„Living conditions of families in Europe“ Beat Fux · CONTENT • Which social and family policies effectively improve the situation of families, especially of the most deprived

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CARITAS SYMPOSIUM ON FAMILY POLICIES FROM FOUR EU MEMBER STATES BRUSSELS, 22ND AND 23RD JANUARY 2014

PROF. BEAT FUX UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG

FAMILY POLICIES MATTER!

NATIONAL POLICIES AGAINST POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF FAMILIES

„LIVING CONDITIONS OF FAMILIES IN EUROPE“

CONTENT

• Which social and family policies effectively improve the situation of families, especially of the most deprived parents and

children like single parents (mostly mothers), families with more than two children and families with a migration background?

• Einbettung und Kontrastierung der vier nationalen Familienpolitiken in den europäischen Zusammenhang vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Erklärungsansätze und empirischer Befunde.

• Portätierung der Lebenslage von Familien in vergleichender Perspektive unter Berücksichtigung der methodischen Schwierigkeiten solcher Vergleiche und

• Evaluation der Möglichkeiten und Probleme der jeweiligen nationalen familienpolitischen Entwicklungspfade.

• Polarization of living arrangements (Modernisation) • Process-oriented (Second demographic transition, life-course)

Beat Fux 2014 2

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES: NORDIC AND LIBERAL C.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Finnland Dänemark Schweden Norwegen Island Vereinigtes Königreich

Schweiz

Drei oder mehr Erwachsene mit abhängigen Kindern Zwei Erwachsene mit drei oder mehr abhängigen Kindern Zwei Erwachsene mit zwei abhängigen Kindern Zwei Erwachsene mit einem abhängigen Kind Alleinstehende Person mit abhängigen Kindern

Beat Fux 2014 3

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES: WESTEUROPEAN C.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Deutschland Österreich Belgien Frankreich Luxemburg 0


Beat Fux 2014 4

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES: SOUTHERN EUROPE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Griechen land

Italien Spanien Portugal Malta Zypern Irland


Beat Fux 2014 5

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES: EASTERN EUROPE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Tschechische Rep.

Estland Ungarn Bulgarien Kroatien Lettland Slowenien Slowakei Litauen Polen Rumänien Türkei


Beat Fux 2014 6

POLARIZATION 1: CHILD/NO-CHILDREN

Mean age of women at birth of 1st Child 2009

Single households

Households w. 0 Children

childless women (born 1955)

Postponement: Change 1995-2009 -

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

1

2

3

4

CZ HSL

O SK D BG GR P

RO EST A I

LUX

LIT PL UK CHE S N

LAT

IRL

DK ISL F SF NL B

Postponement, Change 1995-2009

Beat Fux 2014 7

20

22

24

26

28

30

D I CH NL F S SLO B A CZ SK PL LIT BG

Mean age at first birth, 2009

0

10

20

30

40

50

S SF CH NL EST F CZ LUX H I BG IRL GR RO

Single Person households

Nordic countries Liberal States Western Europe Southern Europe

Eastern Europe

THE NON-FAMILY SECTOR IN EUROPE

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Beat Fux 2014 8

LONE-PARENTS IN EUROPE

0

2

4

6

8

10

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Beat Fux 2014 9

POLARIZATION 1: CHILD/NO-CHILDREN

Beat Fux 2014 10

A

B

BG

CZ

DK

EST

SF

F

D GR

H

ISL

IRL

I

LAT LIT

LUX

NL

N

PL

P

RO

SK

SLO

E

S

CH

UK

Singles

no kid h

Childless

Age at 1. birth

Postpone

-2.5

-1.5

-0.5

0.5

1.5

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

F 2 ( 1 8 . 9 4

F1 (49.77 )

Biplot (Achsen F1 und F2: 68.71 %)

POLARIZATION 2: MARRIAGE/NO-MARRIAGE

Beat Fux 2014 11

Cohabitation

Lone Parents

Out of wedlock births 70-95

Out of wedlock births 95

Marriage rate 1970

Crude marriage Rate 2009

Divorce rate 1970 Divorce rate 2008

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

5

10

15

20

SIS

L FLU

XES

T SF DK N NL

UK A B H IRL

CH LAT

SLO D RO BG LIT P E CZI

GR SK PL

Cohabitation

A

B

BG CZ

DK

EST

SF

F D

GR

H

ISL

IRL I

LAT LIT

LUX NL

N

PL

P

RO

SK SLO

E

S

CH UK

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40

oow

95-

09

oow 70-95

0

5

10

15

20

25

UK

EST B ISL

LAT F D CZ LIT NL

IRL A H PL SF

LUX

BGS

DKP E N

SLO CHI

SK GR

RO

Lone Parents

Out-of-wedlock birth 1995-2009 by Out-of-wedlock birth 1970-95

POLARIZATION 2: MARRIAGE/NO-MARRIAGE

Beat Fux 2014 12

A

B

BG CZ

DK

EST

SF

F D

GR

H

ISL IRL I

LAT

LIT

LUX

NL

N

PL

P

RO

SK

SLO

E

S

CH

UK

Cohabitation

Lone Parents

out - of - wedlock births

oow 70 - 95

oow 95 - 09 cmr 1970

cmr 2009

cdr 70 - 08

-3.1

-1.1

0.9

2.9

-3 -1 1 3

F 2 ( 2 3 . 7 9 % )

F1 (36.50 %)


THE PROCESS OF FERTILITY

Beat Fux 2014 13

Household with 1 child

Household with 3+ children

tfr 1960

tfr 1975 tfr 1990

tfr 2010

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

3035404550556065

0

5

10

15

20

NL

IRL B N SF ISL F

DK UK S

CH A HLU

X D PL SK SLO

EST

RO LAT E

LIT CZ P

BGI

GR

Households w. 1 and 3+ children 1 child (right scale)

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

1,40

1,60

1,80

2,00

2,20

2,40

2,60

2,80

WHAT MEANS LOW FERTILITY?

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FERTILITY IN THE COUNTRIES OF OBSERVATION

Beat Fux 2014 15

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

DDR GDR D

F DK SLO

THE PROCESS OF FERTILITY

Beat Fux 2014 16

A

B

BG

CZ

DK

EST

SF

F

D

GR

H

ISL IRL

I

LAT

LIT

LUX NL

N

PL

P

RO

SK

SLO

E

S

CH UK

Household with 1 child

Household with 3+ ch

tfr 1960

tfr 1975

tfr 1990

tfr 2010

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5

.


GENDER INEQUALITY AND LABOUR FORCE

Beat Fux 2014 17

Fem. empl. rate (25-54)

lf child <15

lf < 3 years

lf 3-5 years

lf 3+ children

Baby-break index

women part-time

lf lone-parents (15-64)

employment gap

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

20

40

60

80

100

CZ SKI

GR H PL EST

UK

LUX

ROF

CH A D B SF BGS

ISL

DK NL E P

SLO N

LAT

IRL

LIT

baby-break index

0

20

40

60

80

NL

CH D A BU

K N SDK LU

XIR

LIS

L F I E SF PES

TSL

O RO PL LAT

LIT

GR CZ H SK BG

women part-time working

0

20

40

60

80

100

SLO NL S N DKP ISL

LUX

LIT B A F D CH UK

RO IRL E I

SF LAT

GR PL BG EST CZ SK H

Labour force by family form

< 3 years (2) 3-5 years (3) 3 children or more

AGE-SPECIFIC EMPOYMENT RATES AND GROUPED WORKING HOURS

Beat Fux 2014 18

Denmark Germany France Slovenia

Working hours

GENDER INEQUALITY AND LABOUR FORCE

Beat Fux 2014 19

A

B

BG

CZ

DK

EST

SF

F

D

GR

H

ISL

IRL I

LAT LIT

LUX

NL

N

PL

P

RO

SK SLO

E S

CH UK

Female employment Lf child <15

Lf < 3 years

Lf 3-5 years

Lf 3+ children Baby-break index

women part - time

Lf Lone parents

employment gap

-2

0

2

-4.5 -2.5 -0.5 1.5 3.5

.


FAMILY POLICIES

Beat Fux 2014 20

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

LUX A

IRL

UK H N B DKS SF ISL F

EST

SLO SK RO CZ D

LAT

CH BG PL GR LIT NL P I E

cash 03

cash 09

services 03

services 09

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

RO H LIT N LAT SLO SF S D B NL GR CH ISL

Maternity and paternity leave eff. Mat.leave 04eff. Mat.leave 09eff. Pat leave04eff. Pat leave09

cash 03

services 03

cash 09

services 09

leave 04

leave 09

pat_leave 04

par_leave 09

birthgrant allowance by age

parity related

allowance 04

allowance 09

Tax policy 04 Tax policy 09

enrol <3

enrol 3-5

childcare fees

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

Variablen (Achsen F1 und F2: 45.16 %)

THE PRONATALIST DIMENSION

Beat Fux 2014 21

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0

50

100

150

200

250

LUX

ISL

IRL

CH DK D B A N SF S

UK NL

SLO F I H P

RO LIT E CZ SK EST

BG PL GR

LAT

allowance 04 allowance 09


parity neu

CHILD-CARE POLICIES

Beat Fux 2014 22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

DK NL

ISL N F S P

LUX

UK

SLO E B

IRL SFI

EST D

LAT

LIT

CH A GR H RO BG PL CZ SK

Enrolment rates and the costs of child-care enrol <3 enrol 3-5 childcare fees

TAX-RELATED FAMILY POLICY

Beat Fux 2014 23

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

LUX H B A GR D

SLO CZ BG SK LAT

IRL

NL F

EST

DK S

LIT I

SF CH PL RO N P

UK ISL E

Exoneration of families via taxes

Public income support for a coup (Percentage of average~s) 2004

Public income support for a coup (Percentage of average~s) 2009

FAMILY POLICY

Beat Fux 2014 24

A

B

BG

CZ

DK

EST

SF

F

D

GR

H

ISL

IRL

I

LAT LIT

LUX

NL

N

PL P

RO

SK

SLO

E

S

CH UK

cash 03

services 03

cash 09

services 09

leave 04 leave 09

pat_leave 04

par_leave 09


parity neu

allowance 04 allowance 09

Tax 2004 Tax 2009

enrol <3

enrol 3 - 5

childcare fees

-3.5

-1.5

0.5

2.5

4.5

-4.5 -2.5 -0.5 1.5 3.5


_

Beat Fux 2014 25

Life satisfaction

inc 2005

inc 2010

gini 2010

Poverty rate

- Before/after transfer

p_lone-parents

p_3+child

p_0ch

Material deprivation

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

Variablen (Achsen F1 und F2: 66.92 %)

0

10

20

30

40

LAT P

LIT

UK I

ROE

EST

GR PL CH ISL D NL

IRL F

LUX H A SF S B SK CZ N DK BG SLO

gini 2010

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

LUX N CH D A F

UK B SF NL S

DKI

IRL

ISL E

GR P

SLO CZ SK LIT PL H

EST

LAT

RO BG

inc 2010inc 2005

Income p.C

0

2

4

6

8

DK SF NL N S

CH AIR

L BLU

X ISL

UK D CZI

LIT F

LAT E

RO GR

SLO H PL P

BG SK EST

Life-satisfaction

POVERTY OF FAMILIES (DEVIATION FROM TOTAL POVERTY RATE IN PER CENT)

Beat Fux 2014 26

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5DK SL

O SF N S DES

T A CH ISL B

BG UK NL P

LIT

LAT

GR F PL IRL E I

CZ RO SK LUX H

p_0ch p_lone p_3+child

IMPACT OF TRANSFERS AND DEPRIVATION

Beat Fux 2014 27

-3

2

7

12

17

22

ELA

TRO BG LI

TG

R I P PL UK

EST D IRL

CH BLU

XD

K F SF SSL

O H A SK N NL

ISL CZ

poverty

bef-after

Poverty rate (difference before/after transfers)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

BG RO LAT H LIT PL GR SK EST P I

CZ SLO F B

IRL D E

UK A SF DK NL N ISL

CHS

LUX

Material deprivation

THE OUTCOME: POVERTY OF FAMILIES

Beat Fux 2014 28

A

B

BG

CZ

DK

EST

SF

F

D

GR

H

ISL

IRL I

LAT LIT

LUX

NL

N PL P RO

SK

SLO E

S CH

UK

satisf

inc 2005

inc 2010

gini 2010

poverty

Before/after transfer

p_lone-parents

p_3+child

p_0 ch.

depriv

-2.5

-0.5

1.5

3.5

-5 -3 -1 1 3

F


Documents

„Living conditions of families in Europe“ Beat Fux · CONTENT • Which social and family policies effectively improve the situation of families, especially of the most deprived