Akbayan Info

8/18/2019 Akbayan Info

1/43

EN BANC

AKBAYAN CITIZENS ACTION PARTY

(“AKBAYAN”), PAMBANSANG KATIPUNAN

NG MGA SAMAHAN SA KANAYUNAN

(“PKSK”), ALLIANCE OF PROGRESSIVE

LABOR (“APL”), VICENTE A. FABE,

ANGELITO R. MENDOZA, MANUEL P.

QUIAMBAO, ROSE BEATRIX CRUZ

ANGELES, CONG. LORENZO R. TANADA III,

CONG. MARIO !OYO AGU!A, CONG. LORETA

ANN P. ROSALES, CONG. ANA THERESIA

HONTIVEROSBARAQUEL, AND CONG.

EMMANUEL !OEL !. VILLANUEVA,

Petitioners,

"#$%&% '

THOMAS G. AQUINO, *% +-+/ %

U0#$%#+$#$/ 12 *# D#-$3# 12 T$0# 0I0&%$/ (DTI) 0 C*$3 0 C*#2 D#4#5#

12 *# P*4--# C11$05 C133## (PCC)

21$ *# !-P*4--#% E+113+ P$#$%*-

A5$##3#, EDSEL T. CUSTODIO, *% +-+/

% U0#$%#+$#$/ 12 *# D#-$3# 12 F1$#5

A22$% (DFA) 0 C1C*$ 12 *# PCC 21$ *#

!PEPA, EDGARDO ABON, *% +-+/ %

C*$3 12 *# T$22 C133%%1 0 4#0

#511$ 21$ C13-#1 P14+/ 0 E3#$5#+/

M#%&$#% 12 *# !PEPA, MARGARITA SONGCO, *#$ +-+/ % A%%% D$#+1$G##$4 12 *#

N14 E+113+ D#"#41-3# A&*1$/

(NEDA) 0 4#0 #511$ 21$ T$0# S#$"+#%

0 C11-#$1 12 *# !PEPA, MALOU

MONTERO, *#$ +-+/ % F1$#5 S#$"+#

O22+#$ I, O22+# 12 *# U0#$%#+$#$/ 21$

G.R. N1. 67896:

P$#%#;

PUNO, C.J.,

QUISUMBING,

YNARES-

SANTIAGO,CARPIO,

AUSTRIA-

MARTINEZ,

CORONA,

CARPIO

MORALES,

AZCUNA,

TINGA,

CHICO- NAZARIO,

VELASCO, JR,

NACHURA,

REYES,

LEONAR!O-!E

CASTRO, "

BRION, JJ


2/43

I#$14 E+113+ R#41% 12 *# DFA 0

4#0 #511$ 21$ *# G##$4 0 F4

P$1"%1% 12 *# !PEPA, ERLINDA

ARCELLANA, *#$ +-+/ % D$#+1$ 12 *#

B1$0 12 I"#%3#% 0 4#0 #511$ 21$T$0# G110% (G##$4 R&4#%) 12 *# !PEPA,

RAQUEL ECHAGUE, *#$ +-+/ % 4#0

#511$ 21$ R&4#% 12 O$5 12 *# !PEPA,

GALLANT SORIANO, *% 122+4 +-+/ %

D#-&/ C133%%1#$ 12 *# B&$#& 12 C&%13%

0 4#0 #511$ 21$ C&%13% P$1+#0&$#% 0

P-#$4#%% T$05 12 *# !PEPA, MA. LUISA

GIGETTE IMPERIAL, *#$ +-+/ % D$#+1$

12 *# B&$#& 12 L1+4 E3-41/3# 12 *#D#-$3# 12 L


3/43

Res+onents

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

D E C I S I O N

CARPIO MORALES, J.;

Petitioners . non-/o0ern1ent or/2ni32tions, Con/ress+ersons, 4iti3ens 2n

t2+2%ers . see5 0i2 t6e +resent +etition 7or 12n21#s 2n +ro6i8ition to o8t2in

7ro1 res+onents t6e 7#$$ tet o7 t6e J2+2n-P6i$i++ines E4ono1i4 P2rtners6i+

A/ree1ent 9JPEPA: in4$#in/ t6e P6i$i++ine 2n J2+2nese o77ers s#81itte #rin/

t6e ne/oti2tion +ro4ess 2n 2$$ +ertinent 2tt2461ents 2n 2nnees t6ereto

Petitioners Con/ress1en Loren3o R T2;22 III 2n M2rio Jo%o A/##ir% into t6e

8i$2ter2$ tr2e 2/ree1ents t6en 8ein/ ne/oti2te 8% t6e P6i$i++ine /o0ern1ent,

+2rti4#$2r$% t6e JPEPA T6e Reso$#tion 8e421e t6e 82sis o7 2n in>#ir%

s#8se>#ent$% 4on#4te 8% t6e Ho#se S+e4i2$ Co11ittee on G$o82$i32tion 9t6e

Ho#se Co11ittee: into t6e ne/oti2tions o7 t6e JPEPA

In t6e 4o#rse o7 its in>#ir%, t6e Ho#se Co11ittee re>#este 6erein

res+onent Unerse4ret2r% To12s A>#ino 9Use4 A>#ino:, C62ir12n o7 t6eP6i$i++ine Coorin2tin/ Co11ittee 4re2te #ner Ee4#ti0e Orer No (&?

9@CREATION O A PHILIPPINE COOR!INATING COMMITTEE TO STU!Y

THE EASIBILITY O THE JAPAN-PHILIPPINES ECONOMIC

PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT:&D to st#% 2n ne/oti2te t6e +ro+ose JPEPA,

2n to 7#rnis6 t6e Co11ittee it6 2 4o+% o7 t6e $2test r27t o7 t6e

JPEPA Use4 A>#ino i not 6ee t6e re>#est, 6oe0er

Con/ress12n A/##este 7or t6e s21e o4#1ent,

8#t Use4 A>#ino, 8% $etter o7 No0e18er (, ())=, re+$ie t62t t6e Con/ress12ns62$$ 8e +ro0ie it6 2 4o+% t6ereo7 @on4e t6e ne/oti2tions 2re 4o1+$ete 2n 2s

soon 2s 2 t6oro#/6 $e/2$ re0ie o7 t6e +ro+ose 2/ree1ent 62s 8een 4on#4te

In 2 se+2r2te 1o0e, t6e Ho#se Co11ittee, t6ro#/6

Con/ress12n Her1inio G Te0es, re>#este Ee4#ti0e Se4ret2r%

E#2ro Er1it2 to 7#rnis6 it it6 @2$$ o4#1ents on t6e s#8


4/43

r27t o7 t6e +ro+ose 2/ree1ent, t6e re>#ests 2n o77ers et4 (D A4tin/ on t6e

re>#est, Se4ret2r% Er1it2, 8% $etter o7 J#ne (?, ())=, rote Con/ress12n Te0es 2s

7o$$osF

In its $etter 2te &= J#ne ())= 94o+% en4$ose:, t6eD !e+2rt1ent o7D

orei/nD A772irsD e+$2ins t62t *# C133##?% $#@% 1 #ino 6o

o#$ 8e @in t6e 8est +osition to res+on to t6e re>#est

In its t6ir 6e2rin/ 4on#4te on A#/#st ?&, ())=, t6e Ho#se Co11itteereso$0e to iss#e 2 s#8+oen2 7or t6e 1ost re4ent r27t o7 t6e JPEPA, 8#t t6e s21e

2s not +#rs#e 8e42#se 8% Co11ittee C62ir12n Con/ress12n Te0es

in7or12tion, t6en Ho#se S+e25er Jose e Vene4i2 62 re>#este 6i1 to 6o$ in

28e%2n4e t6e iss#2n4e o7 t6e s#8+oen2 #nti$ t6e Presient /i0es 6er 4onsent to t6e

is4$os#re o7 t6e o4#1ents?D

A1i s+e4#$2tions t62t t6e JPEPA 1i/6t 8e si/ne 8% t6e P6i$i++ine

/o0ern1ent it6in !e4e18er ())=, t6e +resent +etition 2s 7i$e on !e4e18er ,

())=D

T6e 2/ree1ent 2s to 8e $2ter si/ne on Se+te18er , ())' 8% PresientG$ori2 M242+2/2$-Arro%o 2n J2+2nese Pri1e Minister J#ni46iro oi3#1i

inHe$sin5i, in$2n, 7o$$oin/ 6i46 t6e Presient enorse it to t6e Sen2te 7or its

4on4#rren4e +#rs#2nt to Arti4$e VII, Se4tion (& o7 t6e Constit#tion To 2te, t6e

JPEPA is sti$$ 8ein/ e$i8er2te #+on 8% t6e Sen2te

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn3http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn4http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn5http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn3http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn4http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn5


5/43

T6e JPEPA, 6i46 i$$ 8e t6e 7irst


6/43

M11#%%

Consierin/, 6oe0er, t62t @tD6e +rin4i+2$ re$ie7 +etitioners 2re +r2%in/ 7or

is t6e is4$os#re o7 t6e 4ontents o7 t6e JPEPA +rior to its 7in2$i32tion 8eteen t6e

to St2tes +2rties,

&)D

+#8$i4 is4$os#re o7 t6e tet o7 t6e JPEPA 27ter its si/nin/ 8%t6e Presient, #rin/ t6e +enen4% o7 t6e +resent +etition, 62s 8een $2r/e$%

renere 1oot 2n 242e1i4

Kit6 t6e Sen2te e$i8er2tions on t6e JPEPA sti$$ +enin/, t6e 2/ree1ent 2s it

no st2ns 42nnot %et 8e 4onsiere 2s 7in2$ 2n 8inin/ 8eteen t6e to

St2tes Arti4$e &' o7 t6e JPEPA itse$7 +ro0ies t62t t6e 2/ree1ent oes not t25e

e77e4t i11ei2te$% #+on t6e si/nin/ t6ereo7 or it 1#st sti$$ /o t6ro#/6 t6e

+ro4e#res re>#ire 8% t6e $2s o7 e246 4o#ntr% 7or its entr% into 7or4e, viz F

Arti4$e &'

Entr% into or4e

T6is A/ree1ent s62$$ enter into 7or4e on t6e t6irtiet6 2% 27ter t6e 2te on 6i46

t6e Go0ern1ents o7 t6e P2rties e462n/e i+$o12ti4 notes in7or1in/ e246ot6er * *#$ $#%-#+"# 4#54 -$1+#0&$#% #+#%%$/ 21$ #$/ 1 21$+# 12 *% A5$##3# *"#


7/43

G$1&0% $#4#0 &-1


8/43

ro1 t6e n2t#re o7 t6e JPEPA 2s 2n intern2tion2$ tr2e 2/ree1ent, it is

e0ient t62t t6e P6i$i++ine 2n J2+2nese o77ers s#81itte #rin/ t6e ne/oti2tions

to2rs its ee4#tion 2re 12tters o7 +#8$i4 4on4ern T6is, res+onents o not

is+#te T6e% on$% 4$2i1 t62t i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions 2re 4o0ere 8% t6e o4trine

o7 #=#+&"# -$"4#5#, t6#s 4onstit#tin/ 2n e4e+tion to t6e ri/6t to in7or12tion2n t6e +o$i4% o7 7#$$ +#8$i4 is4$os#re

R#%-10#%? +43 12 -$"4#5#

It is e$$-est28$is6e in


9/43

&0+4 0#4


10/43

1*#$ +12#$#+#9Unite St2tes !e+2rt1ent o7 St2te, Press

Re$e2ses, J#ne , &?), ++ (*(-(*:

T*#$# % 2$#@ +$+%3 12 *# %#+$#+/ *+* #511 *21$#5 -1#$% 1 #$4/ 44 %&


11/43

+ri0i$e/e e0en 27ter t6e JPEPA is +#8$is6e It is re2son28$e to 4on4$#e t62t t6e

J2+2nese re+resent2ti0es s#81itte t6eir o77ers it6 t6e #nerst2nin/ t62t

@*%1$+ +120#4/(D o#$ /o0ern t6e s21e !is4$osin/ t6ese o77ers 4o#$

i1+2ir t6e 28i$it% o7 t6e P6i$i++ines to e2$ not on$% it6 J2+2n 8#t it6 ot6er

7orei/n /o0ern1ents 2&&$# #511%

A r#$in/ t62t P6i$i++ine o77ers in tre2t% ne/oti2tions s6o#$ no 8e o+en to

+#8$i4 s4r#tin% o#$ is4o#r2/e 7#t#re P6i$i++ine re+resent2ti0es 7ro1 7r2n5$%

e+ressin/ t6eir 0ies #rin/ ne/oti2tions K6i$e, on 7irst i1+ression, it 2++e2rs

ise to eter P6i$i++ine re+resent2ti0es 7ro1 enterin/ into 4o1+ro1ises, it 8e2rs

notin/ t62t tre2t% ne/oti2tions, or 2n% ne/oti2tion 7or t62t 12tter, nor12$$% in0o$0e

2 +ro4ess o7 !uid pro !uo, 2n 12#3#% #511$% *"# 1


12/43

K6et6er +etitioners 620e est28$is6e t6e +resen4e o7 s#46 2 +#8$i4 interest

s62$$ 8e is4#sse $2ter or no, t6e Co#rt s62$$ 7irst +2ss #+on t6e 2r/#1ents

r2ise 8% +etitioners 2/2inst t6e 2++$i42tion o7 P'P( v. 'anglapus to t6e +resent

42se

A$5&3#% -$122#$#0


13/43

in0o$0e 12tters o7 n2tion2$ se4#rit% 2n t6ose 6i46 o not, t6e r2tion2$e 7or t6e

+ri0i$e/e 8ein/ t62t

2D 2$ #=+*5# o7 e+$or2tor% ie2s 2n 2ssess1ents, 7ree 7ro1

t6e /$2re o7 +#8$i4it% 2n +ress#re 8% intereste +2rties, is essenti2$ to +rote4t *#

0#-#0#+# 12 0#+%135 o7 t6ose t2s5e to eer4ise Presienti2$,Le/is$2ti0e 2n J#i4i2$ +oer ?&D 9E1+62sis s#++$ie:

In t6e s21e 2% t62t t6e +ri0i$e/e 7or


14/43

ie2s 8eteen t6e ne/oti2tin/ +2rties 8% s6ie$in/ s#46 ne/oti2tions 7ro1 +#8$i4

0ie Si1i$2r to t6e +ri0i$e/e 7or +resienti2$ 4o11#ni42tions, t6e i+$o12ti4

ne/oti2tions +ri0i$e/e see5s, t6ro#/6 t6e s21e 1e2ns, to +rote4t t6e ine+enen4e

in e4ision-125in/ o7 t6e Presient, +2rti4#$2r$% in its 42+24it% 2s @t6e so$e or/2n

o7 t6e n2tion in its etern2$ re$2tions, 2n its so$e re+resent2ti0e it6 7orei/nn2tions An, 2s it6 t6e e$i8er2ti0e +ro4ess +ri0i$e/e, t6e +ri0i$e/e 244ore to

i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions 2rises, not on 244o#nt o7 t6e 4ontent o7 t6e in7or12tion per

se, 8#t 8e42#se t6e in7or12tion is +2rt o7 2 +ro4ess o7 e$i8er2tion 6i46, in +#rs#it

o7 t6e +#8$i4 interest, 1#st 8e +res#1e 4on7ienti2$

T6e e4ision o7 t6e US !istri4t Co#rt, !istri4t o7 Co$#18i2 in (ul$rig"t

2 Ja3ors1i v. 4epartment of t"e 5reasury?D en$i/6tens on t6e 4$ose re$2tion

8eteen i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions 2n e$i8er2ti0e +ro4ess +ri0i$e/es T6e +$2inti77s

in t62t 42se so#/6t 244ess to notes t25en 8% 2 1e18er o7 t6e US ne/oti2tin/ te21

#rin/ t6e US-ren46 = $#/ ne/oti2tions A1on/ t6e +oints note t6erein

ere t6e iss#es to 8e is4#sse, +ositions 6i46 t6e ren46 2n US te21s too5 on

so1e +oints, t6e r27t $2n/#2/e 2/ree on, 2n 2rti4$es 6i46 neee to 8e

21ene U+6o$in/ t6e 4on7ienti2$it% o7 t6ose notes, J#/e Green r#$e, t6#sF

N#511%


15/43

0$2% 12 $##% s6o#$ #estion o7 is4$os#re t6erein t#rne not on t6e t6res6o$ re>#ire1ent o7

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn39http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn39http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn40http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn41http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn39http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn40http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn41


16/43

Ee1+tion = t62t t6e o4#1ent 8e inter-2/en4%, 8#t on 6et6er t6e o4#1ents

ere +2rt o7 t6e 2/en4%s +re-e4ision2$ e$i8er2ti0e +ro4ess On t6is 82sis, J#/e

rie12n 7o#n t62t @J#/e Greens is4#ssion in (ul$rig"t D o7 t6e 62r1 t62t

4o#$ res#$t 7ro1 is4$os#re t6ere7ore is irre$e02nt, %+# *# 01+&3#% %%

CIEL $# 1 #$5#+/, 0 *# C1&$ 01#% 1 $#+* *# @%1 12 0#4#estion on 6i46 t6is Co#rt o#$ not +2ss . t6e r#$in/

in (ul$rig"t t62t @nDe/oti2tions 8eteen to 4o#ntries to r27t 2 tre2t% re+resent 2

tr#e e21+$e o7 2 e$i8er2ti0e +ro4ess 2s $e7t st2nin/, sin4e t6e C6EL 4o#rt

e+$i4it$% st2te t62t it i not re246 t6e >#estion o7 e$i8er2ti0e +ro4ess

Goin/ 8245 to t6e +resent 42se, t6e Co#rt re4o/ni3es t62t t6e in7or12tion

so#/6t 8% +etitioners in4$#es o4#1ents +ro#4e 2n 4o11#ni42te 8% 2 +2rt%

etern2$ to t6e P6i$i++ine /o0ern1ent, n21e$%, t6e J2+2nese re+resent2ti0es in t6e

JPEPA ne/oti2tions, 2n to t62t etent t6is 42se is 4$oser to t6e 724t#2$

4ir4#1st2n4es o7 C6EL t62n t6ose o7 (ul$rig"t

Nonet6e$ess, 7or re2sons 6i46 s62$$ 8e is4#sse s6ort$%, t6is Co#rt e46oes

t6e +rin4i+$e 2rti4#$2te in (ul$rig"t t62t t6e +#8$i4 +o$i4% #ner$%in/ t6e

e$i8er2ti0e +ro4ess +ri0i$e/e re>#ires t62t i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions s6o#$ 2$so 8e

244ore +ri0i$e/e st2t#s, e0en i7 t6e o4#1ents s#8#ire1ent o7 OIA Ee1+tion = .

t62t t6e o4#1ents 8e inter-2/en4% . 2s not 1et In eter1inin/ 6et6er t6e

/o0ern1ent 12% 02$i$% re7#se is4$os#re o7 t6e e462n/es 8eteen

t6e US 2nC6i$e, it ne4ess2ri$% 62 to e2$ it6 t6is re>#ire1ent, it 8ein/ $2i

on 8% 2 st2t#te 8inin/ on t6e1


17/43

In t6is #ire1ent si1i$2r to OIA Ee1+tion = in +2rti4#$2r Hen4e,

P6i$i++ine 4o#rts, 6en 2ssessin/ 2 4$2i1 o7 +ri0i$e/e 7or i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions,

2re 1ore 7ree to 7o4#s ire4t$% on t6e iss#e o7 *#*#$ *# -$"4#5#


18/43


19/43

$on/er @$e2sD to ies+re2 +ro+2/2n2 to 8$o45 t6e ne/oti2tions, or t62t +2rties

in tre2t% ne/oti2tions no $on/er e+e4t t6eir 4o11#ni42tions to 8e /o0erne 8%

6istori4 4on7ienti2$it%, t6e 8#ren is on t6e1 to s#8st2nti2te t6e s21e T6is

+etitioners 72i$e to is462r/e

J*#*#$ *# -$"4#5# --4#% 14/ +#$ %5#% 12 *# #511 -$1+#%%

Petitioners 21it t62t @i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions on t6e JPEPA 2re entit$e to 2

re2son28$e 21o#nt o7 4on7ienti2$it% so 2s not to


20/43

It 8ein/ est28$is6e t62t i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions en


21/43

T6e st2/e e4ision2$ str#4t#re est28$is6e in ixon v. Sirica 2s esi/ne

to ens#re t62t t6e Presient 2n t6ose #+on 6o1 6e ire4t$% re$ies in t6e

+er7or12n4e o7 6is #ties 4o#$ 4ontin#e to or5 #ner 2 /ener2$ 2ss#r2n4e t62tt6eir e$i8er2tions o#$ re12in 4on7ienti2$ So $on/ 2s *# -$#%&3-1 **# -&


22/43

t6e ne/oti2tions sin4e on$% t6ro#/6 s#46 is4$os#re 42n t6eir 4onstit#tion2$ ri/6t to

e77e4ti0e$% +2rti4i+2te in e4ision-125in/ 8e 8ro#/6t to $i7e in t6e 4ontet o7

intern2tion2$ tr2e 2/ree1ents

K6et6er it 42n 244#r2te$% 8e s2i t62t t6e i$i+ino +eo+$e ere not in0o$0ein t6e JPEPA ne/oti2tions is 2 >#estion o7 724t 6i46 t6is Co#rt nee not

reso$0e S#77i4e it to st2te t62t res+onents 62 +resente o4#1ents +#r+ortin/ to

s6o t62t +#8$i4 4ons#$t2tions ere 4on#4te on t6e JPEPA P2rent6eti42$$%,

+etitioners 4onsier t6ese @2$$e/e 4ons#$t2tions 2s @oe7#$$% se$e4ti0e 2n

in2e>#2te=?D

AT ALL EVENTS, sin4e it is not is+#te t62t t6e o77ers e462n/e 8% t6e

P6i$i++ine 2n J2+2nese re+resent2ti0es 620e not 8een is4$ose to t6e +#8$i4, t6e

Co#rt s62$$ +2ss #+on t6e iss#e o7 6et6er 244ess to t6e o4#1ents 8e2rin/ on

t6e1 is, 2s +etitioners 4$2i1, essenti2$ to t6eir ri/6t to +2rti4i+2te in e4ision-

125in/

T6e 42se 7or +etitioners 62s, o7 4o#rse, 8een i11ense$% e25ene 8% t6e

is4$os#re o7 t6e 7#$$ tet o7 t6e JPEPA to t6e +#8$i4 sin4e Se+te18er &&, ())',

e0en 2s it is sti$$ 8ein/ e$i8er2te #+on 8% t6e Sen2te 2n, t6ere7ore, not %et

8inin/ on t6e P6i$i++ines Kere t6e Sen2te to 4on4#r it6 t6e 02$iit% o7 t6e

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v. 'anglapus, @21+$e o++ort#nit% 7or is4#ssion 8e7ore t6e tre2t%D is 2++ro0e

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+2rti4i+2te in e4ision-125in/ #n$ess t6e initi2$ o77ers 2re 2$so +#8$is6e

It is o7 +#8$i4 5no$e/e t62t 02rio#s non-/o0ern1ent se4tors 2n +ri02te

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not 8ein/ $i1ite to /ener2$ o8ser02tions t6ereon 8#t on its s+e4i7i4

+ro0isions N#1ero#s 2rti4$es 2n st2te1ents 4riti42$ o7 t6e JPEPA 620e 8een

+oste on t6e Internet=D Gi0en t6ese e0e$o+1ents, t6ere is no 82sis 7or +etitioners 4$2i1 t62t 244ess to t6e P6i$i++ine 2n J2+2nese o77ers is essenti2$ to

t6e eer4ise o7 t6eir ri/6t to +2rti4i+2te in e4ision-125in/

Petitioner-1e18ers o7 t6e Ho#se o7 Re+resent2ti0es 2ition2$$% 2n46or

t6eir 4$2i1 to 620e 2 ri/6t to t6e s#8


23/43

t62t Con/ress 42nnot 1e2nin/7#$$% eer4ise t6e +oer to re/#$2te intern2tion2$

tr2e 2/ree1ents s#46 2s t6e JPEPA it6o#t 8ein/ /i0en 4o+ies o7 t6e initi2$ o77ers

e462n/e #rin/ t6e ne/oti2tions t6ereo7 In t6e s21e 0ein, t6e% 2r/#e t62t t6e

Presient 42nnot e4$#e Con/ress 7ro1 t6e JPEPA ne/oti2tions sin4e 62te0er

+oer 2n 2#t6orit% t6e Presient 62s to ne/oti2te intern2tion2$ tr2e 2/ree1ents iseri0e on$% 8% e$e/2tion o7 Con/ress, +#rs#2nt to Arti4$e VI, Se4tion (*9(: o7

t6e Constit#tion 2n Se4tions )& 2n )( o7 Presienti2$ !e4ree No &'==D

T6e s#8#ot2s, 2n ot6er t2es T6#s it +ro0iesF

9(: T6e Con/ress 12%, 8% $2, 2#t6ori3e t6e Presient to 7i it6in

s+e4i7ie $i1its, 2n s#8#ot2s, tonn2/e 2n 62r72/e #es, 2n ot6er #tiesor i1+osts it6in t6e 7r21eor5 o7 t6e n2tion2$ e0e$o+1ent +ro/r21 o7 t6e

Go0ern1ent

As to t6e +oer to ne/oti2te tre2ties, t6e 4onstit#tion2$ 82sis t6ereo7 is

Se4tion (& o7 Arti4$e VII . t6e 2rti4$e on t6e Ee4#ti0e !e+2rt1ent . 6i46 st2tesF

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e4$#si0e to t6e Presient, 8ein/ t6e so$e or/2n o7 t6e n2tion in its etern2$

re$2tions, 2s e46oe in 0A7A v. Executive Secretary='D 6ere t6e Co#rt 6e$F

B/ +1%&14 2 0


24/43

S##. In t6is $i/6t, t6e ne/oti2tion o7 t6e VA 2n t6e s#8se>#ent r2ti7i42tion o7

t6e 2/ree1ent 2re e4$#si0e 24ts 6i46 +ert2in so$e$% to t6e Presient, in t6e

$27#$ eer4ise o7 *% vast executive and diplomatic powers granted him no less

than b the fundamental law itself. Into the field of negotiation the !enate

cannot intrude" and Congress itself is powerless to invade it . 9It2$i4s in t6e

ori/in2$ e1+62sis 2n #ners4orin/ s#++$ie:

T6e s21e o4trine 2s reiter2te e0en 1ore re4ent$% in Pimentel v. Executive

Secretary=D 6ere t6e Co#rt r#$eF

In o#r s%ste1 o7 /o0ern1ent, t6e Presient, 8ein/ t6e 6e2 o7 st2te, is

re/2re 2s *# %14# 1$5 0 &*1$/ #=#$4 $#41% 0 % *#+1&$/% %14# $#-$#%#"# * 21$#5 1%. As t6e 46ie7 2r46ite4t o7 7orei/n +o$i4%, t6e Presient 24ts 2s t6e 4o#ntr%s 1o#t6+ie4e it6 res+e4t to

intern2tion2$ 2772irs Hen4e, *# P$#%0# % "#%#0 * *# &*1$/ 1 e2$

it6 7orei/n st2tes 2n /o0ern1ents, eten or it66o$ re4o/nition, 12int2in

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N1#*#4#%%, *4# *# P$#%0# *% *# %14# &*1$/ 1 #51#

0 ##$ 1 $##%, *# C1%&1 -$1"0#% 431 1 *% -1#$


25/43

It 7o$$os 7ro1 t6e 28o0e is4#ssion t62t Con/ress, 6i$e +ossessin/ 02st

$e/is$2ti0e +oers, 12% not inter7ere in t6e 7ie$ o7 tre2t% ne/oti2tions K6i$e

Arti4$e VII, Se4tion (& +ro0ies 7or Sen2te 4on4#rren4e, s#46 +ert2ins on$% to t6e

02$iit% o7 t6e tre2t% #ner 4onsier2tion, not to t6e 4on#4t o7 ne/oti2tions

2tten2nt to its 4on4$#sion Moreo0er, it is not e0en Con/ress 2s 2 6o$e t62t 62s 8een /i0en t6e 2#t6orit% to 4on4#r 2s 2 1e2ns o7 46e45in/ t6e tre2t%-125in/ +oer

o7 t6e Presient, 8#t on$% t6e Sen2te

T6#s, 2s in t6e 42se o7 +etitioners s#in/ in t6eir 42+24it% 2s +ri02te 4iti3ens,

+etitioners-1e18ers o7 t6e Ho#se o7 Re+resent2ti0es 72i$ to +resent 28sufficient

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to t6e +resent +etition 2n not #rin/ t6e Ho#se Co11ittee 6e2rin/s

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not 8e 4reite Petitioners +osition +res#++oses t62t 2n 2ssertion o7 t6e +ri0i$e/e

s6o#$ 620e 8een 12e #rin/ t6e Ho#se Co11ittee in0esti/2tions, 72i$in/ 6i46

res+onents 2re ee1e to 620e 2i0e it

K6en t6e Ho#se Co11ittee 2n +etitioner-

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n2t#re 8% re2son o7 +#8$i4 +o$i4% T6e res+onse 12% not t6#s 8e ee1e 2 4$2i1 o7

+ri0i$e/e 8% t6e st2n2rs o7 Senate v. Ermita, 6i46 re4o/ni3es 2s 4$2i1s o7

+ri0i$e/e on$% t6ose 6i46 2re 244o1+2nie 8% -$#+%# 0 +#$ $#%1% 7or

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26/43

re7r2ine 7ro1 +#rs#in/ its e2r$ier reso$#tion to iss#e 2 s#8+oen2 duces tecum on

244o#nt o7 t6en S+e25er Jose e Vene4i2s 2$$e/e re>#est to Co11ittee

C62ir+erson Con/ress12n Te0es to 6o$ t6e s21e in 28e%2n4e

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8e4o1es ne4ess2r%, t6e 724t re12ins t62t s#46 re>#ests 2re not 2 4o1+#$sor%

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+ri0i$e/e

T6e +ri0i$e/e is 2n ee1+tion to Con/ress +oer o7 in>#ir%=D So $on/ 2s

Con/ress itse$7 7ins no 42#se to en7or4e s#46 +oer, t6ere is no stri4t ne4essit% to

2ssert t6e +ri0i$e/e In t6is $i/6t, res+onents 72i$#re to in0o5e t6e +ri0i$e/e

#rin/ t6e Ho#se Co11ittee in0esti/2tions i not 21o#nt to 2 2i0er t6ereo7

T6e Co#rt o8ser0es, 6oe0er, t62t t6e 4$2i1 o7 +ri0i$e/e 2++e2rin/ in

res+onents Co11ent to t6is +etition 72i$s to s2tis7% in 7#$$ t6e re>#ire1ent $2i

on in Senate v. Ermita t62t t6e 4$2i1 s6o#$ 8e in0o5e 8% t6e Presient or

t6ro#/6 t6e Ee4#ti0e Se4ret2r% @8% orer o7 t6e Presient')D Res+onents

4$2i1 o7 +ri0i$e/e is 8ein/ s#st2ine, 6oe0er, its 7$2 notit6st2nin/, 8e42#se o7

4ir4#1st2n4es +e4#$i2r to t6e 42se

T6e 2ssertion o7 ee4#ti0e +ri0i$e/e 8% t6e Ee4#ti0e Se4ret2r%, 6o is one

o7 t6e res+onents 6erein, it6o#t 6i1 2in/ t6e +6r2se @8% orer o7 t6ePresient, s62$$ 8e 4onsiere 2s +2rti2$$% 4o1+$%in/ it6 t6e re>#ire1ent $2i

on in Senate v. Ermita. T6e re>#ire1ent t62t t6e +6r2se @8% orer o7 t6e

Presient s6o#$ 244o1+2n% t6e Ee4#ti0e Se4ret2r%s 4$2i1 o7 +ri0i$e/e is 2 ne

r#$e $2i on 7or t6e 7irst ti1e in Senate v. Ermita, 6i46 2s not %et 7in2$

2n ee4#tor% 2t t6e ti1e res+onents 7i$e t6eir Co11ent to t6e +etition '&D A

stri4t 2++$i42tion o7 t6is re>#ire1ent o#$ t6#s 8e #n2rr2nte in t6is 42se

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+ri0i$e/e It is 2 3e2$ t62t Ke 7#$$% s62re

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn60http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn61http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn62http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn60http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn61http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/july2008/170516.htm#_ftn62


27/43

T6e Co#rt, 6oe0er, in its ene20or to /#2r 2/2inst t6e 28#se o7 ee4#ti0e

+ri0i$e/e, s6o#$ 8e 42re7#$ not to 0eer to2rs t6e o++osite etre1e, to t6e +oint

t62t it o#$ stri5e on 2s in02$i e0en 2 $e/iti12te eer4ise t6ereo7

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& A7ter its 6istori42$ is4#ssion on t6e 2$$o42tion o7 +oer o0er intern2tion2$

tr2e 2/ree1ents in t6e Unite St2tes, t6e issent 4on4$#es t62t @it i$$ 8e t#rnin/

so1ers2#$ts it6 6istor% to 4onten t62t t6e Presient is t6e so$e or/2n 7or etern2$

re$2tions in t62t


28/43

maintenance of infrastructure and development pro:ects9 3"ic" are necessary for

national gro3t" and development $ut 3"ic" t"e government, unfortunately, could

illafford to finance at t"is point in time.'D

Si1i$2r$%, 6i$e 6erein +etitioners-1e18ers o7 t6e Ho#se o7 Re+resent2ti0es12% not 620e 8een 2i1in/ to +2rti4i+2te in t6e ne/oti2tions ire4t$%, o+enin/ t6e

JPEPA ne/oti2tions to t6eir s4r#tin% . e0en to t6e +oint o7 /i0in/ t6e1 244ess to

t6e o77ers e462n/e 8eteen t6e J2+2nese 2n P6i$i++ine e$e/2tions .o#$ 620e

12e 2 1o45er% o7 62t t6e Constit#tion so#/6t to +re0ent 2n renere it #se$ess

7or 62t it so#/6t to 246ie0e 6en it 0este t6e +oer o7 ire4t ne/oti2tion so$e$%

it6 t6e Presient

K62t t6e US Constit#tion so#/6t to +re0ent 2n 2i1e to 246ie0e in

e7inin/ t6e tre2t%-125in/ +oer o7 t6e Presient, 6i46 o#r Constit#tionsi1i$2r$% e7ines, 12% 8e /2t6ere 7ro1 H21i$tons e+$2n2tion o7 6% t6e US

Constit#tion e4$#es t6e Ho#se o7 Re+resent2ti0es 7ro1 t6e tre2t%-125in/

+ro4essF

T6e 7$#4t#2tin/, 2n t25in/ its 7#t#re in4re2se into 244o#nt, t6e1#$tit#ino#s 4o1+osition o7 t62t 8o%, 7or8i #s to e+e4t in it t6ose >#2$ities

6i46 2re essenti2$ to t6e +ro+er ee4#tion o7 s#46 2 tr#st A44#r2te 2n

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o8#en4% o7 t6e 42$$s #+on t6e 6o#se o7 re+resent2ti0es,

2n t6e /re2ter $en/t6 o7 ti1e 6i46 it o#$ o7ten 8e ne4ess2r% to 5ee+ t6e1

to/et6er 6en 4on0ene, to o8t2in t6eir s2n4tion in t6e +ro/ressi0e st2/es o7 2tre2t%, o#$ 8e so#r4e o7 so /re2t in4on0enien4e 2n e+ense, 2s 2$one o#/6t to

4one1n t6e +ro


29/43

Sin4e 2$$oin/ +etitioner-1e18ers o7 t6e Ho#se o7 Re+resent2ti0es 244ess to

t6e s#8


30/43

+resent +etition 2s 2 $e/is$2ti0e 8o%, r2t6er t62n $e20in/ it to t6e is4retion o7

ini0i#2$ Con/ress1en 6et6er to +#rs#e 2n 24tion or not S#46 24ts o#$ 620e

ser0e 2s stron/ ini4i2 t62t Con/ress itse$7 7ins t6e s#8


31/43

620e 2 stron/ nee 7or t6e in7or12tion s#77i4ient to o0er4o1e t6e +ri0i$e/e T6e%

620e not, 6oe0er

Res+e4tin/ t6e 72i$#re o7 t6e Ee4#ti0e Se4ret2r% to e+$i4it$% st2te t62t 6e

is 4$2i1in/ t6e +ri0i$e/e @8% orer o7 t6e Presient, t6e s21e 12% not 8e stri4t$%2++$ie to t6e +ri0i$e/e 4$2i1 s#8


32/43

T62t t6e Co#rt 4o#$ 7ree$% 4ite Curtiss-rig"t . 2 42se t62t #+6o$s t6e

se4re4% o7 i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions 2/2inst 4on/ression2$ e12ns 7or in7or12tion

. in t6e 4o#rse o7 $2%in/ on 2 r#$in/ on t6e +#8$i4 ri/6t to in7or12tion on$%

ser0es to #ners4ore t6e +rin4i+$e 1entione e2r$ier t62t t6e +ri0i$e/e 462r24ter 244ore to i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions oes not ipso facto $ose 2$$ 7or4e 2n e77e4t

si1+$% 8e42#se t6e s21e +ri0i$e/e is no 8ein/ 4$2i1e#ner i77erent

4ir4#1st2n4es

P'P( v. 'anglapus inee in0o$0e 2 e12n 7or in7or12tion 7ro1 +ri02te

4iti3ens 2n not 2n ee4#ti0e-$e/is$2ti0e 4on7$i4t, 8#t so i C"avez v.

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in7or12tion

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Co#rt

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in7or12tion, 2s 4$ose$% intertine, s#46 t62t t6e +rin4i+$es 2++$i428$e to one 2re

2$so 2++$i428$e to t6e ot6er

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-&


33/43

o7 2 s#8st2nti0e e0i$ t62t t6e St2te 62s 2 ri/6t to +re0ent, it o#$ 8e 0er% i77i4#$t

7or t6e Ee4#ti0e to est28$is6 t6e 02$iit% o7 its 4$2i1 in e246 inst2n4e In 4ontr2st,

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in7or12tion is 4o0ere 8% 2 re4o/ni3e +ri0i$e/e in orer to s6i7t t6e 8#ren on

Con/ress to +resent 2 stron/ s6oin/ o7 nee T*% 1&40 4#0 1 %&1*#$# 1&40


34/43

'D Hen4e, t6e 4o11ents in t62t 8oo5 6i46 ere 4ite in P'P(

v.'anglapus re12in 02$i o4trine

' T6e issent 7#rt6er 2sserts t62t t6e Co#rt 62s ne0er #se @nee 2s 2 test to

#+6o$ or 2$$o inro2s into ri/6ts /#2r2ntee #ner t6e Constit#tion Kit6 #eres+e4t, e 2ssert ot6erise T6e Co#rt 62s one so 8e7ore, 2$8eit it6o#t #sin/

t6e ter1 @nee

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+ri0i$e/eD Veri$%, t6e Co#rt in s#46 42ses en/2/es in 2


35/43

in7or12tion, 8e42#se t6en t6e so$e test in s#46 4ontro0ersies o#$ 8e 6et6er 2n

in7or12tion is 2 12tter o7 +#8$i4 4on4ern

Moreo0er, in 0ie o7 t6e e2r$ier is4#ssions, e 1#st 8e2r in 1in t62t, 8%

is4$osin/ t6e o4#1ents o7 t6e JPEPA ne/oti2tions, t6e P6i$i++ine /o0ern1entr#ns t6e /r20e ris5 o7 8etr2%in/ t6e tr#st re+ose in it 8% t6e J2+2nese

re+resent2ti0es, inee, 8% t6e J2+2nese /o0ern1ent itse$7 Ho o#$ t6e

P6i$i++ine /o0ern1ent t6en e+$2in itse$7 6en t62t 62++ens S#re$%, it 42nnot

8e2r to s2% t62t it


36/43

* A/2inst o#r r#$in/ t62t t6e +rin4i+$es 2++$ie in +.S. v. ixon, t6e Senate

Select Committee 42se, 2n 6n re Sealed Case, 2re si1i$2r$% 2++$i428$e to t6e

+resent 4ontro0ers%, t6e issent 4ites t6e 420e2t in t6e ixon 42se t62t t6e US

Co#rt 2s t6ere 2ressin/ on$% t6e Presients 2ssertion o7 +ri0i$e/e in t6e 4onteto7 2 4ri1in2$ tri2$, not 2 4i0i$ $iti/2tion nor 2 4on/ression2$ e12n 7or

in7or12tion K62t t6is 420e2t 1e2ns, 6oe0er, is on$% t62t 4o#rts 1#st 8e 42re7#$

not to 62sti$% 2++$% t6e r#$in/ t6erein to ot6er 4ontets It oes not, 6oe0er,

28so$#te$% 1e2n t62t t6e +rin4i+$es 2++$ie in t62t 42se 12% ne0er 8e 2++$ie in

s#46 4ontets

Hen4e, US 4o#rts 620e 4ite +.S. v. ixon in s#++ort o7 t6eir r#$in/s on

4$2i1s o7 ee4#ti0e +ri0i$e/e in 4ontets ot6er t62n 2 4ri1in2$ tri2$, 2s in t6e 42se

o7 ixon v. Administrator of #eneral Services*)D

. 6i46 in0o$0e 7or1er Presient Nions in0o42tion o7 ee4#ti0e +ri0i$e/e to 462$$en/e t6e 4onstit#tion2$it% o7 t6e

@Presienti2$ Re4orin/s 2n M2teri2$s Preser02tion A4t*&D . 2n t6e 28o0e-

1entione 6n re Sealed Case 6i46 in0o$0e 2 4$2i1 o7 +ri0i$e/e 2/2inst

2 su$poena duces tecum iss#e in 2 /r2n


37/43

+er4ei0e 2s no $on/er 2i1in/ to stri5e 2 82$2n4e, 8#t see5in/ 1ere$% to 2ter

on ee4#ti0e +ri0i$e/e to t6e +oint o7 irre$e02n4e

C1+4&%1

To re42+it#$2te, +etitioners e12n to 8e 7#rnis6e it6 2 4o+% o7 t6e 2&44

#= o7 t6e JPEPA 62s 8e4o1e 1oot 2n 242e1i4, it 620in/ 8een 12e 244essi8$e

to t6e +#8$i4 sin4e Se+te18er &&, ())' As 7or t6eir e12n 7or 4o+ies o7 t6e

P6i$i++ine 2n J2+2nese 122#$% s#81itte #rin/ t6e JPEPA ne/oti2tions, t6e s21e

1#st 8e enie, res+onents 4$2i1 o7 ee4#ti0e +ri0i$e/e 8ein/ 02$i

!i+$o12ti4 ne/oti2tions 620e, sin4e t6e Co#rt +ro1#$/2te its Reso$#tion

in P'P( v. 'anglapus on Se+te18er &?, &**, 8een re4o/ni3e 2s +ri0i$e/e in

t6is


38/43

Associate Justice

JE CONCUR;

REYNATO S. PUNO

C"ief Justice

LEONARDO A. QUISUMBING

Associate Justice

ANTONIO T. CARPIO

Associate Justice

CONSUELO YNARES SANTIAGO

Associate Justice

MA. ALICIA AUSTRIAMARTINEZ

Associate Justice

RENATO C. CORONA

Associate Justice

ADOLFO S. AZCUNA

Associate Justice

DANTE O. TINGA

Associate Justice

MINITA V. CHICONAZARIO

Associate Justice


39/43

PRESBITERO !. VELASCO, !R.

Associate Justice

ANTONIO EDUARDO B. NACHURA

Associate Justice

RUBEN T. REYES

Associate Justice

TERESITA !. LEONARDODE CASTRO

Associate Justice

ARTURO D. BRION

Associate Justice

CERTIFICATION

P#rs#2nt to Se4tion &?, Arti4$e VIII o7 t6e Constit#tion, I 4erti7% t62t t6e

4on4$#sions in t6e 28o0e !e4ision 62 8een re246e in 4ons#$t2tion 8e7ore t6e 42se

2s 2ssi/ne to t6e riter o7 t6e o+inion o7 t6e Co#rt

REYNATO S. PUNO

C"ief Justice


40/43

In t6e 42se tit$e 2s ini42te in t6e +etition, on$% t6e n21e o7 Use4 T6o12s G A>#ino 2++e2rs in t6e +ortion

7or @Res+onents, to itF @HON THOMAS G AQUINO, in 6is 42+24it% 2s C62ir12n 2n C6ie7 !e$e/2te o7

t6e P6i$i++ine Coorin2tin/ Co11ittee 7or t6e J2+2n-P6i$i++ines E4ono1i4 P2rtners6i+ A/ree1ent, et2$ 9Uners4orin/ s#++$ie: T6e ot6er res+onents 2re en#1er2te in t6e 8o% o7 t6e +etition 9 /ollo, ++ ()-

(?: T6e Co#rt motu proprio in4$#e t6e n21es o7 t6ese ot6er res+onents in t6e 42se tit$e to 4on7or1 to Se4

&, +2r (, R#$e o7 t6e R#$es o7 Ci0i$ Pro4e#re, 2s e$$ 2s t6e 42+24ities in 6i46 t6e% 2re 8ein/

s#e Moreo0er, it inserte t6erein t62t res+onent Use4 A>#ino, 2s st2te in t6e +etition, is 2$so 8ein/ s#e in6is 42+24it% 2s !TI Unerse4ret2r%

&D E77e4ti0e M2% (*, ())?(D Anne @ o7 Petition, rollo, + =?D T6e Petition >#ote t6e 7o$$oin/ st2te1ent o7 Con/ress12n Te0es 2++e2rin/ in t6e tr2ns4ri+t o7 t6e

Co11ittee 6e2rin/ 6e$ on O4to8er &(, ())=F

THE CHAIRPERSON No I 42$$ on Use4 A>#ino to 7#rnis6 #s 2 4o+% o7 t6e r27t JPEPA 2n

en#n4i2te to t6is 8o% t6e +ositi0e 2s e$$ 2s t6e ne/2ti0e i1+24t o7 s2i 2/ree1ent Is t6is t6e r27t t62t

t6e /o0ern1ent i$$ si/n in !e4e18er or t6is i$$ sti$$ 8e s#8


41/43

&D ?? P6i$ =)' 9())(:()D GR No &', A+ri$ (), ())', ** SCRA &(&D I 2t =&((D /ollo, ++ &&-&((?D ?') P6i$ &??, ' 9&*:, 4itin/ V RECOR! O THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION (= 9&*':(D GR No *'(, Reso$#tion o7 t6e Co#rt En B2n4 2te Se+te18er &?, &**(=D

S+e4i7i42$$%, +etitioners t6erein 2s5e t62t t6e Co#rt orer res+onents to 9&: o+en to +etitioners t6eir ne/oti2tionssessions it6 t6e US 4o#nter+2rts on t6e 2/ree1ent 9(: re0e2$ 2nor /i0e +etitioners 244ess tot6e ite1s 6i46 t6e% 620e 2$re2% 2/ree #+on 2n 9?: re0e2$ 2nor 125e 244essi8$e t6e res+e4ti0e +ositions

on ite1s t6e% 620e not 2/ree #+on, +2rti4#$2r$% t6e 4o1+ens2tion +2452/e 7or t6e 4ontin#e #se 8% t6e US o7

t6eir 1i$it2r% 82ses 2n 724i$ities in t6e P6i$i++ines

('D ( US ?) 9&?':(D ide #estion 2s ritten, it is re2son28$e to 4on4$#e t62t 7r2n5 2n6onest e+ression o7 0ies on t6e tre2t% $2n/#2/e in iss#e ere e+resse, 0ies t62t ostensi8$% ere

e+ressein t6e 8e$ie7 t62t @6istori4 4on7ienti2$it% o#$ /o0ern s#46 e+ressions 9Uners4orin/ s#++$ie:(*D B !#V2$, Jr, Pro#estion28$e 2n 2$$e/e$% #nne4ess2r% 2n irre/#$2r

e+enit#re o7 no $ess t62n P=,))),))) o7 +#8$i4 7#ns, o7 6i46 Con/ress is t6e 4onstit#tion2$ /#2ri2n ?D (& US, 2t &=), = SCt &=), reiter2te in 4epartment of t"e 6nterior and 0ureau of 6ndian Affairs v.

=lamat" -ater +sers Protective Association, =?( US &, &(& SCt &)')?=D I 2t &=&, = SCt &=) 9e1+62sis s#++$ie:?'D S#+r2 note (?D == S#++ '&=, M2% (*, &*(?*D (? S#++( &?D = USC ==(98:9=:)D C6EL v. Office of +.S. 5rade /epresentative, (? S#++( & ide 4epartment of t"e 6nterior and 0ureau of

6ndian Affairs v. =lamat" -ater +sers Protective Association, =?( US &, &(& SCt &)')F @Ee1+tion =

+rote4ts 7ro1 is4$os#re @inter-2/en4% or intr2-2/en4% 1e1or2n#1s or $etters 6i46 o#$ not 8e 202i$28$e 8%$2 to 2 +2rt% ot6er t62n 2n 2/en4% in $iti/2tion it6 t6e 2/en4% = USC W ==(98:9=: To >#2$i7%, 2 o4#1ent

1#st t6#s s2tis7% to 4onitionsF its so#r4e 1#st 8e 2 Go0ern1ent 2/en4%, 2n it 1#st 72$$ it6in t6e 218it o7 2

+ri0i$e/e 2/2inst is4o0er% #ner


42/43

2$$oin/ orin2r% i$i+ino 4iti3ens to in>#ire into 02rio#s /o0ern1ent 24tions s#46 2s GSIS $o2ns to +#8$i4

o77i4i2$s, sett$e1ent o7 M2r4os i$$-/otten e2$t6, 2n s2$e o7 re4$2i1e $2n to 7orei/n 4or+or2tions 9 /ollo,

+ ?(':?D /ollo, ++ =)-=&D Supra note &*=D Supra note &'D ?? P6i$ =)', =? 9())(:, 4itin/ P'P( v. 'anglapus, supra note ( 2n C"avez v. PC##, supra note &*D 6n re Sealed Case 9&(& ? (, ?(' USA++!C (' &D: st2tes t6#sF @ ixon, #SA, Sirica, 2n t6e

ot6er ixon 42ses 2$$ e1+$o%e 2 82$2n4in/ 1et6oo$o/% in 2n2$%3in/ 6et6er, 2n in 62t 4ir4#1st2n4es, t6e

+resienti2$ 4o11#ni42tions +ri0i$e/e 42n 8e o0er4o1e U0#$ *% 3#*101415/, *#%# 1-1%


43/43

?D Supra 2t note 'D Supra note &=D Supra 2t note &*'D +.S. v. ixon 9&* US '*?: st2tesF @No6ere in t6e Constit#tion is t6ere 2n% e+$i4it re7eren4e to 2

+ri0i$e/e o7 4on7ienti2$it%, %et to t6e etent t6is interest re$2tes to t6e effective disc"arge of a President%s

po3ers , it is +1%&144/

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