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trSmpm Tpmtkyfonf ta&S@awmiftm&S

owif;vGwfvyfcGifhqkdif&m r[mrdwftzGJ@ (pDyg)rS qDavsmfatmif bmomjyefqdk xkwfa0xm;jcif;jzpfonf? ‘pDyg’onf vGwfvyfaom owif;orm;rsm;ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&StwGif; owif;vGwfvyfcGifh&&Sd&ef ulnDaqmif&Gufay;aeolrsm; yg0if aygif;pnf;xm;aom tzJG@tpnf; jzpfonf?

TpmtkyfrSaeI jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; pme,fZif; vGwfvyfcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf awmif;qdkay;Ekdif&ef ar#mfvifh onf? wkdif;jynftwGif;rS pme,fZif; tajctaetrSefrsm;udk pmtkyftwGif;wGif azmfjyxm;aom tcsuftvuf rsm;/ enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh owif; jzef@a0Ekdifygonf? xdk@tjyif pme,fZif;vkyfief; vGwfvyfpGm &yfwnfcGifh&a&;twGuf awmif;qdkr_rsm;ESifh Ed_;aqmfr_rsm; jyKvkyfEkdif&efvnf; &nf&G,fygonf?

Tpmtkyfonf tcsufay;&ef apmifh=unfhaeaom owif;uGef,uftwGuf txl;jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SrS owif;orm;rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&Smufaeolrsm;twGuf 4if;wdk@.tvkyfrsm; wGif

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Tpmtkyfyg t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wenf;enf;jzifh toHk;jyKEkdifap&ef &nf&G,fI ‘pDyg’rS OD;aqmif }udK;yrf;xm; jcif;jzpfonf? (SEAPA/August 2007) bmomjyef - orm"d wnf;jzwf - Ekdfif;Edkif;

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Ò E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,uf (ac: ) Action Alert Network (AAN).........................................................................6

Ò E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;? ...............................8 Ò xda&mufaom E_d;aqmfpmrsm; jyifqifa&;om;&eftwGuf

vrf;!$efr_ (10)csuf?..............................................................................................10 Ò E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,uf owif;tcsuftvuf

trsdK;tpm;? ....................................................................................................................16 Ò E_d;aqmfpma&;om;jcif;twGuf t}uH m%f .....................................22 Ò jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd vGwfvyfpGm

xkwfazmfa&;om;ajymqdkcGifhukd xdckdufapaom Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;? .........................................................................................29

Ò vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjyjcif;ESifh EkdifiHwum Oya'rsm;? .........................................................................................................................39

Ò t"du tcGifhta&;rsm;? ......................................................................................41 Ò “tkdif;zufpf” (IFEX) qkdwm bmvJ?....................................................53 Ò “pDyg” (SEAPA) qkdwm bmvJ? ................................................................55 Ò tkdif;zufpf - pDyg (IFEX - SEAPA) wkd@. pme,fZif;

vGwfvyfcGifh pDrHudef;? ............................................................................................56 Ò ta&S@awmiftm&S - E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,uf

qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;?....................................................................................58

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Ttcef;wGif azmfjyxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf uae'gEkdifiH/ wkd&Gefwkd&Sd EkdifiHwum vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;azmfxkwfEdkdifr_rsm; zvS,fa&; (okd@) tkdif;zufpf owif;pkaqmif; jzef@a0a&;Xme (International Freedom of

Expression Exchange or IFEX Clearing House) rS jyifqifxm;aom E_d;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;onfhpmtkyfrS aumufE_wf azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_uGef,uf. aemufykdif;wGif &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh ,lqcsuf rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onf? ,if;tjyif urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhae&mwGifrqdk vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfa&;om;r_ukd ydwfyifwm;jrpfaeonfrsm;twGuf xda&mufaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm; jyifqif a&;om;Ekdif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;vnf; azmfjy xm;onf?

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E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,uf (ac: ) Action Alert Network (AAN)

tkdif;zufpf. t"du zGJ@pnf;ykHwpfckrSm E_d;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;r_uGef,uf (ac: ) Action Alert Network

(AAN) jzpfonf? ,if;tpDtpOfatmufwGif oufqkdif&mae&ma'otvkduf (odk@r[kwf) rdrdwdk@ u|rf;usifonfh owif; OD;wnfcsuf vrf;a=umif;tvdkuf vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfa&;om;r_udk aESmifh,Suf[ef@wm;aeonfh owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ukd tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;rS tpD&ifcHpm ay;ydk@&rnfjzpfonf? 4if;wkd@. tpD&ifcHpm (odk@r[kwf) owday; E_d;aqmfpmrsm; (Alerts) ukd tkdif;zufpf owif;pkaqmif; jzef@a0a&;Xme rSwqifh tkdif;zufpf. wurBmvHk;&Sd tquftoG,f uGef,ufrsm;okd@ ay;ydk@oGm;rnfjzpfonf? ,cifESifh ,ckqufvufjzpfay:aeaom vH_@aqmfr_rsm; twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm; jzef@a0Edkif&efESifh qkdif;iHHhaeonfh vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkEkdifcGifhrsm;twGuf vkdtyfonfh aemufqHk;&&Sdxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk (AAN) upDrHay;onf?

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xkd@a=umihf (AAN) onf tzJG@0ifrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ &SmazGawG@&Sdr_ESifh owif;tcsuftvuf r#a0oHk;pJGr_rsm;/ tvkdtyfqHk;tajctaetwGuf OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukd tkdif;zufpftzJG@0ifrsm; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjyeftvSef ta=umif;=um;today;aeEkdifonfh pepfwpfckjzpfonf? urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhae&mwGifrqkd ykHESdyf vGwfvyfcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkr_udk aESmifh,Suf[ef@wm;aeonhft&mrsm;ukd urBmwpf0Srf;vHk; yl;aygif;yg0ifjyD; v#ifv#ifjrefjref wkH@jyefEkdif&ef AAN u cGifhjyKxm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;ESifh pme,fZif;avmu wdkufcdkufcH&r_rsm;twGuf EkdifiHwumwGif rD;armif;xkd;jy&rnfh wm0efrsm;udk E_d;aqmfpmrsm;u ulnDavhusifhay;&rnf jzpfonf? vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;twGif; axmifwHcg;rsm; zGifhay;cJhjcif;/ wm;jrpfxm;onfh ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhrsm; z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhjcif;ESifh vl@toufaygif;rsm;pGm u,fwifEkdifcJhjcif;rsm;txd E_d;aqmfpmrsm;u ulnDay;cJhonf?

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E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;? E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_qkdonfrSm vufwavm

EkdifiHa&;tajctaeay: rlwnfI vkdtyfonfh owfrSwf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf tultnDawmif;qkd&ef a&;om;ay;ykd@onfhpm jzpfonf? aumif;rGefjyifqifxm;onfh E_d;aqmf pmv_yf&Sm;r_wGif vlrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qdkif&mu¾tvkdufaqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukd 'Drkdta&pDenf;usus yg0if v_yf&Sm;=u&ef jzpfonf? 4if;pmrsm;onf E_d;aqmfv_yf&Sm;olrsm;. &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom &nfrSef;csufESifh ,kwWd&Sdaom enf;pepfrsm;ESifh tjrJwrf; wom;wnf;jzpfaeatmif pDpOfxm;onf?

E_d;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;r_wGif t"dutm;jzifh ‘wukd,fawmf E_d;aqmfpm’ESifh ‘tzJG@tpnf;tvkduf v_H@aqmfr_’[lI ESpfrsdK;cJGjcm;Ekdifonf?

wukd,fawmfE_d;aqmfpmrSm yk*~Kdvfa&;&m pmemaxmufxm;wwfol trsm;tjym;t=um; yg0ifpD;arsmoGm; ap&ef&nf&G,fI jzef@a0a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf? tzGJ@tpnf;tvkduf v_H@aqmfr_wGif pmwkdufvdyfpmrsm;ESifh 4if;wkd@ &nf&G,fxm;aom y&dwfowfrsm;rSwqifh ykHrSefqufoG,f vkyfaqmifaeonf? ,if;y&dwfowfwGif

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tifwmeuf tokdif;t0kdif;rS y&dwfowfrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ pkpnf;vkyfaqmifaeqJ vlenf;pkaomfvnf;aumif; yg0ifEkdifonf? (Orrm-tkdif;zufpf tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ vkyfazmfukdifzuf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ owif;vufcH&&Sdolrsm; yg0ifonf?)

tifwmeufukd tajccHaom E_d;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;r_onf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ w,fvDzkef;ESifh zufpfrsm;ukd tajccHxm;onfh pnf;&kH;v_yf&Sm;r_udk ykdrdkaumif;rGefatmif jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? txl;xkwfazmfcsuf wpfckt wGuf tav;ay;aom y&dwfowfrsm;xHokd@ E_d;aqmfpma&muf&SdEkdifr_/ xkdrSwqifh 4if;wkd@xHrS wkH@jyefr_wkd@ukd v#ifjrefpGm &&Sdjcif;ponfh tajccHpnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;rsm;onf ,if;v_yf&Sm;r_ ESpfckt=um;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh wlnD=uaomf vnf; ,ae@ acwftifwmeuf 0ufqkd'frsm;rSwqifh pmrsm; a&;om;jzef@a0jcif;u ykdrkdoufomaponfhtjyif v#if jref xda&mufr_vnf; &dSonf?

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xda&mufaom E_d;aqmfpmrsm; jyifqifa&;om;&eftwGuf vrf;!$efr_ (10)csuf? 1? pkHprf;od&Sdxm;or# &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom tcsufrsm;&&Sdxm;&ef Ò w&m;Oya'ESifh nD!$wfap&eftwGuf rlvpkHprf;xm;onfh

tcsuftvufrsm;ukd azmfaqmifay;yg? Ò owif;tcsuftvufrsm; rSefuefr_ukd prf;ppfyg? Ò 'kuQa&mufapwwfaom trSm;rsm;ukd a&Smif&eftwGuf

&Sif;vif;csufrsm; &&Sdxm;yg? Ò trnfrazmfvkdaom owif;tcsufrsm; tokH;jyKjcif;ukd

a&Smif&Sm;yg?

2? vuf&Sdjzpf&yftay: ,ciftzGJ@0ifrsm;. E_d;aqmfpmrsm;ukd jyefvSefokH;oyf&ef? Ò jzpf&yfwpfcktwGuf ,cifa&;om;csufrsm;ukd jrifEkdif&ef

tkdif;zufpfuGef,ufwGif jzef@a0xm;cJhaom ,cif E_d;aqmfpmrsm;tm; jyefavhvmjcif;onf tudsK;&Sdapygonf?

Ò Ttqifhonf tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm; taeESifh jy\emwpfck. qufpyfonfh tcsuftvuftay: wlnDaompmrsufESmay:wGif &Sdaeap&ef ulnDay;onfhtjyif/

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a&S@quf+yD; tzGJ@0iftcsif;csif; em;vnfr_ vGJjcif;/ a&S@aemuf rnDnGwfjcif;rsm; r&Sd&avatmif tultnDay;onf?

3? EkdifiHwum pmzwfy&dwfowfrsm;twGuf a&;om;ay;&ef? Ò a0g[m&rsm;ukd t"dy`g,fowfrSwfI Aef;pum;rsm;

a&;om;jcif;ukd a&Smif=uOfyg? Ò rdrd,Ofaus;r_/ rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;YomokH;aom

pum;vkH;rsm;tpm; wpffurBmvkH;odaom pum;vHk;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,ftokH;jyKyg?

Ò EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. twkdaumufpmvkH;rsm;tjyif emrnftjynfhpkHukdyg xnfhoGif; azmfjyay;yg?

4? jzpf&yfwpfcktwGuf tao;pdwfvkdtyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;ukd pDpOfa&;om;ay;yg? Ò jy\emjzpfyGm;cJhaom tcsdefumvukd&nf!$ef;onfh

&ufpGJukd t+rJwrf;xnfhoGif;ay;yg? ,ae@/ reufjzef/ vGefcJhaomtywf paom pum;vkkH;rsm;ae&mwGif wdusaom&ufpGJrsm;jzifh tpm;xkd;a&;om;ay;yg?

Ò jy\emjzpfyGm;cJhaom ae&ma'oukd azmfjyay;yg?

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Ò wkdufckdufolrsm;/ 'kuQa&mufolrsm;ESifh "m;pmcHrsm;. emrnfrsm;ukd odcJhv#if &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyay;yg?

5? jzpf&yftm;vkH;ukd ajymjyyg? (jzpf&yfrsm;a&;om;&mwGif txl;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rSvJGI wpfrsufESmxuf rykdoifhyg?) Ò t"dutcsufrsm;. &Sif;vif;csufrsm;ukd vkd&if;ESifh

xda&mufpGm a&;om;ay;yg? Ò vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;azmfxkwfr_ESifh qufpyf

ywfoufonfrsm;ukd &Sif;jyay;yg? Ò t=urf;zufr_twGuf jzpfEkdifacs&SdaomudpPrsm;ukd

odcJhv#ifazmfjyay;yg? Ò aemufcHta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ,if;twGufta&;ygaom

&kd;&Sif;onfh !$ef=um;csufrsm;ukdyg xnfhoGif; azmfjyyg? (Oyrm - tifwmeufpmrsufESm tcsdwftqufrsm;)

6? tvG,fwul zwfEkdif/ em;vnfEkdifap&ef jyKvkyfyg? Ò jy\emukd tusOf;csHK;azmfjyaom &Sif;vif;aumif;rGefonfh

acgif;pnf;rsm;ESifh pwifa&;om;yg? Ò ynm&yfqdkif&m toHk;tE_ef;rsm;r[kwfonfh omref a0g

[m&rsm;ukdomokH;pGJyg? Ò &kd;&Sif;onfh o'Ngenf;ESifh 0guswkdrsm;ukdom okH;yg?

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Ò &SnfvGef;aom pmykd'frsm;ukd cGJxkwfay;yg? Ò +iD;aiG@r_r&Sdap&ef odomjrifomaom acgif;pnf;rsm;ukd

tokH;jyKyg? Ò xyfcgxyfcg a&;om;r_rsm;ukd a&Smifyg?

7? rSefuefr_r&Sdaom azmfjycsufrsm; a&;om;jcif;ukd a&Smif&Sm;yg? Ò rSefuefr_r&Sdaom awmif;qkdr_rsm;/ ra&&maom

rSef;qcsufrsm;tm; a&Smif&Sm;oifhonf? xkdokd@jyKvkyfjcif; onf 'kuQa&mufaeoltm; aumif;usdK;xuf qdk;usdK;ukdom jzpfaponfhtjyif owif;tcsuftvuf tay: pDpOfxm;onfh ,kH=unfr_rsm;ukdvnf; xdckdufaponf?

Ò EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH. t=urf;zufr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdr_udk tpD&ifcHpma&;om;csufay:wGif EkdifiHwumESifh qufpyfonfh EkdifiHtcsif;csif; oabmwlxm;aom vufrSwfrsm;/ pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd ukd;um; azmfjy ay;yg? Oyrm - tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;/ jynfolESifhEkdifiHa&; tcGifhta&;tay: EkdifiHwum ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS acgif;pOfcGJ 19/ wkdif;jynf. tajccHOya'wGif yg0ifaom vGwfvyfpGmxkwf azmfa&;om;EkdifcGifh tajctae tp&Sdojzifh ukd;um;Ekdifonf?

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8? vkdtyfygu axmufcHr_ tm;ay;jcif;rsm; xnfhoGif;yg? Ò &Sif;vif; xda&mufaom axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;

xnfhoGif;ay;yg? Ò jzpf&yfwpfckonf tcsdefESifhywfoufI pOf;pm;&efvkdtyfygu

tb,fha=umifh jzpfa=umif;&Sif;jyyg? Ò taumif;qHk;xda&mufr_ &Sd&eftwGuf rdrdt"duxm;

OD;wnfvkdonfrSm rnfonfh tm%mykdifjzpfonf udk okH;oyfEkdif&eftwGuf tcsdef,laqmif&Gufyg?

Ò txda&mufqkH; qufoG,fEkdifonfhenf;vrf;rsm;ESihf wdkuf&kdufqufoG,fEkdifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk vnf; t}uHjyKyg?

9? +yD;jynfhpkHaom wnf;jzwfonfh tqifhwpfckukd taumiftxnfazmfyg? Ò rl=urf;wpfckukd ray;ykd@rD a0zefcsufrsm; awmif;cHyg? Ò emrnfrsm;. owfykHrSefuefr_ukd ppfaq;+yD;

v_H@aqmfpmwav#mufvkH;&Sd pmvkH;aygif;owfykH rSefuefr_&Sdr&Sd aocsmpGmjyKvkyfyg?

Ò vkdtyfonfxuf pum;vkH;tykdrsm; okH;pGJjcif;ukd a&Smif=uOfyg?

Ò xyfcgxyfcg a&;om;xm;onfrsm;ukd y,fzsufyg?

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10? oifhawmfaom aemufqufwGJrsm;ukd aocsmpGmjyKvkyfyg? Ò jy\emukd tpOfrjywf }uD;=uyfyg? Ò &&SdEkdifygu xl;jcm;ta&;ygaom/ topfjzpfaom

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh tqufrjywf azmfxkwf ay;yg?

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E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,uf owif;tcsuftvuf trsdK;tpm;?

E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_uGef,uf (ANN)rS jzef@a0aomt&mtm;vHk;onf tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;rS pkpnf;xm; jcif;jzpfonf?

1? E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ (okd@) E_d;aqmfpmrsm;

E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf (ANN)rS xkwfa0aom ta&twGufrsm;jzpfonf? 4if;wkd@ukd tkdif;zufpftzGJ@ 0ifrsm;ESifh emrnfpm&if; ay;oGif;olrsm;ukdom oD;oef@jzef@a0onf? trsm;tm;jzifh ta&;,lEkdifavmufaom jy\emrsm;udktajccHonfh tvkyfrsm;jzpfonf? 2? E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ (okd@) E_d;aqmfpmrsm;tm; vuf&Sdtajctaersm;jzifh tqufrjywfapjcif;

tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0iftzGJ@pnf;rS tcsuftvufwpfckukd &&Sdaomtcg (ANN). pDpOf! ef=um;olonf ,cifE_d;aqmfpmrsm;ukd OD;pGmjyefvnfppfaq;jcif;udk tjrJjyKvkyf&onf? ,cifjzef@a0xm;aom E_d;aqmfpmrsm;twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;

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xyfrHaygif;xnfh&ef jyifqifonfhtcgwGif rnfonfu owif;tcsuftvuf topf jzpfonf rnfonfuaemufcHtcsufjzpfonfukd &Sif;vif;uGJjym;pGmodjrifxm;jcifonf tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;twGuf ta&;}uD;onfhtcsuf jzpfonf?

3? owif;xkwfjyefcsuf

owif;pmxkwfjyefcsuf jyKvkyfonfqkdonfrSm owif;xkwfa0&mwGif a&;om;okH;E_ef;r_rsm; tenf;i,f rSm;,Gif;cJhonfukd jyefvnf jyifqif&eftwGufjzpfonf? tkdif;zufpf owif;pkaqmif; jzef@a0a&;XmetaeESifh owif; Xmersm;ESifh qufoG,fI owif;jzef@a0jcif;rsm;/ udk,fykdif owif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;ukd jyifqifvkyfaqmifavh r&Sday? okd@aomfvnf; tzGJ@tpnf;. owif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;ukdrl tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh emrnfpm&if; ay;oGif;xm;olrsm;ukdom jzef@a0avh&Sdonf? xkdokd@jzef@a0&mwGifvnf; jzpfyGm;xm;onfh jy\emudpPrsm;yg0ifjyD; owif;ESifhywfoufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm; tenf;i,fomyg&SdjyD;/ xkwfjyefcsufrsm;ukdom ykdrkd xnfhoGif;avh &Sdonf? tajctae ta=umif; t&mESifh qufpyfap&ef pD&ifxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;. owif;xkwfjyefcsuf qkdonfrSmvnf;

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tkdif;zufpf. E_d;aqmfpm/ owif;xkwfjyefonfhpm/ aemufqHk;&&Sdonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk today;onfhpmrsm; toGifjzifhom jzef@a0 =uonf?

4? tpD&ifcHpm

aphpyfaocsmaom tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;ygonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ukd tcdsefrSefrSefxkwfa0 v#uf&Sdonf? tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wkdif;jynfwpfjynf. a&;om;azmfxkwfEkdifcGifh vGwfvyfr_ tajctae yHkpHjzifhvnf; aumif;/ vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfEkdifcGifhtwGuf jynfwGif;ESifh EkdifiHwum&Sd Oya'a&;&mESifh yg0ifywfoufaer_tay: avhvmokH;oyfr_rsm; taejzifhvnf;aumif;/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd ykHESdyfvGwfvyfcGifhtay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;. ESpfpOf tpD&ifcHpmrsm; taejzifhvnf;aumif; (Oyrm - ESpfpOf t=urf;zuf owfjzwfcHae=u&aom owif;axmuf ta& twGuf) wifjy=uonf?

5? tzGJ@0ifrsm;. twGif;a&; E_d;aqmfpm/ awmif;yefpm/ awmif;qkdpm/ ar;jref; pkHprf;onfhpm

twGif;a&;udpPrsm;ukd tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;udkom jzef@a0onf? ANN .vkyfief;pOfonf xdcdkufvG,faom

19

owif;rsm;/ raocsmaom owif;rsm;rSpI rnfonfhowif;ukdrqkd v#ifjrefpGm jzef@a0Ekdifa&;twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh qkdifaom qufoG,fr_rsm;twGuf tzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um; &&Sd&ef cGifhjyKxm;onf?

tu,fI ay;ykd@aompmrsm;onf tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;twGufom jzpfygu trSwftom;rsm;jyKvkyfum tcsufjyavh&Sdonf? tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm; rsm;Ekdifor# rsm;rsm; yg0ifqifE$Jaom pkaygif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd twGif;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpfom vkyfaqmifavh &Sdaomfvnf; &&Sdvmonfh tudsK;qufukdrl jyifyokd@ jzef@a0avh&Sdonf?

pkHprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;ukd tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh owif;pkaqmif; jzef@a0a&;Xmeuom aqmif&GufEkdifonf? jzef@a0onfh pm&if;rsm;onfvnf; tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0if tzGJ@pnf;rsm;. twGif;vlpm&if;rsm;om jzpfonf? pkHprf;ppf aq;r_rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh jy\em&if;jrpfukdom &SmazGavh&Sdonf// pDpOf!$ef=um;oltaeESifh a&muf&Sdvmor# owif;rsm;rS jzef@a0oifhaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ANN wGif jzef@a0jcif; r&Sdao;onfhwdkif txufyg vkyf aqmifcsufukd tokH;jyKEkdif&Sdonf? tcsdefwpfcktwGif; tzGJ@0iftenf;i,ftwGuf pHkprf;r_rsm;ukdvnf; omreftm;jzifh

20

jyKvkyfEkdifonf? (Oyrm/ wkdif;jynfwpfjynf&Sd tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;xm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; okd@r[kwf vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmf wifjyr_twGuf vuf&Sd}uHKqkHaeaom toGiftjyifrsm; tp&Sdojzifh yg0ifonf? 6? tkdif;zufpf. oD;oef@ wnf&Sdaeaom vdyfpm pm&if;rsm;

tkdif;zufpf. 1995 ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;wGif tvkdtav#muf jzef@a0Ekdifaom tD;ar;vfvdyfpmrsm;ESifh emrnfpm&if;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfay;&ef owif;pkaqmif; jzef@a0a&;Xmeukd awmif;qkdxm;onf? xkdpm&if;rsm;onf tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;. tcsuftvufrsm;tm; pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;twGuf pDrHay;xm;jcif;jzpfjyD; ANN wGif azmfjy xm;rnf r[kwfay? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd tkdif;zufpftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ owif;pkaqmif; jzef@a0a&; XmerSvnf;aumif; tvdktavsmufjzef@a0ay;rnfh vdyfpmpm&if;rS wkduf&kdufay;ydk@oGm;rnfjzpfonf? ,if;tcsuf tvufrsm;wGif ESpfcgxyfygaeonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm; (Oyrmtm;jzifh Ed_;aqmifpmv_yf&Sm;r_udk uef@uGufonfhpm rsm;) vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfwifjya&;twGuf aemufcHta=umif;t&mrsm;/ tkdif;zufpftokdif;t0kdif;ESifh qufpyfae aom rsm;jym;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;owif;rsm;/

21

tkdif;zufpfuGef,ufwGif ykdrkdtqifhrDaom bmomjyefrsm;ESifh wnf; jzwf+yD;aom pmykHpHrsm;tjyif rwnf;jzwf rjyKjyif&aompmrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf?

22

E_d;aqmfpma&;om;jcif;twGuf t}uH^m%f owif;tcsuftvuf trsdK;tpm; Ò E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;jcif;/ E_d;aqmfpm/ E_d;aqmfpmwGif

aemufqHk;&&Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGif;a&;om;jcif;/ owif;xkwfjyefcsuf/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm; tp&Sdojzifh azmfjy&rnf?

Ò &&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf csufjcif; taumiftxnfazmf&efavm/ od&Sdxm;&ef oufoufayavm qkH;jzwfyg?

t&if;tjrpf Ò 'kuQa&mufolrsm;. vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;/

rsufjrifoufaorsm;/ a&S@aersm;/ owif; tpD&ifcH pmrsm;/ vl@tcGifha&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tp&Sdojzifh owif;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd cGJjcm;owfrSwfyg?

Ò jzpfEkdifygu oD;oef@ t&if;tjrpfukd &Smyg? tu,fI xkdt&if;tjrpfonf v#dK@0Sufoifhygu oD;oef@owfrSwfI ,if;tay:wGifvnf; rdrd. v#dK@0Sufemrnfrsm;ay;yg?

23

t=urf;zufr_ trsdK;tpm; Ò Oyrm/ zrf;qD;jcif;/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;/

t=urf;zufwkdufckdufjcif;/ wkdufckdufjcif;/ wm;jrpfjcif;/ qifqmjzwf awmufjcif;/ pGyfpGJjcif;/ touftE W&m,f +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;jcif;/ xdef;odrf;jcif;/ azsmufzsufjcif;/ '%f&kdufjcif;/ aESmifh,Sufapmfum;jcif;/ tusOf;csxm;jcif;/ xdckduf'%f&m&jcif;/ jyefay;qGJjcif;/ Oya't& ta&;,ljcif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;/ tjypf'%fay;jcif;/ &mxl;rScsxm;jcif;/ tjcm;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ ESdyfpuf!Sif;yef;jcif;/ tp&Sdojzifh azmfjy&rnf?

'kuQa&mufolrsm; Ò woD;yk*~v emrnfrsm;/ xkwfa0jcif; emrnfrsm; (okd@r[kwf)

tjcm; &nfn$ef;aom emrnfrsm;? Ò 'kuQa&mufolrsm;tm; rnfolrnf0g[k xkwfazmfwifjyjcif;

(Oyrm? ynm&Sif/ ADG'D,dk&dkufol/ t,f'Dwm/ vl@tcGifhta&;twGuf vdkufygaqmif&Gufay;ol/ owif;axmuf/ owif;pm a&mif;ol/ "gwfykH&kdufol/ xkwfvkyf ol/ pma&;ol tp&Sdojzifh?) tjcm; &nf!$ef;onfrsm; (pmtkyf/ r*~Zif;/ owif;pm/ tzGJ@tpnf;/ toHv$ihfXme/ &kyfjrifoH=um;Xme tp&Sdojzifh?) yg&Sd&rnf?

24

Ò 'kuQa&mufolonf EkdifiHjcm;Y tvkyfaeoljzpfv#if rnfonfhekdifiHom; jzpfa=umif;ukdyg wifjy&rnf?

Ò &nf!$ef;csufonf owif;XmerS xGuf&Sdjcif;/ okd@r[kwf yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;rS jzpfcJhv#if rnfuJhokd@xkwfa0oenf;/ rnfolu ykdifI rnfoluxkwfa0oenf;/ ,if;wGif EkdifiHa&;t& yg0ifqufpyfr_ &Sdr&Sd azmfjy&rnf?

tcsdefESifh ae&m Ò ae&m/ &ufpGJESifh t=urf;zufr_ jzpfonfhtcsdefrsm; yg&Sd&rnf? t=urf;zuf tzGJ@ Ò t=urf;zufr_wGif rnfol wm0ef&SdovJ? Oyrm - &J/

vkH+cKHa&;wyf/ tpkd;&0ef}uD;Xme/ vufeufukdif awmfvSefol/ trsufa'goxGufaeonfh vltkyf/ tp&Sdojzifh yg&Sd&rnf?

jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom ta=umif;t&if; Ò rnfonffu t=urf;zufr_udk jzpfapoenf;? Oyrm?

owif;aqmif;yg;/ pkHprf; axmufvSrf;r_/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh qufpyfaer_rsm;ukd azmfjyxm;&rnf?

25

Ò wdkufcdkufcH&r_onf owif;vkyfief; (odk@r[kwf) vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfcGifh ta=umif;tcsufESifh ododomom qufEG,fr_&Sdaernfvm;?

Ò tjzpftysuf. tjcm;tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;? (Oyrm - t=urf;zufcH&olu ypfr_usL;vGefcJhjcif;rsm; &Sdoavm)

w&m;0if rSefuefa=umif; azmfjycsuf Ò t=urf;zufr_udk &Sif;jyEkdifonfh tjcm; Oya'ESifh

ta=umif;jycsufrsm;udk wifjyyg? Ò t=urf;zufonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rS rnfonfh

w&m;vrf;a=umif;jzifh v_yf&Sm;aeonfudk azmjfyay;yg? Ò w&m;0ifpGyfpGJcJhygu w&m;Oya't& rnfodk@aom

toHk;csEdkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm; &Sdaeoenf;? Oyrm - =umjrifhonfh tcsdefumv/ jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom w&m;Oya' pD&ifjcif; tp&Sdojzifh azmfjy&rnf?

Ò vuf&Sd rnfonfhOya'udk tokH;jyKaeoenf;? EkdifiHawmf Oya'/ a'owGif; Oya'/ EkdifiHwum Oya'/ a=ujimpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ESihf rnfokd@qufpyfaeonfukd azmfjyxm;&rnf?

26

tjcm; pOf;pm;&ef tcsufrsm; Ò 'kuQa&mufolonf xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;cHae&ygu

w&m;0ifukd,fpm;jyK wifjyjcif;rsm; &Sdr&dS/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f &Sdr&Sd tp&Sdojzifh azmfjyay;yg?

Ò aq;0g;uko apmifha&Smifhr_rsm; &Sdr&Sd wifjyyg? Ò tu,fI ykHESdyfxkwfa0onfh ae&mwpfcktm;

wm;jrpfcHxm;&ygu/ 4if;.ykdifqkdifr_rsm;tm; rw&m; todrf;cH& jcif;/ zsufqD;cH&jcif;rsm; &Sdr&Sd pkHprf;wifjyyg?

rSefuefa=umif;axmufcHonfh v_yf&Sm;r_ Ò rSefuefa=umif; axmufcHonfh v_yf&Sm;r_onf

qef@usifuef@uGufr_xuf omvGefI t=urf;zufoludk zdtm;ay; &ef enf;vrf;rsm;ukdyg xnfhoGif;&rnf? t=urf;zufoltay: zdtm;ay;aom tjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; &Sif;vif; pGm azmfjyxm;oifhonf?

vkH+cKHa&;qdkif&m pkd;&drfr_rsm; Ò owif;jzef@a0r_ukd uef@oef@xdef;csKyf oifh roifh azmfjyyg? Ò E_d;aqmfpmrsm; zwf&_aom y&dowfrsm;taeESifh

a&Smif=uOfoifhonfh txl;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &Sdr&Sd azmfjyyg?

27

t,lcHawmif;qkdr_ukd ykd@&rnfhae&m Ò tpkd;&Xmeqdkdif&mrsm;ESifh qufoG,foifhaom tpkd;&r

[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. emrnf/ ae&yfvdyfpm/ txl; ojzifh zufpf eHygwfrsm;ukd t+rJxnfhoGif;ay;&rnf?

aemufqufwGJ Ò jzpf&yfwpfck. oifhav#mfaom aemufqufwGJrsm;ukd

aocsmpGmjyKvkyf&ef owd&yg? xl;jcm;odomaom owif;topfrsm;udkvnf; v_H@aqmfpmwGif xnfhoGif;yg&Sdap&rnf?

wjcm;aomta=umif;t&m Ò pmzwfy&dowfrsm;onf e,fajra'owpfck okd@r[kwf

wkdif;jynfwpfjynfrS a&;om;wifjyxm;aom pmvkH;twkd aumufrsm;/ tpkd;&taqmuftOD;rsm;/ w&m;cGif vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm;tm; &if;ESD; od&Sdxm;onf[k r,lqoifh ay?

Ò EkdifiHjcm; y&dwfowfrsm;twGuf a&;om;aeouJhodk@ tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;azmfjy&ef vkdtyfonf?

28

jzef@a0jcif; E_d;aqmfpmrsm;ukd rnfokd@ jzef@a0rnfenf;? wif;=uyfr_rsm;

&SdEkdifr&SdEkdif azmfjyay;yg?

29

jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfa&;om;ajymqdkcGifhukd xdckdufapaom Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;?

jrefrmEkdifiHonf urBmay:&Sd tqdk;&Gm;qHk;aom pme,fZif; vGwfvyfcGifhqdkif&m zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; &Sdaeaom EkdifiHjzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGihf qdwfokOf;cJhonfrSm q,fpkESpfav;pkyifausmf aecJh+yDjzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'?

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;p 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiH. yxrqkH; 'Drkdua&pD tajccHOya't& EkdifiHom;wkdif; rdrdwkd@. ,kH=unfcsufESifh tawG;tjrifrsm;ukd vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfEkdifcGifh&Sdonf?

okd@aomf 1974 ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrSa&;qGJaom 14 ESpf=um tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh tajccHOya'opf. xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuft& ekdifiHom;wkdif;Y vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh/ xkwfazmfcGifh/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhrsm;&Sdonf? okd@aomf ,if;vGwfvyfr_onf qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfESifh vkyfom;jynfoltaygif;wkd@. oabmqENrsm;udk qef@usifonfht&mrsm; rjzpfap&? ,if;uJhokd@ jyKjyifjcif;onfyif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vGwfvyfcGifh tifrwefenf;yg;aeonfudk odjrifEkdifonf?

30

4if;zGJ@pnf;ykHukd 1988 ckESpfY jynfolrsm;xHrS twif;t"rR tm%modrf;,lxm;onfh aemufaygufppftm%m&Sif EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ ,cktcg EkdifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zG@H+zdK;a&;aumifpDrS xyfrH zsufodrf;cJhjyefonf? xkdtcsdefrSpI owif;Xmersm; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; ESifh tjcm;qufoG,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh tD;vfar;rsm;/ w,fvDzkef;rsm;/ zufpfrsm;omru aw;oDcsif;rsm;ESifh tEkynmvkyfief;rsm;ukdyg csdK;ESdrfxm;cJhonf// ykHESdyfESifh ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh Oya' (1962)?

TOya'onf w&m;0if qifqmjzwfawmufjcif;twGuf t"duusaom Oya'jzpfonf? 1988 ckESpf aemufykdif;wGif owfrSwfjyXmef;aom Oya't& pmtkyfrsm;/ r*~Zif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;umvtykdif;tjcm;jzifh xkwfa0 aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vkH;omru aw;oDcsif; pmom;rsm;/ &kyfyHkrsm;ukdyg pmaypDppfa&;tzGJ@Y pDppf&eftwGuf wifjy&rnfjzpfonf? ,if;bkwftzGJ@onf jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0ef}uD;XmetwGuf wm0ef&Sd+yD;/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0 jcif;udk wm;jrpfEkdifjcif;ESifh vkdtyfaomajymif;vJr_rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdif&eftwGuf tcGifhtm%mrsm;ukd odrf;,lxm; onf?

31

yHkrSeftm;jzihf wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom owif;rsm;rSm obm0ab;tE W&m,frsm;/ attkdif'Dtufpfa&m*g jyef@yGm;r_ tajctaersm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xdef;odrf;cHxm;&r_/ tpkd;&. EkdifiHa&; tajctaeESifh ywfoufonfh tajctwif aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;/ qif;&Jaoma'ocH pD;yGm;a&; tajctaersm;ESifh tpkd;&tay: ajrSmufyifhjcif; r&Sdonfh owif;rsm; jzpf=uonf?

xkdowfrSwfxm;aom Oya'rsm;ukd vkdufem&ef ysufuGufcJhaomf rnfonhfyk*~Kdvfrqkd axmif'%f (7)ESpf txd uscH&rnfjzpf+yD; '%faiG usyfokH;aomif; (30000)wdwd ay;aqmif&rnfjzpfonf? TuJhokd@ jyKvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh ppftpkd;&tm; a0zefr_rsm;ukd xdxda&mufa&muf wm;qD;Ekdifonf// ,ckvuf&SdtcsdefwGif ,if;Oya'ukd ,cifta&;ay: ,m,DOya'ESifh wGJIyif tokH;jyKaeonf? ta&;ay:,m,DOya' (1950)?

jrefrmjynf&Sd ppfwyftm%mykdifrsm;onf 4if;wkd@. oufwrf;&Snf=um&eftwGuf TOya'jzifh rnfonhf oabmxm; uGJvGJr_ukdrqkd csdK;ESdrf&eftwGuf tokH;jyKcJhonf? xkd@tjyif EkdifiH.ta&;ay: tajctae xkwfjyef a=unmcsufukdyif rjyKvkyfcJhay? 4if;Oya'onf

32

owif;axmufrsm;ESifh pma&;q&mrsm;ukd r=umc% xdcdkufavh&Sd onf? ,if; Oya'ESifh qef@usifonfh t&mrsm;rSm - Ò ppftpdk;&ukd qef@usifaom tcsuftvufrsm;ukd

azmfjyolrsm; Ò qef@usifolrsm;. rdef@cGef;rsm;yg0ifaom wdyfacGrsm;

vuf0,fydkifqdkifolrsm; Ò jrefrmjynfta=umif;ukd a&;om;xm;onfh

jynfyrSxkwfa0aom pmapmifrsm; jzef@a0olrsm; tykd'f 3 t& qlylr_rsm;/ tzsufvkyfief;rsm;ukd jyKvkyf&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh ppfwyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. pkHprf;ppfaq;r_ vkyfief;rsm;ukd aESmifh,Sufaom rnfolukdrqkd axmif'%fwpfoufrS ao'%ftxd csrSwfEkdifonf? Oya'. tykdif; 5 t& '%faiGESifh axmif'%f 7 ESpftxd

csrSwfEkdifaom jypfr_rsm;rSm - Ò txdwfwvef@jzpfaponfh vlpkvla0; jyKvkyfjcif;/

E_d;aqmfjcif;rsm;/ Ò owif;trSm;rsm;ESifh aumv[mvrsm;ukd jzef@a0jcif;rsm;/ Ò EkdifiHawmf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tay: t,kHt=unfenf;ap&ef

jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;/ w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;twGuf taumiftxnfazmfaeonfh

33

tpkd;&.pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd aESmihfaES;ap&efjyKvkyfr_rsm;/ Ò vlxkwpf&yfvkH; okd@r[kwf vlwpfpk. pm&dwWESifh

trltusifhrsm;onf jynfaxmifpk. vkH+cKHa&;ESifh w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;ukd xdckdufaponfh vkyfaqmifr_rsm;/

Ò Oya'ukd tefwkqef@usifonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzihf wkduf&dkufaomfvnf;aumif;/ oG,f0kdufaomfvnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifonfh tjyKtrlrsm;/ jyifqifvkyfaqmifr_rsm;/ pDrHaqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufr_rsm;/

Ò tpdk;&tay:xm;&Sdonfh ppfwyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;. &kd;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/ usef;rm}uH@ckdif jcif;/ tusifhp&kdufESifh av;pm;r_rsm;ukd t=urf;zufusL;vGefonfh vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;/

w&m;0if v#dK@0SufOya' (1923)?

TOya'onf aemufxyf ukdvkdeDOya'wpfckjzpf+yD; oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;ukd acsr_ef;&efESifh owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdif&eftwGuf tokH;jyKaecJhonf? ,if;Oya'a=umifh EkdifiHawmf. v#dK@0SufrSwfwrf;rsm;ukd tm%mykdif r[kwfolrsm;xHokd@ v$Jajymif;ay;&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf? Oya' csdK;azmufv#if

34

rnfolrqkd '%faiGrsm; ESifh axmif (2)ESpftxd uscHap&rnf jzpfonf?

EkdifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwhHckdif+rJa&;ESifh aumif;rGefonfh EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&; okd@r[kwf EkdifiHawmf.vkH+cHKa&;udk xdckdufapaom rSwfwrf;rsm;/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd vuf0,fxm;&Sd&ef/ xdef;csKyf&efESifh vufcH&ef/ qufoG,f vkyfaqmifEkdifjcif;wdk@ r&Sdap&ef TOya'u wm;jrpfxm;onf?

wkdif;jynf. v#dK@0Sufcsuf[k t"dy`g,fzGifhqkd&mwGifvnf; tifrwefus,fjyef@vGef;vSonf? ,cifu a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ‘a=umuf&GH@jcif;rS uif;vGwfa&;’ pmtkyfukd bmomjyefxkwfa0jcif;onfyif TOya'a=umifh xkwfa0cGifhr&cJhay? vufawG@jzpfay:aeaom vlxkqENrsm;. owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukdvnf; xkwfaz:cGifh r&&SdcJh ay? EkdifiHawmf umuG,fa&; Oya' (1975)?

TOya'onf urBmay:wGif tus,fjyef@qkH; Oya'wpfcktjzpf &nf!$ef;ac:a0:avh&Sd+yD; jrefrmwjynfvkH; rnfonfhtpdwftykdif;wGifrqkd ta&;ay:Oya'tjzpf jyXmef;owfrSwfEkdifjyD;/ jynfolrsm;. tajccH tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd vnf; ydwfyifwm;jrpfonf? azmfjyyg&nf&G,fcsufrSm

35

wkdif;jynf. tcsKyftcsmtm%m/ vkH+cKHa&;/ jynfol@vlxktwGuf w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;wdk@tay: usa&mufvmEkdifonfh tE W&m,frsm;rS umuG,f&efjzpfonf? 4if;Oya'onf owif;axmufrsm;ESifh pma&;q&mrsm;ukdvnf; xdcdkufepfemapcJhonf?

,if;Oya'. tcef; 3/ acgif;pOf 7 wGif EkdifiHawmf.at;csrf;om,ma&;/ vkH+cKHa&;ESifh tcsKyftjcm tm%mudk xdckdufapaom (odk@r[kwf) jynfolvlxk. jidrf;csrf;wnfjidrfr_udk ysufjym;apaom jypfr_rsm;ukd usL;vGefcJhonfjzpfap/ usL;vGefawmhrnf[k aocsmaeonfjzpfap/ xdkolrsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk 0ef}uD;rsm;taeESifh ydwfyifwm;jrpfEkdifonfh tcGifhtm%mrsm;ukd ay;tyfxm;onf?

Oya'usL;vGefolrsm;onf w&m;cGifwGif ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;rcH&yJ tr_aqmifrsm;.trdef@twkdif; axmif'%f 5 ESpf txd csrSwfcH&Ekdifonf? (1991 ck }o*kwfv 9 &ufxkwfjyefcsuf/ Oya' 11§91/ tcef; 14)? xkd@jyif jypfr_usL; vGefolrsm;. owfrSwfe,fajrtwGif;wGifom oGm;vmcGifhjyKjcif; (odk@r[kwf) vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifhukd uef@owf xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;ukdvnf; jyKvkyfEkdifonf? (tcef; 11)?

36

&kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh AD'D,dk Oya' (1996)? vGwfvyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEkdifcGifhudk

TOya'rS wm;jrpfxm;onf? &kyfjrifoH=um; jypufrsm;/ AD'D,dkjypufrsm;/ +*dKvfwkpavmif;rsm; okH;pGJ&eftwGuf qufoG,fa&;0ef=uD;Xme vufatmufrS pmwkdufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;&Hk;wGif rjzpfrae vkdifpif,l&rnfjzpfonf? vkyfief;&SifESifh yk*~vdu AD'D,kdrsm;onfvnf; jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&Sd jynfe,fESifh wkdif;toD;oD;rS AD'D,dkvkyfief;&Sif aumfrwDrsm;tzGJ@rS vkdifpif ,l&rnfjzpfonf? ukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yifv#if jynfyrS wifoGif;vmaom AD'D,dkacGrsm;ukd jyo&eftwGuf cGifhjyKcsuf ,lxm;&rnfjzpfonf?

TOya't& jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd rnfonfhAD'D,kdacGwGifrqkd qifqmaumfrwDrS axmufcHpm yg&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD; ,if;ukdvnf; AD'D,kdwdyfacG. um;csyfwkdif;Y xnfhoGif;&rnfjzpfonf? TOya'onf qifqmjzwfawmufaom bkwftzGJ@tm; txl;tm%mukef ay;xm;onfhtjyif ,cifqifqmjzwfjyD;aom wdwfacGta[mif;rsm;ukdvnf; xyfrHI qifqmwifapjcif;/ w&m;Oya'ESifh rukdufnDonfh AD'D,dkrsm;udk zsufodrf;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyfEkdifonf?

37

uGefjyLwm ody`Hwkd;wufr_ Oya' (1996 )? TOya'onf tjcm;aom tifwmeuf uef@owfr_qdkif&m

Oya'rsm;ESifhtwl vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfa&;om; jcif;ukd xdef;csKyfavh&Sdonf? tifwmeufoHk;pGGJr_ukd wif;=uyfxm;+yD; tD;vfar;t0iftxGufrsm;udkvnf; apmifh=unfh ydwfyifr_rsm; jyKvkyfaeonf[k ,Hk=unf&onf?

tcef; (31)t& rnfolrqkd uGefjyLwmESifhywfoufaom toHk;taqmifrsm;ukd tokH;jyKonfjzpfap/ ykdifqkdifonfjzpfap/ 0,f,lwifoGif;onfjzpfap qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmeatmufrS pmwkdufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&; XmewGif vkdifpifvkyf&rnfjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm uGefjyLwmrsm;ukd pmoif=um;a&;/ &kH;tvkyfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif uGefjyLwmrsm;udk oif=um;a&; taxmuftuljyKypPnf;rsm;tjzpf cGifhjyKxm;aomfvnf;/ pmvufcH ay;ykd@Ekdifonfhu'f xnfhoGif; tokH;jyK&aom acwfrSD pmykd@ uGefjyLwmrsm;ukd t"du wm;jrpfvkd&if;jzpfonf?? (tcef;26)

vkdufem&ef ysufuGufolrsm;ukd axmif'%f 7 ESpfrS 15 ESpfjzpf+yD;/ '%faiGrsm;vnf; ay;aqmif&Ekdifonf?

tcef; (34) t& - (u) EkdifiHawmfvkH+cHKa&;/ w&m;Oya' pkd;rdk;a&;/ &yf&Gm

38

at;csrf;om,ma&;/ trsdK;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;/ wkdif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;tm; xdckdufatmif aESmifh,Suf zsufqD;oltm;vnf;aumif;

(c) EkdifiHawmfvkH+cHKa&;/ w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;/ &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;/ trsdK;om;vkH+cKHa&;/ wkdif;jynf. pD;yGma&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;tm; xdckdufapaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ydkifqdkifolrsm;/ jzef@a0ay;ykd@olrsm;tm; vnf;aumif; - axmif'%f 7 ESpfrS 15 ESpftxd uscH&rnfjzpf+yD; '%faiGrsm;vnf; ay;aqmif&Ekdifonf? tifwmeuf Oya'?

tifwmeufokH;pGJolrsm;twGuf pnf;rsOf;pnfurf;rsm;ukd 2000 ckESpfwGif qufoG,fa&;0ef=uD;Xme vufatmuf&Sd pmwkdufESifha=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;XmerS xkwfa0cJhonf? EkdifiHawmf.rl0g'ESifh vkH+cKHa&;ukd xdyg;aESmifh,Sufr_rsm;/ pnf;vkH;nD!$wfa&;ukd ysufjym;apr_rsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rsm; ponfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ukd tifwmeufrSwqifh a&;om;ay;ykd@ygu tjypf'%fcH&rnf jzpfonf? Tpnf;rsOf;a=umifh ppftpkd;&ukda0zefaom pmrsm;ukd xkwfa0&ef rsm;pGmtcufawG@aponf?

39

vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjyjcif;ESifh EkdifiHwum Oya'rsm;?

vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfwifjyjcif;onf 'Drkdua&pDqkdif&m tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfr_wkd@. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpf onf? vl@tcGifhta&; xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;rwkdifrD 1946 ckESpfwGif/ ukvor*~. tpnf;ta0;qkH;jzwfcsuf 59 (tkdif)t& owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vGwfvyfjcif;onf tajccHusaom vl@tcGifhta&;jzpf+yD;/ ukvor*~ tav; xm;onfh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;xJrS txGwftjrwfxm;&m rSwfausmufwpfckjzpfonf?

vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfwifjyjcif;onf vlxk.qENxkwfazmfyGJrsm;ESifh 'Drkdta&pD azmfaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; vkyf aqmif&eftwGuf t"du ta&;ygvSonf? vlxktaeESifh 4if;wkd@.tjriftwkdif; xkwfazmfEkdifcGifhr&Sdv#if/ owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh t,ltqrsm;ukd vGwfvyfpGm r&&SdEkdifcJhv#if/ vlxkqEN a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifEkdifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm rJqENay;ykdifcGifhrsm;udk xda&mufpGm usifhoHk;Ekdif=urnfr[kwfay? xkd@a=umifh vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfwifjy jcif;onf vlwpfOD;.*k%foduQmtwGuf ta&;}uD;onfomru yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifr_/ wm0ef,lEkdifr_ESifh 'Drkdua&pDt

40

a&;wkd@wGifvnf; ta&;ygvSonf? vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfwifjyr_tm; t=urf;zufjcif;onf tjcm;aom t=urf;zufr_ESifh r=umc%'GefwGJI jzpfay:avh&Sdonf? txl;ojzifh vGwfvyfpGm pka0;jcif;ESifh tzGJ@pnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;jcif;wkd@wGif taESmuft,SufjyKjcif;rsm; jzpfavh&Sdonf?

vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfwifjycGifhrsm; tckdiftrm&&SdEkdifrnfh wkd;wufr_rsm;udk ,ckESpfrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifae+yD;jzpfonf? txl;zJG@pnf;xm;aom a'oqdkif&m vnfywfa&;,E W&m;rsm;jzifh taumiftxnfazmf&ef }udK;yrf;aejyDjzpfonf? tifwmeufESifh urBmwv$m; +*dKvfwk&kyfoH xkwfv$ifhrsm;rS ykdrkdaumif;rGef vGwfvyfaom azmfxkwfwifjycGifhrsm; ay:aygufaejyDjzpfonf? okd@aomfvnf; urBmay:&Sd vGwfvyfaomowif;Xmersm;. owif;xkwfjyefr_ pGrf;tm;tay: vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ESifh zdtm;ay;r_ tp&Sdonfh +cdrf;ajcmufr_topfrsm;vnf; ay:xGuf vsuf&Sdonf?

41

t"du tcGifhta&;rsm;? (u) vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGifhESifh awG;ac:,lqcGifh?

vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGifhwGif xifjrif,lqcsuf/ awG;ac:okH;oyfcsufrsm;ukd vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfEkdif onfh tcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vkH;yg0ifonf? EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif vlxlyg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh 'Drkdua&pDta&;aqmif&Guf onfhae&mwGif vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfwifjycGifhrsm; tjrifhqkH;twkdif;twmtxd wkd;jrSifhvkyfaqmifjcif;onfvnf; r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygaom tcGifhta&;wpf&yfjzpfonf? ,if;tjyif tjcm;aomvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd umuG,fEkdif&ef twGuf tpGef;a&mufaom xkwfazmfwifjyr_rsm;ukd jzwfawmuf&efvnf; vkdtyfayonf? xkdtajctaersm;twGuf vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfwifjyjcif;ukd uef@owfxdef;csKyfjcif;onf r#waomvkyf&yfyif jzpfonf? wpfcsdK@EkdifiHrsm;wGif wm;jrpfxm;onfh xkwfazmfwifjyr_yHkpHwpfckrSm trkef;yGm;aponfh rdef@cGef;rsm;yifjzpfonf?

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um; onf;rcHEkdifr_rsm;/ rkef;wD;r_rsm;ukd E_d;qGay;aom xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;vnf; &SdEkdif onf? xkd@a=umifh rkef;wD;r_rsm;ajymqkdjcif;ukd uef@owfxdef;csKyfoifha=umif; tajctwifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;

42

ay:aygufapcJh onf? xkduJhokd@ vltrsm;xHyHs@ESH@apEkdifonhf rD'D,mrsm;ukd tokH;jyKI vlrsdK;jyKef; owfjzwfr_rsm;/ vlrsdK;a&; t"du&k%f;jzpfyGm;atmif v_H@aqmfr_jcif;rsm;/ tqkd;&Gm;qHk; Oyrmwpfckjy&v#if vGefcJhaom 1994 ckESpf/ &0rf'gwGif&Sdaom vlrsKd;jyKef;owfjzwfjcif;ukd vkdifA&D'wfpf rkdif;vpfukd;vfvkdif;pf &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh toHv$ifhXmerS xkwfjyefcJhonf? wpfcsdK@EkdifiHrsm;wGif trkef;w&m;rsm;a[majymjcif;onf Oya'jyifyrSvkyfaqmifr_jzpfa=umif; owfrSwfxm;+yD; jzpfonf? vGwfvyfpGmwifjyEkdifcGifhukd axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;ESifh tjcm;aom vl@tcGifh ta&;rsm;ukd umuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;wkd@ t=um;wGif bufnDaom w&m;r#wr_rsm; &Sdaeap&onf? xkduJhokd@ Oya' a&;&mjyKrljcif;onf r=umc% ar;cGef;xkwfEkdifzG,frsm; jzpfay:Ekdif+yD; tusdK;quftm;jzifh trkef;rdef@cGef; ajym=um;jcif;ukd ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf OD;wnfapcJhonf? tpGef;a&muf trkef;rdef@cGef;rsm;ukd wm;jrpfjcif;/ EkdifiH. wm;jrpfcsufwpfcktjzpf jyKvkyfjcif;rSm vkdtyfaomfvnf; trsm;ESifhoufqkdifonfh owif;Xme.wkd;wufr_twGuf t+ydKifjzpfay:aeaom wefjyef wkdufckdufonfh tjrifrsm;ukd azmfxkwf&eftwGufvnf;rsm;pGm ta&;}uD;vSonf//

43

(c) owif;ESihft}uHt^m%frsm;ukd &SmazGcGifh/ vufcHcGifhESifh r#a0cGifh?

owif;axmuf wpfOD;wpfa,muftay:wGif wif;=uyfjcif;? ? owif;r#a0jcif; vGwfvyfr_onf enf;vrf; trsdK;rdsK; wkdufckdufvmEkdifonfhtjyif txl;ojzifh ykHESdyfxkwfa0onfh vGwfvyfr_ukd xdckdufaponf? owif;orm; tay: zdtm;ay;jcif;onf tvGefxif&Sm;aom +cdrf;ajcmufr_wpfcktjzpf pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmonf?

w&m;r0if qifqmjzwfawmufjcif;qkdonfrSm tm%mykdifrsm;rS vkyfaqmifwwfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;xJrS w,fvDzkef;ac:qkdr_rS tpjyKI &kyfykdif;qkdif&m wkdufckduf+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;txd &nf!$ef;onf? 4if;wkd@onf a0zefa&;yg0ifaom xkwfa0r_rsm;ukd wm;jrpftjypf'%fay;&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? vlxkpdwf0ifpm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vGwfvyfpGmwifjyEkdifa&;twGuf pepfwuspDpOf&mwGif owif;orm;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. owif;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd umuG,f&eftcGifhta&;onfvnf; ta&;}uD;vSonf? EkdifiHwumESifh a'oqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;zJG@pnf;yHkt& wpfcdsK@aom tajctaersm;rSty owif;orm;rsm;onf rdrdwkd@ owif;&&Sd&m t&if; tjrpfukd xkwfazmf ajymqkd&efroifhay? (jypfr_qkdif&m

44

pkHprf;ppfaq;r_wGifvnf;aumif;/ jypfr_usL;vGefol. umuG,f csufrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ owif;axmufrsm;u rdrdwkd@.owif;t&if;tjrpfukd xkwfazmfajymqkdoifhonf? owif; orm;rsm;taeESifh rdrdwkd@.tr_udk tjynfht0 wifjycGifh&+yD;onfhaemuf owif;&&Sd&mae&mukd w&m;&kH;. wkdufwGef; csuft& xkwfazmfajymqkd&rnf? xkdokd@jyKvkyfjcif;onf owif;tcsuftvufrsm; r&&SdEkdifaom tjcm;ae&mwGif rsm; pGm t"dy`g,f oufa&mufaponf? xkdae&mrsm;wGif vlxka&;&mrsm;ukd xkwfazmfjcif;onf vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwf wifjyjcif;ukd xdckdufjcif;xufomI ta&;}uD;ayonf?)

w&m;r0ifvkyfaqmifr_ESifh cspm;r_udk wGef;vSefypf&eftwGuf &nf&G,fI pkHprf;ppfaq;r_ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ukd ukd,fykdifOya'rsm;rS wm;qD;ydwfyifEkdifonf? ukd,fykdifOya'rsm;onf ukd,fykdifoD;oef@udpPrsm;ukd umuG,f&ef ta&; }uD;aomfvnf; vlxktav;xm;onfh tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m udpPrsm;wGif vGJrSm;pGm tokH;rjyKoifhay?

vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufjcif;ESifh vlvlcsif; pmemaxmufxm;jcif;rsm;ukd xdef;csKyf&eftwGuf vkdtyfaom tajctaewGif owif;Xmersm;taeESifh trsm;ESifhqkdifaom tao;pdwfppfaq;r_rsm;ESifh jy\emrsm;tay:wGif vGwf

45

vyfpGm tpD&ifcHwifoGif;oifhonf? owif;Xmetay: wm;qD;jcif;onf vGwfvyfpGmwifjyr_tay: tvGefw&mwif; rmaom xdef;csKyfjcif;jzpfouJhokd@ 4if;tay:tm&kHpkdufr_/ xdef;csKyfr_ESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf vnf; &Sif;vif;I vkH+cKHonfh udpPrsm;wGifom xm;&Sdoifhonf? rJqENa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; a=umifh xdcdkufqHk;&H_;r_rsm;jzpfay: jcif;rS umuG,f&ef nDr#I bufrvkdufonfhowif;rsm; pDrHay;&ef vkdtyfonf? ykHESdyfvkyfief;tm; zGJ@pnf;xm;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh wif;=uyfjcif;?

trsm;tusdK;aqmif tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhqkdifaom tqifhwpfckwGif owif;Xmersm;onf EkdifiHa&;xdef;csKyfr_rS vGwfajrmufoifhonf roifhonfrSm ar;cGef;wpfck jzpfaeonf? uef@owfxdef;csKyfjcif;ukd ykHESdyfOya'owpfcktaejzifh vkyfaqmifEkdifonf? ,if;wGif owif;Xmewpfcktay: tpkd;&.0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fjcif;ukd cGifhjyKjcif;tm;jzifh ykHESdyfjcif; Oya'orsm;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdifouJhokd@ xkwfa0cGifhay:wGif rckdifvkHaomta=umif;jycsufrsm;ESifhuef@owfjcif;jzifh jyXmef; Ekdifonf? owif;Xmersm;/ ykHESdyfXmersm;ESifh toHv$ifhXmersm;onf rdrdwkd@.vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mrsm;ESifhtwl

46

tpkd;&xdef; csKyfr_atmufrS vGwfvyfpGm &yfwnfoifhonf? vkyfief;vkyfudkifcGifh awmif;cHjcif;wGifvnf; yGifhvif;jyD; xifomjrif om&Sdaponfh qHk;jzwfcsufudk jydKifqdkifav#mufxm;=uaom av#mufv$mrsm;xJrS vlxkod&SdydkifcGifhtay: tajccHxm; aom vkyfief;tpDtpOfjzifh av#mufxm;vmolrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;&rnf? xkd@tjyif wkdifwef;jcif;rsm;/ vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfhudpPrsm;wGif toHv$ifhXme.vkyfief;rsm;ukd uef@owfoifhonf?

owif;Xmersm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;onf trsdK;rdsK;aom owif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &EkdifcGifhudk ydwfyifxm;&ma&mufonf? EkdifiHykdiftoHv$ifhXmeukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpkd;r_onf vlxk.pdwf0ifpm;csufrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;rnf r[kwfay? okd@aomf wcsdK@aps;uGufi,frsm;wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;onfh owif;pmonf a'o wGif; owif;rsm;ukd &&SdEkdifonfh wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;jzpfonf? owif;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;wGifvnf; ta=umif; t&m trsm;tjym; wifjycGifh&&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ukd aocsmpGm a&;qGJxm;&rnf jzpfonf? owif; XmetwGif;okd@ tpkd;&taeESifh 0ifa&mufrpGufzufEkdifap&ef aqmif&Gufxm;&rnfjzpfonf?

47

qifqmpnf;rsOf;wnfaqmufyHkwGif tjcm;Oyrmrsm;pGm&Sdonf? 4if;wkd@rSm owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ukd xdef; csKyf&eftwGuf tpkd;&rS pD;yGm;a&;t& xdk;ESufjcif;/ tpkd;&tm;ajrSmufyifhaom a=ujimrsm; xnfhoGif;&ef ae&may;& jcif;tjyif/ ykHESdyfjcif;/ qufoG,fa&; uGef,ufrsm; jzef@a0jcif;/ owif;pmESifh tcGefrsm; a&G;cs,ftokH;jyKjcif; wdk@udk tpkd;&rS xdef;csKyfxm;onf? owif;&&SdEkdifr_tay: tm%mykdifrsm;. csKyfukdifr_?

owif;&&SdEkdifr_tay: tm%mykdifrsm;.csKyfukdifr_lonf owif;vGwfvyfcGifhtwGuf tacstwif aqG;aEG;& rnfh aemufxyftjrifwpfck jzpfonf? EkdifiHwumESifh a'oqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; wnfaqmuf&mwGif trsm; jynfolwdk@.tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd odEdkifap&ef awmif;qkdcJhjcif;ESifh atmufazmfjyyg ta=umif;ESifhywfouf+yD; tpkd;&. Oya'a&;&m vkyfaqmifr_rsm;tm; wkdufwGef;cJhonf//

(1) Oya'rsm;jyXmef;&mwGif tjrifhqkH; owfrSwfazmfjyonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh a&S@aqmifr_ jyKoifhonf?

(2) t"duusaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; xkwfa0jcif;onf vlxkwpf&yfvkH; tm;xm;&Sdoifhonf?

48

(3) vlxkwpf&yfvkH;taeESifh vnf; yGifhvif;aomtpkd;&jzpfatmif wuf=uGpGmtm;ay;aqmif&Gufoifhonf?

(4) vlxkESifhywfoufr_rsm;/ tE W&m,f usa&mufr_rsm;tm; umuG,f&eftwGuf jcGif;csufrsm;ukdvnf; &Sif;vif;pGmESifh xda&mufpGm a&;om;owfrSwfoifhonf?

(5) p&dwfoufomaom/ tcsdefwdusaom/ bufrvdkufonhf aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukdd vkyfaqmifaeaom vGwfvyfonfh pDrHcef@cGJr_xHokd@ vlwpfOD;jcif;pD. jiif;qkdonfh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;twGuf owif;tcsuftvuf azmfxkwfEkdifcGifhrsm; &Sd oifhonf?

(6) rdrdwkd@.vkyfaqmifr_rsm; rSm;,Gif;a=umif; xkwfazmfajymqkdolrsm;udk umuG,fay;rnfh Oya'rsm; xm;&Sdoifhonf?

enf;ynmopfrsm;jzpfonfh tifwmeuf/ +*dKvfwkpavmif;ESifh 'D*spfw,f toHv$ifhpufrsm; wyfqifjcif;?

enf;ynmwkd;wufr_a=umifh vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfwifjyr_ukd r}uHKpzl; jrSifhwifEdkdifonhftcGifhta&;rsm; &&SdcJh onf? tm%

49

mykdifrsm;taeESifhvnf; ,if;uJhokd@ pufypPnf;opfrsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;rSwqifh tE W&m,f}uD;aom w&m;r0if vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd uef@owfEkdif&efESifh pufud&d,mtopfrsm;a=umifh xGufay:vmrnfh ajrmufrsm;pGm aom tusdK;&vm'frsm;udk csdK;ESdrfr_r&Sdap&ef owdxm;I vkyfaqmifoifhonf? tjcm;owif;Xmersm;jzpfonfh ykHESdyf jcif;ESifh toHv$ifhjcif;rsm;twGuf a&;qGJxm;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm tifwmeufvkyfief;rsm;twGuf tokH;0if oifhav#mfEdkifrnf r[kwfyg? pufypPnf;wkd;wufr_rsm;ukd uef@owfxm;jcif;onf owif;ESifha&;om;azmfxkwfjcif; vGwfvyfcGifhESifh wkd;wufaom pufr_ypPnf;rsm;tm; tvGJokH;pm;jyKr_rsm; (Oyrm -uav;rsm;.npfnrf;onfh &kyfyHkrsm; jzef@a0jcif;) ukd umuG,fEkdif&eftwGuf nD!$wfr#waom vkyfaqmifr_wpfck jzpfaeoifhonf? (*)tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh *k%fowif;rsm;ukd umuG,f&ef/ trsdK;om; vkH+cKHa&;/ EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcm tm%m/ usef;rma&;ESihf tusifhpm&dwWrsm;ukd umuG,f&ef paom tajctaersm;Yom ,if;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd wif;=uyfEddkdifonf?

EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh trsdK;om;vkH+cKHa&;twGuf wif;=uyfonf[kqkd&mY

50

tvGefw&m us,f jyef@I t"dy`g,frsm;pGm aumuf,lEkdifonf? a'oqkdif&mESifh EkdifiHwumwkd@.tqdkt& xkduJhokd@ tcGifhta&;rsm; wif;=uyfjcif;onf Oya'a&;&mwGif trSefwu,f tE W&m,fusa&mufEdkifjcif;/ qkdvkdonfrSm tE W&m,f usa&mufvk eD;eD;tcsdefwGifom wif;=uyfr_rsm; jyKvkyfoifhonf? Oya'ESifhroifhav#mfaomtjyKtrlrsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ ponfh ta&;}uD;onfh tE W&m,frsm;udk azmfxkwfa&;om;wifjyr_ESifh 'kuQa&mufEkdifzG,f ta=umif;w&m; &Sdaeonfh tajc taersm;ukd azmfxkwfa&;om;jcif;a=umifh trSefwu,f tE W&m,fusa&mufEkdifonfh tajctaersm;wGifom owif; a&;om;wifjycGifhukd wif;=uyfoifhonf?

jypfr_qkdif&m vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;wGif xkduJhokd@aom wif;=uyfr_rsm;pGm yg0ifonf? xkwfazmf a&;om;csufrsm;ukd vlxk.tE W&m,fwpfcktjzpf owfrSwfum tjypfay;jcif;rsm;/ axmifcsjcif;rsm;ukd rjyKvkyfoifhay? vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfcGifhESifh ywfouf+yD; EkdifiHwumESifh a'oqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;u tvGefw&mOya'rJh jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh EkdifiHwumtokdif;t0kdif;Y tE W&m,fusa&mufvkqJqJ tajctaeudk v_H@aqmfonfh tajctaerS vGJI axmifoGif; tusOf;csxm;jcif;rsm;ukd rjyKtyfay?

51

wpfcsdK@EkdifiHrsm;wGif 4if;wkd@.*k%foduQm xdckdufaponfht&mrsm;ukd umuG,f&eftwGuf jypfr_qdkif&m toa&zsufr_ Oya'ukd qufvufusifhokH;aeonf? xkdOya'rsm;onf vGwfvyfpGma&;om;azmfxkwfcGifhukd xdef;csKyf uef@owfr_rsm; &Sd+yD; vlxkpdwf0ifpm;r_enf;onfh udpPrsm;wGif r=umc%qdkovdk rawmfrw&m; tokH;jyKjcif; cHae&onf? xdkOya'rsdK;ukd zsufodrf;oifh+yD; 4if;ae&mwGif toa&zsufr_ w&m;rOya'tjzpf tpm;xkd;owfrSwfoifh onf [k EdkifiHwumESifh a'oqkdif&mvl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;u rSwfcsufay;cJhonf?

toa&zsufr_ w&m;rOya'onfvnf; vlxk.tajctwif aqG;aEG;a0zefonfhudpPrsm;ukd xdef;csKyf&mwGif vGJrSm;pGm tokH;csEkdifonf? EkdifiHwumESifh a'oqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;tzJG@rsm;u toa&zsufr_ w&m;rOya'onf atmufazmfjyyg pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk avhvmxm;oifhonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf? ,if;wkd@rSm vlxktaeESifh toa&zsufr_ rsm;ukd ,laqmif&ef roifhjcif;/ trSefw&m;onf ckcHumuG,f&eftwGuf &Sdaeapjcif;/ EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf a0zefr_'%fukd tjrifhqkH; twkdif;twmtxd cHEkdif&nf&Sdaeapjcif;/ vlxkpdwf0ifpm;onfh usdK;a=umif;cdkifvHkaom yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;rsm;onf

52

rnfonfhtajctaewGifrqdk toa&zsufjcif;tjzpf owfrSwfjcif; rcHap&/ trSm;jyifqifjcif;/ awmif;yefjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;jcif;jzifh vufawG@tE W&m,ftay: nD!$wfr#waom jyKjyifr_ rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;wkd@jzpfonf?

w&m;&kH;wGifvnf; w&m;a&;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd umuG,fEkdif&eftwGuf owif; tcsuftvufrsm;tay: wif;=uyfonfh Oya'aygif;rsm;pGmukd w&m;&kH;pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;onf? owif;Xme.'kuQay;r_ukd a&Smif=uOfEkdif&eftwGufESifh w&m;r#waom &kH;wifppfaq;r_rsm;twGuf wpfcsdK@aom wif;=uyfr_rsm;&Sdonf? w&m;&kH;.ausmfraumif;/ =um;raumif;aomt&mrsm;ukd umuG,f&eftwGuf tjcm;Oya'rsm;ukd ykdIcsrSwfxm; onf? ,if;enf;vrf;jzifh w&m;a&;pepfrsm;ukd uef@owf&efoifh roifhponfh ar;cGef;rsm; jzpfay:aeqJjzpfonf? ,ckESpfrsm;twGif; w&m;&kH;wGif uifr&mrsm;xm;&Sdr_ESifh ywfouf+yD; tajctwif aqG;aEG;r_rsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? w&m;a&;&m yGifhvif;r_ESifh 'kuQa&mufolrsm;.rdom;pkESifh yk*~Kdvfa&;&mv#dK@0Sufr_rsm;=um; r#wpGmaqmif&GufEkdif&ef vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfwifjya&;wGif ar;cGef;rsm;pGm&Sdaeayonf?

53

“tkdif;zufpf” (IFEX) qkdwm bmvJ? tkdif;zufpfqkdonfrSm owif;Xmersm;.tcGifhta&;ESifh

vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfcGifhtwGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf aeaom tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; 57 zGJ@.vkyfaqmifr_uGef,ufudk ukd,fpm;jyKaompum;vkH;jzpfonf? ,if;tzGJ@ukd 1993 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJh+yD; urBmwpf0Srf;&Sd vGwfvyfaomowif;Xmersm;. vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfwifjycGifhukd wif;=uyfpGm wm;jrpfcH&r_rsm;ESifh owif;axmufrsm; wkdufckdufcH&r_rsm;twGuf umuG,fulnD&ef &nf&G,fjcif;jzpf onf?

tzGJ@.vkyfaqmifr_tm;vkH;ukd uae'gEkdifiH/ wkd&Gefwkd+rdK@&Sd tkdif;zufpf owif;pkaqmif;jzef@a0a&;XmerS yl;aygif; aqmif&GufI vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;wifjyr_twGuf uae'gEkdifiHowif;axmufrsm;rS pDrHcef@cGJonf? vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfwifjyr_twGuf wpfESpfv#if yef=um;pmaygif; 2000 cef@jzef@a0aeaom E_d;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;r_uGef,ufrS pDpOfaqmif&Gufaom vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfwifonfht=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd qef@usifaom tusdK;wlyg0ifr_wGif oef@&Sif;tdrfrSulnDay;onf? owif;pkaqmif;jzef@a0a&;XmerS vGwfvyfpGm

54

xkwfazmfwifjyr_udk t=urf;zufjcif;tm; qef@usifuef@uGufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tdkifzufpf Ed_;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,ufrSwqifh taumiftxnfazmf ulnDay;onf? ,if;E_d;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;r_rSaeIwpfESpfv#if yef=um;pmaygif; 2000

tkdif;zufpf. t}uD;rm;qkH;vkyfaqmifr_rSm vGwfvyfonfh owif;Xmeaygif; 50 ESifhzGJ@pnf;xm;aom wkd;wufa&;twGufv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufonfh tpDtpOfrsm;jzpfonfh EkdifiHwumpnf;&kH;a&;ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifjcif; oifwef;rsm;/ owif;qufoG,fonfh enf;ynmrsm;/ E_d;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;r_uGef,uf&&SdEkdifjcif;rsm;ESifh &HykHaiGaxmufyHh a&;oifwef;rsm; jzpfonf?

55

“pDyg” (SEAPA) qkdwm bmvJ? ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'otwGif; owif;vGwfvyfcGifhukd

umuG,f&efESifh wkd;jrSifhvkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf ‘pDyg’ukd 1998 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvY befaumuf+rdK@wGif pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf? Southeast Asian Press Alliance (SEAPA) (ac: ) ‘pDyg’ukd pDppfa&;tzGJ@rS a&G;cs,fqkH;jzwfxm;aom tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? xkdtzGJ@0ifrsm; onf ta&S@awmiftm&S a'otwGif;&Sd oyf&yftajcusaejyDjzpfaom *k%foa&&Sd pme,fZif;tzGJ@rsm;. tzGJ@0ifrsm; vnf;jzpfonf? 4if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm -

Ò zdvpfykdifEkdifiH&Sd owif; vGwfvyfcGifhESifh wm0efcH A[kdXme Ò zdvpfykdifEkdifiH pkHprf;axmufvSrf;a&;qdkif&m owif;Xme Ò xkdif;EkdifiHqdkif&m owif;axmufrsm;tzGJ@ Ò tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH vGwfvyfonfh

owif;a&pD;a=umif;rsm;avhvma&;ausmif; Ò tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiH vGwfvyfaom owif;axmufrsm;tzGJ@

ponfwkd@jzpfonf?

56

tkdif;zufpf - pDyg (IFEX - SEAPA) wkd@. pme,fZif; vGwfvyfcGifh pDrHudef;?

pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhukd tm;wufoa&maxmufcHonfh EkdifiHwum vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmf wifjyjcif;rsm; zvS,fonfh tkdif;zufpftzGJ@ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&S owif;vGwfvyfcGifhqdkif&m r[mrdwftzGJ@ ‘pDyg’ wkd@onf ta&S@ awmiftm&StwGif;&Sd owif;Xmersm;. tcGifhta&;ukd umuG,f&efESifh pme,fZif; vGwfvyfcGifh&&ef &nf&G,fI okH;ESpf=um pDrHudef;wpfckukd twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhonf?

,if;pDrHudef;wGif yg0ifonfhaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSm Ò tzGJ@tpnf; uGef,ufrsm;twGif;wGif

vGwfvyfpGmwifjyjcif;twGuf ykdrkdtiftm;aumif;ap&ef/ ykdrkdI}udK;yrf; vkyfaqmifoGm;Ekdifap&eftwGuf ‘pDyg’. pGrf;&nf/ vltiftm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd wnfaqmufoGm;&ef?

Ò ta&S@awmiftm&S E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,ufrsm;wpfav#muf pme,fZif;vGwfvyfr_twGuf tpOfrjywf apmifh=unfhEkdif&ef?

Ò tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; qufwdkufxlaxmifjcif;ESifh pnf;&kH;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tm;ay;jcif;jzifh

57

wif;=uyfaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif pme,fZif;vGwfvyfvmr_udk OD;wnfaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; taxmuftyHhay;&ef?

ta&S@awmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;jzpfonfh jrefrm/ uarBm'D;,m;/

ta&S@wDarm/ tif'kddeD;&Sm;/ avm/ rav;&Sm;/ zdvpfykdif/ puFmyl/ xkdif;ESifh AD,uferf paom EkdifiHaygif; 10 EdkifiHtwGif;Y pme,fZif;vGwfvyfr_tajctaersm; wkd;wufr_ &Sdap&ef&nf&G,fI a&;qGJxm;aom pDrHudef;jzpfonf? ,if;pDrHudef;wGif a&&Snfvkyfaqmifr_rsm;rSm -

Ò tif'kdeD;&Sm;/ xkdif;ESifh zdvpfykdifuJhokd@EkdifiHrsm;wGif cufcJpGm&,lxm;onhf pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhukd xdef;odrf; us,fjyef@vmap&ef taxmuftyhHrsm;ay;oGm;&ef/

Ò ‘pDyg’ESifh ‘tkdif;zufpf’tzGJ@rsm;rS pDrHay;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd tokH;jyKI xda&mufaompnf;&kH; v_H@aqmfr_rsm;udk zefwD;=u&ef/

Ò pme,fZif; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ESifh ,if;.v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd tm;ay;jrSifhwifoGm;ap&efESifh ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'o twGif;&SdS pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifhukd enf;rdsK;pHkjzifh wif;=uyfxm;aomEkdifiHrsm;Y qif;&JrGJawr_udk avsmhcsEkdif&ef twGuf 0kdif;0ef;ulnDoGm;&ef?

58

ta&S@awmiftm&S - E_d;aqmfpm v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,uf qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;?

ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGif; E_d;aqmfpmv_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,uf wnfaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh a'otwGif;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfwifjyjcif;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufonfwdk@udk taotcsm rSwfwrf;rSwf&mESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm; jyKvkyf pkaqmif;xm;Ekdif&efjzpfonf? tdkif;zufpf. vuf&kH;wpfqljzpfonhf a'owGif; pme,fZif; t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd apmifh=unfhtpD&ifcHay;aeaom ‘pDyg’onf tpDtpOfrsm;udk t&Snfojzifh =unfh&_um pnf;&kH;a&; vkyfief;pOfopfrsm; pDrHay;jcif;/ ta&S@awmiftm&StwGif;&Sd vGwfvyfpGm&yfwnfaeaom owif;Xmersm;ESifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom owif;axmufrsm;tm; ulnDjcif;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifay;onf?

,cifumvrsm;Y vGwfvyfpGmzGifh[ajymqdkjcif;tay: usL;vGefaeaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk tm&Hkpdkuf axmufvSrf;pHkprf;jyD;/ a0zeft=uHjyKay;rnfh a'oqkdif&m tifef*sDtkdtzGJ@rsm; r&SdcJhay? xdk@twGufa=umifh a'ocHrsm;. tm&Hkpdkufr_udk r&&Sdjcif;/ pm&Gufpmwrf; oufaocHrSwfwrf;rsm;

59

rjyKpkEkdifjcif;ESifh pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh r&Sdjcif;rsm;udk =uHKawG@=u&onf?

xkduJhokd@ vpfvyfaeaom txl;pkHprf;r_rsm;/ rsm;jym;pGmaom ta&;ay:E_d;aqmfpmrsm;ukd a'oqkdif&mESifh EkdifiH wumtokdif;t0kdif;rsm;jzpfaom vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ owif;Xmersm;/ tpkd;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tkdif;zufpf ESifh qufpyfaeonfh yg0ifv_yf&Sm;olrsm;xHokd@ jzef@a0jcif;rsm;ukd ‘pDyg’u jznfhqnf;aqmif&GufEkdifrnf[k ,kH=unf onf?

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