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8/3/2019 Algae and Bryophyta
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Biology 11Kingdom Plantae:Algae and Bryophyta
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ObjectivesBy the end of the lesson you should be able to:
State the 3 types of algae
Why we believe land plants developed from algae
Lifecycle of a bryophyte
Examples of bryophytes
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The First Plants
For more than 3 billion years, Earthsterrestrial surface was lifeless
o life evolved in the seas
oplant life evolved in the seas from algae
o 1st photosynthetic organisms were
aquatic green algae
Chlamydomonas
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Brown Algae Kingdom Protista
Phylum
Heterokontophyta Mostly marine and
temperate.
Kelp
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Red Algae Kingdom Protista Phylum
Rhodophyta
Most common in
warmer tropical
waters
In temperatezones, found in
deeper water
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Green Algae Kingdom Protista Phylum Chlorophyta
Very diverse group
Include 3 forms:
o unicellular
o colonial
o multicellular
Live in all
environments: fresh
and salt water, soil
Ulva sp. Sea lettuce
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A) Unicellular Green Algae Very common in
fresh water as part of
phytoplankton. Ex. Chlamydomonas
sp.
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B) Colonial Green Algae Live in long filaments
or as colonial
spheres.
Filamentous green algae
Volvox, spherical colonial
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C) Multicellular Green Algae Mostly marine.
Ancestors of land
plants
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Evolution of Land Plants 500 mya land plants evolved
o special adaptations for life on dry land
protection from drying = desiccation
owaxy cuticle
gas exchange (through cuticle)ostomatas
water & nutrient conducting systems
oxylem & phloem protection for embryo
oseeds
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Kingdom Plantae Autotrophic
Photosynthetic
Cells contains chloroplasts
Multi-cellular
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Cell wallcellulose
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Animal vs. Plant life cycle
diploidmulticellular
2n
diploidmulticellularsporophyte
2n
haploidmulticellulargametophyte
1n
haploidunicellulargametes
1n
spores1n
gametes1n
Animal Plant
alternation of generations
meiosis
fertilization
mitosis meiosis
mitosismitosis
fertilization
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First land plants Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts
o non-vascular no water transport system
no true roots
o swimming sperm
flagellated sperm
o lifecycle dominated by
haploid gametophyte stage
fuzzy moss plant you arefamiliar with is haploid
o spores for reproduction
haploid cells which sprout
to form gametophyte
diploidhaploid
Where must
mosses live?
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The Bryophytes
Includes: mosses, liverworts and hornworts
Called non-vascular plants because their
dominant stage (gametophyte) lacks vasculartissues
Show many of the characteristics believed to be
in the first land plants What problems did the Bryophytes face when
moving onto land from water?
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The Bryophytes
Their Solutions:
Protect the embryo
Thin waxy cuticle
Utilizing air for
species distribution
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Typical Life Cycle
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The Bryophyte Life Cycle Utilize Alternation of Generations from algae
Gametophyte (n) shows two distinct sexes:
the male antheridium and the female
archegonium This is the dominant stage (gametophyte)
and is involved in sexual reproduction
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The Archegonium This is the female shoot
It contains the archegonium (at
the top of the shoot) which is:
- dominant
- haploid (n)
- produces by mitosis and
contains the egg
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The Antheridium
The male gametophyte, the
antheridium (top of shoot), is:
- dominant
- haploid (n)
- produces motile sperm by
mitosis
Fertilization occurs when thereis enough water for the sperm
to swim to the egg (in the
archegonium)
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The Sporophyte Fertilization results in a
diploid sporophyte which
grows out of the
archegonium and forms aspore capsule
Sporophyte contains
vascular tissue
It produces haploid, wind
borne spores by meiosisThese spores then
germinate to form
the gametophytes
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Gametophyte and Sporophyte
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Other BryophytesThe Liverworts
There are about
8500 species of
liverworts
Live from the arctic
to the tropics
Leafy, close to theground.
Gametophyte is
dominant
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Other Bryophytes
The Hornworts
Less common but
similar in habitats
Gametophyte is
dominant with
sporophytecontaining a stalk
with primitive
vascular tissueSporophyte of a hornwort
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Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts
P t
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PeatBog
Peat Moss