553-8

QA, QC and QD

“Aircraft Maintenance Text 4 Basic Functional Devices and Systems”, DCA, 1985, Australian Government Publishing Service, ISBN 0-644-00561-0

QA, QB, QC, QD, QE, EB and ED

“Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics”, Airframe Handbook AC65-15A, FAA (USA), 1976

QB, ED, IA, IZ, ID and IM

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Page 120 of 125


“Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics”, General Handbook AC65-9A, FAA (USA), 1976

QB, EB and ED

“Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics”, Poweplant Handbook AC65-12A, FAA (USA), 1976

EB and ED

“Automatic Flight Control”, E H J Pallett & Shaw Coyle, ISBN 0-632-0349555

IF and IH

“Automatic Flight Control”, E H J Pallett, ISBN 0-246-12048-7 ID, IF, IH and IK “Basic Electricity”, NAVPERS 10086B, ISBN 0-486-20973-3 QA, QB, QD, EB, & ED “Basic Electronics”, Grob, ISBN 0-07-Y66307-6 QA, QC and QD “Digital Systems: Principles and Applications”, Ronald J Tocci, ISBN 0-13-213240-8

QE

“Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory”, Boylestad and Nashelskey, ISBN 0-13-250994-6

QC

“Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation”, Litton Systems Inc TT104

IK

“Helicopter Aerodynamics”, Prouty, 1985, PJS Publications Inc

IH

“Introduction to Avionics”, R P G Collinson, ISBN 0-412-482509

IA, IF, IK and IZ

“Introduction to Electric Circuits”, Herbert W Jackson, ISBN 0-13-481457-6

QD

“Introduction to Inertial Navigation”, Litton Systems Inc TT100

IK

“Mechanics of Flight”, Kermode, 9TH Ed, Longman Scientific, ISBN 0-582-42254-X

QB,

“Microelectronics in Aircraft Systems”, E H J Pallett, Pitman, ISBN 0-273-08612-X

QE, IZ, IF and IH

“The Honeywell Laser Gyro and Inertial Reference System”, IK Airworthiness Advisory Circulars (AACs) – CAA (Aust) All Examinations �



Page 121 of 125


Aviation Technician Integrated Training Program Series published by International Aviation Publishers Inc

“Aircraft Airconditioning – Vapour Cycle”, EA-AAC-1, ISBN EB “Aircraft Batteries”, EA-AB-1, ISBN EB “Aircraft Gas Turbine Powerplants”, EA-TEP EB “Aircraft Ignition and Electrical Power Systems”, EA-IGS, ISBN 0-89100-063-1

EB and ED

“Aircraft Instrument Systems”, EA-AIS, ISBN 0-89100-062-3 IA and IZ “Aircraft Propellers and Controls”, EA-APC, ISBN 0-89100-097-6

ED

“Aircraft Wheels, Brakes and Antiskid”, EA-AWB, ISBN 0-89100-099-2

ED

“Airframe Handbook”, EA-ITP-AB, ISBN 0-89100-248-0 QB, EB, ED, IA, IZ &IM “Avionics Fundamentals”, EA-AV, ISBN 0-89100-293-6 QD, IA, ID, IF, IJ, IK and IZ “Basic Helicopter Maintenance” EA-HF-2, ISBN 0-89100-281-2

IH

“General Handbook”, EA-ITP-GB, ISBN 0-89100-241-3 QB and IM Civil Aviation Orders

CAO 100.95 Administration and Procedure – Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licences – Category Instruments

ID and IF

CAO 103.19 Equipment Standards – Flight data Recorders IZ CAO 107 Airworthiness Directives: IA and IZ CAO 108.6 Process Control – Calibration of Aircraft Compasses

IJ and IZ

CAO 108.26 System Specification – Oxygen Systems IZ CAO 108.32 Specification – Electrical Systems EB and QB CAO 108.36 Specification – Ground Proximity Warning Systems

IZ

CAO 108.50 Specification – Anti-Collision Lights EB CAO 108.56 Specification – Testing of Specified Aircraft Instruments

IA

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Page 122 of 125


Aircraft Inspection and Repair, AC43.13.1A and 2A, FAA (USA), ISBN 0-89100-306-1

WA Pt2

Aircraft Radio Systems, EA-356, J Powell, ISBN 0-89100-356-8

WA Pt1, WA Pt2, WB, WC, WD, WE, WF, WG, WH, WI, WJ and WK

Electronic Communication Systems, Kennedy, ISBN 0-07-034052-8

WA Pt1, WF, WG and WI

What is ADF? Published by Collins WC Every Pilot’s Guide to Aviation Electronics, John M Ferrara Publisher: El-Jac Publishing Corp.

WB,WC WD,WF, WG,WJ, WA Pt 2

The ARRL Handbook, (any year) American Radio Relay League, ISBN 0-87259-169-7

WA Pt1, WA Pt2 and WB

The Navstar Global Positioning System, Tom Logsdon, ISBN 0-442-01040-0

WL

The New Penguin Dictionary of Electronics, E C Young, ISBN 0-140-51074-5

WA Pt1, WA Pt2, WB, WC, WD, WE, WF, WG, WH, WI, WJ and WK

Airworthiness Advisory Circulars (AACs) All Examinations CAO 20.9 Air Service Operations – Precautions in Refuelling, Engine and Radar Ground Operations

WA Pt2, WE and WF

CAO 103.20 Equipment Standards – Cockpit Voice Recorders

WB

CAO 108.34 Specification – Airborne Radio Systems WA Pt2, WB, WC, WD, WE, WF, WG, WI and WJ

Civil Aviation Regulations – Schedule 5 WA Pt2, WB, WC, WD, WE, WF, WG, WI and WJ

Artex ELT Installation and Operations Manual WA Pt 2 Narco ELT 910 Manual WA Pt 2 Sunair CU-105,106 Instruction Manual WA Pt 2 VHF Omni Range Operational Notes Department of Transport Publication No 47

WD

What is a Transponder? Publisher: Collins WG �

http://www.casa.gov.au/avreg/aircraft/AAC/index.htm




http://www.casa.gov.au/download/act_regs/1988.pdf#c749



Page 123 of 125


What is VOR&ILS ? Publisher: Collins WE ILS Operational Notes – DCA Publication No.23 WE Aircraft Instruments and Integrated Systems Author: EHJ Pallett Publisher: Pitman ISBN 0 01539 7

WF

What is a Radio Altimeter? Publisher: Collins WI Your Guide to Weather Radar Publisher: Collins WF What is DME? Publisher: Collins WJ The Global Positioning System and Australian Aviation Navigation Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia, BN0004DW

WL

Trimble TNL 2100 Maintenance Manual Installation Section WL FAA Technical Standard Order – C129 WL GPS – A Guide to the Next Utility, Jeff Hurn For Trimble Navigation Part Number 18239

WL

Civil Aviation Advisory Publication (CAAP) 35-1(0) WL

The publications below are contemporary publications that may assist candidates when preparing for CASA electrical, instrument and radio examinations. CASA renews questions periodically and may source information required to write new questions from the publications below.

Title

Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical, And Avionics Subsystems Integration, Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge. Aircraft Electricity & Electronics, Thomas K. Eismin. Avionics Navigation Systems, Myron Kayton and Walter R. Fried. Avionic Systems: Operation & Maintenance, James W. Wasson. Avionics: The Story And Technology Of Aviation Electronics, Bill Gunston. Digital Avionics Systems, Cary R. Spitzer. Introduction To Avionics, Dale R. Cundy, Rick S. Brown. Introduction To Airborne Radar, George W. Stimson. Practical Aircraft Electronic Systems, Albert Helfrick. �



Page 124 of 125

A request is infrequently made for a CASA examination relating to the Radio Examinations of WH – VLF Omega Navigation System and WK Doppler Navigation Systems. These examinations remain in the written examination format and have the following Radio Maintenance Manuals applicable to them:


Global GNS 500A SERIES 3 – VLF Omega Navigation System

WH

Bendix DRA-12 – Doppler Navigation System; or Decca TYPE 72 – Doppler Navigation System; or Racal Doppler 91/92.

WK

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Syllabus of Examination – AME Licences – Electrical, Instrument and Radio Categories Revision History


Page 125 of 125

Revision History

Note: The Revision History shows the most recent amendment first. Scroll down the table to view details of previous amendment information.

Version Date Part/ Section Details

2.0 January 2004

Complete syllabus

Syllabus reformatted

1.2 June 2003

Complete syllabus

• Outdated reference material removed

• Topics within radio subjects merged (no change to study material)

1.1 February 2002

Relevant sections

• Radio reference material list updated

• WC Topic 1 reworded for clarity

• Reference to essay-type examinations for radio subjects removed (except for WH and WK)

1.0 January 1999

Complete syllabus

First issue

Documents

Aircraft Maintanence Engg Book 9A type