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Overview
What is Algae Basics Types Importance
Making algae into a fuel source Biodiesel
History Hydrogen
History Biomass
How to Culture
What is Algae?
Algae Simple plant Most live in water Photosynthetic
Capture light energy Convert inorganic to organic matter
Nonvascular Use lipids and oils to help float in water Range from small, single-celled species to complex
multicellular species, such as the giant kelps
Types
Red Algae Benthic Macro
Green Algae Chlorophyll a and b Plants Freshwater
Brown Algae Benthic Macro Kelp Marine
Diatoms Single celled Silica cell wall
Blue Green Algae Vertical migration Fix N2 from air
Freshwater
Dinoflagellates Toxic; suck out O2
Cause red tides Organic matter
Background
Location Most habitats
How many Over 36,000 species
How does it feed? Photosynthesis All have chlorophyll
Uses food, fertilizer, foodstock, pharmaceutical, pollution
control, water treatment, dyes, agar, Fuels
Biodiesel History
From 1978 to 1996 the U.S. Department of Energy funded a program to develop renewable transportation fuels from algae The main focus of the program was known as
the Aquatic Species Program (or ASP) Production of biodiesel from high lipid-content
algae grown in ponds Utilized waste CO2 from coal fired power plants
(Department of Energy. 1996)
Why make it a fuel?
Algae can be used to make biodiesel Produces large amounts oil
When compared to terrestrial crops grown for the same purpose Algae contain anywhere between 2% and 40% of lipids/oils by
weight Once harvested, this oil can be converted into fuels for
transportation, aviation or heating High growth rate and easy to grow
Warm Seasons Amphora sp. Tetraselmis suecica
Cold Seasons Monoraphidium minutum
Use of diatoms and green algae
Harvesting Biodiesel
Microalgae have much faster growth-rates than terrestrial crops Algal-oil processes into biodiesel as easily as oil derived from land-
based crops Use microalgae
Less complex structure Faster growing rate High oil content
How to harvest Open-pond systems
Can be difficult Type of algae has to be hardy Can be less hardy and grow slower
Use Bioreactor Tubes Use existing infrastructures
Provides the raw materials for the system, such as CO2 and nutrients Changes those wastes into resources.
(Solix BioFuels. 2006)
How to get oil
Expeller/Press Algae is dried Oil content can be "pressed" out with an oil press Extracts 70-75% of the oils out of algae
Hexane Solvent Method Uses chemicals (such as hexane and methanol) Can be harmful and explosive Cold press & hexane solvent = extract 95% of oil
Supercritical Fluid Extraction CO2 is liquefied under pressure and heated to the point that it
has the properties of both a liquid and gas This liquefied fluid then acts as the solvent in extracting the oil Can Extract almost 100% of the oils Expensive equipment
Oil Yield
Gallons of Oil per Acre per Year
Corn . . . . . . . 15
Soybeans . . . .48
Safflower. . . . . 83
Sunflower . . . 102
Rapeseed. . . 127
Oil Palm . . . . 635
Micro Algae . .1850 [based on actual biomass yields]
Micro Algae . .5000-15000 [theoretical laboratory yield]
Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm); 2005
Other Uses
Hydrogen Algae can be grown to produce hydrogen
Discovered first in 1939 by Hans Gaffrom Late 1990’s it was found that if sulfur deprived,
algae will produce hydrogen
Biomass Algae can be grown to produce biomass
Burned to produce heat and electricity Can still produce greenhouse gases
Biomass Yield
Metric Tons per Hectare per Year
Algae.....51.1 [USA average, 1978]
Sugarcane.....79.2 [Brazilian average, 2005]
Sorghum.....70 [India average, 2005]
Cassava.....65 [Nigeria average, 1985]
Oil palm.....50 [Global average, 2005]
Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm); NREL, 2005
Importance
Algae is easy to grow Can produce a high yield of oil Oil can be processed into biodiesel Help to solve dependence on fossil fuels Can be better for the Earth
References
Cultivating Algae for Liquid Fuel Production (http://oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm); NREL, 2005
Department of Energy, Office of Fuel Development. “Aquatic Species Program”. 1996. Enhanced Biofuels & Technologies Ltd. 2007. Accessed: http://www.ebtplc.com/c4c.htm Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. (Eds) 1991. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-92947-6 Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 1988. 4. Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics. p.87 — 117.
In Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. (Ed.) Algae and Human Affairs. 1988. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 32115 8
John Sheehan, Terri Dunahay, John Benemann and Paul Roessler, "A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program-Bio-diesel from Algae, Closeout Report", July 1998, NREL/TP-580-24 190 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdf
Michael Briggs, Widescale Biodiesel Production from Algae, University of New Hampshire, Physics Department, revised August 2004. http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html
Sheehan, J., T. Dunahay, J. Benemann, and P. Roessler. 1998. A look back at the U.S. Department of Energy’s aquatic species program - Biodiesel from algae. US Dept. Energy, Office of Fuels Development, Nat. Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO.
Solix BioFuels, 2006. accessed: http://www.solixbiofuels.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26
Websites: http://www.ecology.com/dr-jacks-natural-world/most-important-organism/index.html http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html