Alarms

1

2

Equipment alarms (Physical)

Line alarms (Logical)

Internal alarms

Card Fail

3

• Card Missing• Card Not Responding• Card Mismatch

The alarms listed above are common to all the Units. All the Units provided with a Card Controller have in addition another alarm, that is:

• Software Mismatch

All the Synchronous Units are supposed to manage LAPD channels.That is why they are able to arise the following alarm:

• MS/RS LAPD FAIL NURG

Which are the 1664 SMUnits without

Card Controller ?

• Switch Units• Power Supply Units

4

The severity of the internal alarms is selectable

Craft Terminal

Equipment Configuration

Alarm Criterion Tables

Urgent

Not Urgent

Disabledexcept of LAP-D Fail

Card Fail

This selection establishes the severity of these alarm as they should be considered by the affected Units

5

If an internal alarm or a Card fail event occur to a unit that is protected by a spare one, the severity shown in the alarm synthesis is set to

Not Urgent

6

• Card Missing

• Card Not Responding

• Card Fail

• Card Mismatch

• Software Mismatch

• LAP-D Fail

7

In order to understand how to manage these alarms it is useful to describe howthe detection of a Unit is performed.

The type of each card is defined by a hardware settingperformed by Alcatel

The Card Controller interprets the hardware settingand send this information to the SMEC

The SMEC receives the Card Type from each Card Controller and sends itto the Craft Terminal and to any other Administrative device

Exercise

8

It means: In this slot a Unit has been declared to exist but no Unit is present

Action : Insert in the Subrack the Unit declared in the Application Equipment Configuration

Subrack Configuration tableor delete the declaration

9

It means: In the corresponding slot a Unit has been declared to exist but SMEC is not able to dialogue with it

Action : Plug out and plug in the Unit. Reset SMEC.If the problem persists replace the unit following the Unit Replacement Procedure described in theMaintenance Chapter of the Operator’s Handbook

10

It means: Hardware Failure of the Unit

Action : Replace the unit following the Unit Replacement Procedure described in theMaintenance Chapter of the Operator’s Handbook

Front Panel indication

warning light Red

11

It means: In this slot a Unit has been declared butit is different from the one that is actually present

Action : Replace the unit with the one declared in theApplication Equipment Configuration

Subrack Configuration tableor modify the declaration

12

It means: The software version loaded on this Unitis different from the one loaded on the SMEC

Action : Download the updated software version followingthe Software Download procedures described in theGeneral Procedures Chapter of the Operator’s Handbook

13

It means: The Data Channels between this Unit and the remote connected Units are down

It makes sense if : The Unit involved is a synchronous device, that is to sayan aggregate unit ora synchronous tributary unit

What appears on the remote connected Unit: LAPD Fail alarm is present

You can have two types of LAPD KO alarm

The Data Channels related tothe Multiplexer Section is down

The Data Channels related tothe Regenerator Section is down

14

Action : A)Check the LAPD settings in the Application Local Configuration LAPD Configuration and Local Configuration tableB)Check the status of the SMEC C)Check the Pointer Justification Status

Severity: Not Urgent

15

1. Remove the Card Controller from a Unit. Which alarm do you expect to see?

Card Mismatch Card Fail Software Mismatch All the previous

The RemoteSMEC is notworking

2. In which of the following conditions the LAPD Fail alarm is present ?

The NSAPis not unique

CRU A is out ofservice

Ex BER

CardIdentifica

tion

3. Replace a bitributary unit with a spare one. The software version of the spare unit is different from the software version of the equipment. Which alarm do you expect to see?

Card notResponding

Card Fail andSoftwareMismatch

SoftwareMismatch

Software Mismatch andCard not Responding

16

• LOS Loss of Signal• LOF Loss Of Frame• EXBER Excessive Bit Error Rate

The most common are

• AU - AIS Administrative Unit Alarm Indication Signal• MS - AIS Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal• RDI (FERF) Remote Defect Indication• MS - RDI (MS - FERF)• Unavailable Path

17

It means: The Unit that reveals this alarms expects to receive a signal but it receives nothing.

Severity: Urgent

Action : Check the incoming line (connectors, fibers, cables)and the transmitters

Example

18

This Alarm hides:

19

With this terminology they point to two different indicationsin accordance with the signal hierarchy to which you refer

In fact you have

20

When a serious problem occur to a PDH signal at a certain pointalong its path, AIS is arisen and sent forward. In this way all theequipment involved in the transmission of the signal affected bythis problem and located downstream with respect to the faulty pointare alerted.

21

When a serious problem occur to an SDH signal at a certain pointalong its path, AIS is arisen and sent forward. In this way all theequipment involved in the transmission of the signal affected bythis problem and located downstream with respect to the faulty pointare alerted.

W Roma

Tributary

E Firenze VeneziaW WE E

Tributary Tributary

SDHSignal

The Tributary in Rome detects a serious problemAs a consequence the East Aggregate in Rome sendsdownstream an AIS message

22

Now the question is: does the problem indicated above affect all the signals transmitted betweenRome and Florence, or between Rome and Venice? The answer is definitely NOT.That is why the AIS sent forward by the East Aggregate in Rome must refer only to the corrupted signal,so as to say to a specific AU4 . For this reason this type of AIS is called

WRoma

1664 SM

Tributary

EFirenze

1664 SMVenezia1664 SMW WE E

Tributary Tributary

SDH Signal

23

Example

AU4 - AIS is generated setting all the Administrative Unit 4 bits to 1

11111111 11111111

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

AU4 - AIS is detected if at least 3 consequent frames haveall the AU4 pointers bits set to 1

11111111 111111113x

24

AU4 AIS - ALL Bytes equal to one

AU4 Signals

MULTIPLEX SECTION

Only the bytes related to the AU4 connected to the corrupted signalare charged to transmit AIS. All the other ones continue to carry thenormal traffic.

1

n

2...

10

...

16

25

In the drawing below all the alarms detected by the various Unitsare listed

WRoma

1664 SM

Tributary

EFirenze

1664 SMVenezia1664 SMW WE E

SDH Signal

Tributary Tributary

AU - AIS AU - AIS

LOS

NoAlarms

NoAlarms

AU4 AIS AU4 AISTributary

E

W

E

W

Tributary UnavailableAU Path

This Alarm will beexplained later on

26

1. The Tributary that detects a serious alarm on the receiving side forces an AU4 AISdownstream

2. An Aggregate that detects an AU4 AIS on its receiving side, reveals this alarm.PAY ATTENTION! Do not mix up the signals received and transmitted by an

equipment, with the signals internally exchanged among thevarious Units of the equipment itself.

3. If the AU4 in which the Aggregate detects AU4 AIS is connected to a tributary port,the Tributary Unit shows an UNAVAILABLE PATH ALARM.If not, the AU4 AIS is put in pass through and sent downstream.

27

It means: Within the SAME Multiplex Section in whichMS-AIS arises, a specific alarm has been detected.

This means that ONLY a Regenerator is licensed to send an MS AIS

WRoma

1664 SM

Tributary

EFirenze

1664 SMW E

Tributary

RegeneratorSignal

MS AIS

LOS orLOF

MULTIPLEX SECTION

RS RS

Example

28

This indication is generated as a consequence of

on the receiving side of a regenerator element

29

K2… … … … … 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

K2 byte

MS - AIS is detected when the MST functionobserves the pattern 111 in bits 6, 7, 8 ofbyte K2 in at least three consecutive frames

11111111 11111111

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

11111111 1111111111111111 1111111111111111 1111111111111111 11111111

The Payload and MSOH bytes are set to 1

30

1664 SMW E

SDH Port

1664 SMW E

SDH Port

Line Cut

MS AIS ?

NO !The faulty point is

NOT into thisMultiplex Section

31

1.In the situation below, which alarm do you expect to see on the tributary unit in Venezia?

Firenze1664 SM

Venezia1664 SMW WE E

SDH Port SDH Port

SDHSignal

2.Referring to the same situation, what do you expect to see on the Aggregate W in Venezia ?

All the 16 AU4with AU4 AIS

MS - AIS LOS Only the AU4 used to carrya channel with AU4 AIS

MS AIS

AU4 AIS

UnavailablePath

No Alarms

1664 SMW E

SDH Port

3.Is the situation described below for a 1664 SM correct?

• All the Channels are in pass through• Aggregate W detects AU4#15 AIS• Aggregate E detects AU4#15 AIS

Yes No

LineCut

32

Roma1664 SMW E

SDH Port

Firenze1664 SMW E

SDH Port

Napoli1664 SMW E

SDH Port

STM 1

AU4 # 15 AU4 # 15 AU4 # 15

AU4 # 15AU4 # 15

AU4 # 15

AU4 #15AIS

AU4 #15AIS

AU4 # 15

33

1.Is the following drawing correct ?

Yes NoIf You say No please explain why

MS LAPD KOLOS

NO ALARMS DETECTED

The LOS alarm hides the MS LAPD indication

1664 SM

1664 SM

1664 SM

MS LAPD KOLOS

34

It is revealed exclusively bytributary Units - both PDH and SDH

It means: The AU to which the Tributary is connected on the Multiplex section side (Aggregate) is not available. It may occur when the AU in question carries an AU-AIS or when the signal is not recognized (LOS,EXBER, LOF)

Action: Check the Connection Configurations. In fact it canbe the result of a misconnection. Otherwise it is theresult of a line or far-end problem.

Severity: Urgent

35

HPCSPI RST MST MSP MSA

Aggregate

MSA

MST

RST

….

Line

TRIBUTARY

Unavailable pathdetection

36

When a POH sink termination function block detects an all ones signalor a Signal Label Mismatch indication, it sends to the correspondingPOH source termination function an RDI message.

G1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1

POH

Example

37

Roma1664 SMW E

Tributary

PATTERN ANALYSER140 Mbit/s

Bologna1664 SMW E

Tributary


Milano1664 SMW E

Tributary

TributaryRDI

AIS

Aggregate ELOS

TributaryUnavailable

Path

Automatic Laser Shutdowndisabled over all spans

Aggregate EMS - RDI

This Alarm will beexplained later on

38

When a Multiplex Termination Function receives an SDH signalaffected by a serious problem (LOS,EXBER, LOF, LOP), or detectsMS-AIS, it sends to the opposite direction an MS-RDI indication

SDHSignalcorrupted

W Roma

Tributary

E Firenze VeneziaW WE E

Tributary Tributary

AU-AIS AU-AIS

The SDH Tributary in Rome detects a serious problem onthe incoming signalAs a consequence it sends an MS-FERF message backward

39

Though the regenerator is the only NE allowed to send an MS-AIS,it is not licensed to arise the MS-FERF indication.

W Roma

Tributary

E VeneziaW E

Tributary1666 SR

LOF

40

K2… … … … … 1 1 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

K2 byte

MS - FERF is detected when the MST functionobserves the pattern 110 in bits 6,7,8 ofbyte K2 in at least three consecutive frames

41

Firenze1664 SMW E

Tributary

Milano1664 SMW E

Tributary

Roma1664 SMW E

Tributary

Bologna1664 SME W

Tributary

Reg. A Reg. B

PATTERN ANALYSERSTM - 1


TRIBUTARYLOS

AGG East AU AIS

AGG E - AU AISTRIB - UN PATH

AU AIS

MS RDI

LOS

AU AIS

MS AIS

RDI

42

Firenze1664 SMW E

Tributary

Milano1664 SMW E

Tributary

Roma1664 SMW E

Tributary

Bologna1664 SME W

Tributary

Reg. A Reg. B



TRIBUTARYLOS

PDH AIS

Differences

NO AIS

NO AIS

LOS

AIS

MS AIS

RDI

43

Firenze1664 SMW E

Tributary

Milano1664 SMW E

Tributary

Roma1664 SMW E

Tributary

Bologna1664 SME W

Tributary

Reg. A Reg. B



AGG W MS - RDI

From East to WestLoss Of Frame

AGG E - MS AIS

TRIB - UN PATH

AU AIS



AGG E - AU AIS

TRIB - UN PATH

PDHAIS

44

Let’s go to page 42. The tributary unit in Bologna transmits an AIS toward the patternanalyser.In spite of this the tributary unit in Bologna does not show the Unavailable Path indication.

Now let’s go to page 43. The tributary unit in Milano transmits an AIS toward the patternanalyser.So the situation shown in this example is similar to the situation described above.But in this case the tributary unit in Milano shows an Unavailable Path indication.

Why ?

45

HPC/PPS

HPT

LPA

PPI

LINE

PAGE 42BolognaTributaryUnit

HPC/PPS

HPT

LPA

PPI

LINE

PAGE 43MilanoTributary UnitP

OH

C4POH

C4

VC4 VC4

All ones

46

Firenze1664 SMW E

Tributary

Milano1664 SMW E

Tributary

Roma1664 SMW E

Tributary

Bologna1664 SME W

Tributary

Reg. A Reg. B



AGG W MS - RDI

EW - LOS

AGG E - MS AISTRIB - UN PATH

AU AIS

WE - MS - RDI

WE - MS - RDI

RDI Automatic Laser Shutdownimplemented over all spans

47

Firenze1664 SMW E

Tributary

Milano1664 SMW E

Tributary

Roma1664 SMW E

Tributary

Bologna1664 SME W

Tributary

Reg. A Reg. B



AGG W MS - RDI

EW - LOS


AU AIS

WE - MS - RDI

WE - MS - RDI

RDI

The Line Cut has affected apath that is terminated in Rome.RDI should be detected there and notsent forward.Moreover we have ALS enabledin the span where the fault occurred.

48

Firenze1664 SMW E

Tributary

Milano1664 SMW E

Tributary

Roma1664 SMW E

Tributary

Bologna1664 SME W

Tributary

Reg. A Reg. B



AGG W MS - RDI

EW - LOS


AU AIS

WE - MS - RDI

WE - MS - RDI

Along this Regenerator Sectiona line cut is present. As a consequence Automatic LaserShutdown is performed.That is why we have a LOS indicationon the Aggregate West in Firenze

AGG W LOS

49

Firenze1664 SMW E

Tributary

Milano1664 SMW E

Tributary

Roma1664 SMW E

Tributary

Bologna1664 SME W

Tributary

Reg. A Reg. B



AGG W MS - RDI

EW - LOS


AU AIS

WE - MS - RDI

WE - MS - RDI

The Regenerator is not licensedto detect an MS - RDI indication

AGG W LOS

Documents

Alarms