Microwave TransmissionMicrowave Range Microwave range starts from .3Ghz to 300Ghz

MOST PRACTICAL RANGE FROM 1 GHz TO 100 GHz

ALCATEL MW RANGE 7-8-13-15-18-23-25-28-38 GHz

ADVANTAGES OF MW

1. 1- COST EFFECTIVE.

2. 2- SINGLE POINT MAINTENANCE.

3. 3- QUICK DEPLOYMENT ACROSS RIVERS AND MOUNTAINS.

TYPES OF LINKS

TYPES OF THE LINKS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY

PDH PHYLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIRARCHY

4E1,16E1,64E1

Alcatel PDH(CM-PAK PROJECT).

4E1,8E1,16E1,32E1.

SDH SYHCRONOUS DIGITAL HIRARCHY

STM-1,STM-4,STM16,STM-64.

PRACTICALLY (Pakistan) USED STM-1 & XPIC(2STM-1)

PDH

▼ AUDIO FREQUENCY =3.4 Khz INTELIGIBILITY NOT DISTURBED

▼ SAMPLING RATE = 8Khz sample/sec TO AVOID ALISING

▼ BITS PER SAMPLE = 8 bits/sample ENOUGH QUANTIZATION LEVEL TO DESCRIBE THE SIGNAL

▼ DATA RATE = (8bits/sample )(8khz samples/sec)= 64kbps

▼ E0 = 64kbps

▼ E1 = (32 )(64Kbps) = 2.048 Mbps (32 CHANNELS, FIRST USED FOR SYNCHRONISATION & 16TH

SIGNALING)

▼ E2 = (4)*E1 = 4 (2.048) = 8.448 Mbps

▼ E3 = (4)*E2 = 4(8.448) = 34.36 Mbps

▼ E4 = (4)*E3 = 4( 34.36) = 139.264 Mbps.

SDH

DATA RATE EQUILENT PDH

STM-1 155.52 Mbps 63E1

STM-4 4*155.52 = 622.08 Mbps 252E1

STM-16 4*622.08 = 2.488 Gbps 1008E1

STM-64 4*2.488 = 9.953 Gbps 4032E1

TYPES OF LINKS

▼ 1.2 TYPES OF THE LINKS ACCORDING TO CONFIGURATION

1+0 1+1

1+1 HST (EQUIPMENT PROTECTION)

1+1 SD (EQUIPMENT + PATH PROTECTION +BEST METHOD TO MINIMIZE MULTIPATH

INTERFERENCE.)

1+1 FD (CHANNEL PROTECTION)

TWIN PATH (NODAL SOLUTION)

LINK BUDGET

■ IF filter loss■ RF filter loss

MW DISH GAINS

■ DISH GAIN DEPENDS UPON FREQUENCY AND SIZE AND DISH TYPE

RADIO MODEL

OUT PUT POWER

▼ THE KEY IS SYSTEM GAIN

EMISSION DESIGNATAR

EMISSION DESIGNATAR

▼ Emission designator

FREQUENCY CHANNELS

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS 4E1

▼

FREQUENCY

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS 16E1

▼

FREQUENCY

CAPACITY, MODULATION & BAND WIDTH

▼ AS THE CAPACITY INCREASES WE HAVE TO INCREASE BANDWIDTH

OR MODULATION SCHEME,

▼ ITS DEPENDS UPON OUR CHOICE HOW TO SELECT BEST CHOICE.

MODULATION & BANDWIDTH

MODULATOR128QAM64QAM16QAM8PSK4PSK2PSK

F0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50-10-20-30-40-50 FREQUENCY (MHz)

100MB/s

supposed that100Mb/s data is carried by different levelof the modulator

LINK BUDGET

EIRP ( EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER)

EIRP IS ACTUAL RF POWER MEASURED AS MEASURED IN THE MAIN LOOB.

EIRP = 24 dbm – 1.7 dbm + 46.4 dbm = 68.70 dbm

RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (RX THRESHOLD)

IS THE WEAKEST RF SIGNAL THAT A RADIO NEEDS RECEIVE TO DEMODULATE & DECODE A PACKET

OF DATA WITHOUT ERRORS.

IT DEPENDS UPON BER THRESHOLD , FREQUENCY BAND , MODULATION SCHEME &. CAPACITY. IN

THIS LINK BUDGET IT IS -85dBm.

▼ THERMAL FADE MARGIN

(SYSTEM OPERATING MARGIN OR FADE MARGIN)

FADE MARGIN= RX SIGNAL – RECEIVER SENSITIVITY

= -28.35 dbm-(-85dbm) = 56.65 dbm.

LINK BUDGET

FREE SPACE LOSSThe Free Space Loss is predictable and given by the formula.

FSL = 92.4 + 20Log D + 20Log F

FSL = Free Space Loss (dB)

F = Frequency of transmission (GHz)

D = Distance between antennas (km).

FSL = 23.52 +24.30+ 92.4 = 140.29RX SIGNAL (dBm)

RX Signal = EIRP - FSL + RX Antenna Gain – Coax Cable Loss

RX Signal = 68.70dBm -140.29 + 46.4 dBi– 1.7dBm = -26.86dbm

BY INCLUDING REGIONAL EFFECTS (PATH DEPENDENT LOSSES)

RSL = -26.86 -1.46 = 28.32 dBm.

LINK BUDGET

What Is the Minimum SOM(FADE MARGIN) Needed?

Regarding the minimum SOM needed, there is no absolute answer to this question, but the

higher it is, the better.

Most agree that 20 dB or more is quite adequate. Some think as low as 14 dB is still

good.

POLARIZATION

ORIENTATION OF ELECTRIC COMPANENT OF EM WAVE WITH RESPECT TO GROUND

TYPES USED IN MW LINKS HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

CHOICE CRITERIA : VERTICAL POLARIZATION IS PREFFERED BECAUSE IT IS LESS PRONE TO

NOISE & FADING, BUT TO AVOID INTERFERENCE WE ALSO USE HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION.

IDU LEDs & FUNCTIONS

.

LED’s FUNCTIONS

ON GREEN WHEN POWERED ON

ODUW ( OUT DOOR UNIT WORKING)GREEN WHEN CARRYING TRAFFIC

RDI (REMOTE DEFECT INDICATION)RED WHEN THERE IS ANY MINOR OR MAJOR ALARM ON FAR END

LDI (LOCAL DEFECT INDICATION)RED WHEN THERE IS ANY MINOR OR MAJOR ALARM ON NEAR END

MIN (MINOR) RED MINOR ALARMS

MAJ (MAJOR) RED MAJOR ALARMS

LED’s FUNCTIONS

EOW (ENGINEERING ORDER WIRE)EOW IS COMMUNICATION PATH FOR VOICE OR DATA

THIS IS TRI STSTE LED

1- GREEN ENGINEERING ORDER WIRE FREE.

2- YELLOW ENGINEERING ORDER WIRE BUSY.

3- YELLOW BLINKING RECEVING A CALL

ATTD (ATTENDED)YELLOW IT IS ON WHEN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BUTTON HAS BEEN

PUSHED

IDU

▼ MAIN IDU

IDU

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (PUSH BUTTON)THIS PUSH BUTTON IS USED FOR CALL .IT TURNS OFF LEDs MAJ/MIN

AND TURN ON YELLOW LED.

LAMP TEST (PUSH BUTTON)IT IS USED TO VERIFY THAT LEDS ARE WORKING PROPERLY OR NOT.

RESET (PUSH BUTTON)IT IS USED FOR THE RESET .

IDUTPH ( TELEPHONE PORT RJ-11)EOW TELEPHONE RJ11 PORT.

OS (OPERATING SYSTEM)10/100 base-T RJ-45 PORT

ETHERNET CRAFT TERMIAL ACCESS.

TWO LEDs ON IT

1- GREEN ETHERNET LINK IS UP 2- ORANGE BLINKING TX OR RX ACTIVITY

IND (DEBUG) FOR FACTORY USE ONLY

OS & IND BOTH ARE 10/100 base-T INTERFACE(100MBPS OR 10MBPS OVER

TWISTED PAIR CABLE

ECT (EQUIPMENT CRAFT TEMINAL) RS-232 INTERFACE

9 PIN D TYPE FEMALE CONNECTOR

IDU

8E1/DS1 ( 37 PIN D-SUB FEMALE CONNECTOR)1-8E1/DS1 TRIBUTRIES ACCESS.

ESC (ENGINEERING SERVICE CHANNEL) 15 PIN FEMALE CONNECTOR

ALM (ALARM HOUSEKEEPING)

NMS-G703

USED TO ACCESS NE WITH ADJACENT NE.

NMS-V11USED TO ACCESS NE WITH ADJACENT NE.

SCSI (SMALL COMPUTER SERIAL INTERFACE) 1+1 INTERCONNECTION

IDU

POWER OPTIONS (3 PIN CONNECTOR)

THERE ARE THREE OPTIONS

1- 48 TO 60 VDC 20% (9.6)

2- 24 VDC 20% (4.8)

3- 48 TO 60 VDC 20% (9.6)

WHY WE USE NEGATIVE VOLTAGE ( e.g. -48VDC) ?

TO MINIMIZE THE INTERNAL NOISE

IN – VOLTAGE THE ELECTRON FLOW IS EQUIPMENT TO GROUND SO NOISE POSSIBILITY IS LESS

IN + VOLTAGE THE ELECTRON FLOW IS FROM GROUND TO EQUIPMENT SO NOISE POSSIBILITY

IS HIGH

COMMISSIONING

▼ STARTING THE CRAFT TERMINAL

SUPERVISION ---------> START

COMMISSIONING

▼ SHOW EQUIPMENT

COMMISSIONING

▼ USER NAME = initial▼ Password = initialing

commissioning

commissioning

POWER CONTROL METHODS

RTPC (RTPC STANDS FOR RADIO TRANSMITTING POWER CONTROL

ATPC (AUTOMATIC TRANSMITTING POWER CONTROL)

IN THIS CONFIGURATION WE SELECT THRESHOLD FOR THE POWER CONTROL

ATPC MIN POWER 4 dbm

ATPC MAX POWER 24dbm

RX THRESHOLD LEVEL -50 to-100 dbm

ATPC MAX VALUE DEPENDS UPON ACHIEVED RSL AND RX THRESHOLD LEVEL

MTPC (MANUAL TRANSMITTING POWER CONTROL)

IN THIS POWER CONTROL METHOD THE TRANSMITTING POWER IS SET BY DEFAULT TO

MAXIMUM VALUE,IF WE WANT TO REDUCE TX POWER WE HAVE TO INTRODUCE

ATTENEUATION IN IT.

ATPC SETTINGS

COMMISSIONING

SHIFTER & CF

SHIFTER & CENTRAL FREQUENCY(CF)

FOR EASY IDENTIFICATION 1&2 ARE CONSIDRED TO BE LOW AND 1P & 2P ARE HIGH

SHIFTER = HIGH FREQ – LOW FREQ

Unis of the above entries mhz

commissioning

STATUS CHECKING

RSL CHECKING

RSL CHECK

IF FREQUENCY

▼ IF FREQUENCY (INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCE)BAND SPECIFIC ( AM,FM, VESTEGIAL ,MW etc) &

EQUIPMENT SPECFIC (Alcatel, NEC, HARRIS etc)

TWO MAJOR CLASSESIF TX FREQUENCY = 340 Mhz

IF RX FREQUENCY = 140 Mhz

&

IF TX FREQUENCY = 850 Mhz

IF RX FREQUENCY = 450 Mhz

IF CABLE CHARACTERISTICS

IF TX FREQUENCY = 340 Mhz

IF RX FREQUENCY = 140 Mhz

CABLE IMPEDENCE = 50 Ohm

MAXIMUM LENGTH = 300m

TNC CONNCETORS ARE USED AT EACH END.

MW DISH PARTSREFLECTOR

CONVERGE THE INCOMMING WAVES TO FEED HORN & DIVERGE THE OUTGOING

WAVES TO REFLECTOR .

FEEDHORN

THIS IS FEED MECHANISM.

SHROUDER

ALLIGN THE MISS ALIGN WAVES TO MINIMISE DIFFEREACTION & REFLECTION TO

MINIMIZE THE INTEFERENCE.

RADOME

TO PROTECT THE REFLECTOR & FEED HORN AGAINST DUST, WATER etc.

ASSEMBLYTO ATTACHE THE DISH WITH POLE.

HOW TO UPGRAD FLASH CARD

Check the flash card version.

if the flash card is of version 2.0.2 or 2.0.3 then up gradation is required.

CD of the required version.

Insert the CD & make the path.

After up gradation activate the upgraded version.

HOW TO UPGRAD FLASH CARD

Abnormal Condition List

This option enables you to check if there is any loopback or TX Mute activation.

Abnormal Condition List

This option enables you to check if there is any loopback or TX Mute activation.

TX MUTE

This option helps you to avoid interference during Alignment of new link in the congested environment.

Also used during alignment of SD links and XPIC links.

EVENT LOG

Event log is very useful for the links which flactuates during night hours,at that time you are not

on the site and you want to know the reason of fluctuations .

EVENT LOG

EVENT LOG

Loop Back

RF LOOP BACK

▼ BY RF LOOP BACK YOU CAN CHECK YOUR HARDWARE (IDU,ODU,IF

CABLE,CONNECTORS),THAT THEY ARE WORKING PROPERLY

TRIBUTRY LOOP BACK

▼ BY TRIBUTRY LOOP BACK WE CAN PERFORM BIT ERROR RATE TEST .

SAVE CURRENT CONFIGURATION

MIB MANAGEMENT MIB INCLUDES ALL THE SYSTEM INFORMATION EXCEPT ROUTING CONFIGURATION

DATA,BECAUSE IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE UNIQUE FOR EACH LINK.

BACK UP 17

BY using this option we can save NE configuration on CT( craft terminal)

Write the suitable filename then click on confirm Backup to make the Back up on CT.

RESTORE & ACTIVATE

SELECT ONE OF THE BACK UP PRESS Confirm Restore

By pressing the Reset previous configuration will be cancelled & new is applied.

To activate new configuration click MIB Click activate

RESET BY SOFTWARE

YOU CAN RESET NE FROM THIS OPTION.

BIT ERROR RATE THRESHOLD

▼ BER = ERRORS/TOTAL NUMBER OF BITS

▼ EB (Error Block) A block in which one or more bits are in error.

▼ ES (Error Second) A second during which an error block (EB) occurs.

▼ SES (Severely Error Second) Any second which contains more than 30%

error Blocks.

▼ BBE (Background block error) An error block which is not part of SES.

▼ UAS (Unavailable seconds) Unavailable time begins after 10 consecutive SES.

PERFORMANCE

SES EXPLANATION

EQUIPMENT ALARM

Alarm Replaceable Unit Problem

Problem on a replaceable Unit Replace the Unit

Alarm Replaceable Unit Type MismatchMismatch between the installed unit and its software configuration

change the software according to unit specs or change the unit.

Alarm Internal communication problemconnection b/w odu & idu is lost

Alarm Version MismatchMismatch between the CT software version and the equipment software version.

Download the new software version.

RADIO ALARMCable LOSProblem on the IDU/ODU link cable or on the ODU itself.

Check the cable (disconnected, loose connection, cut, short circuited, defective connector etc…)

If the alarm remains, change the ODU.

Incompatible FrequencyFrequency configuration setting incompatible with the ODU specs

Adjust the frequency setting with the ODU frequency range or change the ODU.

Incompatible PTx

(ODU) Output power out of range

Tx fail

(ODU) Transmitter failure Replace the ODU

RADIO ALARMMod fail

(ODU) modulator failure Replace the ODU

Loss of frame & Rx fail(ODU) Loss of incoming frame at the antenna level.

Check the received level. Check the remote station Tx path first. Check the local station Rx

path. Check the antennas alignment & connection to ODU.

Replace defective hardware part if any.

High / Low BERHigh / Low Bit Error Rate at Rx side.

Check the received level. Check the remote transmit path and the local receive path (Soft configuration and

hardware.Investigate any frequency interference. Replace defective hardware part if any.